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420:. Many human-induced sinkholes occur where natural diffused recharge is disturbed and surface water becomes concentrated. Activities that can accelerate sinkhole collapses include timber removal, ditching, laying pipelines, sewers, water lines, storm drains, and drilling. These activities can increase the downward movement of water beyond the natural rate of groundwater recharge. The increased runoff from the impervious surfaces of roads, roofs, and parking lots also accelerate man-induced sinkhole collapses.
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801:) – This term refers to a group of unique, round, water-filled pits in the Bahamas. These formations seem to be dissolved in carbonate mud from above, by the sea water. The dark color of the water is caused by a layer of phototropic microorganisms concentrated in a dense, purple colored layer at 15 to 20 m (49 to 66 ft) depth; this layer "swallows" the light.
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natural conditions. Soil-collapse sinkholes, which are characterized by the collapse of cavities in soil that have developed where soil falls down into underlying rock cavities, pose the most serious hazards to life and property. Fluctuation of the water level accelerates this collapse process. When water rises up through fissures in the rock, it reduces soil
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1321:. The sinkhole, which is located in an area of karst bedrock, is approximately 80 metres (260 ft) in diameter and 30 metres (98 ft) deep with many mature trees growing on the floor of the hole. At the level of the surrounding ground, the sinkhole covers an area of approximately 1.3 acres. Its presence is indicated on
2337:"GIS and Spatial Statistical Methods for Determining Sinkhole Potential in Frederick Valley, Maryland, page 100 in Kuniansky, E.L., 2008, U.S. Geological Survey Karst Interest Group Proceedings, Bowling Green, Kentucky, May 27–29, 2008: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5023, 142 p."
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Sinkholes can also form when natural water-drainage patterns are changed and new water-diversion systems are developed. Some sinkholes form when the land surface is changed, such as when industrial and runoff-storage ponds are created; the substantial weight of the new material can trigger a collapse
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In 2015, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated the cost for repairs of damage arising from karst-related processes as at least $ 300 million per year over the preceding 15 years, but noted that this may be a gross underestimate based on inadequate data. The greatest amount of karst sinkhole damage in
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notes that "It is a frightening thought to imagine the ground below your feet or house suddenly collapsing and forming a big hole in the ground." Human activities can accelerate collapses of karst sinkholes, causing collapse within a few years that would normally evolve over thousands of years under
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Some induced sinkholes are preceded by warning signs, such as cracks, sagging, jammed doors, or cracking noises, but others develop with little or no warning. However, karst development is well understood, and proper site characterization can avoid karst disasters. Thus most sinkhole disasters are
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The most likely locations for sinkhole collapse are areas where there is already a high density of existing sinkholes. Their presence shows that the subsurface contains a cave system or other unstable voids. Where large cavities exist in the limestone large surface collapses can occur, such the
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Cover-collapse sinkholes or "dropouts" form where so much soil settles down into voids in the limestone that the ground surface collapses. The surface collapses may occur abruptly and cause catastrophic damages. New sinkhole collapses can also form when human activity changes the natural
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This large vertical hole is not a true sinkhole, as it did not form via the dissolution of limestone, dolomite, marble, or any other water-soluble rock. Instead, they are examples of "piping pseudokarst", created by the collapse of large cavities that had developed in the weak, crumbly
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Solution or dissolution sinkholes form where water dissolves limestone under a soil covering. Dissolution enlarges natural openings in the rock such as joints, fractures, and bedding planes. Soil settles down into the enlarged openings forming a small depression at the ground surface.
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in North
America is known for having frequent sinkhole collapses, especially in the central part of the state. Underlying limestone there is from 15 to 25 million years old. On the fringes of the state, sinkholes are rare or non-existent; limestone there is around 120,000 years old.
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but is often used for any deep water-filled pits formed in carbonate rocks. The name originates from the deep blue color of water in these sinkholes, which is created by the high clarity of the water and the great depth of the sinkholes; only the deep blue color of the visible
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flowed through these volcanic deposits and mechanically washed fine volcanic materials out of them, then progressively eroded and removed coarser materials. Eventually, these underground voids became large enough that their roofs collapsed to create large holes.
1272:– Greece. The sinkhole of Vouliagmeni is known as "The Devil Well", because it is considered extremely dangerous. Four scuba divers have died in it. Maximum depth of 35.2 m (115 ft 6 in) and horizontal penetration of 150 m (490 ft).
413:. Later, as the water level moves downward, the softened soil seeps downwards into rock cavities. Flowing water in karst conduits carries the soil away, preventing soil from accumulating in rock cavities and allowing the collapse process to continue.
1266:– France. It is 103 m (338 ft) deep, with a diameter of 33 metres (108 feet). Visitors descend 75 m via a lift or a staircase to a lake allowing a boat tour after entering into the cave system which contains a 55 km subterranean river.
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Since water level changes accelerate sinkhole collapse, measures must be taken to minimize water level changes. The areas most susceptible to sinkhole collapse can be identified and avoided. In karst areas the traditional foundation evaluations
1063:– Dahab, Egypt. A round sinkhole or blue hole, 130 m (430 ft) deep. It includes an archway leading out to the Red Sea at 60 m (200 ft), which has been the site for many freediving and scuba attempts, the latter often fatal.
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and a bad drainage system were blamed for its creation. It swallowed a three-story building and a house; it measured approximately 20 m (66 ft) wide and 30 m (98 ft) deep. A similar hole had formed nearby in
February 2007.
485:, as a result of man-made lowering of the water level in a nearby rock quarry. This "December Giant" or "Golly Hole" sinkhole measures 130 m (425 ft) long, 105 m (350 ft) wide and 45 m (150 ft) deep.
1512:, Florida. Appeared 8 May 1981. It was approximately 110 m (350 ft) wide and 25 m (75 ft) deep. It was notable as one of the largest recent sinkholes to form in the United States. It is now known as Lake Rose.
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Sinkholes tend to occur in karst landscapes. Karst landscapes can have up to thousands of sinkholes within a small area, giving the landscape a pock-marked appearance. These sinkholes drain all the water, so there are only
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from running or standing water, but may also form in high and dry places in specific locations. Sinkholes that capture drainage can hold it in large limestone caves. These caves may drain into tributaries of larger rivers.
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volcanic deposits underlying the city. Although weak and crumbly, these volcanic deposits have enough cohesion to allow them to stand in vertical faces and to develop large subterranean voids within them. A process called
1210:– Belize. Spectacular, round sinkhole, 124 m (407 ft) deep. Unusual features are tilted stalactites in great depth, which mark the former orientation of limestone layers when this sinkhole was above sea level.
660:(Mexico), where more than 20 sinkholes and other karst formations have been shaped by volcanically heated, acidic groundwater. This has produced not only the formation of the deepest water-filled sinkhole in the world—
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Large and visually unusual sinkholes have been well known to local people since ancient times. Nowadays sinkholes are grouped and named in site-specific or generic names. Some examples of such names are listed below.
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has declared that the potential for sinkhole collapse must be a part of land-use planning in karst areas. Where sinkhole collapse of structures could cause loss of life, the public should be made aware of the risks.
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Some sinkholes form in thick layers of homogeneous limestone. Their formation is facilitated by high groundwater flow, often caused by high rainfall; such rainfall causes formation of the giant sinkholes in the
1250:, near Rome, Italy. At the bottom of an 80 m (260 ft) conical pit, and approximately 400 m (1,300 ft) deep, it is among the deepest sinkholes in the world (see Sótano del Barro below).
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Paull, Charles K.; Dallimore, Scott R.; Jin, Young Keun; Caress, David W.; Lundsten, Eve; Gwiazda, Roberto; Anderson, Krystle; Hughes Clarke, John; Youngblut, Scott; Melling, Humfrey (22 March 2022).
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is a sinkhole with a surface area of around 4,765 square metres (51,290 sq ft) situated in the village of Qrendi in Malta. The diameter is around 50m, the depth is around 15m, and the perimeter 300m.
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develop underground. These sinkholes can be dramatic, because the surface land usually stays intact until there is not enough support. Then, a sudden collapse of the land surface can occur.
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890:– These are extremely large sinkholes, typically deeper and wider than 250 m (820 ft), with mostly vertical walls, most often created by the collapse of caverns. The term means
359:
1553:, Venezuela, there is a complex of canyons with sinkholes. Deepest sinkhole is 450 m (1,480 ft) deep (from lowest rim within canyon); total depth 950 m (3,120 ft).
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the United States occurs in
Florida, Texas, Alabama, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Pennsylvania. The largest recent sinkhole in the USA is possibly one that formed in 1972 in
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region of the Czech
Republic, is the deepest known underwater cave in the world. The lowest confirmed depth (as of 27 September 2016) is 473 m (404 m below the water level).
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island in Papua New Guinea. Powerful underground rivers may form on the contact between limestone and underlying insoluble rock, creating large underground voids.
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1428:, Texas. Several sinkholes have formed, the most recent in 2008 with a maximum diameter of 620 ft (190 m) and maximum depth of 45 m (150 ft).
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both in diameter and depth, and vary in form from soil-lined bowls to bedrock-edged chasms. Sinkholes may form gradually or suddenly, and are found worldwide.
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860:– Friulan Italian dialect word (from the Latin fŏvea: "pit" or "chasm"). The name, is given to sinkholes in the frontier zone between the Italian region of
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2483:"Possibly the nation's largest recent sinkhole – the 'December Giant' measuring 425 feet long, 350 feet wide and 150 feet deep – formed in central Alabama"
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1260:. Approximately 530 m (1,740 ft) deep pit with nearly vertical walls, contains an approximately 280–290 m (920–950 ft) deep lake.
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Occasionally a sinkhole may exhibit a visible opening into a cave below. In the case of exceptionally large sinkholes, such as the Minyé sinkhole in
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Site
Characterization in Karst and Pseudokarst Terraines: Practical Strategies and Technology for Practicing Engineers, Hydrologists and Geologists
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1438:, Florida. 35 m (120 ft) deep, 500 ft (150 m) wide. Twelve springs, some more visible than others, feed a pond at the bottom.
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for cavities and defects in the underlying rock. Since the soil/rock surface in karst areas are very irregular the number of subsurface samples (
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Cover-subsidence sinkholes form where voids in the underlying limestone allow more settling of the soil to create larger surface depressions.
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On 2 July 2015, scientists reported that active pits, related to sinkhole collapses and possibly associated with outbursts, were found on the
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3543:[Deciphering the Hanzhong tiankeng group – world-class "Nature Museum"]. Hanzhong People's Municipal Government. 25 November 2016.
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Tolmachev, Vladimir; Leonenko, Mikhail (2011). "Experience in
Collapse Risk Assessment of Building on Covered Karst Landscapes in Russia".
1418:, New Mexico. The surface entrance is only 80 feet (24 m) in diameter, it expands to a diameter of 130 feet (40 m) at the bottom.
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2795:"IDENTIFICATION AND DELINEATION OF SINKHOLE COLLAPSE HAZARDS IN FLORIDA USING GROUND PENETRATING RADAR AND ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY IMAGING"
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1193:– Bahamas. The second deepest known sinkhole under the sea, depth 203 m (666 ft). Popular location for world championships of
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2425:"The current status of mapping karst areas and availability of public sinkhole-risk resources in karst terrains of the United States"
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1546:, Venezuela. Largest sinkhole in sandstone, 314 m (1,030 ft) deep, with vertical walls. Unique, isolated forest on bottom.
1146:, China, covers an area of nearly 5019 square kilometers with the largest sinkhole being 520 meters in diameter and 320 meters deep.
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Beaumont, P.B.; Vogel, J.C. (May–June 2006). "On a timescale for the past million years of human history in central South Africa".
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is a depression or hole in the ground caused by some form of collapse of the surface layer. The term is sometimes used to refer to
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1121:, China, is 613 m (2,011 ft) deep, with vertical walls. At the bottom is an isolated patch of forest with rare species.
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1502:, Louisiana. Original depth 3.4 m (11 ft), currently 400 m (1,300 ft) at Diamond Crystal Salt Mine collapse.
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dòla:"valley" or "dale"). The name is widely used in various slavic regions of
Eastern Europe for sinkholes, including Romania.
441:. Recommendations for land uses in karst areas should avoid or minimize alterations of the land surface and natural drainage.
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area in southern Italy also has numerous sinkholes. Sinkholes can be formed in retention ponds from large amounts of rain.
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Collapses, commonly incorrectly labeled as sinkholes, also occur due to human activity, such as the collapse of abandoned
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1073:, Turkey. Its dimensions are about 150 m (490 ft) in diameter with a maximum depth of 70 m (230 ft).
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Pseudokarst sinkholes resemble karst sinkholes but are formed by processes other than the natural dissolution of rock.
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Kambesis, P.; Brucker, R.; Waltham, T.; Bell, F.; Culshaw, M. (2005). "Collapse sinkhole at
Dishman Lane, Kentucky".
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are more general terms for sites that drain surface water, possibly by infiltration into sediment or crumbled rock.
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In such conditions, the largest known sinkholes of the world have formed, like the 662-metre-deep (2,172 ft)
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3394:"ASTER mapping of limestone formations and study of caves, springs and depressions in parts of Sultanate of Oman"
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1448:. Appeared 2 December 1972. Approximately 300 by 325 ft (91 by 99 m) and 35 m (120 ft) deep.
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Man-made activities and land alterations that cause water-level fluctuations accelerate cover-collapse sinkholes
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3525:[Tiankeng group of geological relics with rare plants and flying cats found in Shaanxi]. Sohu.com Inc.
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1357:. 120 m (400 ft) diameter and 15 m (50 ft) deep, it is still growing as of June 2021. 2021.
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1093:(Hawiyat Najm, the Falling Star Sinkhole, Dibab Sinkhole) – Oman, approximately 30 m (98 ft) deep.
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The cost of karst subsidence and sinkhole collapse in the United States compared with other natural hazards
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1152:(Taiq, Teeq, Tayq) in Oman is one of the largest sinkholes in the world by volume: 90,000,000 m (3.2
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1458:, Tennessee. 13.6 km (5.3 sq mi) in area and 42.7 m (140 ft 1 in) deep, a
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give way. They can also occur from the overpumping and extraction of groundwater and subsurface fluids.
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and some other regions. Many cenotes have formed in limestone deposited in shallow seas created by the
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sedimentation in upper parts of sinkholes, leading to sealing of these sinkholes with travertine lids.
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1492:, Florida. 8.1 km (2,000 acres) in area, 27 m (89 ft) deep and almost perfectly round.
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of the roof of an existing void or cavity in the subsurface, resulting in development of a sinkhole.
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in the layer of microorganisms causes heating of the water. One of them is the Black Hole of Andros.
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1567: – Links to Knowledge (XXG) articles on sinkholes, blue holes, dolines, cenotes, and pit caves
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Collapse formed by rainwater leaking through pavement and carrying soil into a ruptured sewer pipe.
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Parise, M.; Gunn, J. (2007). "Natural and anthropogenic hazards in karst areas: an introduction".
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751:. Sinkholes that form in coral reefs and islands that collapse to enormous depths are known as
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When sinkholes are very deep or connected to caves, they may offer challenges for experienced
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3505:"Researchers just discovered the world's deepest underwater sinkhole in the South China Sea"
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More than three acres of forest suddenly disappeared into this "December Giant" sinkhole in
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1482:. Nearly 15 m (49 ft) in diameter and approximately 60 m (200 ft) deep.
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3698:"A sinkhole larger than a football field has appeared in Mexico — and it's still growing"
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Dashiwei
Tiankeng Group, Leye, Guangxi: discoveries, exploration, definition and research
1050:– Zambia. About 3.5 hectares (8.6 acres) in area and about 100 m (330 ft) deep.
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3595:(1): 1–8, Fig. 4. Structural interpretation of Xiaozhai Tiankeng, page 4. Archived from
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2813:"Rapid seafloor changes associated with the degradation of Arctic submarine permafrost"
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2186:"Development of sinkholes resulting from man's activities in the eastern United States"
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2008:"Large heterogeneities in comet 67P as revealed by active pits from sinkhole collapse"
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1170:, China. Double nested sinkhole with vertical walls, 662 m (2,172 ft) deep.
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in these areas. Examples of karst landscapes with numerous massive sinkholes include
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Erchul, R.A. (1991). "Illegal disposal in sinkholes: The threat and the solution.".
1367:. 160 m (520 ft) across, 140 m (460 ft) deep, with thousands of
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particles together and then carry away the lax particles, gradually forming a void.
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processes. Sinkholes are usually circular and vary in size from tens to hundreds of
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Sinkholes and subsidence: karst and cavernous rocks in engineering and construction
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Sinkholes and
Subsidence: Karst and Cavernous Rocks in Engineering and Construction
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1717:"Subsidence and sinkholes in East Tennessee. A field guide to holes in the ground"
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fall with spectacular waterfalls into this 250 m (820 ft) deep sinkhole.
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1044:– South African freshwater sinkhole, approximately 290 m (950 ft) deep.
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Sinkholes are common where the rock below the land surface is limestone or other
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Palmer, Arthur N. (1 January 1991). "Origin and morphology of limestone caves".
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Sinkholes have been used for centuries as disposal sites for various forms of
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or river may be visible across its bottom flowing from one side to the other.
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3461:]. Nanning, Guangxi, China: Guangxi Scientific and Technical Publishers.
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1659: – Type of seasonal or periodic lake found in limestone areas of Ireland
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Weary, David J. (2015). Doctor, Daniel; Land, Lewis; Stephenson, J (eds.).
2042:
1381:. Deepest water-filled sinkhole in world, 339 m (1,112 ft) deep.
570:
2372:
2283:
465:) required per unit area is usually much greater than in non-karst areas.
5476:
5464:
5374:
5354:
5344:
5324:
5304:
5294:
5097:
5082:
4820:
4810:
4805:
4680:
4665:
4633:
4395:
4383:
4288:
1347:. 372 m (1,220 ft) deep, round sinkhole with overhanging walls.
1283:
1279:
1177:
981:
869:
819:
529:
497:
206:
186:. For example, groundwater may dissolve the carbonate cement holding the
151:
126:
3165:
Waltham, T. (2008). "Sinkhole hazard case histories in karst terrains".
2034:
813:– This name was initially given to the deep underwater sinkholes of the
606:(Papua New Guinea). The largest known sinkholes formed in sandstone are
453:) of the ability of soil to support a structure must be supplemented by
5770:
5695:
5642:
5379:
5334:
5149:
5040:
4891:
4765:
4608:
4378:
4352:
4313:
4249:
4180:
4101:
3483:"China Exclusive: South China Sea "blue hole" declared world's deepest"
3297:
Landscapes and Landforms of Hungary – World Geomorphological Landscapes
2898:
Appalachian Karst: Proceedings of the Appalachian Karst Symposium. 1991
2070:
1618:
1585:
1364:
1257:
1234:
1143:
1118:
1109:
1001:
973:
956:
A crown hole is subsidence due to subterranean human activity, such as
902:– This term is used in New Zealand karst country to describe sinkholes.
894:
in Chinese; many of this largest type of sinkhole are located in China.
884:– This name is given to several giant pits in several states of Mexico.
865:
814:
718:
672:
521:
513:
505:
501:
159:
44:
3724:"Ground Gives Way, and a Louisiana Town Struggles to Find Its Footing"
3337:
1408:, Louisiana. About 25 acres in area and 230 m (750 ft) deep.
416:
Induced sinkholes occur where human activity alters how surface water
5878:
5414:
5399:
5384:
5309:
5119:
5077:
5045:
4653:
4613:
4531:
4014:"What are sinkholes, how do they form and why are we seeing so many?"
2195:. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 968. U.S. Government Print Office.
1790:
1777:
1354:
993:
989:
961:
957:
835:
826:
533:
517:
305:, in the United States of America. More commonly, collapses occur in
294:
244:
225:
221:
78:
2529:
2239:
285:
2200:
5364:
5124:
4670:
4623:
4565:
4209:
4163:
2872:"Holes the size of city blocks are forming in the Arctic seafloor"
1641:
1624:
1241:
1080:
1017:
977:
969:
856:
830:– This refers to the characteristic water-filled sinkholes in the
762:
744:
736:
cenote in Mexico (the world's deepest water-filled sinkhole), the
725:
699:
680:
580:
569:
543:
509:
493:
467:
395:
302:
284:
280:
256:
132:
120:
110:
64:
34:
2553:"Karst flash floods: an example from the Dinaric karst (Croatia)"
747:
in Venezuela, the Sótano del Barro in Mexico, and in the town of
5439:
5144:
5067:
4487:
4346:
1752:(3rd ed.). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. p. 440.
1157:
1026:
599:
536:, where one-third of the total land area is underlain by karst.
175:
4982:
4460:
4035:
3653:"52°07'57.5"N 9°44'45.4"W · Kilderry South, Co. Kerry, Ireland"
1821:"Getting Down and Dirty in an Underground River in Puerto Rico"
1468:– a blue hole located 80 km (50 mi) off the coast of
943:" first created large underground voids, as water from leaking
4978:
4850:
4456:
3980:
US Geological Survey Water Science School page about sinkholes
2551:
Bonacci, O.; Ljubenkov, I.; Roje-Bonacci, T. (31 March 2006).
3657:
52°07'57.5"N 9°44'45.4"W · Kilderry South, Co. Kerry, Ireland
3623:"Missing American divers will be laid to rest after 30 years"
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
1394:– blue hole located 48 km (30 mi) off the coast of
3750:"Daisetta sinkhole still a mystery 8 months after it formed"
3295:
Lóczy, Dénes, ed. (2015). "The Crater Lakes of Nagyhegyes".
2992:(4th ed.). Footscray, Vic.: Lonely Planet. p. 65.
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2066:"It's the pits: Comet appears to have sinkholes, study says"
721:) as places to deposit precious items and human sacrifices.
374:
357:
341:
1875:
10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<0001:oamolc>2.3.co;2
925:
formed suddenly in May of that year; torrential rains from
706:
resources, with serious health implications in such areas.
2800:. Subsurface Evaluations, Inc. Case 3 – Mariner Boulevard.
787:– In the south of France (this name means pit cave in the
3167:
Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology
158:
The formation of sinkholes involves natural processes of
652:
Unusual processes have formed the enormous sinkholes of
162:
or gradual removal of slightly soluble bedrock (such as
1989:
1987:
1683:
Williams, Paul (2004). "Dolines". In Gunn, John (ed.).
1609: – Deep underwater sinkhole in the South China Sea
2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2423:
Kuniansky, E.L.; Weary, D.J.; Kaufmann, J.E. (2016).
1650: – paleontological site in Grant County, Indiana
822:
can penetrate such depth and return after reflection.
577:
in France known since the 3rd c. and explored in 1889
500:; the Italian peninsula; the Chalk areas in southern
488:
Other areas of significant karst hazards include the
297:
and salt cavern storage in salt domes in places like
3133:"Sinkhole in Guatemala: Giant Could Get Even Bigger"
2659:"Largest and most impressive sinkholes of the world"
1652:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1602:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1581:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
5841:
5833:
Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
5758:
5683:
5662:
5655:
5505:
5282:
5275:
5205:
5023:
5016:
4932:
4900:
4859:
4744:
4589:
4504:
4408:
4371:
4330:
4312:
4281:
4274:
4242:
4208:
4201:
4179:
4149:
4115:
4082:
4073:
3367:(1st American ed.). New York: DK Pub. p.
2310:Waltham, Tony; Bell, Fred; Culshaw, Martin (2005).
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2006:Vincent, Jean-Baptiste; et al. (2 July 2015).
3360:
3261:"Crown hole appears in Magheracloone, Co Monaghan"
2963:""Haunted" Maya Underwater Cave Holds Human Bones"
1897:
2278:. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers.
228:, that can be dissolved naturally by circulating
26:"Doline" redirects here. For other meanings, see
3827:Nation's largest sinkhole may be near Montevallo
3254:
3252:
2510:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
1594: – Two sinkholes in Mersin Province; Turkey
1032:Some of the largest sinkholes in the world are:
3918:"Looking back at Winter Park's famous sinkhole"
3869:"Cathedral Valley – Capitol Reef National Park"
3106:"¿Que diablos provoco este escalofriante hoyo?"
2817:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2747:
2745:
4002:of deepest "hole" for each state (Andy Martin)
3404:(1): 133–146, figure 9d (page 142), page 144.
3160:
3158:
2921:Vesper, D.J.; Loop, C.M.; White, W.B. (2001).
2653:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2305:
2303:
182:. Sinkholes often form through the process of
58:, enclosed depressions that are also known as
4994:
4472:
4047:
3589:Speleogenesis and Evolution of Karst Aquifers
3359:Halls, Monty; Krestovnikoff, Miranda (2006).
2695:Speleogenesis and Evolution of Karst Aquifers
1529:, New Zealand. 183 m (600 ft) deep.
1083:. A 112-metre (367 ft) deep pit cave in
8:
3871:. National Park Service, US Dept of Interior
3276:
3274:
1976:. Utah gov Geological Survey. Archived from
1748:Thomas, David; Goudie, Andrew, eds. (2009).
5808:Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining
2487:USGS Denver Library Photographic Collection
1573: – Sinkhole in Mersin Province, Turkey
1278:– Ireland. This sinkhole is located in the
5781:History of hard rock miners' organizations
5659:
5279:
5020:
5001:
4987:
4979:
4479:
4465:
4457:
4278:
4205:
4079:
4054:
4040:
4032:
3392:Rajendran, Sankaran; Nasir, Sobhi (2014).
3282:"The cricket club that went down the hole"
2134:Benson, Richard C.; Yuhr, Lynn B. (2015).
1689:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 628–642.
964:. Examples have included, instances above
16:Geologically-formed topological depression
3801:"Devils Millhopper Geological State Park"
2923:"Contaminant transport in karst aquifers"
2846:
2836:
2576:
2557:Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences
2451:
1806:"Caves and karst – dolines and sinkholes"
1789:
1782:U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper
424:predictable and preventable rather than "
5766:American Society of Reclamation Sciences
5613:North American Aerospace Defense Command
3104:Vidal, Luis; Jorge Nunez (2 June 2010).
1579: – village in Gauteng, South Africa
372:water-drainage patterns in karst areas.
3803:. Floridastateparks.org. Archived from
1686:Encyclopedia of Caves and Karst Science
1670:
1156:10 cu ft). Several perennial
755:and often become popular diving spots.
732:. Some of the most spectacular are the
3582:"Tiankeng: definition and description"
3569:from the original on 27 November 2016.
3547:from the original on 27 November 2016.
3529:from the original on 25 November 2016.
2793:William L. Wilson; K. Michael Garman.
2438:(3). Springer Berlin Heidelberg: 614.
2405:
2395:
1855:Geological Society of America Bulletin
1180:8 meters deep with one victim missing.
439:Winter Park, Florida sinkhole collapse
3891:Mine Safety and Health Administration
3080:"Massive Sinkhole Opens in Guatemala"
3065:
2774:. Melbourne, Florida. pp. 1A, 2A
1993:
1935:
1638: – Island in Nova Scotia, Canada
690:have caused large sinkholes to form.
224:, or in other soluble rocks, such as
7:
3895:The Jefferson Island Mine inundation
3722:Wines, Michael (25 September 2013).
3559:"Dhofar caves: A tourist's paradise"
2766:Vazquez, Tyler (29 September 2017).
1771:
1769:
1750:The Dictionary of Physical Geography
1722:. State of Tennessee. Archived from
1710:
1708:
1706:
1678:
1676:
1674:
560:goes into a sinkhole leading to the
4012:James, Vincent (18 February 2014).
3776:"Sinkhole and Town: Now You See It"
3580:Zhu, Xuewen; Waltham, Tony (2006).
3243:"Subsidence Incident | Gyproc"
2314:(1st ed.). Berlin : Springer
430:American Society of Civil Engineers
82:is a type of sinkhole that exposes
5706:Journey to the Center of the Earth
5608:Naples underground geothermal zone
3993:Video of Sinkhole forming in Texas
3941:from websites or documents of the
3748:Horswell, Cindy (5 January 2009).
3541:"时事新闻--解密汉中天坑群——改写地质历史的世界级"自然博物馆""
2930:Theoretical and Applied Karstology
2900:. National Speleological Society.
2686:Zhu, Xuewen; Chen, Weihai (2006).
1644: – Mound of earth-covered ice
243:As the rock dissolves, spaces and
14:
5823:Research Centre for Deep Drilling
5818:International Union of Speleology
4498:Glossary of caving and speleology
3621:Schonauer, Scott (21 July 2007).
3453:Zhu, Xuewen; et al. (2003).
3217:Journal of Cave and Karst Studies
3210:"Pseudokarst in the 21st Century"
2965:. 16 January 2014. Archived from
2688:"Tiankengs in the karst of China"
1819:Breining, Greg (5 October 2007).
1778:"A glossary of Karst terminology"
1197:, as well as recreational diving.
3937: This article incorporates
3932:
3774:Blumenthal, Ralph (9 May 2008).
3326:South African Journal of Science
3259:Hussey, Sinéad (17 April 2020).
1974:"Sinkholes in Washington County"
797:(not to be confused with cosmic
713:sometimes used sinkholes in the
5813:Institution of Mining Engineers
5578:Underground Great Wall of China
4887:Nok and Mamproug Cave Dwellings
3943:United States Geological Survey
3916:Huber, Red (13 November 2012).
3696:Guzman, Joseph (10 June 2021).
3442:. Wondermondo. 3 February 2013.
2367:. University of South Florida.
2064:Ritter, Malcolm (1 July 2015).
1949:"Quarrying and the environment"
1904:. Pineapple Press Inc. p.
1023:Bimmah or Falling Star Sinkhole
702:. A consequence of this is the
455:geotechnical site investigation
379:USGS cover-subsidence sinkhole.
362:USGS cover-subsidence sinkhole.
5828:Society of Economic Geologists
5796:National Speleological Society
5746:Wonderland (fictional country)
3030:. Wondermondo. 17 August 2010.
3016:. Wondermondo. 19 August 2010.
2990:Diving & Snorkeling Belize
2661:. Wondermondo. 19 August 2010.
749:Mount Gambier, South Australia
664:—but also unique processes of
150:Sinkholes may capture surface
101:– the chemical dissolution of
1:
5253:Subterranean rivers of London
3078:Fletcher, Dan (1 June 2010).
2936:(14): 101–111. Archived from
2675:. Wondermondo. 5 August 2010.
1776:Monroe, Watson Hiner (1970).
649:states in Mexico and others.
97:Most sinkholes are caused by
5786:National Mine Map Repository
5228:Jewel Cave National Monument
4940:List of UK caving fatalities
4416:Potentially hazardous object
3398:Environmental Earth Sciences
2870:Katie Hunt (14 March 2022).
2230:. Berlin: Springer. p.
1808:. British Geological Survey.
1219:2010 Guatemala City sinkhole
1214:2007 Guatemala City sinkhole
992:, England; and above an old
923:2010 Guatemala City sinkhole
585:A Floridian sinkhole in 2015
5791:National Mining Association
5618:Raven Rock Mountain Complex
2755:. Wondermondo. 3 July 2010.
2602:10.1007/978-94-007-1207-2_4
1371:and ancient rock paintings.
641:, China), giant sótanos in
392:Human accelerated sinkholes
178:roof, or a lowering of the
6005:
5731:Tunnels in popular culture
5573:Underground City, Montreal
5568:Underground City (Beijing)
5513:816 Nuclear Military Plant
5243:Mammoth Cave National Park
3988:slide show of 31 sinkholes
2274:Sowers, George F. (1996).
1480:Capitol Reef National Park
1174:2024 Kuala Lumpur sinkhole
1011:
740:sinkhole in South Africa,
351:Cover-subsidence sinkholes
346:USGS dissolution sinkhole.
278:
251:Space and planetary bodies
232:. Sinkholes also occur in
203:Mammoth Cave National Park
25:
18:
5538:Cheyenne Mountain Complex
4963:
4495:
3418:10.1007/s12665-013-2419-7
3131:Than, Ker (1 June 2010).
2453:10.1007/s10040-015-1333-3
2144:10.1007/978-94-017-9924-9
1527:Abel Tasman National Park
1460:National Natural Landmark
1353:– Santa Maria Zacatepec,
1325:maps dating back to 1829.
260:67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
21:Sinkhole (disambiguation)
5984:Dinaric karst formations
5904:Underground construction
5776:Cave Research Foundation
4916:Cave of Forgotten Dreams
3489:. Xinhua. Archived from
3187:10.1144/1470-9236/07-211
3046:Waikato Regional Council
2578:10.5194/nhess-6-195-2006
2489:. U.S. Geological Survey
2342:. U.S. Geological Survey
2184:Newton, John G. (1987).
2106:. U.S. Geological Survey
1136:Shaanxi tiankeng cluster
704:pollution of groundwater
686:On the Arctic seafloor,
367:Cover-collapse sinkholes
5390:Missile launch facility
5263:Wind Cave National Park
4909:Diving into the Unknown
3671:"Shop.osi.ie Mapviewer"
3523:"陕西发现天坑群地质遗迹并发现少见植物和飞猫"
3208:Halliday, W.R. (2007).
2838:10.1073/pnas.2119105119
2209:2027/uc1.31210020732440
2138:. Dordrecht: Springer.
1896:Friend, Sandra (2002).
1621: – River in France
1549:In the western part of
1128:, located south of the
1102:Baatara gorge waterfall
848:– Slavic toponym (from
728:or, when water-filled,
28:Doline (disambiguation)
5543:Chicago Tunnel Company
5182:Subterranean waterfall
4955:Tham Luang cave rescue
4950:Riesending cave rescue
3939:public domain material
3028:"Black Hole of Andros"
1600: – cave in Greece
1309:52.132639°N 9.745944°W
1288:Milltown, County Kerry
1098:Baatara gorge sinkhole
1029:
776:
586:
578:
567:
526:Bosnia and Herzegovina
477:
406:U.S. Geological Survey
401:
380:
363:
347:
290:
142:
130:
47:
5558:Kőbánya cellar system
5548:Houston tunnel system
5528:Almadén Mercury Mines
5523:The Caves of Ægissíða
4923:The Underground Eiger
2626:"What is a sinkhole?"
2373:10.5038/9780991000951
2284:10.1061/9780784401767
2276:Building on sinkholes
1715:Kohl, Martin (2001).
1021:
1012:Further information:
927:Tropical Storm Agatha
862:Friuli-Venezia Giulia
766:
584:
573:
547:
471:
418:recharges groundwater
399:
384:Pseudokarst sinkholes
378:
361:
345:
288:
137:Collapse sinkhole in
136:
124:
38:
5953:Subterranean warfare
5726:Subterranea (comics)
5711:Moria (Middle-earth)
5691:Allegory of the cave
5675:Subterranean fiction
3959:, World Book, Inc.,
3955:Tills, Tony (2013),
3110:Las Ultimas Noticias
2432:Hydrogeology Journal
2104:Water Science School
1506:Winter Park Sinkhole
1444:or December Giant –
1402:Bayou Corne sinkhole
1361:Sima de las Cotorras
1314:52.132639; -9.745944
275:Artificial processes
19:For other uses, see
5909:Tunnel construction
5633:Subterranean Toledo
5628:Subterranean London
5518:Caves of Maastricht
4945:Alpazat cave rescue
4590:Types and formation
4006:Tennessee sinkholes
3848:Tennessee Landforms
3831:The Tuscaloosa News
3565:. 11 January 2015.
3509:The Washington Post
3455:广西乐业大石围天坑群发现探测定义与研究
3410:2014EES....71..133R
3179:2008QJEGH..41..291W
3137:National Geographic
2829:2022PNAS..11919105P
2823:(12): e2119105119.
2596:. pp. 75–102.
2569:2006NHESS...6..195B
2522:2007GSLSP.279....1P
2444:2016HydJ...24..613K
2035:10.1038/nature14564
2027:2015Natur.523...63V
1867:1991GSAB..103....1P
1648:Pipe Creek Sinkhole
1619:Forau de Aigualluts
1592:Cennet and Cehennem
1305: /
842:meteorite's impact.
596:Khammouan Mountains
592:subterranean rivers
483:Montevallo, Alabama
317:collapses when old
125:Sinkholes near the
5931:Mining engineering
5916:Underground living
5741:Underland (Narnia)
5656:Fictional features
5435:Underground hangar
5177:Subterranean river
5172:Subterranean fauna
4872:Cave-dwelling Jews
4619:Estavelle/Inversac
4067:list by death toll
3893:(13 August 1981).
3829:" (29 March 1973)
3780:The New York Times
3602:on 7 February 2017
3284:. 16 October 2017.
2988:Rock, Tim (2007).
2969:on 19 January 2014
2335:Doctor, Katarina.
1825:The New York Times
1432:Devil's Millhopper
1422:Daisetta Sinkholes
1264:Gouffre de Padirac
1030:
917:Piping pseudokarst
777:
671:The U.S. state of
587:
579:
575:Gouffre de Padirac
568:
478:
402:
381:
364:
348:
334:Solution sinkholes
301:, Mississippi and
291:
211:underground stream
143:
131:
48:
5989:Natural disasters
5961:
5960:
5849:Cave conservation
5754:
5753:
5651:
5650:
5497:Ventilation shaft
5276:Man-made features
5271:
5270:
4976:
4975:
4754:(Cave formations)
4517:Cave conservation
4454:
4453:
4431:Geomagnetic storm
4404:
4403:
4270:
4269:
4197:
4196:
4141:Soil liquefaction
4063:Natural disasters
4008:54,000+ sinkholes
3807:on 2 January 2015
3754:Houston Chronicle
3677:on 29 August 2012
3633:on 4 October 2013
3627:Stars and Stripes
3468:978-7-80666-393-6
3440:"Bimmah sinkhole"
2753:"Sistema Zacatón"
2738:. by Marcus Gary.
2736:"Sistema Zacatón"
2611:978-94-007-1206-5
2382:978-0-9910009-5-1
2153:978-94-017-9923-2
1980:on 23 March 2011.
1915:978-1-56164-258-8
1696:978-1-57958-399-6
1565:List of sinkholes
1470:Sarasota, Florida
1466:Green Banana Hole
1456:Cumberland County
1406:Assumption Parish
1396:Sarasota, Florida
1164:Xiaozhai Tiankeng
1115:Dashiwei Tiankeng
1014:List of sinkholes
962:military trenches
832:Yucatán Peninsula
715:Yucatán Peninsula
711:Maya civilization
688:methane emissions
635:Xiaozhai Tiankeng
624:Nakanaï Mountains
558:Jennings, Florida
146:Natural processes
5996:
5926:Mine exploration
5701:Greek Underworld
5660:
5638:Turda Salt Mines
5623:Shanghai tunnels
5487:Smuggling tunnel
5430:Underground base
5425:Underground city
5340:Dugout (shelter)
5290:Air raid shelter
5280:
5238:Lechuguilla Cave
5218:Castellana Caves
5187:Underground lake
5021:
5017:Natural features
5003:
4996:
4989:
4980:
4599:Anchihaline cave
4581:Caves by country
4481:
4474:
4467:
4458:
4363:Tropical cyclone
4357:Tornado outbreak
4279:
4206:
4159:Pyroclastic flow
4151:Volcano eruption
4080:
4056:
4049:
4042:
4033:
4028:
4026:
4024:
3969:
3936:
3935:
3926:
3925:
3922:Orlando Sentinel
3913:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3839:
3833:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3673:. Archived from
3667:
3661:
3660:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3629:. Archived from
3618:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3601:
3586:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3493:on 24 July 2016.
3479:
3473:
3472:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3366:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3278:
3269:
3268:
3256:
3247:
3246:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3214:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3162:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3139:. Archived from
3128:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2942:
2927:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2850:
2840:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2768:"The Hole Truth"
2763:
2757:
2756:
2749:
2740:
2739:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2716:on 13 March 2016
2715:
2709:. Archived from
2692:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2655:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2594:Karst Management
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2455:
2429:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2407:
2403:
2401:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2341:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2307:
2298:
2297:
2271:
2254:
2253:
2229:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2190:
2181:
2166:
2165:
2131:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2096:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2012:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1982:
1981:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1903:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:10.3133/wsp1899k
1773:
1764:
1763:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1728:
1721:
1712:
1701:
1700:
1680:
1653:
1603:
1598:Dersios sinkhole
1582:
1571:Akhayat sinkhole
1341:Cave of Swallows
1320:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1191:Dean's Blue Hole
1155:
1067:Akhayat sinkhole
1008:Notable examples
976:; near mines in
850:Slovene language
789:Occitan language
562:Floridan Aquifer
496:; the island of
447:bearing capacity
195:Papua New Guinea
6004:
6003:
5999:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5994:
5993:
5964:
5963:
5962:
5957:
5837:
5750:
5679:
5647:
5553:Kosvinsky Kamen
5501:
5360:Fallout shelter
5330:Crypt Mausoleum
5267:
5258:Veryovkina Cave
5248:Reed Flute Cave
5201:
5108:Solutional cave
5056:Communal burrow
5012:
5007:
4977:
4972:
4959:
4928:
4901:Popular culture
4896:
4855:
4753:
4748:
4740:
4686:Solutional cave
4591:
4585:
4500:
4491:
4485:
4455:
4450:
4400:
4367:
4331:Cyclonic storms
4326:
4308:
4266:
4262:Limnic eruption
4238:
4212:
4193:
4181:Natural erosion
4175:
4145:
4119:
4111:
4069:
4060:
4022:
4020:
4018:The Independent
4011:
3986:Daily Telegraph
3976:
3967:
3954:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3900:
3898:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3874:
3872:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3852:
3850:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3824:
3820:
3810:
3808:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3784:
3782:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3758:
3756:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3732:
3730:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3706:
3704:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3680:
3678:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3636:
3634:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3584:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3469:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3379:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3311:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3280:
3279:
3272:
3258:
3257:
3250:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3226:
3224:
3212:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3164:
3163:
3156:
3146:
3144:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3115:
3113:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3088:
3086:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3064:
3060:
3050:
3048:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3000:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2972:
2970:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2946:
2944:
2943:on 7 March 2021
2940:
2925:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2880:
2878:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2797:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2777:
2775:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2751:
2750:
2743:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2690:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2673:"Naré sinkhole"
2671:
2670:
2666:
2657:
2656:
2645:
2635:
2633:
2632:. 14 March 2016
2624:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2530:10.1144/SP279.1
2507:
2506:
2502:
2492:
2490:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2466:
2464:
2427:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2404:
2394:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2309:
2308:
2301:
2294:
2273:
2272:
2257:
2250:
2240:10.1007/b138363
2221:
2220:
2216:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2169:
2154:
2133:
2132:
2119:
2109:
2107:
2098:
2097:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2021:(7558): 63–66.
2010:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1985:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1955:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1837:
1835:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1775:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1732:
1730:
1729:on 14 July 2015
1726:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1704:
1697:
1682:
1681:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:Turlough (lake)
1651:
1601:
1580:
1577:Blyvooruitzicht
1560:
1536:
1519:
1476:Gypsum Sinkhole
1446:Calera, Alabama
1388:
1369:green parakeets
1351:Puebla sinkhole
1345:San Luis Potosí
1337:
1332:
1323:Ordnance Survey
1313:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1248:Pozzo del Merro
1227:
1208:Great Blue Hole
1204:
1202:Central America
1187:
1153:
1130:Paracel Islands
1091:Bimmah Sinkhole
1077:Well of Barhout
1071:Mersin Province
1057:
1038:
1016:
1010:
954:
919:
769:Great Blue Hole
761:
696:
654:Sistema Zacatón
647:San Luis Potosí
542:
476:, Alabama, USA.
394:
386:
369:
353:
336:
331:
283:
277:
253:
148:
119:
103:carbonate rocks
99:karst processes
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6002:
6000:
5992:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5966:
5965:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5944:
5943:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5912:
5911:
5901:
5899:Trench warfare
5896:
5894:Tunnel network
5891:
5889:Tunnel warfare
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5845:
5843:
5842:Related topics
5839:
5838:
5836:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5804:
5803:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5762:
5760:
5756:
5755:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5687:
5685:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5677:
5672:
5666:
5664:
5657:
5653:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5598:Mount Yamantau
5595:
5590:
5588:Mines of Paris
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5509:
5507:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5473:
5472:
5462:
5457:
5455:Secret passage
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5286:
5284:
5277:
5273:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5223:Hang Sơn Đoòng
5220:
5215:
5209:
5207:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5130:Lava tree mold
5127:
5122:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5065:
5064:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5027:
5025:
5018:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5006:
5005:
4998:
4991:
4983:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4919:
4912:
4904:
4902:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4877:Cave monastery
4874:
4869:
4863:
4861:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4831:Speleoseismite
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4757:
4755:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4604:Breathing cave
4601:
4595:
4593:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4556:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4539:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4476:
4469:
4461:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4381:
4375:
4373:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4350:
4340:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4318:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4285:
4283:
4276:
4275:Meteorological
4272:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4220:
4218:
4203:
4199:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4185:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4155:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4131:Seismic hazard
4127:
4125:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4088:
4086:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4051:
4044:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4009:
4003:
3996:
3990:
3982:
3975:
3974:External links
3972:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3928:
3927:
3908:
3882:
3860:
3842:Dunigan, Tom.
3834:
3818:
3792:
3766:
3740:
3728:New York Times
3714:
3688:
3662:
3644:
3613:
3572:
3550:
3532:
3514:
3496:
3474:
3467:
3445:
3431:
3384:
3377:
3351:
3316:
3310:978-3319089973
3309:
3287:
3270:
3248:
3234:
3200:
3173:(3): 291–300.
3154:
3143:on 2 June 2010
3123:
3096:
3070:
3068:, p. 184.
3058:
3033:
3019:
3005:
2998:
2980:
2954:
2913:
2906:
2888:
2862:
2803:
2785:
2758:
2741:
2727:
2678:
2664:
2643:
2617:
2610:
2584:
2563:(2): 195–203.
2543:
2500:
2474:
2415:
2406:|website=
2381:
2353:
2327:
2321:978-3540207252
2320:
2299:
2292:
2255:
2248:
2214:
2201:10.3133/cir968
2167:
2152:
2117:
2084:
2056:
1998:
1996:, p. 182.
1983:
1965:
1940:
1938:, p. 181.
1928:
1914:
1888:
1845:
1811:
1797:
1765:
1759:978-1444313161
1758:
1740:
1702:
1695:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1654:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1574:
1568:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1547:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1503:
1493:
1483:
1473:
1463:
1449:
1439:
1429:
1419:
1409:
1399:
1392:Amberjack Hole
1387:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1372:
1358:
1348:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1284:Kilderry South
1276:Pouldergaderry
1273:
1267:
1261:
1251:
1245:
1238:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1171:
1161:
1147:
1140:Daba Mountains
1133:
1122:
1112:
1094:
1088:
1074:
1064:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1045:
1037:
1034:
1009:
1006:
953:
950:
918:
915:
914:
913:
903:
895:
885:
877:
853:
843:
823:
806:
792:
773:Ambergris Caye
760:
757:
695:
692:
541:
538:
393:
390:
385:
382:
368:
365:
352:
349:
335:
332:
330:
329:Classification
327:
279:Main article:
276:
273:
252:
249:
218:carbonate rock
147:
144:
118:
115:
105:, collapse or
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6001:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5969:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5910:
5907:
5906:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5884:Civil defense
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5874:Cave painting
5872:
5870:
5867:
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5862:
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5857:
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5759:Organisations
5757:
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5609:
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5593:Mustang Caves
5591:
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5468:
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5466:
5463:
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5460:Semi-basement
5458:
5456:
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5451:
5450:Subway system
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5420:Utility vault
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5405:Rock-cut tomb
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5395:Passage grave
5393:
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5388:
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5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
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5350:Earth shelter
5348:
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5338:
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5326:
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5321:
5318:
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5315:Blast shelter
5313:
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5308:
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5256:
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5233:Kazumura Cave
5231:
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5224:
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5219:
5216:
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5210:
5208:
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5192:Volcanic pipe
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5148:
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5140:Maternity den
5138:
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5135:Magma chamber
5133:
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5128:
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5051:Burrow fossil
5049:
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4792:
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4787:
4786:Dogtooth spar
4784:
4782:
4779:
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4771:Calcite rafts
4769:
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4759:
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4571:Speleogenesis
4569:
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4550:
4547:
4543:
4540:
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4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4522:Cave painting
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4512:Biospeleology
4510:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4494:
4489:
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4459:
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4426:Meteor shower
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4224:Coastal flood
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3966:9780716605676
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3849:
3845:
3844:"Grassy Cove"
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2999:9781740595315
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2772:Florida Today
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2016:
2009:
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1545:
1541:
1540:Sima Humboldt
1538:
1537:
1534:South America
1533:
1528:
1524:
1523:Harwoods Hole
1521:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1496:Lake Peigneur
1494:
1491:
1487:
1486:Kingsley Lake
1484:
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1471:
1467:
1464:
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1417:
1413:
1412:The Blue Hole
1410:
1407:
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1400:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1386:United States
1385:
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1334:
1330:North America
1329:
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1289:
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1265:
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1259:
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1236:
1232:
1231:Hranice Abyss
1229:
1228:
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1151:
1150:Teiq Sinkhole
1148:
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1137:
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1127:
1123:
1120:
1116:
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1111:
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998:Magheracloone
995:
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983:
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916:
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904:
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882:
878:
875:
874:Karst Plateau
871:
867:
863:
859:
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851:
847:
844:
841:
837:
833:
829:
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631:
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619:
617:
613:
609:
608:Sima Humboldt
605:
601:
597:
593:
583:
576:
572:
566:
563:
559:
555:
554:Alapaha River
551:
550:surface water
546:
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535:
531:
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46:
42:
37:
33:
29:
22:
5979:Road hazards
5854:Cave dweller
5716:Nome Kingdom
5670:Hollow Earth
5583:Maginot Line
5482:Storm cellar
5300:Burial vault
5166:
5162:Rock shelter
5073:Glacier cave
4921:
4914:
4907:
4867:Cave dweller
4781:Cave popcorn
4720:Underground
4695:
4639:Karst spring
4629:Glacier cave
4421:Impact event
4409:Astronomical
4343:Thunderstorm
4338:Bomb cyclone
4202:Hydrological
4188:
4171:Volcanic ash
4136:Seismic risk
4084:Mass wasting
4021:. Retrieved
4017:
3995:(8 May 2008)
3985:
3957:Science Year
3956:
3949:Bibliography
3948:
3947:
3931:
3921:
3911:
3899:. Retrieved
3885:
3873:. Retrieved
3863:
3851:. Retrieved
3847:
3837:
3830:
3821:
3809:. Retrieved
3805:the original
3795:
3783:. Retrieved
3779:
3769:
3757:. Retrieved
3753:
3743:
3733:26 September
3731:. Retrieved
3727:
3717:
3705:. Retrieved
3701:
3691:
3679:. Retrieved
3675:the original
3665:
3656:
3647:
3635:. Retrieved
3631:the original
3626:
3616:
3604:. Retrieved
3597:the original
3592:
3588:
3575:
3563:Muscat Daily
3562:
3553:
3535:
3517:
3508:
3499:
3491:the original
3486:
3477:
3458:
3454:
3448:
3434:
3401:
3397:
3387:
3363:Scuba diving
3362:
3354:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3296:
3290:
3264:
3237:
3225:. Retrieved
3223:(1): 103–113
3220:
3216:
3203:
3170:
3166:
3145:. Retrieved
3141:the original
3136:
3126:
3114:. Retrieved
3112:(in Spanish)
3109:
3099:
3087:. Retrieved
3083:
3073:
3061:
3049:. Retrieved
3045:
3042:"Subsidence"
3036:
3022:
3008:
2989:
2983:
2971:. Retrieved
2967:the original
2957:
2945:. Retrieved
2938:the original
2933:
2929:
2916:
2897:
2891:
2879:. Retrieved
2875:
2865:
2820:
2816:
2806:
2788:
2778:29 September
2776:. Retrieved
2771:
2761:
2730:
2720:23 September
2718:. Retrieved
2711:the original
2698:
2694:
2681:
2667:
2634:. Retrieved
2629:
2620:
2593:
2587:
2560:
2556:
2546:
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2503:
2491:. Retrieved
2486:
2477:
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2435:
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2363:
2356:
2344:. Retrieved
2330:
2311:
2275:
2225:
2217:
2192:
2135:
2108:. Retrieved
2103:
2075:. Retrieved
2069:
2059:
2018:
2014:
2001:
1978:the original
1968:
1956:. Retrieved
1952:
1943:
1931:
1919:. Retrieved
1899:
1891:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1836:. Retrieved
1824:
1814:
1800:
1781:
1749:
1743:
1731:. Retrieved
1724:the original
1685:
1240:Maqluba, in
1142:of southern
1048:Lake Kashiba
1031:
968:trenches in
955:
932:
920:
905:
897:
891:
887:
879:
855:
845:
825:
808:
794:
784:
778:
742:Sarisariñama
723:
708:
697:
685:
678:
670:
651:
632:
620:
604:Mamo Plateau
588:
552:flow of the
492:in northern
487:
479:
463:core samples
443:
435:
422:
415:
403:
387:
370:
354:
337:
323:
292:
263:
254:
242:
230:ground water
215:
192:
157:
149:
96:
91:
87:
86:underneath.
77:
73:
70:swallow hole
69:
63:
59:
55:
51:
49:
43:sinkhole in
32:
5936:Mole people
5921:Mine rescue
5869:Cave rescue
5859:Cave diving
5603:Mogao Caves
5533:Coober Pedy
5492:Spider hole
5470:Septic tank
5410:Root cellar
5061:Paleoburrow
5010:Subterranea
4746:Speleothems
4659:Exploration
4559:Troglofauna
4527:Cave survey
4505:Main topics
4436:Solar flare
4322:Megadrought
4282:Temperature
4255:Megatsunami
4234:Storm surge
4229:Flash flood
4107:Debris flow
4023:19 February
3606:28 November
3332:: 217–228.
3014:"Sinkholes"
2947:22 December
2346:27 November
2100:"Sinkholes"
1861:(1): 1–21.
1733:18 February
1607:Dragon Hole
1551:Cerro Duida
1510:Winter Park
1490:Clay County
1478:– Utah, in
1452:Grassy Cove
1436:Gainesville
1312: /
1300:9°44′45.4″W
1297:52°7′57.5″N
1270:Vouliagmeni
1195:free diving
1126:Dragon Hole
1042:Boesmansgat
966:World War I
945:water mains
941:soil piping
799:black holes
795:Black holes
759:Local names
738:Boesmansgat
628:New Britain
612:Sima Martel
565:groundwater
548:The entire
426:acts of God
307:urban areas
269:space probe
180:water table
170:water, the
168:percolating
92:stream sink
84:groundwater
5968:Categories
5948:Speleology
5941:in fiction
5721:Pellucidar
5563:Kome Caves
5213:Balve Cave
5157:Pit crater
5113:Talus cave
5036:Ant colony
4882:Kome Caves
4846:Stalagnate
4841:Stalagmite
4836:Stalactite
4826:Soda straw
4816:Shelfstone
4776:Cave pearl
4751:Speleogens
4716:Talus cave
4649:Ley tunnel
4576:Speleology
4554:Stygofauna
4117:Earthquake
4075:Geological
3901:4 February
3338:10204/1944
3066:Tills 2013
3051:25 January
2516:(1): 1–3.
1994:Tills 2013
1936:Tills 2013
1784:. 1899-K.
1665:References
1636:Oak Island
1631:Lake-burst
1500:New Iberia
1442:Golly Hole
1416:Santa Rosa
1379:Tamaulipas
1106:Tannourine
988:quarry in
952:Crown hole
936:Quaternary
910:Yugoslavia
908:– Used in
810:Blue holes
803:Metabolism
753:blue holes
717:(known as
694:Human uses
666:travertine
658:Tamaulipas
540:Occurrence
490:Ebro Basin
474:Montevallo
451:settlement
313:breaks or
311:water main
240:terrains.
199:Cedar Sink
60:shakeholes
5974:Sinkholes
5864:Cave gate
5736:Underdark
5684:Exemplars
5506:Exemplars
5445:Wine cave
5320:Catacombs
5206:Exemplars
5103:Show cave
5093:Lava tube
5088:Lava cave
4933:Incidents
4860:Dwellings
4801:Helictite
4796:Frostwork
4791:Flowstone
4761:Anthodite
4734:Waterfall
4706:Suffosion
4691:Show cave
4676:Salt cave
4644:Lava cave
4592:processes
4542:Equipment
4446:Hypernova
4441:Supernova
4389:Firestorm
4304:Heat wave
4299:Ice storm
4294:Cold wave
4097:Avalanche
4092:Landslide
3487:New China
3426:128443371
3346:0038-2353
3195:128585380
2707:1814-294X
2538:130950517
2462:130375566
2408:ignored (
2398:cite book
2162:132318001
1900:Sinkholes
1883:0016-7606
1833:0362-4331
1613:Estavelle
1233:, in the
1185:Caribbean
1168:Chongqing
1138:, in the
1085:Al-Mahara
1061:Blue Hole
986:limestone
892:sky holes
888:Tiankengs
872:, in the
840:Chicxulub
643:Querétaro
639:Chongqing
626:, on the
616:Venezuela
299:Louisiana
238:quartzite
234:sandstone
222:salt beds
188:sandstone
184:suffosion
164:limestone
117:Formation
107:suffosion
5477:Stepwell
5465:Sewerage
5375:Hypogeum
5355:Erdstall
5345:Dry well
5325:Casemate
5305:Borehole
5295:Basement
5167:Sinkhole
5098:Pit Cave
5083:Ice cave
4968:Category
4821:Snottite
4811:Rimstone
4806:Moonmilk
4696:Sinkhole
4681:Sea cave
4666:Pit cave
4634:Ice cave
4396:ARkStorm
4384:Wildfire
4289:Blizzard
4189:Sinkhole
3897:(Report)
3875:24 March
3853:11 March
3637:28 April
3567:Archived
3545:Archived
3527:Archived
3301:Springer
3265:RTÉ News
3227:24 March
3147:20 March
3116:20 March
3089:20 March
3084:Time.com
2881:15 March
2857:35286188
2701:: 1–18.
2636:31 March
2193:Circular
2043:26135448
1838:31 March
1558:See also
1426:Daisetta
1280:townland
1254:Red Lake
1178:Malaysia
1104:next to
1100:and the
996:mine in
982:Slovakia
870:Slovenia
820:spectrum
775:, Belize
530:Slovenia
498:Sardinia
411:cohesion
207:Kentucky
172:collapse
152:drainage
141:, Spain.
139:Chinchón
127:Dead Sea
52:sinkhole
41:Red Lake
5771:Bergamt
5696:Batcave
5643:Yaodong
5380:Manhole
5370:Foxhole
5335:Dungeon
5041:Aquifer
4892:Yaodong
4766:Boxwork
4609:Cave-in
4379:Derecho
4353:Tornado
4314:Drought
4250:Tsunami
4102:Mudflow
3998:Google
3785:29 June
3759:29 June
3707:11 June
3702:TheHill
3681:9 March
3406:Bibcode
3303:: 247.
3175:Bibcode
2973:24 June
2848:8944826
2825:Bibcode
2565:Bibcode
2518:Bibcode
2440:Bibcode
2071:AP News
2051:2993705
2023:Bibcode
1863:Bibcode
1586:Caldera
1544:Bolívar
1517:Oceania
1375:Zacatón
1365:Chiapas
1258:Croatia
1235:Moravia
1144:Shaanxi
1119:Guangxi
1110:Lebanon
1002:Ireland
974:Belgium
881:Sótanos
866:Croatia
827:Cenotes
815:Bahamas
734:Zacatón
719:cenotes
673:Florida
662:Zacatón
522:Croatia
514:Jamaica
506:Sichuan
502:England
459:borings
428:". The
309:due to
265:Rosetta
262:by the
245:caverns
160:erosion
74:swallet
45:Croatia
5879:Caving
5801:Grotto
5415:Tunnel
5400:Quarry
5310:Bunker
5197:Warren
5120:Cenote
5078:Grotto
5046:Burrow
5031:Alcove
4701:Spring
4614:Cenote
4537:Diving
4532:Caving
4490:topics
3963:
3465:
3424:
3375:
3344:
3307:
3193:
2996:
2904:
2855:
2845:
2705:
2608:
2536:
2493:28 May
2460:
2388:30 May
2379:
2318:
2290:
2246:
2160:
2150:
2110:29 May
2077:2 July
2049:
2041:
2015:Nature
1958:3 June
1921:7 June
1912:
1881:
1831:
1756:
1693:
1355:Puebla
1335:Mexico
1225:Europe
1069:is in
1036:Africa
994:gypsum
990:Dudley
958:mining
906:Vrtače
846:Dolina
836:Belize
730:divers
726:cavers
602:) and
534:Russia
532:; and
518:France
226:gypsum
111:meters
79:cenote
56:doline
5663:Types
5365:Fogou
5283:Types
5125:Karst
5024:Types
4729:River
4671:Ponor
4624:Foiba
4566:Karst
4549:Fauna
4372:Other
4243:Other
4210:Flood
4164:Lahar
3811:3 May
3600:(PDF)
3585:(PDF)
3457:[
3422:S2CID
3213:(PDF)
3191:S2CID
2941:(PDF)
2926:(PDF)
2798:(PDF)
2714:(PDF)
2691:(PDF)
2534:S2CID
2467:5 May
2458:S2CID
2428:(PDF)
2340:(PDF)
2189:(PDF)
2158:S2CID
2047:S2CID
2011:(PDF)
1727:(PDF)
1720:(PDF)
1642:Pingo
1625:Gully
1286:near
1242:Malta
1158:wadis
1081:Yemen
978:Nitra
970:Ypres
857:Foiba
771:near
745:tepuy
700:waste
681:Murge
556:near
510:China
494:Spain
319:pipes
315:sewer
303:Texas
295:mines
281:Pinge
257:comet
209:, an
174:of a
166:) by
65:ponor
5440:Well
5385:Mine
5145:Nest
5068:Cave
4749:and
4724:Lake
4711:Sump
4654:Mine
4488:Cave
4347:Hail
4215:List
4122:List
4025:2014
3961:ISBN
3903:2020
3877:2013
3855:2014
3813:2014
3787:2013
3761:2013
3735:2013
3709:2021
3683:2015
3639:2013
3608:2016
3463:ISBN
3373:ISBN
3342:ISSN
3305:ISBN
3229:2013
3149:2013
3118:2013
3091:2013
3053:2018
2994:ISBN
2975:2019
2949:2020
2902:ISBN
2883:2022
2853:PMID
2780:2017
2722:2010
2703:ISSN
2638:2016
2630:CNC3
2606:ISBN
2495:2019
2469:2019
2410:help
2390:2019
2377:ISBN
2348:2018
2316:ISBN
2288:ISBN
2244:ISBN
2148:ISBN
2112:2019
2079:2015
2039:PMID
1960:2018
1923:2010
1910:ISBN
1879:ISSN
1840:2016
1829:ISSN
1754:ISBN
1735:2014
1691:ISBN
1124:The
1096:The
1055:Asia
1027:Oman
984:; a
960:and
921:The
899:Tomo
868:and
785:Aven
767:The
709:The
679:The
645:and
610:and
600:Laos
461:and
449:and
404:The
236:and
176:cave
90:and
88:Sink
76:. A
39:The
5150:Bee
4851:Vug
4000:map
3414:doi
3369:267
3334:hdl
3330:102
3183:doi
2876:CNN
2843:PMC
2833:doi
2821:119
2598:doi
2573:doi
2526:doi
2514:279
2448:doi
2369:doi
2280:doi
2236:doi
2232:281
2205:hdl
2197:doi
2140:doi
2031:doi
2019:523
1953:bgs
1871:doi
1859:103
1786:doi
1290:at
1282:of
1117:in
1108:in
1025:in
656:in
614:in
205:in
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
