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31:
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391:, who claimed that the moon was inhabited by billions of beings, had captured the public's imagination in the early 19th century. Locke's hoax played on these popular beliefs, presenting them as the latest scientific findings from the well-respected astronomer Sir John Herschel, which lent the story credibility.
364:
Poe described a voyage to the Moon in a balloon, in which Pfaall lives for five years on the Moon with lunarians and sends back a lunarian to Earth. The Poe Moon hoax was less successful because of the satiric and comical tone of the account. Locke was able to upstage Poe and to steal his thunder. In
383:
which received much of their income from advertisements, a business practice made sustainable by large numbers of readers. The Sun was a pioneer when it came to producing shocking and often sensationalist journalism, being the first New York newspaper to report on murders, suicides, personal events,
267:
In his paper, Gruithuisen claimed to have observed various shades of color on the lunar surface, which he correlated with climate and vegetation zones. He also observed lines and geometrical shapes, which he felt indicated the existence of walls, roads, fortifications, and cities. However, a more
1358:
329:
However, the degree to which the hoax increased the paper's circulation has certainly been exaggerated in popular accounts of the event. It was not discovered to be a hoax for several weeks after its publication and, even then, the newspaper did not issue a retraction.
256:, and, second, to ridicule some of the more extravagant astronomical theories that had recently been published. Locke had meant for the hoax to act of a satire to show how science can be and is influenced by the thoughts of religion. For instance, in 1824,
937:
166:
of an entirely new principle". The telescope - transported to South Africa from New
England - was said to be many times larger than any other telescope in the world. The lens measured "24 feet in diameter and 7 tons in weight".
264:, had published a paper titled "Discovery of Many Distinct Traces of Lunar Inhabitants, Especially of One of Their Colossal Buildings". One theory is that this paper is responsible for inspiring the articles written by Locke.
333:
Herschel was initially amused by the hoax, noting that his own real observations could never be as exciting. He later became annoyed when he had to answer questions from people who believed the hoax was serious.
220:
The writer of the article was at first not known to the public. Authorship has subsequently been attributed to
Richard Adams Locke (1800–1871), a reporter who, in August 1835, was working for
288:
276:
contained 21,891,974,404,480 (21.9 trillion) inhabitants. In fact, the Moon alone, by his count, would contain 4,200,000,000 inhabitants. His writings were very popular in
America;
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326:
as a successful paper. It brought the journal to international fame, and the hoax resembled crime reports that allowed the readers to play detective, trying to discover the truth.
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177:
A reprinted edition of 1836 added a second type named the
Vespertiliones. The author of the narrative was ostensibly Dr. Andrew Grant, the travelling companion and
387:
The success of such sensational stories as the "Great Moon Hoax" can be partly attributed to the influence of contemporary speculative science. Figures like the
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and divorces, and it was because of stories such as these that the Sun thrived in attracting readers to their articles, and thus to their advertisements.
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408:
418:
The Moon
Trilogy - a series of fantasy novels by the Polish author Jerzy Żuławski, published in 1903–1911. The series consists of the following novels:
379:
The sensational reports of
Richard Adams Locke were not out of place in the context of the mass proliferation of penny press newspapers such as the
252:
Assuming that
Richard A. Locke was the author, his intentions were probably, first, to create a sensational story which would increase sales of
78:. The first in a series of six was published four days later on August 25. These articles were never retracted; however, on September 16, 1835,
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239:, a French astronomer travelling in America at the time (though he was in Mississippi, not New York, when the Moon-hoax issues appeared), and
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The Sun and the Moon: The
Remarkable True Account of Hoaxers, Showmen, Dueling Journalists, and Lunar Man-Bats in Nineteenth-Century New York
1122:
981:
The Sun and the Moon: The
Remarkable True Account of Hoaxers, Showmen, Dueling Journalists, and Lunar Man-Bats in Nineteenth-Century New York
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Celestial
Scenery; or, The Wonders of the Planetary System Displayed: Illustrating the Perfections of Deity and a Plurality of Worlds
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Eventually, the authors announced that the observations had been terminated by the destruction of the telescope, by means of the
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1846, Poe would write a biographical sketch of Locke as part of his series "The Literati of New York City" which appeared in
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s circulation increased dramatically because of the hoax and remained permanently greater than before, thereby establishing
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249:, a literary magazine. However, there is no good evidence to indicate that anyone but Locke was the author of the hoax.
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355:" in the same newspaper. As well as "The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall". The story was reprinted in the
162:") who built temples. There were trees, oceans and beaches. These discoveries were supposedly made with "an immense
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61:(a New York newspaper), beginning on August 25, 1835, about the supposed discovery of life and civilization on the
361:
on September 2–5, 1835, under the headline "Lunar Discoveries, Extraordinary Aerial Voyage by Baron Hans Pfaall".
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272:, who was known as "The Christian Philosopher" after the title of his first book. Dick had computed that the
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The hoax reflected a time when readers were looking for entertainment as much as information from
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The hoax inspired a three-part musical by composer Matt Dahan as part of his musical radio series
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228:. Despite Locke's claims, rumours persisted that others were involved in the articles' creation.
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The story was advertised on August 21, 1835, as an upcoming feature allegedly reprinted from
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1391:(after 2011) at The Museum of Hoaxes – with linked transcripts of the 6 newspaper articles
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1262:"Pulp Musicals Sets Sights on the Moon With New Radio-Style Musical 'The Great Moon Hoax'"
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224:. Locke publicly admitted to being the author in 1840, in a letter to the weekly paper
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784:. Salt Lake City, UT: Deseret News Publishing Company. May 13, 1893. p. 665
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newspapers, which would later change with the development of ethical reporting.
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dedicated a 2010 episode to the Great Moon Hoax entitled "The Moon in the Sun".
171:
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1035:
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Richard Adams Locke and the Great Moon Hoax are fictionalized in chapter 14 of
433:
178:
35:
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1012:"A Newly-Discovered Letter of J.F.W Herschel concerning the "Great Moon Hox""
1415:
1234:
1187:""The Great Moon Hoax" is published in the "New York Sun" | August 25, 1835"
588:""The Great Moon Hoax" is published in the "New York Sun" | August 25, 1835"
163:
307:
403:
Great Moon Hoax, Edinburgh Journal of Science, by Lilith de Thierry Freres
1364:
1114:
The Yellow Journalism: The Press and America's Emergence as a World Power
504:
1342:
1163:"The Great Moon Hoax of 1835 Was Sci-Fi Passed Off as News | Britannica"
670:
654:
560:
1285:
In Defense of Vespertilio-homo: Finding the Truth in the 1835 Moon Hoax
1138:
151:
147:
143:
948:. Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, Vol. 7: 23–24.
686:"Great Moon Hoax of 1835 convinced the world of extraterrestrial life"
174:-homo" can be translated from Latin as man-bat, bat-man, or man-bats.
494:
351:
His editor at the time was Richard Adams Locke. He later published "
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665:(1/2). Centre for Arts, Humanities and Sciences (CAHS): 434.
547:
Vida, István Kornél (2012). "The "Great Moon Hoax" of 1835".
1372:
by R. J. Brown at HistoryReference.org (archived 2016-02-24)
745:
Alternate worlds: the illustrated history of science fiction
1065:"'The Great Moon Hoax' is published in the 'New York Sun'"
868:"Belief, Legend, and the Great Moon Hoax | Folklife Today"
1403:
by Edgar Allan Poe – biographical essay from 1846 series
659:
Hungarian Journal of English and American Studies (Hjeas)
500:
film in which the Moon is inhabited by insect-like aliens
340:
claimed the story was a plagiarism of his earlier work "
130:
The articles described animals on the Moon, including
303:
Moon Hoax 1859 NY William Gowans, Richard Adams Locke
231:
Two other men have been noted in connection with the
98:"), from an edition of the Moon series published in
942:
Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada
641:
Lunar Bat-men, the Planet Vulcan and Martian Canals
618:"The Great Moon Hoax Was Simply a Sign of Its Time"
917:. Philadelphia: Edward C. Biddle. pp. 276–277
830:
643:, Smithsonian Magazine, Erik Washam, December 2010
549:Hungarian Journal of English and American Studies
65:. The discoveries were falsely attributed to Sir
38:of the hoax's "ruby amphitheater", as printed in
1397:(2011) at Victorian Gothic (archived 2017-06-30)
994:Thomas Low Nichols, Poe, and the 'Balloon Hoax'"
344:," and "Hans Phaall – A Tale", published in the
181:of Sir John Herschel, but Grant was fictitious.
1143:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
108:
82:admitted the articles were in fact fabricated.
1306:, 196 (September 1981) and 308 (October 1981).
1435:"The 'Great Moon Hoax' that fooled the world"
1287:, James Eric Black, Georgia State University.
1139:"The Sun (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916"
420:On the Silver Globe. Manuscript from the Moon
342:The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall
8:
55:" was a series of six articles published in
116:BY SIR JOHN HERSCHEL, L.L.D. F.R.S. &c.
69:and his fictitious companion Andrew Grant.
1496:Works involved in plagiarism controversies
1212:Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898
968:Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898
770:
768:
409:Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898
1410:"Belief, Legend, and the Great Moon Hoax"
1087:"Belief, Legend, and the Great Moon Hoax"
720:
616:Magazine, Smithsonian; Zielinski, Sarah.
268:direct object of Locke's satire was Rev.
1300:Evans, David S., "The Great Moon Hoax",
938:"A Visit to the Home of Dr. Thomas Dick"
705:"Lucian and the Great Moon Hoax of 1835"
519:featuring bizarre encounters on the Moon
398:
306:
298:
207:
199:
1431:, with 11 library catalogue records
539:
1215:, Oxford University Press, pp. 524–525
1000:, vol. V, no. 2. December 1972. p. 48.
970:, Oxford University Press, pp. 524–525
16:Fake series in the New York newspaper
1437:(2022 podcast) at BBC Global News Ltd
1420:Internet Speculative Fiction Database
1080:
1078:
866:Hall, Stephanie (November 15, 2023).
7:
1016:Journal for the History of Astronomy
611:
609:
607:
192:", setting fire to the observatory.
1385:(2010 podcast) at The Memory Palace
1111:Spencer, David Ralph (2007-01-23).
1085:Hall, Stephanie (August 26, 2014).
809:The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction
14:
1491:Written fiction presented as fact
1376:"Episode 24: The Moon in the Sun"
1227:"Episode 24: The Moon in the Sun"
1117:. Northwestern University Press.
573:Maliszewski, Paul. "Paper Moon",
1353:
1225:DiMeo, Nate (January 13, 2010).
523:Moon landing conspiracy theories
25:Moon landing conspiracy theories
715:. University of KwaZulu-Natal.
655:"The "Great Moon Hoax" of 1835"
110:GREAT ASTRONOMICAL DISCOVERIES,
1313:(New York: Basic Books, 2008)
188:causing the lens to act as a "
1:
1412:(2014) at Library of Congress
1405:The Literati of New York City
1395:"The Great Moon Hoax of 1835"
1389:"The Great Moon Hoax of 1835"
1370:"The Great Moon Hoax of 1835"
803:Clute, John; Eggeling, John.
260:, professor of astronomy at
1476:Hoaxes in the United States
1363:public domain audiobook at
653:István Kornél Vida (2012).
347:Southern Literary Messenger
258:Franz von Paula Gruithuisen
1512:
1036:10.1177/002182860203300108
413:Pulitzer Prize for History
295:showing a copy of the hoax
22:
1471:1835 in the United States
1209:Burrows, Edwin G. (1999)
1091:Library of Congress Blogs
979:Goodman, Matthew (2008).
966:Burrows, Edwin G. (1999)
893:The Christian Philosopher
872:Library of Congress Blogs
829:Goodman, Matthew (2008).
158:-like winged humanoids ("
936:Brashear, J. A. (1913).
747:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
407:The hoax is featured in
94:Portrait of a man-bat ("
23:Not to be confused with
1461:Fiction set on the Moon
1167:Encyclopædia Britannica
1010:Steven, Ruskin (2002).
212:The Inhabitants of the
53:Great Moon Hoax of 1835
805:"Locke, Richard Adams"
436:'s historical podcast
404:
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51:", also known as the "
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1401:"Richard Adams Locke"
577:. Winter 2005. p. 26.
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315:According to legend,
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280:was one of his fans.
237:Jean-Nicolas Nicollet
216:, 1836, Welsh edition
211:
204:View of the Moon Hoax
203:
93:
75:The Edinburgh Courant
33:
833:The Sun and the Moon
776:"They Formed A Pair"
622:Smithsonian Magazine
483:The Man in the Moone
389:Reverend Thomas Dick
1481:19th-century hoaxes
1451:Journalistic hoaxes
1429:Library of Congress
1425:Richard Adams Locke
1416:Richard Adams Locke
1303:Sky & Telescope
1028:2002JHA....33...71R
954:1913JRASC...7...19B
703:J L Hilton (2005).
690:The Washington Post
684:Dave Kindy (2022).
515:, novel written by
477:Bat Boy (character)
368:Godey's Lady's Book
358:New York Transcript
278:Ralph Waldo Emerson
241:Lewis Gaylord Clark
105:The headline read:
1486:August 1835 events
1381:2013-03-09 at the
1309:Goodman, Matthew,
781:The Deseret Weekly
517:Lucian of Samosata
490:A Trip to the Moon
458:The Map of the Sky
405:
313:
305:
297:
218:
206:
103:
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1456:Hoaxes in science
1349:Project Gutenberg
1319:978-0-465-00257-3
1266:BroadwayWorld.com
1231:The Memory Palace
1124:978-0-8101-2331-1
852:978-0-465-00257-3
439:The Memory Palace
262:Munich University
246:The Knickerbocker
122:Cape of Good Hope
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1271:2021-11-16
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