Zebra - Knowledge (XXG)

1798: 960: 1939: 2012: 1106: 843: 1902:, marked by dung piles, and mate with the females that enter them. Grazing and drinking areas tend to be separated in these environments and the most dominant males establish territories near watering holes, which attract females with dependent foals and those who simply want a drink, while less dominant males control territories away from water with more vegetation, and only attract mares without foals. Mares may travel through several territories but remain in one when they have young. Staying in a territory offers a female protection from harassment by outside males, as well as access to resources. 2283: 2050: 1917:. These are typically young males that are not yet ready to establish a harem or territory. With the plains zebra, the oldest males are the most dominant and group membership is stable. Bachelor groups tend to be at the boundaries of herds and during group movements, the bachelors follow behind or along the sides. Mountain zebra bachelor groups may also include young females that have left their natal group early, as well as old, former harem males. A territorial Grévy's zebra stallion may allow non-territorial bachelors in their territory, however when a mare in 1966:'s grunt combined with a donkey's wheeze". Loud snorting and rough "gasping" in zebras signals alarm. Squealing is usually made when in pain, but can also be heard in friendly interactions. Zebras also communicate with visual displays, and the flexibility of their lips allows them to make complex facial expressions. Visual displays also consist of head, ear, and tail postures. A zebra may signal an intention to kick by dropping back its ears and whipping its tail. Flattened ears, bared teeth and a waving head may be used as threatening gestures by stallions. 1770: 1019: 2112: 1253: 1522:, the stripes appear at eight months, but the patterns may be determined at three to five weeks. For each species there is a point in embryonic development where the stripes are perpendicular to the dorsal line and spaced 0.4 mm (0.016 in) apart. However, this happens at three weeks of development for the plains zebra, four weeks for the mountain zebra, and five for Grévy's zebra. The difference in timing is thought to be responsible for the differences in the striping patterns of the different species. 1890:, which overlap, and they tend to be nomadic. Stallions form and expand their harems by recruiting young mares from their natal (birth) harems. The stability of the group remains even when the family stallion is displaced. Plains zebras groups gather into large herds and may create temporarily stable subgroups within a herd, allowing individuals to interact with those outside their group. Females in harems can spend more time feeding, and gain protection both for them and their young. The females have a linear 775: 1694: 2375: 1305: 2420: 128: 1429: 985: 900: 875: 1989: 2455: 1495: 1630:

scatter when fleeing from attackers and thus the stripes could not break up an individual's outline. Lions, in particular, appear to have no difficulty targeting and catching zebras when they get close and take them by ambush. In addition, no correlations have been found between the number of stripes and populations of mammal predators. Hughes and colleagues (2021) concluded that solidly grey and less contrasted patterns are more likely to escape being caught when in motion.

1600: 1906: 161: 1081: 1867: 1730:. In addition, zebra hair is about as long as the mouthparts of these flies. This hypothesis is the most strongly supported by the evidence. It was found that flies preferred landing on solidly coloured surfaces over those with black-and-white striped patterns in 1930 by biologist R. Harris, and this was proposed to have been a function of zebra stripes in a 1981 study. A 2014 study found a correlation between striping and overlap with horse and 1319: 1213: 7092: 1828:, zebras have a simpler and less efficient digestive system. Nevertheless, they can subsist on lower-quality vegetation. Zebras may spend 60–80% of their time feeding, depending on the availability of vegetation. The plains zebra is a pioneer grazer, mowing down the upper, less nutritious grass canopy and preparing the way for more specialised grazers, which depend on shorter and more nutritious grasses below. 2443:. Grévy's zebra populations are estimated at less than 2,000 mature individuals, but they are stable. Mountain zebras number near 35,000 individuals and their population appears to be increasing. Plains zebra are estimated to number 150,000–250,000 with a decreasing population trend. Human intervention has fragmented zebra ranges and populations. Zebras are threatened by hunting for their hide and meat, and 1455:; they have large incisors that clip grass blades and rough molars and premolars well suited for grinding. Males have spade-shaped canines, which can be used as weapons in fighting. The eyes of zebras are at the sides and far up the head, which allows them to look over the tall grass while feeding. Their moderately long, erect ears are movable and can locate the source of a sound. 2004:. Female zebras have five to ten day long oestrous cycles; physical signs include a swollen, everted (inside out) labia and copious flows of urine and mucus. Upon reaching peak oestrous, mares spread-out their legs, lift their tails and open their mouths when in the presence of a male. Males assess the female's reproductive state with a curled lip and bared teeth ( 1760:. Takács and colleagues (2022) suggest that, when the animal is in sunlight, temperature gradients between the warmer dark stripes and cooler white stripes prevent horseflies from detecting the warm blood vessels underneath. Caro and colleagues (2023) conclude that the insects are disoriented by the high colour contrast and relative thinness of the patterns. 311: 1661:

identification, critics note that zebra species have limited range overlap with each other and horses can recognise each other using visual communication. In addition, no correlation has been found between striping and social behaviour or group numbers among equines, and no link has been found between fitness and striping.

2008:) and the female will solicit mating by backing in. Gestation is typically around a year. A few days to a month later, mares can return to oestrus. In harem-holding species, oestrus in a female becomes less noticeable to outside males as she gets older, hence competition for older females is virtually nonexistent. 1974:. Members of a harem nibble and rake along the neck, shoulder, and back with their teeth and lips. Grooming usually occurs between mothers and foals and between stallions and mares. Grooming establishes social rank and eases aggressive behaviour, although Grévy's zebras generally do not perform social grooming. 2028:" when their mothers leave for water. These groups are tended to by the territorial male. A stallion may look after a foal in his territory to ensure that the mother stays, though it may not be his. By contrast, plains zebra stallions are generally intolerant of foals that are not theirs and may practice 1894:

with the high-ranking females being the ones that have lived in the group longest. While traveling, the most dominant females and their offspring lead the group, followed by the next most dominant. The family stallion trails behind. Young of both sexes leave their natal groups as they mature; females

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environments than other species. They usually can be found 10–12 km (6.2–7.5 mi) from a water source. Grévy's zebras can survive almost a week without water but will drink it every day when given the chance, and their bodies maintain water better than cattle. Mountain zebras can be found at

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line acts as the backbone for vertical stripes along the sides, from the head to the rump. On the snout they curve toward the nostrils, while the stripes above the front legs split into two branches. On the rump, they develop into species-specific patterns. The stripes on the legs, ears and tail are

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In plains and mountain zebras, foals are cared for mostly by their mothers, but if threatened by pack-hunting hyenas and dogs, the entire group works together to protect all the young. The group forms a protective front with the foals in the centre, and the stallion will rush at predators that come

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Usually, a single foal is born, which is capable of running within an hour of birth. A newborn zebra will follow anything that moves, so new mothers prevent other mares from approaching their foals as they become more familiar with the mother's striping pattern, smell and voice. At a few weeks old,

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to wetter areas during the dry season. Plains zebras have been recorded travelling 500 km (310 mi) between Namibia and Botswana, the longest land migration of mammals in Africa. When migrating, they appear to rely on some memory of the locations where foraging conditions were best and may

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coats. There does not appear to be any difference in the effectiveness of repelling flies between the different zebra species; thus the difference in striping patterns may have evolved for other reasons. White or light stripes painted on dark bodies have also been found to reduce fly irritations in

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wrote in 1871 that "a female zebra would not admit the addresses of a male ass until he was painted so as to resemble a zebra" while Wallace stated in 1871 that: "The stripes therefore may be of use by enabling stragglers to distinguish their fellows at a distance". Regarding species and individual

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when in motion. The researchers concluded that this could be used against mammalian predators or biting flies. The use of the stripes for confusing mammalian predators has been questioned. The stripes of zebras could make groups seem smaller, and thus more likely to be attacked. Zebras also tend to

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Individuals may greet each other by rubbing and sniffing and then mutually rub their cheeks, and move along their bodies towards each other's genitals to sniff. They then may caress their shoulders against each other and lay their heads on one another. This greeting usually occurs between harem or

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Fights between males usually occur over mates and involve biting and kicking. In plains zebra, stallions fight each other over recently matured mares to bring into their group and her family stallion will fight off other males trying to abduct her. As long as a harem stallion is healthy, he is not

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and hyenas do not appear to perceive the stripes when they are a certain distance away at daytime or nighttime, thus making the stripes useless in blending in except when the predators are close enough by which they could smell or hear their target. They also found that the stripes do not make the

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Fertile hybrids have been reported in the wild between plains and Grévy's zebra. Hybridisation has also been recorded between the plains and mountain zebra, though it is possible that these are infertile due to the difference in chromosome numbers between the two species. Captive zebras have been

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pose less of a threat to adults. Biting and kicking are a zebra's defense tactics. When threatened by lions, zebras flee, and when caught they are rarely effective in fighting off the big cats. In one study, the maximum speed of a zebra was found to be 50 km/h (31 mph) while a lion was

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in 1890. As with known aposematic mammals, zebras are recognisable up close, live in more open environments, have a high risk of predation and do not hide or act inconspicuous. However, critics note that stripes do not work on lions because they frequently prey on zebras, though they may work on

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Body length of 217–246 cm (85–97 in) with 47–56 cm (19–22 in) tail, 110–145 cm (43–57 in) shoulder height and weighs 175–385 kg (386–849 lb); Thick bodied with relatively short legs and an obtusely-shaped skull profile with a protruding forehead and a more

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states that the stripes confuse predators, be it by: making it harder to distinguish individuals in a group as well as determining the number of zebras in a group; making it difficult to determine an individual's outline when the group runs away; reducing a predator's ability to keep track of a

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to provide meat or for their skins. The skins were traded or used locally. The quagga was probably vulnerable to extinction due to its restricted range, and because they were easy to find in large groups. The last known wild quagga died in 1878. The last captive quagga, a female in Amsterdam's

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their black hair to release heat from the skin and flatten it again when it gets cooler. Larison and colleagues (2015) determined that environmental temperature is a strong predictor for zebra striping patterns. Others have found no evidence that zebras have lower body temperatures than other

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also wrote in 1896 that stripes make zebras less noticeable at night. Critics note that zebras graze in open habitat and do not behave cryptically, being noisy, fast, and social and do not freeze when a predator is near. In addition, the camouflaging stripes of woodland living ungulates like

2447:. They also compete with livestock and have their travelling routes obstruct by fences. Civil wars in some countries have also caused declines in zebra populations. By the early 20th century, zebra skins were being used to make rugs and chairs. In the 21st century, zebras may be taken by 1462:

present only on their front legs. In contrast to other living equines, zebras have longer front legs than back legs. Diagnostic traits of the zebra skull include: its relatively small size with a straight dorsal outline, protruding eye sockets, narrower rostrum, less conspicuous

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describing them in 1781 as "the most elegant of quadrupeds". Zebras have been popular in photography, with some wildlife photographers describing them as the most photogenic animal. They have become staples in children's stories and wildlife-themed art, such as depictions of

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from asses and zebras around this time and equines colonised Eurasia and Africa around 2.1–3.4 mya. Zebras and asses diverged from each other close to 2 mya. The mountain zebra diverged from the other species around 1.6 mya and the plains and Grévy's zebra split 1.4 mya.

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Body length of 250–300 cm (98–118 in) with 38–75 cm (15–30 in) tail, 125–160 cm (4.10–5.25 ft) shoulder height and weighs 352–450 kg (776–992 lb); Thin, elongated skull, robust neck and conical ears; narrow striping pattern with

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measured at 74 km/h (46 mph). Zebras do not escape lions by speed alone but by sideways turning, especially when the cat is close behind. With smaller predators like hyenas and dogs, zebras may act more aggressively, especially in defense of their young.

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ungulates whose habitat they share, or that striping correlates with temperature. A 2018 experimental study which dressed water-filled metal barrels in horse, zebra and cattle hides concluded that the zebra stripes had no effect on thermoregulation.

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zebras were largely unsuccessful. It is possible that having evolved under pressure from the many large predators of Africa, including early humans, they became more aggressive, thus making domestication more difficult. However, zebras have been

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Pedersen, Casper-Emil T.; Albrechtsen, Anders; Etter, Paul D.; Johnson, Eric A.; Orlando, Ludovic; Chikhi, Lounes; Siegismund, Hans R.; Heller, Rasmus (2018). "A southern African origin and cryptic structure in the highly mobile plains zebra".

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zebra less noticeable than solidly coloured herbivores on the open plains. They suggested that stripes may give zebras an advantage in woodlands, as the dark stripes could line up with the outlines of tree branches and other vegetation.

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recessed nose area; broad stripes, horizontal on the rump, with northern populations having more extensive striping while populations further south have whiter legs and bellies and more brown "shadow" stripes while the snout is black.

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of zebra stripes do not line up with their environment, while a 2014 study of wild equine species and subspecies could not find any correlations between striping patterns and woodland habitats. Melin and colleagues (2016) found that

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trained some zebras to draw a carriage in England, which he drove to Buckingham Palace to demonstrate that it can be done. However, he did not ride on them knowing that they were too small and aggressive. In the early 20th century,

959: 475:. Zebra stripes come in different patterns, unique to each individual. Several theories have been proposed for the function of these patterns, with most evidence supporting them as a deterrent for biting flies. Zebras inhabit 719:

was originally classified as a distinct species. Later genetic studies have placed it as the same species as the plains zebra, either a subspecies or just the southernmost population. Molecular evidence supports zebras as a

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Zebras' dazzling stripes make them among the most recognisable mammals. They have been featured in art and stories in Africa and beyond. Historically, they have been highly sought by exotic animal collectors, but unlike

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foals begin to graze, but may continue to nurse for eight to thirteen months. Living in an arid environment, Grévy's zebras have longer nursing intervals and young only begin to drink water three months after birth.

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Godfrey, D.; Lythgoe, J. N.; Rumball, D. A. (1987). "Zebra stripes and tiger stripes: the spatial frequency distribution of the pattern compared to that of the background is significant in display and crypsis".

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elevations of up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft). Zebras sleep for seven hours a day, standing up during the day and lying down during the night. They regularly use various objects as rubbing posts and will

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suggests that stripes help to control a zebra's body temperature. In 1971, biologist H. A. Baldwin noted that heat would be absorbed by the black stripes and reflected by the white ones. In 1990, zoologist

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present under neck and compact hooves; stripes intermediate in width between the other species, with gridiron and horizontal stripes on the rump, while the belly is white and the black muzzle is lined with

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Cai, Dawei; Zhu, Siqi; Gong, Mian; Zhang, Naifan; Wen, Jia; Liang, Qiyao; Sun, Weilu; Shao, Xinyue; Guo, Yaqi; Cai, Yudong; Zheng, Zhuqing; Zhang, Wei; Hu, Songmei; Wang, Xiaoyang; Tian, He (11 May 2022).

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Giel, E.-M.; Bar-David, S.; Beja-Pereira, A.; Cothern, E. G.; Giulotto, E.; Hrabar, H.; Oyunsuren, T.; Pruvost, M. (2016). "Genetics and Paleogenetics of Equids". In Ransom, J. I.; Kaczensky, P. (eds.).

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and colleagues (2019) studied captive zebras and horses and observed that neither could deter flies from a distance, but zebra stripes kept flies from landing, both on zebras and horses dressed in zebra

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is present the territorial stallion keeps other stallions at bay. Bachelors prepare for their future harem roles with play fights and greeting/challenge rituals, which make up most of their activities.

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Orlando, L.; Ginolhac, A.; Zhang, G.; Froese, D.; Albrechtsen, A.; Stiller, M.; et al. (July 2013). "Recalibrating Equus evolution using the genome sequence of an early Middle Pleistocene horse".

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Druzhkova, Anna S.; Makunin, Alexey I.; Vorobieva, Nadezhda V.; Vasiliev, Sergey K.; Ovodov, Nikolai D.; Shunkov, Mikhail V.; Trifonov, Vladimir A.; Graphodatsky, Alexander S. (January 2017).

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mare at London Zoo, 1870, the only specimen photographed alive. This animal was historically considered a separate species but is now considered a subspecies or population of plains zebra.

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Body length of 210–260 cm (83–102 in) with 40–55 cm (16–22 in) tail, 116–146 cm (46–57 in) shoulder height and weighs 204–430 kg (450–948 lb);

1529:" zebras, dark stripes are highly concentrated on the torso but the legs are whiter. "Spotted" individuals have broken up black stripes around the dorsal area. There have even been 2267:

and consists of four comic book-like panels. Zebras have lent themselves to products and advertisements, notably for 'Zebra Grate Polish' cleaning supplies by British manufacturer

4402: 526:; while Grévy's zebra live alone or in loosely associated herds. In harem-holding species, adult females mate only with their harem stallion, while male Grévy's zebras establish 1752:

light patterns these insects use to locate water and habitat, though subsequent studies have refuted this. Stripes do not appear to work like a barber pole against flies since

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Cordingley, J. E.; Sundaresan, S. R.; Fischhoff, I. R.; Shapiro, B.; Ruskey, J.; Rubenstein, D. I. (2009). "Is the endangered Grevy's zebra threatened by hybridization?".

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smaller predators, and zebras are not slow-moving enough to need to ward off threats. In addition, zebras do not possess adequate defenses to back up the warning pattern.

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Larison, Brenda; Kaelin, Christopher B.; Harrigan, Ryan; et al. (2020). "Population structure, inbreeding and stripe pattern abnormalities in plains zebras".

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features a captive zebra ostracised from the horses and ends up being ridden by a rebellious girl. Zebras have been featured as characters in animated films like

1367:, known as the Cape zebra, appeared around 2 mya and lived throughout southern and eastern Africa. Non-African equines that may have been basal to zebras include 644:

was traditionally pronounced with a long initial vowel, but over the course of the 20th century the pronunciation with the short initial vowel became the norm in

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animal and is glorified in a poem as an "iridescent and glittering creature". Its stripes have symbolised the union of male and female and at the ruined city of

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With their distinctive black-and-white stripes, zebras are among the most recognisable mammals. They have been associated with beauty and grace, with naturalist

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usually challenged. Only unhealthy stallions have their harems taken over, and even then, the new stallion slowly takes over, peacefully displacing the old one.

8015: 7949: 2486:, a subspecies of mountain zebra, nearly went extinct due to hunting and habitat destruction, with less than 50 individuals left by the 1950s. Protections from 1105: 2011: 2073:, the animals are often used to represent the letter 'Z'. Zebra stripe patterns are popularly used for body paintings, dress, furniture and architecture. 1568:. This was the earliest hypothesis and proponents argued that the stripes were particularly suited for camouflage in tall grassland and woodland habitat. 1545:, with the dark stripes being blonde. The quagga had brown and white stripes on the head and neck, brown upper parts and a white belly, tail and legs. 4488: 1962:" or "kwa-ha, kaw-ha, ha, ha". The mountain zebra may produce a similar sound while the call of Grévy's zebra has been described as "something like a 1433: 6623: 1621:. This theory has been proposed by several biologists since at least the 1970s. A 2014 computer study of zebra stripes found that they may create a 2925: 7936: 1472: 1468: 1553:

The function of stripes in zebras has been discussed among biologists since at least the 19th century. Popular hypotheses include the following:

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as zebra skin rugs sell for $ 1,000 to $ 2,000. Trophy hunting was rare among African peoples though the San were known to hunt zebra for meat.

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Larison, Brenda; Harrigan, Ryan J.; Thomassen, Henri A.; Rubenstein, Daniel I.; Chan-Golston, Alec M.; Li, Elizabeth; Smith, Thomas B. (2015).

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received a zebra as a wedding gift in 1762, the animal became a source of fascination for the people of Britain. Many flocked to see it at its

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suggests that the stripes serve as warning colouration. This hypothesis was first suggested by Wallace in 1867 and discussed in more detail by

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an assailant so they have difficulty making contact; or making it difficult for a predator to deduce the zebra's size, speed and direction via

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in 1763. The zebra also gained a reputation for being ill-tempered and kicked at visitors. In 1882, Ethiopia sent a zebra to French president

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recorded "zebra" being used to refer to the African animals by Portuguese visitors to the continent. In ancient times, the zebra was called

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and sent a zebra and other exotic animals as gifts. In 1417, a zebra was gifted to the Chinese people by Somalia and displayed before the

5941: 578:), a type of plains zebra, was driven to extinction in the 19th century. Nevertheless, zebras can be found in numerous protected areas. 4410: 5864: 5376:"Sunlit zebra stripes may confuse the thermal perception of blood vessels causing the visual unattractiveness of zebras to horseflies" 3972: 3289: 2363:. It soon became the subject of humour and satire, being referred to as "The Queen's Ass", and was the subject of an oil painting by 6578: 2820: 2165:

In cultures outside of its range, the zebra has been thought of as a more exotic alternative to the horse; the comic book character

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Among plains and mountain zebras, the adult females mate only with their harem stallion, while in Grévy's zebras, mating is more

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As with all wild equines, zebras have barrel-chested bodies with tufted tails, elongated faces and long necks with long, erect

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Waage, J. K. (1981). "How the zebra got its stripes - biting flies as selective agents in the evolution of zebra coloration".

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Caro, T.; Argueta, Y.; Briolat, E. S.; Bruggink, J.; Kasprowsky, M.; Lake, J.; Mitchell, M.; Richardson, S.; How, M. (2019).

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Pastor, J.; Cohen, U.; Hobbs, T. (2006). "The roles of large herbivores in ecosystem nutrient cycles". In Danell, K. (ed.).

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states that stripes serve a role in intraspecific or individual recognition, social bonding, mutual grooming or a signal of

1406:. A zorse is a cross between a zebra and a horse; a zonkey, between a zebra and a donkey; and a zoni, between a zebra and a 3930:

Rubenstein, D. I. (2011). "Family Equidae: Horses and relatives". In Wilson, D. E.; Mittermeier, R. A.; Llobet, T. (eds.).

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appears to be white with black stripes, as indicated by the belly and legs when unstriped, but the skin is black. Young or

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Egri, Ádám; Blahó, Miklós; Kriska, György; Farkas, Róbert; Gyurkovszky, Mónika; Åkesson, Susanne; Horváth, Gábor (2012).

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Horváth, Gábor; Pereszlényi, Ádám; Száz, Dénes; Barta, András; Jánosi, Imre M.; Gerics, Balázs; Åkesson, Susanne (2018).

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both cattle and humans. The effect even extends to pelts, with zebra pelts being less attractive to flies than unstriped

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Vilstrup, Julia T.; Seguin-Orlando, A.; Stiller, M.; Ginolhac, A.; Raghavan, M.; Nielsen, S. C. A.; et al. (2013).

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Comparison of flight patterns and contact/landings of horse flies around domestic horses (a-c) and plains zebras (d-f).

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Rubenstein, D. I. (1986). "Ecology and sociality in horses and zebras". In Rubenstein, D. I.; Wrangham, R. W. (eds.).

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Kotzé, A.; Smith, R. M.; Moodley, Y.; Luikart, G.; Birss, C.; Van Wyk, A. M.; Grobler, J. P.; Dalton, D. L. (2019).

8010: 7887: 6399: 5823: 5686: 4851: 4802: 3830: 2305:. In later times, captive zebras have been shipped around the world, often for diplomatic reasons. In 1261, Sultan 2220: 1874:

Zebra species have two basic social structures. Plains and mountain zebras live in stable, closed family groups or

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Rubenstein, D. I. (2010). "Ecology, social behavior, and conservation in zebras". In Macedo, R.; Wrangham (eds.).

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territorial males or among bachelor males playing. Plains and mountain zebras strengthen their social bonds with

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also repel them. There is also little evidence that zebra stripes confuse the insects via visual distortion or

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Nores, Carlos; Muñiz, Arturo Morales; Rodríguez, Laura Llorente; Bennett, E. Andrew; Geigl, Eva-María (2015).

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study found that the plains zebra is more closely related to Grévy's zebras than mountain zebras. The extinct

5433:"Zebras and biting flies: quantitative analysis of reflected light from zebra coats in Their natural habitat" 7096: 6609: 5933: 2897: 2518: 2440: 1898:

In the more arid-living Grévy's zebras, adults have more fluid associations and adult males establish large

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populations and activity. Other studies have found that zebras are rarely targeted by these insect species.

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in Southern Africa dating from 28,000 to 20,000 years ago, though less often than antelope species like

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lineage as closer to zebras than to asses. However, other studies disputed this placement, finding the

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In addition to the three living species, some fossil zebras and relatives have also been identified.

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Azzaroli, A.; Stanyon, R. (1991). "Specific identity and taxonomic position of the extinct Quagga".

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Hack, Mace A.; East, Rod; Rubenstein, Dan J. (2002). "Status and Action Plan for the Plains Zebra (

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proverb "a man without culture is like a zebra without stripes" has become popular in Africa. The

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predict conditions months after their arrival. Plains zebras are more water-dependent and live in

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Hofreiter, M.; Caccone, A.; Fleischer, R. C.; Glaberman, S.; Rohland, N.; Leonard, J. A. (2005).

2777: 2584: 2436: 2432: 2408: 2345: 1899: 1677: 1622: 1338: 1180: 563: 559: 527: 283: 155: 7473: 3534:"Radiocarbon and genomic evidence for the survival of Equus Sussemionus until the late Holocene" 2111: 774: 7967: 6598:—An organisation that selectively breeds zebras to recreate the hair coat pattern of the quagga 5739: 2842: 1748:

pelts. How the stripes repel flies is less clear. A 2012 study concluded that they disrupt the

1080: 7858: 7284: 6915: 6574: 6549: 6493: 6407: 6403: 6358: 6212: 5860: 5827: 5770: 5694: 5657: 5603: 5521: 5472: 5413: 5345: 5289: 5246: 5187: 5085: 5021: 4957: 4886: 4734: 4673: 4618: 4559: 4441: 4364: 4170: 3939: 3834: 3786: 3630: 3573: 3555: 3513: 3495: 3450: 3380: 3320: 3232: 3224: 3175: 3122: 3099: 2935: 2901: 2674: 2648: 2403: 2378: 2360: 2001: 1988: 1653: 1614: 622: 618: 144: 6115: 7834: 7491: 7455: 7265: 7167: 7040: 6996: 6972: 6924: 6786: 6740: 6483: 6473: 6391: 6182: 5996: 5958: 5900: 5762: 5678: 5593: 5585: 5552: 5511: 5503: 5462: 5452: 5403: 5395: 5335: 5327: 5279: 5236: 5226: 5177: 5167: 5124: 5075: 5067: 5011: 5001: 4947: 4937: 4876: 4868: 4819: 4724: 4716: 4665: 4608: 4598: 4549: 4497: 4356: 4271: 4138: 4072: 4037: 3991: 3981: 3891: 3712: 3635: 3563: 3545: 3503: 3485: 3440: 3430: 3372: 3355: 3310: 3216: 3165: 3157: 3089: 3079: 3033: 2769: 2638: 2628: 2615:"The Equidae from Cooper's D, an early Pleistocene fossil locality in Gauteng, South Africa" 2590: 2374: 2334: 2268: 2159: 2116: 2093: 2005: 1848: 1781: 1719: 1666: 1582: 1574: 1379: 1284: 1009: 649: 591: 587: 374: 336: 330: 3968:

in Italy, Georgia, the Indian Subcontinent, East Africa, and the origins of African zebras"

3008:

Groves, C. P.; Bell, C. H. (2004). "New investigations on the taxonomy of the zebras genus

2493:

Zebras can be found in numerous protected areas. Important areas for Grévy's zebra include

1693: 127: 7990: 7760: 7712: 7696: 7256: 7247: 7209: 7181: 6140: 5653: 3328: 3315: 3148: 2574: 2391: 2352: 2322: 2294: 2248: 2200: 2151: 2081: 1971: 1875: 1861: 1753: 1727: 1464: 1373: 1361:

from Algeria which date to around 1 mya appears to show affinities with the plains zebra.

1235: 1212: 1203: 645: 535: 511: 480: 368: 5679: 5574:"Memory, not just perception, plays an important role in terrestrial mammalian migration" 2808: 1946:

Zebras produce a number of vocalisations and noises. The plains zebra has a distinctive,

6469: 6427:

Van Bruggen, A. C. (1959). "Illustrated notes on some extinct South African ungulates".

5987:

Becker, C. D.; Ginsberg, J. R. (1990). "Mother-infant behaviour of wild Grevy's zebra".

5954: 5758: 5541:"A newly discovered wildlife migration in Namibia and Botswana is the longest in Africa" 5448: 5391: 5340: 5315: 5222: 5063: 4997: 4933: 4864: 4815: 4661: 4594: 4545: 4216:

Badam, G. L.; Tewari, B. S. (1974). "On the zebrine affinities of the Pleistocene horse

4134: 4033: 3426: 3368: 3212: 3075: 3029: 2454: 7842: 7807: 7736: 7704: 7629: 7505: 7464: 7339: 7321: 7274: 7200: 7114: 7049: 6842: 6673: 6633: 6570: 6488: 6449: 6023: 5598: 5573: 5516: 5491: 5467: 5432: 5408: 5375: 5241: 5206: 5182: 5155: 5080: 5047: 5046:

Tombak, K. J.; Gersick, A. S.; Reisinger, L. V.; Larison, B; Rubenstein, D. I. (2022).

5016: 4981: 4952: 4917: 4881: 4729: 4704: 4613: 4578: 4501: 4275: 3962:

Bernor, R. L.; Cirilli, O.; Jukar, A. M.; Potts, R.; Buskianidze, M.; Rook, L. (2019).

3568: 3533: 3508: 3469: 3445: 3410: 3170: 3143: 3094: 3057: 2643: 2614: 2448: 2368: 2318: 2175: 2162:, the zebra represented the politics of race and identity, being both black and white. 2139: 2131: 2061: 1983: 1840: 1802: 1673: 1657: 1599: 1569: 1423: 1363: 1260: 1190: 833: 689: 630: 534:. Zebras communicate with various vocalisations, body postures and facial expressions. 450: 300: 265: 212: 6000: 1905: 1866: 1684:

form. The researchers also concluded that during the hottest times of the day, zebras

7984: 7614: 7581: 7330: 7312: 7138: 7067: 6963: 6716: 6392: 6323: 6314: 6284: 6275: 6245: 5970: 5357: 4831: 4376: 4142: 4099: 3935: 3911: 2666: 2428: 2364: 2310: 2290: 2252: 2187: 2097: 2070: 2066: 1914: 1821: 1786: 1707: 1618: 1578: 1346: 755: 734: 668: 506:, and typically flee when threatened but also bite and kick. Zebra species differ in 459: 232: 78: 6236: 6235:

Rubenstein, D.; Low Mackey, B.; Davidson, Z. D.; Kebede, F.; King, S. R. B. (2016).

6008: 4150: 4084: 4049: 3409:

Jónsson, Hákon; Schubert, Mikkel; Seguin-Orlando, Andaine; Orlando, Ludovic (2014).

2781: 789:

below is based on Vilstrup and colleagues (2013) and Jónsson and colleagues (2014):

7826: 7720: 7622: 7424: 6939: 6879: 6833: 5782: 4705:"The evolution of patterning during movement in a large-scale citizen science game" 3392: 3259: 3244: 2546: 2395: 2330: 2302: 2256: 2244: 2228: 2208: 2123: 2105: 2089: 2053: 1947: 1791: 1740: 1494: 1476: 1440: 1275: 1220: 865: 721: 712: 685: 634: 551: 442: 430: 294: 136: 5128: 4823: 3490: 1502:

Zebras are easily recognised by their bold black-and-white striping patterns. The

1318: 6478: 5457: 5172: 5006: 4603: 3776: 3084: 1533:

with white spots on dark backgrounds. Striping abnormalities have been linked to

1525:

Various abnormalities of the patterns have been documented in plains zebras. In "

6689: 6274:

Gosling, L. M.; Muntifering, J.; Kolberg, H.; Uiseb, K.; King, S. R. B. (2016).

5882:"Male harassment influences female movements and associations in Grevy's zebra ( 4982:"Benefits of zebra stripes: behaviour of tabanid flies around zebras and horses" 4648:

How, M. J.; Zanker, J. M. (2014). "Motion camouflage induced by zebra stripes".

2892:

Rubenstein, D. I. (2001). "Horse, Zebras and Asses". In MacDonald, D. W. (ed.).

2482:

zoo, lived there from 9 May 1867 until it died on 12 August 1883. The

2394:

throughout history. In Rome, zebras are recorded to have pulled chariots during

2386: 2240: 2170: 2077: 1997: 1887: 1844: 1635: 1542: 1503: 1448: 1357:

is identified from remains in Olduvai Gorge dating to 1.8 mya. Fossil skulls of

1271: 1186: 707:(Heller, 1912). Groves and Bell (2004) placed all three species in the subgenus 531: 476: 426: 53: 43: 5399: 5071: 4942: 4669: 1564:

suggests that the stripes allow the animal to blend in with its environment or

7882: 7366: 6888: 6746: 5557: 5540: 4041: 3411:"Speciation with gene flow in equids despite extensive chromosomal plasticity" 3220: 2526: 2337: 2264: 2216: 2101: 1825: 1731: 1534: 1526: 1444: 1428: 1183:

rump stripes, white belly and tail base and white line around the ashy muzzle

1058: 738: 673: 488: 464: 98: 63: 7106: 6024:"Further evidence for male infanticide and feticide in captive plains zebra, 3559: 3499: 3228: 2731: 1443:. Their thin legs are each supported by a spade-shaped toe covered in a hard 741:

bone from Canada implies a date of 4.07 million years ago (mya) for the most

6355:

Equids. Zebras, Asses and Horses. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan

5905: 5740:"Biomechanics of predator–prey arms race in lion, zebra, cheetah and impala" 4195: 3986: 3963: 3435: 3037: 2474: 2399: 2212: 1711: 1198: 1194: 507: 492: 484: 172: 103: 38: 7927: 6497: 5774: 5607: 5589: 5525: 5507: 5476: 5417: 5349: 5293: 5250: 5191: 5089: 5025: 4961: 4890: 4800:

Cobb, A.; Cobb, S. (2019). "Do zebra stripes influence thermoregulation?".

4738: 4720: 4677: 4622: 4563: 4368: 3577: 3517: 3454: 3384: 3236: 3179: 3161: 3103: 2652: 5154:

Kojima, T.; Oishi, K.; Matsubara, Y.; Uchiyama, Y.; Fukushima, Y. (2020).

3324: 1581:

are much less vivid with less contrast with the background colour. A 1987

502:

and can subsist on lower-quality vegetation. They are preyed on mainly by

7921: 6667: 6661: 6655: 4100:"Pliocene and Pleistocene equids: palaeontology versus molecular biology" 3144:"A rapid loss of stripes: The evolutionary history of the extinct quagga" 3062: 2326: 2147: 2085: 2033: 1918: 1879: 1836: 1832: 1806: 1757: 1735: 1411: 1403: 1350: 1342: 1239: 693: 515: 192: 148: 93: 88: 73: 68: 58: 47: 5766: 5231: 4872: 4241: 3996: 3550: 3376: 2694: 310: 7872: 7591: 7031: 6987: 6698: 6394:

Conserving Living Natural Resources: In the Context of a Changing World

5962: 5331: 5284: 5265: 4579:"Zebra stripes through the eyes of their predators, zebras, and humans" 4554: 4527: 4076: 3903: 3726: 3647: 2773: 2633: 2538: 2411:

tried to use zebras for both driving and riding, with limited success.

2356: 2341: 2306: 1930:

between male Grévy's zebras occurs at the border of their territories.

1774: 1685: 1559: 1510:

are born with brown and white coats, and the brown darkens with age. A

1399: 1392: 681: 617:, which was originally used for a legendary equine in the wilds of the 547: 472: 422: 222: 108: 83: 4526:

Caro, T.; Izzo, A.; Reiner, R. C.; Walker, H.; Stankowich, T. (2014).

4360: 7437: 7415: 7388: 7223: 7190: 7158: 6804: 6795: 6780: 6649: 5314:

Caro, T; Fogg, E; Stephens-Collins, T; Santon, M; How, M. J. (2023).

4014:

Churcher, C. S. (2006). "Distribution and history of the Cape zebra (

2726: 2466: 2181: 1745: 1681: 1538: 1279: 975: 930: 778: 716: 677: 571: 543: 468: 202: 182: 7898: 4260:

Bard, J. (1977). "A unity underlying the different zebra patterns".

3895: 3717: 3704: 3639: 2757: 1895:

are usually herded by outside males to become part of their harems.

1714:, in particular, spread diseases that are lethal to equines such as 1518:

Striping patterns are unique to an individual and heritable. During

5156:"Cows painted with zebra-like striping can avoid biting fly attack" 4230:

Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute

7576: 7378: 7357: 7298: 7014: 6813: 6766: 5374:

Takács, P; Száz, D; Vincze, M; Slíz-Balogh, J; Horváth, G (2022).

4847:"How the zebra got its stripes: a problem with too many solutions" 4703:

Hughes, A. E.; Griffiths, D; Troscianko, J; Kelley, L. A. (2021).

2619: 2522: 2514: 2453: 2418: 2373: 2281: 2146:

means "woman/women of the zebra totem" and is a name for girls in

2127: 2110: 2048: 2010: 1987: 1963: 1937: 1904: 1883: 1865: 1817: 1813: 1796: 1768: 1692: 1598: 1493: 1427: 1317: 1291: 1071: 950: 773: 648:. The pronunciation with a long initial vowel remains standard in 599: 523: 519: 7586: 1591: 1507: 1407: 503: 7902: 7110: 6605: 767:

lineage basal to the zebra+asses group, but suggested that the

680:. These three groups are the only living members of the family 471:, the three groups being the only living members of the family 5205:

Horváth, G.; Pereszlényi, Á.; Åkesson, S.; Kriska, G. (2019).

2344:. These animals would eventually be given by the Dutch to the 407: 345: 6595: 5492:"Zebra stripes, tabanid biting flies and the aperture effect" 2473:) population was hunted by early Dutch settlers and later by 2263:

was based on a real life incident of a zebra escaping during

5880:

Sundaresan, S. R.; Fischhoff, I. R.; Rubenstein, D. (2007).

5681:

Large Herbivore Ecology, Ecosystem Dynamics and Conservation

5539:

Naidoo, R.; Chase, M. J.; Beytall, P.; Du Preez, P. (2016).

2251:

depicted zebras as black and white lines and connected in a

2104:

connected zebra stripes with water, rain and lightning, and

2927:

Horns, Tusks, and Flippers: The Evolution of Hoofed Mammals

2154:

of Botswana and zebras have been depicted on stamps during

392: 383: 354: 5934:"Sperm competition and variation in zebra mating behavior" 4577:

Melin, A. D.; Kline, D. W.; Hiramatsu, C; Caro, T (2016).

3191: 3189: 3058:"Mitochondrial phylogenomics of modern and ancient equids" 2371:, and the species it belonged to was named in his honour. 737:

sequencing of a 700,000-year-old middle Pleistocene horse

6141:"The Story Of... Zebra and the Puzzle of African Animals" 5048:"Zebras of all stripes repel biting flies at close range" 2402:(198 to 217 AD). In the late 19th century, the zoologist 5738:

Wilson, A.; Hubel, T.; Wilshin, S.; et al. (2018).

2138:, a school meant to prepare girls for adulthood. In the 2092:. How the zebra got its stripes has been the subject of 745:

of the equines within a range of 4.0 to 4.5 mya. Horses

538:

strengthens social bonds in plains and mountain zebras.

5578:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

5496:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

5117:

Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa

4918:"Experimental evidence that stripes do not cool zebras" 4709:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

2096:, some of which involve it being scorched by fire. The 5490:

How, M. J.; Gonzales, D.; Irwin, A.; Caro, T. (2020).

4192:"Hold Your Zorses: The sad truth about animal hybrids" 2490:

allowed the population to rise to 2,600 by the 2010s.

2301:

Zebras have been kept in captivity since at least the

6357:. IUCN/SSC Equid Specialist Group. IUCN. p. 51. 3852: 3850: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 1274:

more circular and positioned farther back, a squarer

404: 395: 380: 357: 342: 3591: 3589: 3587: 1487:"Zebra stripes" redirects here. For other uses, see 389: 386: 351: 348: 7911: 7600: 7569: 7539: 7504: 7423: 7414: 7365: 7356: 7297: 7222: 7166: 7157: 7029: 7013: 6985: 6961: 6937: 6904: 6887: 6714: 6697: 3825:Skinner, J. D.; Chimimba, C. T. (2005). "Equidae". 2261:

Escape of the Zebra from the Zoo during an Air Raid

1886:, and their offspring. These groups have their own 753:A 2017 mitochondrial DNA study placed the Eurasian 401: 377: 339: 16:

Black-and-white striped animals in the equid family

5845: 5843: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5207:"Striped bodypainting protects against horseflies" 4167:Wild Equids: Ecology, Management, and Conservation 3260:"Mitochondrial-DNA timetable and the evolution of 2134:, zebra stripes decorate what is believed to be a 1290:Southwestern Africa; mountains, rocky uplands and 703:which was considered the sole species of subgenus 621:during the Middle Ages. In 1591, Italian explorer 510:, with plains and mountain zebra living in stable 483:and can be found in a variety of habitats such as 5431:Britten, K. H.; Thatcher, T. D.; Caro, T (2016). 4021:Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 3003: 3001: 2758:"The Iberian Zebro: what kind of a beast was it?" 771:lineage may have received gene flow from zebras. 3881: 3879: 3877: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 2919: 2917: 2608: 2606: 1498:Comparative illustration of living zebra species 6308: 6306: 6230: 6228: 4009: 4007: 3415:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1824:, leaves, buds, fruits, and roots. Compared to 318:Modern range of the three living zebra species 6269: 6267: 5982: 5980: 4342: 4340: 4169:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 99. 3934:. Vol. 2: Hoofed Mammals (1st ed.). 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3404: 3402: 3121:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 16. 556:International Union for Conservation of Nature 7122: 6617: 5369: 5367: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5035: 3957: 3955: 3827:The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3470:"Complete mitochondrial genome of an extinct 2813:Transactions of the Yorkshire Dialect Society 2340:exported two zebras to the Dutch governor of 2024:too close. In Grévy's zebras, young stay in " 1475:of the tooth by a V-shaped canal and rounded 1383:(circa 2.0 mya) of the Indian subcontinent. 8: 4403:"Extremely Rare 'Blonde' Zebra Photographed" 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3474:specimen from Denisova cave (Altai, Russia)" 3264:: of molecular and paleontological evidence" 2887: 2885: 2158:and post-colonial Africa. For people of the 1541:zebras have been recorded in the forests of 5309: 5307: 5305: 5303: 4255: 4253: 4251: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3051: 3049: 3047: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2329:received a zebra from Ethiopia in 1620 and 2115:"Zebra Stripes," trademark for the defunct 609:appears to have entered into Portuguese as 7899: 7420: 7362: 7163: 7129: 7115: 7107: 7026: 6901: 6873: 6711: 6683: 6624: 6610: 6602: 6513:"The status of Namibia's Hartmann's zebra" 6090:, pp. 167–169, 188, 192–194, 200–201. 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3290:"Mitochondrial DNA evolution in the genus 2613:Badenhorst, S.; Steininger, C. M. (2019). 2169:, is depicted riding a zebra and explorer 1820:, but they will opportunistically consume 1676:suggested that the stripes create cooling 309: 126: 27: 6487: 6477: 6377: 6179:"Can Zebras Be Domesticated and Trained?" 6164: 6127: 6111: 6099: 6087: 6075: 6063: 6051: 5904: 5597: 5556: 5515: 5466: 5456: 5407: 5339: 5283: 5240: 5230: 5181: 5171: 5079: 5015: 5005: 4951: 4941: 4880: 4728: 4612: 4602: 4553: 4489:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 3995: 3985: 3716: 3567: 3549: 3507: 3489: 3444: 3434: 3314: 3169: 3093: 3083: 2794: 2642: 2632: 2108:were conceived of having these markings. 1434:State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe 530:which attract females and the species is 425:with distinctive black-and-white striped 6313:King, S. R. B.; Moehlman, P. D. (2016). 4975: 4973: 4971: 1142: 5932:Ginsberg, R; Rubenstein, D. I. (1990). 4521: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4291:"Do Zebras Have Stripes On Their Skin?" 3886:Penzhorn, B. L. (1988). "Equus zebra". 2924:Prothero, D. R.; Schoch, R. M. (2003). 2751: 2749: 2602: 2409:German colonial officers in East Africa 1913:In all species, excess males gather in 1410:. Zebroids are often born sterile with 733:originated in North America and direct 699:(C. H. Smith, 1841) in contrast to the 6205:The Rulers of German Africa, 1884–1914 6054:, pp. 10–13, 40–41, 134–140, 189. 5853:Behavioral Ecology of Tropical Animals 5816:Ecological Aspects of Social Evolution 5316:"Why don't horseflies land on zebras?" 4104:Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 2561:in South Africa as well as Etosha and 2207:Zebras have been popular subjects for 2173:was photographed riding one. The film 1831:Zebras are preyed on mainly by lions. 586:The English name "zebra" derives from 3778:The Behavior Guide to African Mammals 3316:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040414 2593:– a donkey painted with zebra stripes 2333:made a painting of it. In the 1670s, 2000:and the males have larger testes for 1458:Unlike horses, zebras and asses have 7: 8016:Extant Pleistocene first appearances 5919: 5859:. Academic Press. pp. 231–258. 5795: 5725: 5713: 5621:Youth, H. (November–December 2004). 5141: 5102: 4903: 4787: 4775: 4763: 4751: 4690: 4635: 4472: 4460: 4389: 4331: 4319: 3932:Handbook of the Mammals of the World 3868: 3856: 3805: 3679: 3660: 3595: 2084:for millennia. They are depicted in 550:, zebras have never been completely 6324:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 6285:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 6246:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 5942:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 2823:from the original on 7 October 2014 2549:. Mountain zebras are protected in 2036:via violence to the pregnant mare. 1432:Skeleton of a Grévy's zebra at the 1064: 943: 936: 858: 826: 816: 809: 802: 792: 666:Zebras are classified in the genus 4502:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1987.tb00442.x 4276:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1977.tb04204.x 3973:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 2431:of mammals lists Grévy's zebra as 14: 6511:Hamunyela, Elly (27 March 2017). 6203:Gann, L.; Duignan, Peter (1977). 4018:) in the Quarternary of Africa". 3288:Ryder, O. A.; George, M. (1986). 2587:– markings found on other equines 1603:Closeup of mountain zebra stripes 692:were traditionally placed in the 7091: 7090: 6430:South African Journal of Science 5572:Bracis, C.; Mueller, T. (2017). 4143:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00294.x 2671:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 2517:. The plains zebra inhabits the 1303: 1251: 1242:, grasslands and open woodlands 1211: 1104: 1079: 1017: 983: 958: 898: 873: 841: 373: 335: 159: 6022:Pluháček, J; Bartos, L (2005). 5320:Journal of Experimental Biology 5271:Journal of Experimental Biology 4528:"The function of zebra stripes" 4409:. 29 March 2019. Archived from 3302:Molecular Biology and Evolution 2398:games starting in the reign of 2117:Glen Raven Cotton Mills Company 1942:Plains zebras mutually grooming 1909:Group of Grévy's zebras grazing 1371:of Eurasia (circa 2.5 mya) and 1353:, and dated to around 2.3 mya. 514:consisting of an adult male or 6353:)". In Moehlman, P. D. (ed.). 4438:Johns Hopkins University Press 4190:Bittel, Jason (19 June 2015). 3783:University of California Press 3200:Nature Ecology & Evolution 3117:Groves, C.; Grubb, P. (2011). 2932:Johns Hopkins University Press 2271:and Japanese pen manufacturer 2198:and television series such as 2015:Mountain zebra suckling a foal 1773:Mountain zebra dustbathing in 1489:Zebra stripes (disambiguation) 672:(known as equines) along with 558:(IUCN) lists Grévy's zebra as 1: 6001:10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80177-0 5623:"Thin stripes on a thin line" 4824:10.1080/00222933.2019.1607600 4766:, pp. 6–7, 139–148, 150. 4434:Walker's Mammals of the World 4289:Langley, Liz (4 March 2017). 3491:10.1080/23802359.2017.1285209 2458:Endangered Grévy's zebras in 2239:and the various paintings of 2076:Zebras have been featured in 1992:Captive Grévy's zebras mating 1706:holds that the stripes deter 598:. Its origins may lie in the 6563:Plumb, C.; Shaw, S. (2018). 6479:10.1371/journal.pone.0220331 6102:, pp. 128–131, 141–149. 5458:10.1371/journal.pone.0154504 5173:10.1371/journal.pone.0231183 5007:10.1371/journal.pone.0210831 4604:10.1371/journal.pone.0145679 3085:10.1371/journal.pone.0055950 2809:"Our Changing Pronunciation" 2551:Mountain Zebra National Park 2488:South African National Parks 2313:established an embassy with 8001:Fauna of Sub-Saharan Africa 7527:Hartmann's mountain zebra ( 7212:Equus africanus somaliensis 7149:Extinct species are marked 6546:University of Chicago Press 5648:Woodward, Susan L. (2008). 4475:, pp. 2–3, 23, 48, 50. 3472:Equus (Sussemionus) ovodovi 2894:The Encyclopedia of Mammals 2700:Online Etymology Dictionary 2219:artists. Such art includes 2167:Sheena, Queen of the Jungle 518:, several adult females or 8032: 7888:Domestication of the horse 7287:Equus hemionus hydruntinus 7203:Equus africanus atlanticus 6400:Cambridge University Press 5824:Princeton University Press 5687:Cambridge University Press 5400:10.1038/s41598-022-14619-7 5211:Royal Society Open Science 5072:10.1038/s41598-022-22333-7 4943:10.1038/s41598-018-27637-1 4852:Royal Society Open Science 4803:Journal of Natural History 4670:10.1016/j.zool.2013.10.004 3831:Cambridge University Press 2150:. The plains zebra is the 1981: 1978:Reproduction and parenting 1859: 1650:social function hypothesis 1486: 1421: 1390: 659: 457:). Zebras share the genus 18: 7868: 7224:Onager / Asiatic wild ass 7184:Equus africanus africanus 7147: 7088: 6876: 6872: 6686: 6682: 6644: 6209:Stanford University Press 6177:Young, R. (23 May 2013). 5558:10.1017/S0030605314000222 4754:, pp. 55, 57–58, 68. 4042:10.1080/00359190609519957 3271:Annales Zoologici Fennici 3221:10.1038/s41559-017-0453-7 2673:(3rd ed.). Longman. 2495:Yabelo Wildlife Sanctuary 2265:the bombing of London Zoo 1950:contact call heard as "a- 1812:A zebra's diet is mostly 1704:fly protection hypothesis 1585:study concluded that the 1515:separate and horizontal. 1094: 1069: 1062: 1007: 973: 948: 941: 934: 888: 863: 856: 831: 824: 814: 807: 800: 495:, and mountainous areas. 317: 308: 261: 256: 156:Scientific classification 154: 134: 125: 30: 3621:Churcher, C. S. (1993). 3478:Mitochondrial DNA Part B 2460:Samburu National Reserve 2439:and the plains zebra as 2435:, the mountain zebra as 1724:equine infectious anemia 605:, meaning "wild horse". 566:and the plains zebra as 562:, the mountain zebra as 7449:Equus quagga burchellii 7400:Equus ferus przewalskii 7250:Equus hemionus hemippus 7240:Equus hemionus hemionus 6390:Weddell, B. J. (2002). 6380:, pp. 41, 132–133. 3987:10.3389/fevo.2019.00166 3436:10.1073/pnas.1412627111 3038:10.1078/1616-5047-00133 2898:Oxford University Press 2519:Serengeti National Park 1613:target during a chase; 1337:to zebras found in the 629:("horse tiger") by the 7878:Evolution of the horse 7529:Equus zebra hartmannae 7485:Equus quagga crawshayi 7299:Kiang/Tibetan wild ass 7193:Equus africanus asinus 7059:South American tapir ( 5590:10.1098/rspb.2017.0449 5508:10.1098/rspb.2020.1521 5129:10520/AJA00128789_3800 4721:10.1098/rspb.2020.2823 4440:. pp. 1024–1025. 4098:Eisenmann, V. (2008). 3162:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0323 2462: 2424: 2382: 2298: 2237:Quince on a Blue Table 2119: 2057: 2016: 1993: 1943: 1910: 1871: 1809: 1777: 1716:African horse sickness 1698: 1642:Edward Bagnall Poulton 1604: 1499: 1436: 1326: 782: 743:recent common ancestor 662:Evolution of the horse 21:Zebra (disambiguation) 7963:Paleobiology Database 7518:Cape mountain zebra ( 7476:Equus quagga chapmani 7467:Equus quagga borensis 7333:Equus kiang holdereri 7277:Equus hemionus onager 7137:Species of the genus 6949:Sumatran rhinoceros ( 6515:. Travel News Namibia 6378:Plumb & Shaw 2018 6165:Plumb & Shaw 2018 6130:, pp. 76–78, 81. 6128:Plumb & Shaw 2018 6112:Plumb & Shaw 2018 6100:Plumb & Shaw 2018 6088:Plumb & Shaw 2018 6076:Plumb & Shaw 2018 6064:Plumb & Shaw 2018 6052:Plumb & Shaw 2018 6035:Folia Zoologica-Praha 5906:10.1093/beheco/arm055 4638:, pp. 72–81, 86. 4533:Nature Communications 4432:Nowak, R. M. (1999). 3258:Forstén, Ann (1992). 2795:Plumb & Shaw 2018 2559:Goegap Nature Reserve 2513:National Reserves in 2480:Natura Artis Magistra 2457: 2427:As of 2016–2019, the 2422: 2381:with a zebra carriage 2377: 2285: 2114: 2052: 2045:Cultural significance 2014: 1991: 1941: 1908: 1870:A plains zebra group 1869: 1800: 1780:Zebras may travel or 1772: 1765:Behaviour and ecology 1696: 1602: 1520:embryonic development 1497: 1431: 1422:Further information: 1402:; these are known as 1398:bred with horses and 1321: 777: 660:Further information: 522:, and their young or 498:Zebras are primarily 7494:Equus quagga selousi 7398:Przewalski's horse ( 7381:Equus ferus caballus 7342:Equus kiang polyodon 7268:Equus hemionus kulan 7238:Mongolian wild ass ( 6756:Przewalski's horse ( 6636:(Odd-toed ungulates) 6531:General bibliography 5826:. pp. 282–302. 3964:"Evolution of early 3938:. pp. 106–111. 3833:. pp. 541–546. 3785:. pp. 235–248. 2934:. pp. 216–218. 2900:. pp. 468–473. 2848:Cambridge Dictionary 2807:Wells, John (1997). 2543:Kruger National Park 2535:Etosha National Park 2531:Hwange National Park 2315:Alfonso X of Castile 1627:barber pole illusion 1610:confusion hypothesis 1566:break up its outline 1467:, separation of the 1460:chestnut callosities 1377:(circa 2.5 mya) and 1193:; arid and semiarid 19:For other uses, see 8006:Herbivorous mammals 7793:Equus parastylidens 7458:Equus quagga boehmi 7440:Equus quagga quagga 7285:European wild ass ( 7259:Equus hemionus khur 6916:Indian rhinoceros ( 6639:species by suborder 6470:2019PLoSO..1420331K 5955:1990BEcoS..26..427G 5767:10.1038/nature25479 5759:2018Natur.554..183W 5637:on 26 October 2005. 5449:2016PLoSO..1154504B 5392:2022NatSR..1210871T 5232:10.1098/rsos.181325 5223:2019RSOS....681325H 5144:, pp. 196–197. 5064:2022NatSR..1218617T 4998:2019PLoSO..1410831C 4934:2018NatSR...8.9351H 4906:, pp. 158–161. 4873:10.1098/rsos.140452 4865:2015RSOS....240452L 4816:2019JNatH..53..863C 4662:2014Zool..117..163H 4595:2016PLoSO..1145679M 4546:2014NatCo...5.3535C 4407:National Geographic 4295:National Geographic 4135:2009AnCon..12..505C 4123:Animal Conservation 4034:2006TRSSA..61...89C 3551:10.7554/eLife.73346 3427:2014PNAS..11118655J 3421:(52): 18655–18660. 3377:10.1038/nature12323 3369:2013Natur.499...74O 3213:2018NatEE...2..491P 3076:2013PLoSO...855950V 3030:2004MamBi..69..182G 2563:Namib-Naukluft Park 2555:Karoo National Park 2484:Cape mountain zebra 2445:habitat destruction 2423:Mountain zebra hide 2225:Zebra and Parachute 1928:Agonistic behaviour 1892:dominance hierarchy 1678:convection currents 1587:spatial frequencies 1333:is an early equine 1331:Equus koobiforensis 1144: 1101:E. ferus przewalski 7819:Equus semiplicatus 7810:Equus simplicidens 7777:Equus occidentalis 7769:Equus niobrarensis 7745:Equus mauritanicus 7657:Equus conversidens 7630:Giant Cape zebra ( 7483:Crawshay's zebra ( 7447:Burchell's zebra ( 7266:Turkmenian kulan ( 6997:Black rhinoceros ( 6973:White rhinoceros ( 6925:Javan rhinoceros ( 6787:African wild ass ( 6596:The Quagga Project 6538:Caro, Tim (2016). 5963:10.1007/BF00170901 5893:Behavioral Ecology 5584:(1855): 20170449. 5380:Scientific Reports 5332:10.1242/jeb.244778 5285:10.1242/jeb.065540 5052:Scientific Reports 4922:Scientific Reports 4810:(13–14): 863–879. 4715:(1942): 20202823. 4693:, pp. 80, 92. 4555:10.1038/ncomms4535 4263:Journal of Zoology 4077:10.1007/BF03001000 3775:Estes, R. (1991). 3705:"Equus burchellii" 3703:Grubb, P. (1981). 2774:10.5252/az2015n1a2 2634:10.7717/peerj.6909 2585:Primitive markings 2580:Lord Morton's mare 2463: 2425: 2383: 2346:Tokugawa Shogunate 2299: 2233:The Painter's Room 2120: 2058: 2017: 1994: 1944: 1911: 1878:consisting of one 1872: 1810: 1792:roll on the ground 1778: 1754:checkered patterns 1699: 1623:wagon-wheel effect 1605: 1500: 1437: 1339:Shungura Formation 1327: 1324:Equus mauritanicus 1143: 1097:Przewalski's horse 783: 429:. There are three 8011:Mammals of Africa 7978: 7977: 7905:Taxon identifiers 7896: 7895: 7859:Equus yunnanensis 7681:Equus dalianensis 7649:Equus complicatus 7641:Equus cedralensis 7565: 7564: 7520:Equus zebra zebra 7474:Chapman's zebra ( 7410: 7409: 7391:Equus ferus ferus 7352: 7351: 7315:Equus kiang kiang 7257:Indian wild ass ( 7248:Syrian wild ass ( 7210:Somali wild ass ( 7182:Nubian wild ass ( 7104: 7103: 7084: 7083: 7080: 7079: 7023: 7009: 7008: 6898: 6868: 6867: 6864: 6863: 6758:E. f. przewalskii 6731: 6708: 6637: 6555:978-0-226-41101-9 6452:Equus zebra zebra 6413:978-0-521-78812-0 6364:978-2-8317-0647-4 6218:978-0-8047-6588-6 6078:, pp. 45–50. 6066:, pp. 37–44. 5833:978-0-691-08439-8 5798:, pp. 62–63. 5753:(7691): 183–188. 5716:, pp. 61–63. 5700:978-0-521-53687-5 5663:978-0-313-33999-8 4447:978-0-8018-5789-8 4361:10.1111/mec.15728 4349:Molecular Ecology 4334:, pp. 7, 19. 4322:, pp. 14–15. 4176:978-1-4214-1909-1 4065:Rendiconti Lincei 3945:978-84-96553-77-4 3888:Mammalian Species 3840:978-0-521-84418-5 3808:, pp. 12–13. 3792:978-0-520-08085-0 3709:Mammalian Species 3631:Mammalian Species 3128:978-1-4214-0093-8 3119:Ungulate Taxonomy 3018:Mammalian Biology 2941:978-0-8018-7135-1 2907:978-0-7607-1969-5 2762:Anthropozoologica 2680:978-1-4058-8118-0 2404:Walter Rothschild 2379:Walter Rothschild 2361:Buckingham Palace 2335:Ethiopian Emperor 2126:, the zebra is a 2056:depicting a zebra 2002:sperm competition 1801:Plains zebras at 1311: 1310: 1135: 1134: 1126: 1125: 1117: 1116: 1076:E. ferus caballus 1048: 1047: 1039: 1038: 1030: 1029: 996: 995: 920: 919: 911: 910: 785:The cladogram of 759:and the subgenus 623:Filippo Pigafetta 619:Iberian Peninsula 322: 321: 252: 251:C. H. Smith, 1841 145:Ngorongoro Crater 8023: 7971: 7970: 7958: 7957: 7945: 7944: 7932: 7931: 7930: 7900: 7835:Equus sivalensis 7808:Hagerman horse ( 7801:Equus pectinatus 7506:Mountain zebra ( 7465:Maneless zebra ( 7421: 7363: 7340:Southern kiang ( 7322:Northern kiang ( 7275:Persian onager ( 7201:Atlas wild ass ( 7168:African wild ass 7164: 7131: 7124: 7117: 7108: 7094: 7093: 7050:Mountain tapir ( 7027: 7022: 7021: 7017: 6902: 6897: 6896: 6892: 6874: 6843:Mountain zebra ( 6767:Domestic horse ( 6730: 6729: 6721: 6712: 6707: 6706: 6702: 6684: 6635: 6626: 6619: 6612: 6603: 6584: 6559: 6525: 6524: 6522: 6520: 6508: 6502: 6501: 6491: 6481: 6445: 6439: 6438: 6424: 6418: 6417: 6397: 6387: 6381: 6375: 6369: 6368: 6346: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6335: 6310: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6296: 6271: 6262: 6261: 6259: 6257: 6232: 6223: 6222: 6200: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6174: 6168: 6162: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6137: 6131: 6125: 6119: 6109: 6103: 6097: 6091: 6085: 6079: 6073: 6067: 6061: 6055: 6049: 6043: 6042: 6032: 6019: 6013: 6012: 5995:(6): 1111–1118. 5989:Animal Behaviour 5984: 5975: 5974: 5938: 5929: 5923: 5917: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5890: 5877: 5871: 5870: 5858: 5847: 5838: 5837: 5821: 5810: 5799: 5793: 5787: 5786: 5744: 5735: 5729: 5728:, p. 61–62. 5723: 5717: 5711: 5705: 5704: 5684: 5674: 5668: 5667: 5650:Grassland Biomes 5645: 5639: 5638: 5633:. Archived from 5618: 5612: 5611: 5601: 5569: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5519: 5487: 5481: 5480: 5470: 5460: 5428: 5422: 5421: 5411: 5386:(10871): 10871. 5371: 5362: 5361: 5343: 5326:(4): jeb244778. 5311: 5298: 5297: 5287: 5261: 5255: 5254: 5244: 5234: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5185: 5175: 5151: 5145: 5139: 5133: 5132: 5112: 5106: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5083: 5058:(18617): 18617. 5043: 5030: 5029: 5019: 5009: 4977: 4966: 4965: 4955: 4945: 4913: 4907: 4901: 4895: 4894: 4884: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4797: 4791: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4767: 4761: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4732: 4700: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4681: 4645: 4639: 4633: 4627: 4626: 4616: 4606: 4574: 4568: 4567: 4557: 4523: 4506: 4505: 4482: 4476: 4470: 4464: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4413:on 29 March 2019 4399: 4393: 4387: 4381: 4380: 4344: 4335: 4329: 4323: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4301:on 1 August 2020 4297:. Archived from 4286: 4280: 4279: 4257: 4246: 4245: 4218:Equus sivalensis 4213: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4118: 4112: 4111: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4060: 4054: 4053: 4011: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3989: 3959: 3950: 3949: 3927: 3916: 3915: 3883: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3845: 3844: 3829:(3rd ed.). 3822: 3809: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3772: 3731: 3730: 3720: 3700: 3683: 3677: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3627: 3618: 3599: 3593: 3582: 3581: 3571: 3553: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3511: 3493: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3448: 3438: 3406: 3397: 3396: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3333: 3327:. Archived from 3318: 3298: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3268: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3193: 3184: 3183: 3173: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3097: 3087: 3053: 3042: 3041: 3005: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2952: 2946: 2945: 2921: 2912: 2911: 2896:(2nd ed.). 2889: 2860: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2785: 2753: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2730:. Archived from 2718: 2712: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2646: 2636: 2610: 2591:Zonkey (Tijuana) 2501:in Ethiopia and 2499:Chelbi Sanctuary 2471:E. quagga quagga 2293:. A portrait of 2269:Reckitt and Sons 2221:Christopher Wood 2160:African diaspora 2069:. In children's 2006:flehmen response 1856:Social behaviour 1720:equine influenza 1667:thermoregulatory 1583:Fourier analysis 1322:Fossil skull of 1307: 1255: 1215: 1145: 1108: 1083: 1065: 1021: 1010:African wild ass 987: 962: 944: 937: 902: 877: 859: 845: 827: 817: 810: 803: 793: 650:American English 576:E. quagga quagga 508:social behaviour 414: 413: 410: 409: 406: 403: 398: 397: 394: 391: 388: 385: 382: 379: 372: 364: 363: 360: 359: 356: 353: 350: 347: 344: 341: 334: 313: 278:E. koobiforensis 250: 164: 163: 130: 120: 50: 41: 34:Temporal range: 28: 8031: 8030: 8026: 8025: 8024: 8022: 8021: 8020: 7981: 7980: 7979: 7974: 7966: 7961: 7953: 7948: 7940: 7935: 7926: 7925: 7920: 7907: 7897: 7892: 7864: 7851:Equus uralensis 7785:Equus pacificus 7761:Equus namadicus 7753:Equus mexicanus 7713:Equus giganteus 7697:Equus fraternus 7673:Equus cumminsii 7665:Equus crinidens 7602: 7596: 7561: 7553:Grévy's zebra ( 7541:Grévy's zebra ( 7535: 7500: 7492:Selous' zebra ( 7456:Grant's zebra ( 7406: 7348: 7331:Eastern kiang ( 7324:Equus kiang chu 7313:Western kiang ( 7300: 7293: 7225: 7218: 7172:Equus africanus 7169: 7153: 7143: 7135: 7105: 7100: 7076: 7068:Malayan tapir ( 7041:Baird's tapir ( 7019: 7018: 7005: 6981: 6957: 6933: 6894: 6893: 6891: 6883: 6860: 6852:Grévy's zebra ( 6723: 6722: 6720: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6693: 6678: 6640: 6634:Perissodactyla 6630: 6592: 6587: 6581: 6562: 6556: 6537: 6533: 6528: 6518: 6516: 6510: 6509: 6505: 6464:(7): e0220331. 6447: 6446: 6442: 6426: 6425: 6421: 6414: 6389: 6388: 6384: 6376: 6372: 6365: 6351:Equus burchelli 6348: 6347: 6343: 6333: 6331: 6312: 6311: 6304: 6294: 6292: 6273: 6272: 6265: 6255: 6253: 6234: 6233: 6226: 6219: 6211:. p. 206. 6202: 6201: 6197: 6187: 6185: 6176: 6175: 6171: 6163: 6159: 6149: 6147: 6139: 6138: 6134: 6126: 6122: 6110: 6106: 6098: 6094: 6086: 6082: 6074: 6070: 6062: 6058: 6050: 6046: 6030: 6026:Equus burchelli 6021: 6020: 6016: 5986: 5985: 5978: 5936: 5931: 5930: 5926: 5918: 5914: 5888: 5879: 5878: 5874: 5867: 5856: 5849: 5848: 5841: 5834: 5819: 5812: 5811: 5802: 5794: 5790: 5742: 5737: 5736: 5732: 5724: 5720: 5712: 5708: 5701: 5676: 5675: 5671: 5664: 5654:Greenwood Press 5647: 5646: 5642: 5620: 5619: 5615: 5571: 5570: 5566: 5538: 5537: 5533: 5489: 5488: 5484: 5443:(5): e0154504. 5430: 5429: 5425: 5373: 5372: 5365: 5313: 5312: 5301: 5263: 5262: 5258: 5204: 5203: 5199: 5166:(3): e0231183. 5153: 5152: 5148: 5140: 5136: 5114: 5113: 5109: 5101: 5097: 5045: 5044: 5033: 4992:(2): e0210831. 4979: 4978: 4969: 4915: 4914: 4910: 4902: 4898: 4844: 4843: 4839: 4799: 4798: 4794: 4786: 4782: 4774: 4770: 4762: 4758: 4750: 4746: 4702: 4701: 4697: 4689: 4685: 4647: 4646: 4642: 4634: 4630: 4589:(1): e0145679. 4576: 4575: 4571: 4525: 4524: 4509: 4484: 4483: 4479: 4471: 4467: 4459: 4455: 4448: 4436:. Vol. 1. 4431: 4430: 4426: 4416: 4414: 4401: 4400: 4396: 4388: 4384: 4346: 4345: 4338: 4330: 4326: 4318: 4314: 4304: 4302: 4288: 4287: 4283: 4259: 4258: 4249: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4200: 4198: 4189: 4188: 4184: 4177: 4163: 4162: 4158: 4120: 4119: 4115: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4062: 4061: 4057: 4013: 4012: 4005: 3961: 3960: 3953: 3946: 3929: 3928: 3919: 3896:10.2307/3504156 3885: 3884: 3875: 3867: 3863: 3855: 3848: 3841: 3824: 3823: 3812: 3804: 3800: 3793: 3774: 3773: 3734: 3718:10.2307/3503962 3702: 3701: 3686: 3678: 3667: 3659: 3655: 3640:10.2307/3504222 3625: 3620: 3619: 3602: 3594: 3585: 3530: 3529: 3525: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3408: 3407: 3400: 3363:(7456): 74–78. 3352: 3351: 3347: 3337: 3335: 3331: 3296: 3287: 3286: 3282: 3266: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3195: 3194: 3187: 3149:Biology Letters 3141: 3140: 3136: 3129: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3055: 3054: 3045: 3007: 3006: 2999: 2989: 2987: 2981:"Dolichohippus" 2979: 2978: 2974: 2964: 2962: 2954: 2953: 2949: 2942: 2923: 2922: 2915: 2908: 2891: 2890: 2863: 2853: 2851: 2841: 2840: 2836: 2826: 2824: 2806: 2805: 2801: 2793: 2789: 2755: 2754: 2747: 2737: 2735: 2734:on 27 June 2020 2720: 2719: 2715: 2705: 2703: 2693: 2692: 2688: 2681: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2612: 2611: 2604: 2600: 2575:Fauna of Africa 2571: 2503:Buffalo Springs 2441:near-threatened 2417: 2353:Queen Charlotte 2295:Queen Charlotte 2280: 2273:Zebra Co., Ltd. 2249:Victor Vasarely 2152:national animal 2047: 2042: 2040:Human relations 1986: 1980: 1936: 1915:bachelor groups 1864: 1862:Horse behaviour 1858: 1767: 1728:trypanosomiasis 1551: 1492: 1485: 1465:postorbital bar 1451:is adapted for 1426: 1420: 1418:Characteristics 1395: 1389: 1369:E. sansaniensis 1359:E. mauritanicus 1355:E. oldowayensis 1316: 1245:6 or monotypic 1236:southern Africa 1141: 1136: 1127: 1118: 1049: 1040: 1031: 997: 931:Wild asses 921: 912: 664: 658: 646:British English 584: 568:near-threatened 536:Social grooming 481:southern Africa 400: 376: 367: 366: 338: 329: 328: 298: 292: 290:E. oldowayensis 287: 284:E. mauritanicus 280: 275: 269: 249: 158: 121: 119: 118: 117: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 42: 36: 35: 32: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8029: 8027: 8019: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7983: 7982: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7972: 7959: 7946: 7933: 7917: 7915: 7909: 7908: 7903: 7894: 7893: 7891: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7869: 7866: 7865: 7863: 7862: 7854: 7846: 7843:Equus stenonis 7838: 7830: 7822: 7814: 7804: 7796: 7788: 7780: 7772: 7764: 7756: 7748: 7740: 7737:Equus lenensis 7732: 7724: 7716: 7708: 7705:Equus gallicus 7700: 7692: 7689:Equus excelsus 7684: 7676: 7668: 7660: 7652: 7644: 7636: 7632:Equus capensis 7626: 7618: 7609: 7607: 7598: 7597: 7595: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7573: 7571: 7567: 7566: 7563: 7562: 7560: 7559: 7549: 7547: 7537: 7536: 7534: 7533: 7524: 7514: 7512: 7502: 7501: 7499: 7498: 7489: 7480: 7471: 7462: 7453: 7444: 7433: 7431: 7425:Plains zebra ( 7418: 7412: 7411: 7408: 7407: 7405: 7404: 7395: 7385: 7375: 7373: 7360: 7354: 7353: 7350: 7349: 7347: 7346: 7337: 7328: 7319: 7309: 7307: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7291: 7281: 7272: 7263: 7254: 7244: 7234: 7232: 7228:Equus hemionus 7220: 7219: 7217: 7216: 7207: 7197: 7188: 7178: 7176: 7161: 7155: 7154: 7148: 7145: 7144: 7136: 7134: 7133: 7126: 7119: 7111: 7102: 7101: 7089: 7086: 7085: 7082: 7081: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7074: 7065: 7056: 7047: 7037: 7035: 7024: 7011: 7010: 7007: 7006: 7004: 7003: 6993: 6991: 6983: 6982: 6980: 6979: 6969: 6967: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6955: 6951:D. sumatrensis 6945: 6943: 6935: 6934: 6932: 6931: 6922: 6912: 6910: 6899: 6895:(Rhinoceroses) 6889:Rhinocerotidae 6885: 6884: 6877: 6870: 6869: 6866: 6865: 6862: 6861: 6859: 6858: 6849: 6840: 6834:Plains zebra ( 6821: 6820: 6811: 6802: 6793: 6774: 6773: 6764: 6763: 6762: 6734: 6732: 6709: 6705:(Horse family) 6695: 6694: 6687: 6680: 6679: 6677: 6676: 6674:Laurasiatheria 6670: 6664: 6658: 6652: 6645: 6642: 6641: 6631: 6629: 6628: 6621: 6614: 6606: 6600: 6599: 6591: 6590:External links 6588: 6586: 6585: 6579: 6571:Reaktion Books 6560: 6554: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6526: 6503: 6440: 6419: 6412: 6382: 6370: 6363: 6341: 6302: 6263: 6224: 6217: 6195: 6169: 6157: 6132: 6120: 6104: 6092: 6080: 6068: 6056: 6044: 6014: 5976: 5949:(6): 427–434. 5924: 5922:, p. 143. 5912: 5872: 5866:978-0123808943 5865: 5839: 5832: 5800: 5788: 5730: 5718: 5706: 5699: 5669: 5662: 5656:. p. 49. 5640: 5613: 5564: 5551:(1): 138–146. 5531: 5482: 5423: 5363: 5299: 5278:(5): 736–745. 5256: 5197: 5146: 5134: 5123:(2): 351–358. 5107: 5095: 5031: 4967: 4908: 4896: 4837: 4792: 4780: 4778:, p. 150. 4768: 4756: 4744: 4695: 4683: 4656:(3): 163–170. 4640: 4628: 4569: 4507: 4496:(4): 427–433. 4477: 4465: 4453: 4446: 4424: 4394: 4382: 4355:(2): 379–390. 4336: 4324: 4312: 4281: 4270:(4): 527–539. 4247: 4208: 4182: 4175: 4156: 4129:(6): 505–513. 4113: 4090: 4055: 4016:Equus capensis 4003: 3951: 3944: 3917: 3873: 3861: 3846: 3839: 3810: 3798: 3791: 3732: 3684: 3665: 3653: 3623:"Equus grevyi" 3600: 3583: 3523: 3460: 3398: 3345: 3334:on 28 May 2016 3309:(6): 535–546. 3280: 3250: 3207:(3): 491–498. 3185: 3156:(3): 291–295. 3134: 3127: 3109: 3043: 3024:(3): 182–196. 2997: 2972: 2947: 2940: 2913: 2906: 2861: 2834: 2799: 2787: 2745: 2713: 2686: 2679: 2667:Wells, John C. 2658: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2595: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2577: 2570: 2567: 2449:trophy hunters 2416: 2413: 2319:Yongle Emperor 2279: 2276: 2176:Racing Stripes 2140:Shona language 2132:Great Zimbabwe 2071:alphabet books 2062:Thomas Pennant 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 1984:Horse breeding 1979: 1976: 1935: 1932: 1857: 1854: 1841:spotted hyenas 1803:Okavango Delta 1766: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1691: 1690: 1674:Desmond Morris 1662: 1658:Charles Darwin 1646: 1631: 1597: 1596: 1570:Alfred Wallace 1550: 1547: 1484: 1481: 1424:Equine anatomy 1419: 1416: 1391:Main article: 1388: 1385: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1288: 1268: 1261:Mountain zebra 1257: 1256: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1232: 1228: 1217: 1216: 1209: 1206: 1201: 1187:Eastern Africa 1184: 1176: 1165: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1140: 1139:Extant species 1137: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1068: 1063: 1061: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1046: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1006: 1003: 1002: 999: 998: 994: 993: 990: 989: 972: 969: 968: 965: 964: 947: 942: 940: 935: 933: 927: 926: 923: 922: 918: 917: 914: 913: 909: 908: 905: 904: 887: 884: 883: 880: 879: 862: 857: 855: 852: 851: 848: 847: 834:Mountain zebra 830: 825: 823: 815: 813: 808: 806: 801: 799: 791: 690:mountain zebra 657: 654: 583: 580: 451:mountain zebra 421:) are African 320: 319: 315: 314: 306: 305: 259: 258: 254: 253: 242: 238: 237: 230: 226: 225: 220: 216: 215: 213:Perissodactyla 210: 206: 205: 200: 196: 195: 190: 186: 185: 180: 176: 175: 170: 166: 165: 152: 151: 132: 131: 123: 122: 114: 113: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 52: 51: 33: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8028: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7996:Equus (genus) 7994: 7992: 7989: 7988: 7986: 7969: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7938: 7934: 7929: 7923: 7919: 7918: 7916: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7901: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7870: 7867: 7861: 7860: 7855: 7853: 7852: 7847: 7845: 7844: 7839: 7837: 7836: 7831: 7829: 7828: 7823: 7821: 7820: 7815: 7813: 7811: 7805: 7803: 7802: 7797: 7795: 7794: 7789: 7787: 7786: 7781: 7779: 7778: 7773: 7771: 7770: 7765: 7763: 7762: 7757: 7755: 7754: 7749: 7747: 7746: 7741: 7739: 7738: 7733: 7731: 7730: 7729:Equus latipes 7725: 7723: 7722: 7717: 7715: 7714: 7709: 7707: 7706: 7701: 7699: 7698: 7693: 7691: 7690: 7685: 7683: 7682: 7677: 7675: 7674: 7669: 7667: 7666: 7661: 7659: 7658: 7653: 7651: 7650: 7645: 7643: 7642: 7637: 7635: 7633: 7627: 7625: 7624: 7619: 7617: 7616: 7615:Equus alaskae 7611: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7599: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7574: 7572: 7568: 7558: 7556: 7551: 7550: 7548: 7546: 7544: 7538: 7532: 7530: 7525: 7523: 7521: 7516: 7515: 7513: 7511: 7509: 7503: 7497: 7495: 7490: 7488: 7486: 7481: 7479: 7477: 7472: 7470: 7468: 7463: 7461: 7459: 7454: 7452: 7450: 7445: 7443: 7441: 7435: 7434: 7432: 7430: 7428: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7413: 7403: 7401: 7396: 7394: 7392: 7386: 7384: 7382: 7377: 7376: 7374: 7372: 7370: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7355: 7345: 7343: 7338: 7336: 7334: 7329: 7327: 7325: 7320: 7318: 7316: 7311: 7310: 7308: 7306: 7304: 7296: 7290: 7288: 7282: 7280: 7278: 7273: 7271: 7269: 7264: 7262: 7260: 7255: 7253: 7251: 7245: 7243: 7241: 7236: 7235: 7233: 7231: 7229: 7221: 7215: 7213: 7208: 7206: 7204: 7198: 7196: 7194: 7189: 7187: 7185: 7180: 7179: 7177: 7175: 7173: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7146: 7142: 7141: 7132: 7127: 7125: 7120: 7118: 7113: 7112: 7109: 7099: 7098: 7087: 7073: 7071: 7066: 7064: 7062: 7061:T. terrestris 7057: 7055: 7053: 7048: 7046: 7044: 7039: 7038: 7036: 7034: 7033: 7028: 7025: 7016: 7012: 7002: 7000: 6995: 6994: 6992: 6990: 6989: 6984: 6978: 6976: 6971: 6970: 6968: 6966: 6965: 6964:Ceratotherium 6960: 6954: 6952: 6947: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6941: 6936: 6930: 6928: 6923: 6921: 6919: 6914: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6908: 6903: 6900: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6881: 6875: 6871: 6857: 6855: 6850: 6848: 6846: 6841: 6839: 6837: 6831: 6830: 6829: 6823: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6794: 6792: 6790: 6784: 6783: 6782: 6776: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6765: 6761: 6759: 6754: 6753: 6752: 6750: 6744: 6743: 6742: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6727: 6719: 6718: 6713: 6710: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6691: 6685: 6681: 6675: 6671: 6669: 6665: 6663: 6659: 6657: 6653: 6651: 6647: 6646: 6643: 6638: 6627: 6622: 6620: 6615: 6613: 6608: 6607: 6604: 6597: 6594: 6593: 6589: 6582: 6580:9781780239712 6576: 6572: 6568: 6567: 6561: 6557: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6542: 6541:Zebra Stripes 6536: 6535: 6530: 6514: 6507: 6504: 6499: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6453: 6444: 6441: 6436: 6432: 6431: 6423: 6420: 6415: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6396: 6395: 6386: 6383: 6379: 6374: 6371: 6366: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6345: 6342: 6330: 6326: 6325: 6320: 6318: 6309: 6307: 6303: 6291: 6287: 6286: 6281: 6279: 6270: 6268: 6264: 6252: 6248: 6247: 6242: 6240: 6231: 6229: 6225: 6220: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6199: 6196: 6184: 6180: 6173: 6170: 6167:, p. 56. 6166: 6161: 6158: 6146: 6142: 6136: 6133: 6129: 6124: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6108: 6105: 6101: 6096: 6093: 6089: 6084: 6081: 6077: 6072: 6069: 6065: 6060: 6057: 6053: 6048: 6045: 6041:(3): 258–262. 6040: 6036: 6029: 6027: 6018: 6015: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5983: 5981: 5977: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5943: 5935: 5928: 5925: 5921: 5916: 5913: 5907: 5902: 5899:(5): 860–65. 5898: 5894: 5887: 5885: 5876: 5873: 5868: 5862: 5855: 5854: 5846: 5844: 5840: 5835: 5829: 5825: 5818: 5817: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5792: 5789: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5741: 5734: 5731: 5727: 5722: 5719: 5715: 5710: 5707: 5702: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5683: 5682: 5673: 5670: 5665: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5644: 5641: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5617: 5614: 5609: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5568: 5565: 5559: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5535: 5532: 5527: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5486: 5483: 5478: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5427: 5424: 5419: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5370: 5368: 5364: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5300: 5295: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5272: 5267: 5260: 5257: 5252: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5217:(1): 181325. 5216: 5212: 5208: 5201: 5198: 5193: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5150: 5147: 5143: 5138: 5135: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5111: 5108: 5104: 5099: 5096: 5091: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5032: 5027: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4968: 4963: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4912: 4909: 4905: 4900: 4897: 4892: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4859:(1): 140452. 4858: 4854: 4853: 4848: 4841: 4838: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4804: 4796: 4793: 4789: 4784: 4781: 4777: 4772: 4769: 4765: 4760: 4757: 4753: 4748: 4745: 4740: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4699: 4696: 4692: 4687: 4684: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4644: 4641: 4637: 4632: 4629: 4624: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4573: 4570: 4565: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4534: 4529: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4508: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4490: 4481: 4478: 4474: 4469: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4454: 4449: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4428: 4425: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4398: 4395: 4392:, p. 20. 4391: 4386: 4383: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4343: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4328: 4325: 4321: 4316: 4313: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4285: 4282: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4264: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4248: 4243: 4239: 4236:(1/4): 7–11. 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4212: 4209: 4197: 4193: 4186: 4183: 4178: 4172: 4168: 4160: 4157: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4117: 4114: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4094: 4091: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4059: 4056: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4022: 4017: 4010: 4008: 4004: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3974: 3969: 3967: 3958: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3941: 3937: 3936:Lynx Edicions 3933: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3918: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3871:, p. 13. 3870: 3865: 3862: 3859:, p. 11. 3858: 3853: 3851: 3847: 3842: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3802: 3799: 3794: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3779: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3733: 3728: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3685: 3682:, p. 14. 3681: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3666: 3663:, p. 15. 3662: 3657: 3654: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3632: 3624: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3584: 3579: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3527: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3473: 3464: 3461: 3456: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3405: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3357: 3349: 3346: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3303: 3295: 3293: 3284: 3281: 3276: 3272: 3265: 3263: 3254: 3251: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3201: 3192: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3150: 3145: 3138: 3135: 3130: 3124: 3120: 3113: 3110: 3105: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3070:(2): e55950. 3069: 3065: 3064: 3059: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2986: 2982: 2976: 2973: 2961: 2957: 2956:"Hippotigris" 2951: 2948: 2943: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2928: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2850: 2849: 2844: 2838: 2835: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2803: 2800: 2797:, p. 54. 2796: 2791: 2788: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2733: 2729: 2728: 2723: 2717: 2714: 2702: 2701: 2696: 2690: 2687: 2682: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2662: 2659: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2621: 2616: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2597: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2572: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2533:in Zimbabwe, 2532: 2528: 2524: 2521:in Tanzania, 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2461: 2456: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2429:IUCN Red List 2421: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2365:George Stubbs 2362: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2321:. The fourth 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2296: 2292: 2291:George Stubbs 2288: 2284: 2277: 2275: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2253:jigsaw puzzle 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2203: 2202: 2197: 2195: 2190: 2189: 2188:The Lion King 2184: 2183: 2178: 2177: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2118: 2113: 2109: 2107: 2106:water spirits 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2055: 2051: 2044: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2026:kindergartens 2021: 2013: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1990: 1985: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1940: 1934:Communication 1933: 1931: 1929: 1923: 1920: 1916: 1907: 1903: 1901: 1896: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1868: 1863: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1795: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1776: 1771: 1764: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1708:blood-sucking 1705: 1701: 1700: 1695: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1668: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1637: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1619:motion dazzle 1616: 1611: 1607: 1606: 1601: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1561: 1556: 1555: 1554: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1521: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1496: 1490: 1482: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1417: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1394: 1387:Hybridisation 1386: 1384: 1382: 1381: 1380:E. sivalensis 1376: 1375: 1370: 1366: 1365: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1347:Olduvai Gorge 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1325: 1320: 1314:Fossil record 1313: 1306: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1289: 1286: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1266: 1262: 1259: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1226: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1177: 1174: 1170: 1169:Grévy's zebra 1167: 1166: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1154:Distribution 1153: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1138: 1131: 1130: 1122: 1121: 1113: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1102: 1098: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1077: 1073: 1067: 1066: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1044: 1043: 1035: 1034: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1015: 1011: 1005: 1004: 1001: 1000: 992: 991: 988: 986: 981: 977: 971: 970: 967: 966: 963: 961: 956: 952: 946: 945: 939: 938: 932: 929: 928: 925: 924: 916: 915: 907: 906: 903: 901: 896: 892: 891:Grévy's zebra 886: 885: 882: 881: 878: 876: 871: 867: 861: 860: 854: 853: 850: 849: 846: 844: 839: 835: 829: 828: 822: 819: 818: 812: 811: 805: 804: 798: 795: 794: 790: 788: 780: 776: 772: 770: 766: 762: 758: 757: 756:Equus ovodovi 751: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 726: 723: 718: 714: 710: 706: 705:Dolichohippus 702: 701:Grévy's zebra 698: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 670: 663: 655: 653: 651: 647: 643: 638: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 601: 597: 593: 589: 581: 579: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 539: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 496: 494: 491:, woodlands, 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 461: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 435:Grévy's zebra 432: 428: 424: 420: 419: 412: 370: 362: 332: 326: 316: 312: 307: 304: 303: 302: 297: 296: 291: 286: 285: 279: 274: 273: 268: 267: 260: 255: 248: 247: 243: 240: 239: 236: 235: 231: 228: 227: 224: 221: 218: 217: 214: 211: 208: 207: 204: 201: 198: 197: 194: 191: 188: 187: 184: 181: 178: 177: 174: 171: 168: 167: 162: 157: 153: 150: 146: 142: 138: 137:plains zebras 133: 129: 124: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 49: 45: 40: 29: 26: 22: 7912: 7856: 7848: 7841: 7832: 7827:Equus scotti 7824: 7816: 7809: 7798: 7790: 7782: 7774: 7766: 7758: 7750: 7742: 7734: 7726: 7721:Equus lambei 7718: 7710: 7702: 7694: 7686: 7678: 7670: 7662: 7654: 7646: 7638: 7631: 7623:Equus andium 7620: 7612: 7603: 7554: 7542: 7528: 7519: 7507: 7493: 7484: 7475: 7466: 7457: 7448: 7439: 7427:Equus quagga 7426: 7399: 7390: 7380: 7368: 7367:Wild horse ( 7341: 7332: 7323: 7314: 7302: 7286: 7276: 7267: 7258: 7249: 7239: 7227: 7211: 7202: 7192: 7183: 7171: 7150: 7139: 7095: 7069: 7060: 7052:T. pinchaque 7051: 7042: 7030: 6998: 6986: 6974: 6962: 6950: 6940:Dicerorhinus 6938: 6927:R. sondaicus 6926: 6918:R. unicornis 6917: 6905: 6880:Ceratomorpha 6878: 6853: 6844: 6835: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6815: 6806: 6797: 6789:E. africanus 6788: 6779: 6777: 6768: 6757: 6748: 6747:Wild horse ( 6739: 6737: 6725: 6715: 6688: 6565: 6540: 6517:. Retrieved 6506: 6461: 6457: 6451: 6443: 6434: 6428: 6422: 6393: 6385: 6373: 6354: 6350: 6344: 6332:. Retrieved 6328: 6322: 6317:Equus quagga 6316: 6293:. Retrieved 6289: 6283: 6277: 6254:. Retrieved 6250: 6244: 6239:Equus grevyi 6238: 6204: 6198: 6186:. Retrieved 6172: 6160: 6148:. Retrieved 6144: 6135: 6123: 6107: 6095: 6083: 6071: 6059: 6047: 6038: 6034: 6025: 6017: 5992: 5988: 5946: 5940: 5927: 5915: 5896: 5892: 5884:Equus grevyi 5883: 5875: 5852: 5815: 5791: 5750: 5746: 5733: 5721: 5709: 5680: 5672: 5649: 5643: 5635:the original 5630: 5626: 5616: 5581: 5577: 5567: 5548: 5544: 5534: 5499: 5495: 5485: 5440: 5436: 5426: 5383: 5379: 5323: 5319: 5275: 5269: 5259: 5214: 5210: 5200: 5163: 5159: 5149: 5137: 5120: 5116: 5110: 5105:, p. 5. 5098: 5055: 5051: 4989: 4985: 4925: 4921: 4911: 4899: 4856: 4850: 4840: 4807: 4801: 4795: 4790:, p. 7. 4783: 4771: 4759: 4747: 4712: 4708: 4698: 4686: 4653: 4649: 4643: 4631: 4586: 4582: 4572: 4537: 4531: 4493: 4487: 4480: 4468: 4463:, p. 1. 4456: 4433: 4427: 4415:. Retrieved 4411:the original 4397: 4385: 4352: 4348: 4327: 4315: 4303:. Retrieved 4299:the original 4294: 4284: 4267: 4261: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4211: 4199:. Retrieved 4185: 4166: 4159: 4126: 4122: 4116: 4107: 4103: 4093: 4068: 4064: 4058: 4028:(2): 89–95. 4025: 4019: 4015: 3997:2158/1157299 3977: 3971: 3965: 3931: 3890:(314): 1–7. 3887: 3864: 3826: 3801: 3777: 3711:(157): 1–9. 3708: 3656: 3634:(453): 1–9. 3629: 3598:, p. 9. 3541: 3537: 3526: 3484:(1): 79–81. 3481: 3477: 3471: 3463: 3418: 3414: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3336:. Retrieved 3329:the original 3306: 3300: 3291: 3283: 3274: 3270: 3261: 3253: 3204: 3198: 3153: 3147: 3137: 3118: 3112: 3067: 3061: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 2988:. Retrieved 2984: 2975: 2963:. Retrieved 2959: 2950: 2926: 2893: 2852:. Retrieved 2846: 2837: 2825:. Retrieved 2816: 2812: 2802: 2790: 2765: 2761: 2736:. Retrieved 2732:the original 2725: 2716: 2704:. Retrieved 2698: 2689: 2670: 2661: 2624: 2618: 2565:in Namibia. 2547:South Africa 2492: 2470: 2464: 2426: 2415:Conservation 2396:amphitheatre 2385:Attempts to 2384: 2350: 2331:Ustad Mansur 2303:Roman Empire 2300: 2286: 2260: 2257:Carel Weight 2245:Sidney Nolan 2236: 2232: 2229:Lucian Freud 2224: 2206: 2199: 2193: 2186: 2180: 2174: 2164: 2143: 2135: 2124:Shona people 2121: 2075: 2059: 2054:San rock art 2022: 2018: 1995: 1968: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1945: 1924: 1912: 1897: 1873: 1845:brown hyenas 1830: 1811: 1779: 1703: 1665: 1649: 1634: 1609: 1558: 1552: 1524: 1517: 1501: 1457: 1438: 1396: 1378: 1374:E. namadicus 1372: 1368: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1330: 1328: 1323: 1276:nuchal crest 1264: 1234:Eastern and 1225:Equus quagga 1224: 1221:Plains zebra 1173:Equus grevyi 1172: 1160:Chromosomes 1151:Description 1100: 1095: 1075: 1070: 1014:E. africanus 1013: 1008: 979: 974: 954: 949: 894: 889: 869: 866:Plains zebra 864: 837: 832: 820: 796: 786: 784: 768: 764: 760: 754: 752: 735:paleogenomic 730: 729: 722:monophyletic 713:phylogenetic 708: 704: 696: 686:plains zebra 667: 665: 641: 639: 626: 614: 610: 606: 602: 585: 575: 552:domesticated 540: 497: 458: 454: 446: 443:plains zebra 439:Equus grevyi 438: 417: 416: 415:) (subgenus 324: 323: 299: 293: 289: 282: 277: 270: 264: 262: 245: 244: 233: 141:Equus quagga 140: 25: 7913:Hippotigris 7601:Prehistoric 7555:Equus grevy 7543:Equus grevy 7508:Equus zebra 7369:Equus ferus 7303:Equus kiang 6999:D. bicornis 6828:Hippotigris 6807:E. hemionus 6769:E. caballus 6724:(including 6690:Hippomorpha 6672:Superorder 6666:Infraclass 6278:Equus zebra 6188:4 September 6114:, pp. 4928:(1): 9351. 3338:13 November 3014:Hippotigris 3012:, subgenus 2387:domesticate 2369:Jules Grévy 2241:Mary Fedden 2171:Osa Johnson 2142:, the name 2078:African art 2030:infanticide 1998:promiscuous 1900:territories 1888:home ranges 1712:Horse flies 1543:Mount Kenya 1477:enamel wall 1364:E. capensis 1272:eye sockets 1265:Equus zebra 1157:Subspecies 980:E. hemionus 769:Sussemionus 765:Sussemionus 761:Sussemionus 709:Hippotigris 697:Hippotigris 627:hippotigris 532:promiscuous 528:territories 449:), and the 418:Hippotigris 266:E. capensis 246:Hippotigris 44:Pleistocene 7985:Categories 7883:Wild horse 7070:T. indicus 7043:T. bairdii 6907:Rhinoceros 6437:: 197–200. 6402:. p. 5689:. p. 4071:(4): 425. 3277:: 301–309. 2827:6 February 2598:References 2529:in Kenya, 2527:Masai Mara 2475:Afrikaners 2437:vulnerable 2433:endangered 2348:of Japan. 2338:Yohannes I 2289:(1763) by 2217:surrealist 2194:Madagascar 2102:San people 2094:folk tales 2067:Noah's Ark 1982:See also: 1882:, several 1860:See also: 1732:tsetse fly 1682:air swirls 1669:hypothesis 1638:hypothesis 1636:aposematic 1562:hypothesis 1535:inbreeding 1527:melanistic 1473:metastylid 1294:shrubland 1287:or orange 1199:shrublands 1195:grasslands 1189:including 1181:concentric 739:metapodial 596:Portuguese 564:vulnerable 560:endangered 493:shrublands 489:grasslands 241:Subgenus: 135:A herd of 7015:Tapiridae 6854:E. grevyi 6836:E. quagga 6825:Subgenus 6798:E. asinus 6778:Subgenus 6738:Subgenus 6150:13 August 5971:206771095 5920:Caro 2016 5796:Caro 2016 5726:Caro 2016 5714:Caro 2016 5358:256273744 5142:Caro 2016 5103:Caro 2016 4904:Caro 2016 4832:196657566 4788:Caro 2016 4776:Caro 2016 4764:Caro 2016 4752:Caro 2016 4691:Caro 2016 4636:Caro 2016 4473:Caro 2016 4461:Caro 2016 4390:Caro 2016 4377:226305574 4332:Caro 2016 4320:Caro 2016 4196:Slate.com 3912:253987177 3869:Caro 2016 3857:Caro 2016 3806:Caro 2016 3680:Caro 2016 3661:Caro 2016 3596:Caro 2016 3560:2050-084X 3500:2380-2359 3229:2397-334X 2990:31 August 2965:31 August 2819:: 42–48. 2768:: 21–32. 2627:: e6909. 2400:Caracalla 2278:Captivity 2255:fashion. 2213:modernist 1849:wild dogs 1826:ruminants 1750:polarised 1579:bushbucks 1469:metaconid 1449:dentition 1240:savannahs 1204:Monotypic 895:E. grevyi 870:E. quagga 711:. A 2013 640:The word 607:Equiferus 603:equiferus 582:Etymology 485:savannahs 447:E. quagga 433:species: 295:E. quagga 272:E. grevyi 179:Kingdom: 173:Eukaryota 143:) in the 37:2–0 7922:Wikidata 7438:Quagga ( 7389:Tarpan ( 7191:Donkey ( 7097:Category 7020:(Tapirs) 6975:C. simum 6845:E. zebra 6816:E. kiang 6805:Onager ( 6796:Donkey ( 6749:E. ferus 6668:Eutheria 6662:Mammalia 6656:Chordata 6650:Animalia 6648:Kingdom 6498:31365543 6458:PLOS ONE 6118:, 65–66. 6009:54252836 5775:29364874 5608:28539516 5526:32811316 5502:(1933). 5477:27223616 5437:PLOS ONE 5418:35927437 5350:36700395 5341:10088525 5294:22323196 5251:30800379 5192:32214400 5160:PLOS ONE 5090:36329147 5026:30785882 4986:PLOS ONE 4962:29921931 4891:26064590 4739:33434457 4678:24368147 4623:26799935 4583:PLOS ONE 4564:24691390 4540:: 3535. 4369:33174253 4242:42931011 4222:falconer 4151:18388598 4110:: 71–89. 4085:87344101 4050:84203907 3578:35543411 3518:33473722 3455:25453089 3385:23803765 3237:29358610 3180:17148190 3104:23437078 3063:PLoS One 2821:Archived 2782:55004515 2669:(2008). 2653:31143541 2569:See also 2327:Jahangir 2325:emperor 2297:'s zebra 2209:abstract 2191:and the 2156:colonial 2148:Zimbabwe 2122:For the 2086:rock art 2034:feticide 1972:grooming 1919:oestrous 1880:stallion 1837:cheetahs 1833:Leopards 1807:Botswana 1758:aliasing 1615:dazzling 1549:Function 1447:. Their 1412:dwarfism 1404:zebroids 1351:Tanzania 1345:and the 1343:Ethiopia 1285:chestnut 1191:the Horn 955:E. kiang 838:E. zebra 694:subgenus 656:Taxonomy 516:stallion 455:E. zebra 301:E. zebra 257:Species 219:Family: 203:Mammalia 193:Chordata 189:Phylum: 183:Animalia 169:Domain: 149:Tanzania 7873:Equidae 7606:species 7592:Zebroid 7570:Hybrids 7379:Horse ( 7032:Tapirus 6988:Diceros 6814:Kiang ( 6699:Equidae 6654:Phylum 6632:Extant 6489:6668792 6466:Bibcode 5951:Bibcode 5783:4405091 5755:Bibcode 5627:Zoogoer 5599:5454266 5517:7482270 5468:4880349 5445:Bibcode 5409:9352684 5388:Bibcode 5242:6366178 5219:Bibcode 5183:7098620 5081:9633588 5060:Bibcode 5017:6382098 4994:Bibcode 4953:6008466 4930:Bibcode 4882:4448797 4861:Bibcode 4812:Bibcode 4730:7892415 4658:Bibcode 4650:Zoology 4614:4723339 4591:Bibcode 4542:Bibcode 4226:cautley 4131:Bibcode 4030:Bibcode 3904:3504156 3727:3503962 3648:3504222 3569:9142152 3509:7800821 3446:4284605 3423:Bibcode 3393:4318227 3365:Bibcode 3325:2832696 3245:3333849 3209:Bibcode 3171:1617154 3095:3577844 3072:Bibcode 3026:Bibcode 2843:"Zebra" 2738:25 June 2722:"Zebra" 2706:22 June 2695:"Zebra" 2644:6525595 2539:Namibia 2507:Samburu 2392:trained 2357:paddock 2342:Jakarta 2307:Baibars 2144:madhuve 2082:culture 1948:barking 1814:grasses 1787:moister 1782:migrate 1775:Namibia 1710:flies. 1654:fitness 1625:and/or 1560:crypsis 1483:Stripes 1453:grazing 1400:donkeys 1393:Zebroid 725:lineage 682:Equidae 592:Spanish 588:Italian 548:donkeys 500:grazers 477:eastern 473:Equidae 441:), the 423:equines 229:Genus: 223:Equidae 209:Order: 199:Class: 115:↓ 48:present 7991:Zebras 7942:926087 7928:Q32789 7416:Zebras 7358:Horses 6781:Asinus 6726:Zebras 6660:Class 6577: 6552: 6519:9 July 6496: 6486: 6410: 6361: 6334:24 May 6295:24 May 6256:24 May 6215: 6007: 5969: 5863: 5830: 5781: 5773: 5747:Nature 5697: 5660: 5606: 5596: 5524: 5514: 5475: 5465: 5416: 5406: 5356: 5348: 5338: 5292: 5249: 5239: 5190: 5180: 5088: 5078: 5024: 5014: 4960: 4950: 4889: 4879: 4830: 4737: 4727: 4676: 4621: 4611: 4562: 4444: 4417:25 May 4375: 4367: 4305:2 June 4240: 4201:16 May 4173: 4149: 4083: 4048: 3942: 3910: 3902: 3837: 3789: 3725: 3646: 3576: 3566: 3558: 3516: 3506: 3498: 3453: 3443: 3391: 3383: 3356:Nature 3323: 3243: 3235: 3227: 3178: 3168: 3125: 3102: 3092: 2938: 2904: 2854:26 May 2780: 2727:Lexico 2677: 2651: 2641: 2541:, and 2467:quagga 2323:Mughal 2182:Khumba 2098:Maasai 1876:harems 1818:sedges 1746:impala 1575:bongos 1539:Albino 1531:morphs 1512:dorsal 1280:dewlap 1163:Image 1059:Horses 976:Onager 821:Zebras 779:Quagga 717:quagga 684:. 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