254:
850:... The Aka-Kol tribe of Middle Andaman became extinct by 1921. The Oko-Juwoi of Middle Andaman and the Aka-Bea of South Andaman and Rutland Island were extinct by 1931. The Akar-Bale of Ritchie's Archipelago, the Aka-Kede of Middle Andaman and the A-Pucikwar of South Andaman Island soon followed. By 1951, the census counted a total of only 23 Greater Andamanese and 10 Sentinelese. That means that just ten men, twelve women and one child remained of the Aka-Kora, Aka-Cari and Aka-Jeru tribes of Greater Andaman and only ten natives of North Sentinel Island ...
408:
491:
81:
396:
each other's existence. Except for the Bea and Bale, who had intense and friendly relations and whose languages were mutually intelligible to some extent, there was little interaction between the tribes at the time of first
European contacts. The tribes were further split into smaller units—"septs", "local groups", and families—and also between shore-dwellers (
462:(about 5 km). Their numbers have slowly increased since then, to 24 (1971 census), 26 (1981), 45 (1991), and 43 (2001). There were about 50 individuals living on Strait Island in 2006 and 52 individuals in January 2010. However, by 1995 the people identified as Great Andamanese already included many people with partly Burmese or Hindi descent.
964:... Over time, the Great Andamanese, who occupied the forests around Port Blair, were pacified. Beginning to cooperate with British authorities, they helped recapture escaped convicts. By 1875, when these peoples were perilously close to extinction, the Andaman cultures came under scientific scrutiny...
428:
on Great
Andaman in the 1860s, the population was estimated at 3500. At that time their isolated culture was suddenly confronted with the industrial and colonial culture of 19th century Europe. The colonial administrators proactively tried to pacify and co-opt the tribes, recruiting them to capture
395:
The Great
Andaman islands run in a north–south line for some 350 km but are only some 50 km wide at its widest extent. This peculiar geography meant that each tribe typically had only two or three neighbours. Indeed, until colonial times, the northern and southern tribes seemed unaware of
486:
Although the Great
Andamanese on Strait Island still obtain some of their diet from hunting, fishing and gathering, they now consume rice and other Indian food, and are dependent on support by the Indian government for survival. They now practice some agriculture, and have established some poultry
474:
Today only two tribes (Jeru and Bo) remain in significant number; the Cari tribe is on its way to extinction. There are still a few people (all elderly) with partial Kora and
Pucikwar descent, but they identify themselves as either Jeru or Bo. However, the cultural and linguistic identities of the
244:
Until the late 18th century, the
Andamanese peoples were preserved from outside influences by their fierce rejection of contacts (which included killing any shipwrecked foreigners) and by the remoteness of the islands. Thus, the ten Great Andamanese tribes and the other four indigenous groups are
465:
As the Great
Andamanese retreated, the Jarawa occupied part of their former territory on the west coast of Great Andaman, which they were still inhabiting as of 2011. Also, by 1911, some 80 Onge had moved into the former territory of the Bea and the Jangil, in Rutland Island and South Andaman;
45:
433:, to which the islanders had no immunity, decimated the tribes at the end of the 19th century; In some cases, people who became sick were killed by other tribe members in an attempt to stop contagion. The migration of Indian settlers to the islands accelerated this decline.
518:. After six who had gone for work to Port Blair a week earlier tested positive, a team of health officials was sent to Strait Island to conduct their tests. The team found four to be positive and they were admitted to a hospital. All of them had recovered by September.
197:, colonial warfare and loss of hunting territory. Only 52 remained as of February 2010; by August 2020 there were 59. The tribal and linguistic distinctions have largely disappeared, so they may now be considered a single Great Andamanese ethnic group with mixed
186:, but were well separated from them by culture, language and geography. The languages of those other four groups were only distantly related to those of the Great Andamanese and mutually unintelligible; they are classified in a separate family, the
582:
The Great
Andamanese were originally ten distinct tribes, including the Jeru, Bea, Bo, Khora and Pucikwar. Each had its own distinct language, and numbered between about 200 and 700 people. They are now collectively known as the Great
392:(The prefixed forms of the names actually refer to the respective languages, but they are often used for the tribes themselves.) By 1994 there were also 4 Great Andamanese individuals with no tribal affiliation.
269:, the Great Andamanese were divided into 10 main tribes with each having a distinct language, each counting between 200 and 700 individuals. Their territories spanned most of the Great Andaman islands, including
934:... In 1927 Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt, a German anthropologist, found that around one hundred Great Andamanese survived, 'in dirty, half-closed huts, which primarily contain cheap European household effects.'
455:, their numbers had shrunk to about 25, mostly from the northern tribes. They became extinct in the mid 20th century, but had a few admixed individuals which went to an all-time low of only 19 in 1961.
1591:
1586:
193:
They were once the most numerous of the five major groups in the
Andaman Islands with an estimated population between 2,000 and 6,600, before they were died out or killed due to diseases,
1246:
511:
420:
Estimates of the Great
Andamanese population by the time of the establishment of a British colonial presence (1789–1796) vary between 2000 and 6600 individuals. When the
171:. Historically, the Great Andamanese lived throughout the archipelago, and were divided into ten major tribes. Their distinct but closely related languages comprised the
1180:
1269:
997:... The Great Andamanese population was large till 1858 when it started declining ... In 1901, their number was reduced to only 600 and in 1961 to a mere 19 ...
1041:
835:
Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region : Containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language
1116:
595:
539:
1581:
1147:
729:
Anthropologists believe five tribes of the southern Indian archipelago—including the Jarawas, Shompens, Onges and Sentinelese—date back 70,000 years.
241:. The Andaman Negritos are thought to be the first inhabitants of the islands, having emigrated from the mainland tens of thousands of years ago.
567:
436:
By 1901, only 625 Great Andamanese were left, and following censuses reported steadily declining numbers: 455 in 1911, 207 in 1921, 90 in 1931.
716:
803:
1313:
1094:
1025:
990:
957:
927:
894:
843:
136:
901:... iron implements, glass bottles, beads, and other objects were freely distributed by the British among the Great Andamanese...
863:
226:
753:
639:
1202:
253:
1216:
437:
90:
1527:
172:
111:
20:
1052:
298:
1425:
270:
1157:
515:
480:
1306:
572:
444:
452:
407:
349:
286:
282:
506:. Indian officials announced on 27 August 2020 that 10 out of 59 surviving members had contracted the
1396:
577:
355:
316:
294:
176:
1366:
1152:
1121:
724:
600:
476:
430:
328:
1339:
257:
Territories of the Great Andamanese tribes and other Andamanese peoples in the late 19th century.
234:
183:
119:
1299:
1196:
1090:
1021:
1015:
986:
953:
923:
890:
839:
799:
218:
157:
44:
27:
793:
448:
1330:
869:
371:
367:
194:
187:
168:
429:
escaped convicts. Populations went into sharp decline due to outside diseases. Outside
278:
274:
262:
238:
115:
54:
502:
Some of the Great Andamanese work in government jobs in the union territory's capital
1575:
495:
459:
266:
161:
132:
94:
1550:
1497:
1482:
1467:
1462:
1377:
425:
361:
210:
198:
1084:
980:
947:
917:
884:
833:
761:
647:
1517:
1509:
1435:
1430:
1403:
1389:
1383:
1371:
1353:
1080:
451:) in an attempt to protect them from diseases and other threats. In 1951, after
421:
377:
345:
334:
322:
312:
305:. Arranged by territory, roughly from north to south, the original tribes were:
290:
222:
164:
144:
1522:
1360:
503:
490:
383:
1224:
673:
443:
In 1949, the surviving Great Andamanese were relocated to a reservation on
1542:
1449:
1410:
1049:
A & N Islands Administration, Directorate of Economics and Statistics
507:
475:
individual tribes have largely been lost; their members now speak mostly
50:
1487:
1322:
698:
214:
1492:
1477:
1472:
1457:
1419:
1042:"Basic Statistics – 1 – Demographics, table 1.16 'Tribal Population'"
302:
230:
140:
458:
In 1969, the 23 surviving Great Andamanese were again relocated, to
245:
thought to have diverged on their own over the course of millennia.
1247:"Coronavirus Hits 10 of Dying Andaman Tribe of Just Over 50 People"
1532:
489:
406:
252:
86:
886:
Archaeology and History: Early Settlements in the Andaman Islands
466:
however by 1921 they had dwindled to 61, and were gone by 1931.
1295:
1183:. Infochange Media. Archived from the original on 24 April 2010
411:
Territories of various Andamanese groups, early 1800s and 2004.
386:– coast of South Andaman and Rutland Island – extinct by 1931.
1270:"All members of Great Andamanese tribe recover from COVID-19"
1017:
Andaman and Nicobar Tribes Restudied: Encounters and Concerns
540:"Ten in remote Indian tribe of 59 test positive for Covid-19"
1291:
182:
The Great Andamanese were clearly related to the other
337:– S and central North Andaman – 19 individuals in 1994
325:, Khora or Cora – E of North Andaman – extinct by 1994
1117:"Language lost as last member of Andaman tribe dies"
596:"Language lost as last member of Andaman tribe dies"
514:, but six of them had recovered and been taken into
1592:
Scheduled Tribes of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands
1541:
1508:
1448:
1338:
1329:
949:
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers
126:
104:
77:
72:
62:
380:– Ritchie's Archipelago – extinct soon after 1931.
1587:Ethnic groups in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands
946:Lee, Richard B.; Daly, Richard Heywood (1999).
911:
909:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
49:Riala, an interpreter for the British from the
1101:... The latest figure in 2005 is 50 in all ...
1307:
1142:
1140:
331:– W of North Andaman – 15 individuals in 1994
8:
1111:
1109:
37:
1086:Endangered Languages of the Andaman Islands
1075:
1073:
798:. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. p. 75.
1335:
1314:
1300:
1292:
1217:"A Brief Note on Vulnerable Tribal Groups"
974:
972:
43:
36:
667:
665:
538:Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (27 August 2020).
358:– SE of Middle Andaman – extinct by 1921.
237:) and five other isolated populations of
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
703:Vanishing Voices of the Great Andamanese
678:Vanishing Voices of the Great Andamanese
633:
631:
629:
627:
625:
623:
621:
619:
562:
560:
364:– SW of Middle Andaman – extinct by 1931
297:the Great Andamanese coexisted with the
219:aboriginal groups of the Andaman islands
16:Indigenous people in the Andaman Islands
1268:Singh, Shiv Sahay (11 September 2020).
1009:
1007:
1005:
533:
531:
527:
424:established a permanent settlement and
209:The Great Andamanese are classified by
1194:
440:counted "around one hundred" in 1927.
795:Tribal Development in Andaman Islands
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
7:
1020:. Mittal Publications. p. 149.
217:, which also include the other four
73:Regions with significant populations
1181:"The case for a linguisitic survey"
985:. Anthropological Survey of India.
265:established a colonial presence on
1221:Andaman and Nicobar Administration
1156:. 10 February 2010. Archived from
14:
723:. 14 January 2005. Archived from
717:"Members of Ancient Tribe Escape"
301:, and on Rutland Island with the
1582:Indigenous peoples of South Asia
281:(inhabited by the Onge) and the
201:, Hindi and aboriginal descent.
79:
512:pandemic in the union territory
952:. Cambridge University Press.
568:"Jarawa: The Great Andamanese"
342:Southern subgroup (Bojigyab):
1:
1249:. NDTV. Agence France-Presse
916:Mukerjee, Madhusree (2003).
674:"Great Andamanese Community"
494:An Andamanese family on the
309:Northern subgroup (Yerewa):
177:Andamanese language families
175:, one of the two identified
19:For the language group, see
889:. Oxford University Press.
91:Andaman and Nicobar Islands
1608:
1148:"Lives Remembered: Boa Sr"
922:. Houghton Mifflin Books.
832:van Driem, George (2001).
374:– extinct soon after 1931.
370:– NE of South Andaman and
352:– extinct soon after 1931.
173:Great Andamanese languages
112:Great Andamanese languages
25:
21:Great Andamanese languages
18:
1559:
1201:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1014:Mann, Rann Singh (2005).
131:
109:
67:
53:of Great Andamanese from
42:
979:Sarkar, Jayanta (1990).
919:The Land of Naked People
1564:indicate extinct groups
883:Cooper, Zarine (2002).
481:Great Andamanese creole
479:or a mixed language, a
400:) and forest-dwellers (
319:– 2 individuals in 1994
1051:. 2011. Archived from
862:Weber, George (2009).
792:Sharma, A. N. (2003).
752:Weber, George (2009).
638:Weber, George (2009).
573:Survival International
499:
412:
287:South Sentinel Islands
258:
122:, Census of India 2001
727:on 10 February 2005.
672:Abbi, Anvita (2006).
493:
410:
271:Ritchie's Archipelago
256:
127:Related ethnic groups
580:on 12 October 2014.
1227:on 18 February 2015
1160:on 13 February 2010
1153:The Daily Telegraph
1122:The Daily Telegraph
1058:on 3 September 2014
601:The Daily Telegraph
510:disease during the
453:Indian independence
431:infectious diseases
39:
500:
416:Population decline
413:
261:In 1789, when the
259:
184:Andamanese peoples
1569:
1568:
1444:
1443:
1125:. 5 February 2010
1089:. Lincom Europa.
805:978-81-7625-347-5
604:. 5 February 2010
158:indigenous people
150:
149:
28:Andamanese people
1599:
1348:Great Andamanese
1336:
1316:
1309:
1302:
1293:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1223:. Archived from
1213:
1207:
1206:
1200:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1179:Malekar, Anosh.
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1144:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1113:
1104:
1103:
1077:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1057:
1046:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1011:
1000:
999:
976:
967:
966:
943:
937:
936:
913:
904:
903:
880:
874:
873:
872:on 24 July 2013.
868:. Archived from
859:
853:
852:
829:
810:
809:
789:
774:
773:
771:
769:
760:. Archived from
749:
732:
731:
713:
707:
706:
695:
689:
688:
686:
684:
669:
660:
659:
657:
655:
646:. Archived from
635:
614:
613:
611:
609:
592:
586:
585:
576:. Archived from
564:
555:
554:
552:
550:
535:
154:Great Andamanese
120:Indian languages
85:
83:
82:
63:Total population
47:
40:
38:Great Andamanese
1607:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1555:
1537:
1504:
1440:
1331:Andaman Islands
1325:
1320:
1290:
1289:
1279:
1277:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1252:
1250:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1230:
1228:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1193:
1186:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1163:
1161:
1146:
1145:
1138:
1128:
1126:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1097:
1079:
1078:
1071:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1013:
1012:
1003:
993:
978:
977:
970:
960:
945:
944:
940:
930:
915:
914:
907:
897:
882:
881:
877:
861:
860:
856:
846:
831:
830:
813:
806:
791:
790:
777:
767:
765:
754:"8. The Tribes"
751:
750:
735:
715:
714:
710:
697:
696:
692:
682:
680:
671:
670:
663:
653:
651:
637:
636:
617:
607:
605:
594:
593:
589:
566:
565:
558:
548:
546:
537:
536:
529:
524:
516:home quarantine
498:island in 2006.
472:
418:
315:or Cari – N of
251:
215:Negrito peoples
211:anthropologists
207:
188:Ongan languages
169:Andaman Islands
114:, today mainly
89:
80:
78:
58:
35:
30:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1605:
1603:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1574:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1547:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1514:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1454:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1381:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1357:
1344:
1342:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1296:
1288:
1287:
1260:
1238:
1208:
1171:
1136:
1105:
1095:
1069:
1033:
1026:
1001:
991:
968:
958:
938:
928:
905:
895:
875:
865:The Andamanese
854:
844:
811:
804:
775:
758:The Andamanese
733:
708:
690:
661:
650:on 31 May 2012
644:The Andamanese
615:
587:
556:
526:
525:
523:
520:
471:
470:Current status
468:
417:
414:
390:
389:
388:
387:
381:
375:
365:
359:
353:
350:Middle Andaman
340:
339:
338:
332:
326:
320:
279:Little Andaman
277:but excluding
275:Rutland Island
250:
247:
239:Southeast Asia
213:as one of the
206:
203:
148:
147:
129:
128:
124:
123:
107:
106:
102:
101:
98:
75:
74:
70:
69:
65:
64:
60:
59:
55:Middle Andaman
51:Aka-Kede Tribe
48:
33:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1604:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1563:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1261:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1204:
1198:
1182:
1175:
1172:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1096:9783895868665
1092:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1029:
1027:81-8324-010-0
1023:
1019:
1018:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
992:81-7046-080-8
988:
984:
983:
975:
973:
969:
965:
961:
959:0-521-57109-X
955:
951:
950:
942:
939:
935:
931:
929:0-618-19736-2
925:
921:
920:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
896:0-19-565792-6
892:
888:
887:
879:
876:
871:
867:
866:
858:
855:
851:
847:
845:90-04-12062-9
841:
837:
836:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
812:
807:
801:
797:
796:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
776:
764:on 7 May 2013
763:
759:
755:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
712:
709:
704:
700:
694:
691:
679:
675:
668:
666:
662:
649:
645:
641:
634:
632:
630:
628:
626:
624:
622:
620:
616:
603:
602:
597:
591:
588:
584:
579:
575:
574:
569:
563:
561:
557:
545:
541:
534:
532:
528:
521:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
497:
496:Great Andaman
492:
488:
484:
482:
478:
469:
467:
463:
461:
460:Strait Island
456:
454:
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