60:
335:, Flat Headed Gudgeon, Australian Smelt and Carp Gudgeon, with introduced species, including the Common Carp, also being found in the area. These fish species are highly vulnerable with many, including the Silver Perch, being placed on the NSW threatened species schedule, which is mainly due to the altercation of river water flows. In order to ensure fish populations are maintained and the health of the ecosystem continues to thrive, there must be sufficient water flows to the swamp, particularly the Lachlan River, to extend the area of the swamp by linking the various intermittent channels.
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468:, whose primary aim was to stop the area from being negatively impacted by the implementation of irrigation schemes, therefore attempting to continue to preserve and regenerate the natural flows of the catchment. Since the purchase, TNC, managed by Tiverton Agriculture has developed further aims to continue running it as an agricultural property, further emphasising how both conservation and profitability can co-exist. Other land uses identified for the area include âcarbon, biodiversity offsets and
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488:, the impact river regulation has on the extent and health of the swamp can be assessed. In 2010 the NSW Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water concluded that if 700GL/day were delivered, as measured at the upstream Boogil Weir, limited reed bed flooding would occur, however, 3,000 GL/day would be required to cause extensive flooding of the swamp.
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Spotted Marsh Frog and
Eastern Sign Bearing Froglet, all of which were found in areas with sufficient water supplies through the summer breeding months, with the report concluding environmental flows play an important role in âMaintaining large areas of shallow inundated habitat is important for successful frog breedingâ.
387:
Pre-European occupation of the
Cumbung Swamp area, in the Riverina District dates back over 40000 years, with the presence of several Aboriginal groups residing in the area. This includes the Nari-Nari, to the East, Yida-Yida and Mudi-Mudi, to the North, and Gurendji peoples, all of whom made use of
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which is largely due to the extensive reed beds, of which provide suitable nesting sites for such birds. An estimated 131 bird species inhabit the area, many of these being waterbird species which are reliant on the water of the swamps, particularly in times of drought. Examples of waterbird species
252:
It is the remnants of the once populous
Phragmites marsh that significantly contribute to the Great Cumbung Swamp as being recognised as a place of National Conservation Significance. Therefore, it is a major aim of conservationists to âMaintain 95% of the area of permanent and semipermanent wetland
438:
Through the purchase of the properties surrounding and including the
Cumbung Swamp, by the TNC and Tiverton Agriculture (see Protection and Conservation) a partnership has been established with the closely located Nari Nari Tribal Council to ensure the cultural inclusion of the Nari Nari people and
399:
The extensive river systems in the
Riverine district allowed for a range of resources to be utilised by the lands first peoples, from hunting for fish in the rivers to the gathering of fruits as well as use of raw materials for shelter and recreational use, evidence of which can be seen through the
459:
The area has most recently been run as two adjoining cattle enterprises, with this intensive use of the land leading to a significant decrease in groundwater storage, through the growth of water-dependent pastures. The running of the land for livestock has also seen the clearing of portions of the
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list. Maintaining the waterbird population in the
Cumbung Swamp is a priority of the management of the swamp and the wider Murray Darling Basin. To âImprove the complexity and health of priority waterbird habitat to maintain species richness and aid future population recoveryâ was identified as an
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These outstanding examples of native vegetation, however, are not only threatened by a variation in environmental water flows. The communities are also threatened by introduced plant species as well as land clearance, particularly on the margins of the wetland where vulnerability is high. This was
264:
of bioregions, whereby flooding occurs in intermittent periods. The tree can thrive in semi-arid areas, such as the
Cumbung swamp, due to their ability to survive up to 4 years under both dry or flood stress before permanent damage occurs. However, recent changes to river regulation in the Lachlan
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in wetlands to assess the health of the ecosystem. An assessment of 14 sites along the
Cumbung Swamp, and nearby Booligal Wetlands, by the Commonwealth Environmental Water Office found 4 species of native frog commonly residing in the area. This included the Barking Marsh Frog, Great Banjo Frog,
169:
The
Cumbung Swamp is a reed swamp, located at the junction of the Murrumbidgee and termination site of the Lachlan Rivers and covers some 15,000 to 20,000 ha (37,000 to 49,000 acres) at full capacity, and about 14,000 ha (35,000 acres) out of flood. The swamp is in South West New South
491:
This is further analysed through the
Lachlan Rivers Environmental Flow plans, whereby 24,000ML of Commonwealth Water was allocated to the Swamp in the year 2015-2016. This âenvironmental wateringâ was provided with the aim to contribute to âecosystem functions such as nutrient cycling, support
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One of the most important feature of the Cumbung Swamp is its function as a habitat for a range of waterbirds and its role as a breeding site for many of these species, described by the Commonwealth Environmental Water Office as âone of the most important waterbird breeding areas in eastern
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It is therefore evident that the swamp and surrounding areas are important and therefore must be managed. This has not been the case in the past, with the site being managed as agricultural land for the past generations, with the first notable levees being constructed in the mid-1800s.
198:, ensuring its significance is recognised and thus protected. This significance is mainly due to the Cumbung Swamp being one of the largest remaining reed swamps in Eastern Australia as well as its inclusion of unique River Red Gum forest biomes, which are an at-risk ecosystem.
483:
These plans, however, must be managed in conjunction with the greater catchments water plans, with the allocated Environmental Water Flows particularly impacting upon the water available to the swamp. Through monitoring of the Lachlan Rivers flow, from as far upstream as
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The Cumbung Swamp is a richly diverse ecosystem that is home to a range of species including a range of amphibians, fish, mammals and bird life. This is due to the relatively stable water supply provided by the two river sources, the Lachlan and the Murrumbidgee.
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The feeling of connection to the area, particularly the Murrumbidgee River, is captured through the poetry of Iris Clayton, who explores the decline in the riverâs health, as well as the need for conservation to protect the area, including the Cumbung Swamp.
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The swamp is composed of wetland reed beds as well as extensive River Red Gum Woodland areas, some of the largest in the Murray Darling Basin. January 2019 saw the purchase of 33,000 hectares including and surrounding the swamp by a private group composed of
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Through the careful monitoring and assessment of the Cumbung Swamp and overall Lachlan and Murrumbidgee catchments, particularly through the allocation of water, the area can be carefully managed to ensure its survival as an important Australian Wetland.
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However, these properties, Juanbung and Boyong, totalling 33,765 acres, with almost 20,000 making up the Great Cumbung Swamp, were purchased in January 2019 for $ 55 million. The buyers were Australian company Tiverton Agriculture in conjunction with
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The Cumbung Swamp has been identified as a significant wetland both in the Lower Lachlan Catchment as well as in the wider Murray Darling Basin, seeing it placed on the Directory of Important Wetlands. In 1980, it was listed in the now-defunct
367:, such as the wild pig, have played a further role in habitat destruction, with the establishment of the Western Riverina Pig Program to monitor and control the population throughout the Riverine district including the Cumbung area.
476:â all of which further the value of the wetland. The total land area now protected in the area now amounts to over 200,000 hectares, with properties owned by the Government and private corporations, such as TNC, as well as areas of
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protection of the area, one which chairman Ian Woods states, the Nari Nari âpeople are very supportive of the Great Cumbung purchase and we look forward to working with TNC and Tiverton on plans for its future management.â
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Being a water-based aquatic system, the Cumbung swamp is also home to a range of fish species, with particularly high numbers found in the deeper channels of the system. Native species found in the catchment include
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communities in good conditionâ through controlling the flows reaching the regime, as phragmites require such âsemipermanentâ flooding events. This is further enhanced through the flat gradient of the land, with the
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catchment, has led to a reduction of the required flooding events, with evidence of water stress through both a reduction in vigour as well as a die back of the Eucalypt forests, thus the creation of a management
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ecosystem, home to a range of native vegetation types, both in the aquatic biome, as well as the greater flow on area of the swamp. The main vegetation type found in the Great Cumbung Swamp is reed beds, mainly
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expressed in the 2010 Assessment of the Lachlan Catchment rating the ratio of native to introduced species of the Cumbung Swamp as âvery poorâ, whilst the rate of habitat disturbance being identified as âhighâ.
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As a water-based ecosystem, the Great Cumbung Swamp is also an important refugee for land-based animals, particularly during times of drought. Common species of mammals found in the area include the
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396:. These rivers were the Macquarie, Lachlan, and Murrumbidgee, with the later of the two forming the southern boundary of the group, at the location of the Cumbung Swamp System.
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are also found in the area, particularly on the flood plains. There are an estimated 207 plant species in the area, with over 120 of these being water based.
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744:
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104:
157:. When it is at full capacity, the swamp supports a large population of migratory waterbirds as well as one of the largest reed swamps in the
817:"Great Cumbungi Swamp Area, Oxley Rd, Balranald, NSW, Australia - listing on the now-defunct Register of the National Estate (Place ID 681)"
672:"COMMONWEALTH ENVIRONMENTAL WATER OFFICE LONG TERM INTERVENTION MONITORING PROJECT: LOWER LACHLAN RIVER SYSTEM 2015-16 SYNTHESIS REPORT"
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vegetation condition and the ability of the ecosystem to withstand drought and floodâ, therefore, protect and sustain the area.
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The Great Cumbung Swamp is recognised nationally as a highly significant ecosystem. This has seen it placed on both the
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237:. It is estimated that around 2,400 hectares of the Cumbung Swamp is covered by reed beds and over 80% inhabited by
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channels of the Lachlan river storing the water for longer periods of time than would occur in steep landscapes.
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the abundant resources surrounding the two rivers. The major group in the Cumbung area, however, was the
327:(MDBA), highlighting the importance of the area in the ensuring the management of waterbird populations.
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599:"Assessment of environmental water requirements for the proposed Basin Plan: Great Cumbung Swamp"
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883:
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182:(TNC) and Tiverton Agriculture, to ensure the protection and sustainability of the area.
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as well as Australasian Bittern and Australian Painted-snipe, both of which are on the
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https://www.mdba.gov.au/sites/default/files/archived/guide_pbp/Lachlan-region.pdf
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New South Wales places listed on the defunct Register of the National Estate
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River Red Gum forests for access as well as some compaction of the soils.
876:"Private conservation group spends $ 55m to protect Murray-Darling swamp"
145:, is a wetland made up of the ecosystems surrounding the junction of the
378:). An example of the waterbird species that depend on the Cumbung Swamp
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850:"How the private sector could be the answer to Australia's water woes"
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Australian Government, Coomonwealth Environmental Water Office.
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NSW Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Natural Resources
361:) becoming less common in the area, due to habitat destruction
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Wales within the Riverine district and its closest township is
284:). This plant species is commonly found in the Cumbung Swamp.
562:"Great Cumbung Swamp Water Balance Assessment. Final Report"
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objective of the 2015-2016 Environmental Water Plan, by the
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Populations of frogs and other amphibians are often used as
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located along both the Lachlan and Murrumbidgee Rivers.
848:Hayter, Melinda; Shields, Moyra (23 January 2019).
790:Heritage, corporateName=Office of Environment and.
717:Heritage, corporateName=Office of Environment and.
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84:
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310:that are frequently found in the area include the
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410:
8:
192:Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia
35:Protected area in New South Wales, Australia
909:"Department of the Environment and Energy"
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427:Another lost legend of the Warrajarree.â
260:River Red Gums are commonly found in the
913:Department of the Environment and Energy
693:"Native animals of the Echuca district"
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421:Perhaps if the damage is quickly mended
766:"Wiradjuri People - The Life of Riley"
423:His shores and banks strongly defended
413:'No one knows how long he's been there
353:), with marsupial species such as the
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419:His dying will be a terrible account
383:Pre-European occupation of the area
417:Father to many, too many to count.
415:Twisted, old ravaged beyond repair
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226:, or common cumbungi, as well as
874:Davies, Anne (22 January 2019).
529:The Nature Conservancy Australia
230:forests, mainly River Red Gums (
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29:Fivebough and Tuckerbil Wetlands
480:adjacent to the Cumbung Swamp.
450:Register of the National Estate
196:Register of the National Estate
743:Australian Government (2018).
645:"State of the catchments 2010"
606:Murray Darling Basin Authority
425:Old River Bidgee need never be
374:The Australian Painted Snipe (
325:Murray Darling Basin Authority
211:The Cumbung swamp is a highly
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792:"Riverina - regional history"
560:Driver, Patrick (June 2004).
822:Australian Heritage Database
392:people, which translates to
153:in the South West Region of
443:Protection and conservation
194:as well as the now-defunct
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796:www.environment.nsw.gov.au
723:www.environment.nsw.gov.au
620:"Eucalyptus camaldulensis"
525:"Saving the Great Cumbung"
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745:"Wetlands Australia 2018"
719:"Riverina - biodiversity"
247:(Eucalyptus largiflorens)
73:The (Great) Cumbung Swamp
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42:The (Great) Cumbung Swamp
243:Muehlenbeckia florulenta
232:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
120:34.37417°S 143.953000°E
466:The Nature Conservancy
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394:people of three rivers
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180:The Nature Conservancy
827:Australian Government
697:stocky.mcmedia.com.au
679:Australian Government
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340:Eastern Grey Kangaroo
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241:. Species of Lignum (
125:-34.37417; 143.953000
945:DIWA-listed wetlands
376:Rostratula australis
219:Phragmites australis
159:Murray Darling Basin
141:, also known as the
86:Nearest town or city
940:Swamps of Australia
433:Iris Clayton (1988)
143:Great Cumbung Swamp
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18:Great Cumbung Swamp
770:lifeofriley.net.au
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365:Introduced animals
359:Petaurus breviceps
344:Macropus giganteus
320:endangered species
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269:to minimise such.
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312:Straw Necked Ibis
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833:19 December
470:stewardship
306:Australiaâ,
165:Description
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98:Coordinates
934:Categories
500:References
474:ecotourism
402:scar trees
333:Murray Cod
316:Spoonbills
280:Cumbungi (
186:Importance
108:34°22â˛27âłS
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888:0261-3077
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172:Balranald
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854:ABC News
431:â
267:strategy
255:alluvial
228:Eucalypt
202:Wildlife
608:. 2012.
348:Echidna
213:diverse
918:6 June
893:6 June
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801:12 May
775:12 May
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702:24 May
629:5 June
534:11 May
472:, and
346:) and
748:(PDF)
675:(PDF)
648:(PDF)
602:(PDF)
400:many
289:Fauna
207:Flora
920:2019
895:2019
884:ISSN
861:2019
835:2019
803:2019
777:2019
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704:2019
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536:2019
314:and
222:and
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