815:
656:
696:
More people were internally exiled to border regions. Fusu, the emperor’s eldest son, counseled: "The empire just achieved peace, and the barbarians in distant areas have not surrendered. The scholars all venerate
Confucius and take him as a role model. Your servant fears if Your Majesty punishes them so severely, it may cause unrest in the empire. Please observe this, Your Majesty." However, he did not change his father's mind and instead was sent to guard the frontier as a de facto exile."
801:
35:
829:
724:(焚书坑儒的真伪虚实—半桩伪造的历史), which raised four doubts about "executing the ru scholars" ("坑儒") and argued that Sima Qian had misused historical materials. Li believes that the burning the books and executing the ru scholars is a pseudo-history that is cleverly synthesized with real "burning the books" (真实的"焚书") and false "executing the ru scholars" (虚假的"坑儒").
540:
and especially historical records of other states than Qin), and philosophy. The ancient collection of poetry and historical records contained many stories concerning the ancient virtuous rulers. Li Si believed that if the people were to read these works they were likely to invoke the past and become
788:
Sima Qian reports that the scholars were "keng, 坑", a word that he uses in several other places. The context in these places shows that the meaning is "to kill", not "to bury alive". The character in earlier texts meant "pit, moat" and then took on the meaning of "to trap and kill". Sima Qian used
764:
did not contain the glorification of defeated feudal states which the First
Emperor gave as his reason for destroying them. She suggests that the story might be based on the fact that the Qin palace was razed in 207 BCE and many books were undoubtedly lost at that time. Martin Kern adds that Qin and
514:
shall be publicly executed. Anyone who uses history to criticize the present shall have his family executed. Any official who sees the violations but fails to report them is equally guilty. Anyone who has failed to burn the books after thirty days of this announcement shall be subjected to tattooing
344:
Modern scholars agree that Qin Shi Huang gathered and destroyed many works that he regarded as incorrect or subversive. He ordered two copies of each text to be preserved in imperial libraries. Some were destroyed in the fighting following the fall of the dynasty. He had scholars killed, but not by
695:
The first emperor therefore directed the imperial censor to investigate the scholars one by one. The scholars accused each other, so the emperor personally determined their fate. More than 460 of them were buried alive at
Xianyang, and the event was announced to all under heaven to warn followers.
553:
heritage is difficult to assess, for details have not been recorded in history. Several facts, however, indicate that the consequences of this event, although enduring, were not extensive. First, it is recorded in Li Si's memorial that all technological books were to be spared. Secondly, even the
557:
In some categories of books, history suffered one of the greatest losses of ancient times. Extremely few state history books before Qin have survived. Li Si stated that all history books not in the Qin interpretation were to be burned. It is not clear whether copies of these books were actually
784:
mentions no
Confucian scholar by name as a victim of the executions, and in fact, no other text mentions the executions at all until the 1st century AD. The earliest known use of the famous phrase "burning the books and executing the Confucians" is not noted until the early 4th century.
341:. As a court scholar, Sima had every reason to denigrate the earlier emperor to flatter his own, but later Confucians did not question the story. According to the historian Ulrich Neininger, their message was, "If you take our life, Heaven will take the life of your dynasty."
558:
burned or allowed to stay in the imperial archives. Even if some histories were preserved, they possibly would have been destroyed in 206 BCE when enemies captured and burnt the Qin imperial palaces in which the archives were most likely located.
736:
was partly to "slander" the state they defeated and partly because Han scholars misunderstood the nature of the texts, for it was only after the founding of the Han that Sima Qian labeled the Five
Classics as "Confucian".
1675:
1629:
731:
observes that despite its mythic significance, the
Burning of the Books legend does not bear close scrutiny. Nylan suggests that the reason Han dynasty scholars charged the Qin with destroying the Confucian
687:, while seeking prolonged life, Qin Shi Huang ordered more than 460 scholars in the capital to be buried alive in the second year of the proscription. The belief was based on this passage in the
1738:
582:, "Pits for Book-burning") about the policy of destruction by both the Qin dynasty and the rebels (of which Liu Bang and Xiang Yu were the examples cited as they entered the capital city
541:
dissatisfied with the present. The reason for opposing various schools of philosophy was that they advocated political ideas often incompatible with the totalitarian regime.
2865:
519:. The books that have exemption are those on medicine, divination, agriculture, and forestry. Those who have interest in laws shall instead study from officials.
1682:
1438:
1762:
1813:
1293:
1539:
1588:
1208:
Neininger, Ulrich (1983), "Burying the
Scholars Alive: On the Origin of a Confucian Martyrs' Legend", Nation and Mythology", in Eberhard, Wolfram (ed.),
1778:
1636:
1327:
789:
it to describe the annihilation of an enemy army. The misunderstanding came in later dynasties when the meaning of "to bury alive" became common.
554:"objectionable" books, poetry and philosophy in particular, were preserved in imperial archives and allowed to be kept by the official scholars.
1176:
2875:
2870:
2855:
1620:
1532:
1322:
1189:
1134:
1059:
663:
1574:
2845:
1431:
1163:
2830:
2820:
2764:
1806:
1731:
1337:
1286:
1125:
Goldin, Paul R. (2005), "The rise and fall of the Qin empire", in Mair, Victor H.; Steinhardt, Nancy S.; Goldin, Paul R. (eds.),
2757:
2545:
876:
394:
was attacked and the imperial palace ransacked. Mang died in the battle and, at the end, forces burned the national library of
2850:
466:
337:
270:
191:
71:
2835:
1704:
1512:
321:
226:
85:
1523:
1424:
1317:
2860:
2568:
1799:
1279:
137:
532:
Three categories of books were viewed by Li Si to be most dangerous politically. These were poetry (particularly the
506:, they shall deliver them (the books) to the governor or the commandant for burning. Anyone who dares to discuss the
997:
2825:
503:
317:
2525:
1886:
1661:
1654:
1602:
1505:
1390:
922:相李斯曰：「臣請史官非秦記皆燒之。非博士官所職，天下敢有藏詩、書、百家語者，悉詣守、尉雜燒之。有敢偶語詩書者棄市。以古非今者族。吏見知不舉者與同罪。令下三十日不燒，黥為城旦。所不去者，醫藥卜筮種樹之書。若欲有學法令，以吏為師。
2064:
2059:
1496:
1478:
1462:
776:
Sima Qian's account of the execution of the scholars has similar difficulties. First, no text earlier than the
426:
655:
2789:
2726:
2437:
2374:
2316:
2258:
2248:
1961:
1946:
1724:
1149:
550:
1045:(於是使御史悉案问诸生，诸生传相告引，乃自除犯禁者四百六十馀人，皆阬之咸阳，使天下知之，以惩後。益发谪徙边。始皇长子扶苏谏曰：「天下初定，远方黔首未集，诸生皆诵法孔子，今上皆重法绳之，臣恐天下不安。唯上察之。」)
2885:
2840:
2442:
2138:
1668:
1610:
1560:
278:
254:
2709:
2661:
2641:
2560:
2550:
2334:
2218:
1567:
901:
885:
436:
327:
Modern historians doubt the details of the story, which first appeared more than a century later in the
2880:
2676:
2467:
2417:
2153:
2148:
2118:
1981:
1747:
1485:
1385:
1195:
896:
2636:
2626:
2583:
2354:
2181:
2143:
2039:
1447:
1060:"The Truth or Fiction of the Burning the Books and Executing the Ru Scholars: A Half-Faked History"
866:
482:
Chancellor Li Si said: "I, your servant, propose that all historians' records other than those of
2747:
2510:
2409:
2399:
2349:
2268:
2049:
2044:
1936:
1822:
1245:
1113:
856:
722:
The Truth or
Fiction of the Burning the Books and Executing the Ru Scholars: A Half-Faked History
684:
709:
2656:
2593:
2369:
2339:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2196:
2176:
2034:
2019:
1971:
1916:
1400:
1395:
1185:
1159:
1130:
1063:
748:
742:
382:
175:
167:
740:
Nylan points out that the Qin court appointed classical scholars who were specialists on the
527:, Chapter 6. "The Basic Annals of the First Emperor of Qin" thirty-fourth year (213 BCE)
2815:
2794:
2618:
2598:
2500:
2462:
2447:
2238:
2213:
2087:
2069:
2029:
1926:
1841:
1368:
1237:
1145:
881:
571:
487:
471:
350:
116:
1257:
2784:
2769:
2714:
2535:
2311:
2158:
2133:
2098:
1941:
1581:
1373:
1260:
846:
151:
2666:
2530:
2515:
2477:
2457:
2394:
2233:
2208:
2113:
1996:
1976:
1931:
1909:
1546:
1342:
834:
609:
405:
395:
247:
240:
478:
suggested suppressing intellectual discourse to unify thought and political opinion.
2809:
2774:
2731:
2540:
2520:
2359:
2103:
1951:
1856:
1716:
1405:
1172:
871:
754:
733:
728:
603:
440:
313:
17:
1144:
Kern, Martin (2010), "Early
Chinese Literature: Beginnings through Western Han", in
800:
2779:
2699:
2694:
2578:
2422:
2364:
2344:
1851:
1770:
1754:
1595:
1553:
1379:
1363:
1241:
842:
820:
806:
599:
567:
486:'s be burned. Except the academics whose duty includes possessing books, if anyone
301:
219:
123:
34:
1153:
700:
An account given by Wei Hong in the 2nd century added another 700 to the figure.
2671:
2631:
2482:
2389:
2384:
2253:
2243:
2228:
2054:
2024:
2006:
1871:
1302:
717:
713:
483:
444:
430:
401:
391:
328:
305:
263:
39:
2752:
2651:
2608:
2573:
2492:
2432:
2326:
2263:
2082:
1966:
1956:
1881:
1866:
1861:
1836:
852:
796:
595:
516:
417:
2472:
2452:
2427:
2306:
2278:
2191:
2128:
2014:
1876:
1846:
862:
461:
387:
363:'"Confucians"'), since that school had not yet been formed as such.
332:
309:
184:
773:, which would not have been possible if they had been burned, as reported.
316:. The events were alleged to have destroyed philosophical treatises of the
320:, with the goal of strengthening the official Qin governing philosophy of
2603:
2379:
2203:
2186:
2123:
1986:
1904:
1896:
1358:
1210:
East Asian
Civilizations. New Attempts at Understanding Traditions vol. 2
891:
760:
619:
615:
590:
As the smoke from burning bamboo and silk clears, the empire is weakened.
583:
570:'s national records were destroyed by fire. Tang dynasty poet Zhang Jie (
492:
447:
army in his castle; Yuan set fire to the collection of national records.
205:
1249:
1117:
2719:
2704:
2588:
2505:
2223:
1991:
1921:
752:, which meant that these texts would have been exempted, and that the
675:
498:
413:
409:
1416:
1104:
Chan, Lois Mai (1972), "The Burning of the Books in China, 213 B.C.",
2646:
1791:
1271:
408:
dissipated of the state library by upheavals that resulted from the
1214:
1088:
947:
2686:
2286:
1630:
Public Pledge on Self-Discipline for the Chinese Internet Industry
680:
667:
654:
475:
33:
252:
2168:
765:
early Han writings frequently cite the Classics, especially the
421:
1795:
1420:
1275:
231:
608:
Pits of ash were not yet cold, disorder reigned east of the
275:
210:
196:
972:
970:
968:
429:, dissipation of the state library by the upheavals of
920:
1224:
the First Emperor of Ch'in burn? – on the meaning of
1062:. Collected Papers of History Studies. Archived from
662:, anonymous 18th century Chinese painted album leaf;
172:
156:
142:
128:
2740:
2685:
2617:
2559:
2491:
2408:
2325:
2277:
2167:
2078:
2005:
1895:
1829:
1696:
1646:
1522:
1495:
1461:
1454:
1351:
1310:
712:(李开元), a researcher in the field of history of the
269:
262:
246:
239:
225:
218:
204:
190:
183:
166:
150:
136:
122:
115:
110:
98:
84:
70:
61:
989:
987:
985:
673:Tradition had it that after being deceived by two
1129:, University of Hawai'i Press, pp. 151–160,
1127:The Hawai'i Reader in Traditional Chinese Culture
474:, unified China in 221 BCE, his chancellor
1258:Chapter 25 Burning Books & Burying Scholars
693:
588:
480:
312:scholars in 212 BCE ordered by Chinese emperor
1220:Petersen, Jens Østergård (1995), "Which books
1158:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–114,
1807:
1432:
1287:
345:being buried alive, and the victims were not
90:
76:
27:Qin dynasty purge of heterodoxy (213–212 BCE)
8:
1155:The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature
358:
1814:
1800:
1792:
1763:Silenced: China's Great Wall of Censorship
1458:
1439:
1425:
1417:
1294:
1280:
1272:
660:Killing the Scholars and Burning the Books
107:
1084:
943:
1472:Burning of books and burying of scholars
1333:Burning of books and burying of scholars
298:burning of books and burying of scholars
62:Burning of books and burying of scholars
1779:Party media takes the party's last name
936:
913:
1256:Sima Qian: "The First Emperor of Qín"
959:
174:
58:
2866:Persecution of intellectuals in China
1328:Qin's campaign against the Yue tribes
976:
525:Shi Ji (Record of the Grand Historian
7:
1033:
1021:
1009:
993:
1263:University of California San Diego.
1323:Qin's campaign against the Xiongnu
102:burning books and burying scholars
25:
470:, after Qin Shi Huang, the first
1338:Chen Sheng and Wu Guang uprising
827:
813:
799:
664:Bibliothèque nationale de France
640:kēng huī wèi lĕng shān dōng luàn
2458:Party platforms (or manifestos)
1676:Television programme censorship
1637:Restrictions on geographic data
877:Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution
276:
253:
232:
211:
197:
1506:Censorship of displaying blood
1242:10.1080/02549948.1995.11731268
1106:The Journal of Library History
1098:References and further reading
720:, published an article titled
467:Records of the Grand Historian
338:Records of the Grand Historian
173:
157:
143:
129:
91:
77:
1:
2876:Political repression in China
2871:Political and cultural purges
2856:History of Chinese philosophy
1533:Censorship of Winnie-the-Pooh
1178:The five "Confucian" classics
780:mentions the executions, the
644:liú xiàng yuán lái bù dú shū
504:hundred schools of philosophy
2546:Rally 'round the flag effect
578:) wrote a poem (titled 焚书坑,
549:The extent of the damage to
374:Ancient Chinese book events
1228:in early Chinese sources",
636:guān hé kōng suǒ zŭ lóng jū
566:At the end of the Qin, the
2902:
921:
456:Punishment of the scholars
318:Hundred Schools of Thought
1887:Manipulation (psychology)
1575:Internet real-name system
1391:Shuihudi Qin bamboo texts
1318:Qin's wars of unification
1184:, Yale University Press,
575:
515:and be sent to build the
502:, or the writings of the
354:
290:
106:
66:
2846:Book censorship in China
2065:Criticism of advertising
1589:List of blocked websites
632:zhú bó yān xiāo dì yè xū
72:Traditional Chinese
2831:History of Confucianism
2821:3rd century BC in China
2727:Promotional merchandise
2438:Character assassination
2375:Narcotizing dysfunction
2249:Photograph manipulation
1962:Guerrilla communication
1725:Censorship in Hong Kong
586:one after the other.):
381:'' Book burning of the
86:Simplified Chinese
2710:Product demonstrations
2139:Historical negationism
1611:Illegal flower tribute
1561:Green Dam Youth Escort
1479:List of censored books
698:
670:
651:Burial of the scholars
648:
530:
52:
2851:History of censorship
2642:Reputation management
2561:Psychological warfare
2410:Political campaigning
2219:Firehose of falsehood
1568:Golden Shield Project
902:Twenty-Four Histories
886:Chinese classic texts
658:
626:Original Chinese text
400:'' At the end of the
212:fan4-syu1 haang1-jyu4
37:
18:Great Confucian purge
2836:Anti-intellectualism
2677:Corporate propaganda
1748:Document Number Nine
1513:List of banned films
1486:Literary inquisition
1386:Twelve Metal Colossi
897:Literary Inquisition
602:guard the domain of
551:Chinese intellectual
304:in 213 BCE and
271:Baxter–Sagart (2014)
2765:Media concentration
2637:Non-apology apology
2627:Cult of personality
2355:Emotive conjugation
2109:Burying of scholars
1524:Internet censorship
1448:Censorship in China
1012:, pp. 105–107.
867:Cultural Revolution
562:Later book burnings
427:Yang-Jia turbulence
367:Traditional version
2861:Massacres in China
2748:Influence-for-hire
2541:National mythology
2511:Crowd manipulation
2400:Tabloid journalism
2269:Video manipulation
2214:Fictitious entries
1937:Civil disobedience
1823:Media manipulation
1621:Wikimedia projects
1212:, pp. 121–136
857:Freedom of thought
671:
614:As it turned out,
512:Classic of History
490:has copies of the
443:surrounded by the
300:was the purported
198:fàhn-syū hāang-yùh
53:
2826:Anti-Confucianism
2803:
2802:
2569:Airborne leaflets
2448:Election promises
2302:Product placement
2177:Alternative facts
1917:Alternative media
1789:
1788:
1692:
1691:
1655:Censorship abroad
1414:
1413:
1401:The First Emperor
1396:Ten Crimes of Qin
1191:978-0-300-08185-5
1136:978-0-8248-2785-4
979:, pp. 29–30.
771:Classic of Poetry
749:Book of Documents
743:Classic of Poetry
453:
452:
425:'' At the end of
383:First Qin Emperor
361:
294:
293:
286:
285:
192:Yale Romanization
117:Standard Mandarin
57:
56:
51:Outlying regions
16:(Redirected from
2893:
2795:Media proprietor
2619:Public relations
2599:Public diplomacy
2584:Information (IT)
2463:Name recognition
2088:Media regulation
2070:Annoyance factor
1927:Call-out culture
1842:Crowd psychology
1816:
1809:
1802:
1793:
1782:
1773:
1766:
1757:
1750:
1741:
1739:Press Censorship
1734:
1727:
1720:
1711:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1662:Music censorship
1657:
1639:
1632:
1623:
1614:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1515:
1508:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1459:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1418:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1273:
1253:
1230:Monumenta Serica
1213:
1202:
1200:
1194:, archived from
1183:
1168:
1146:Kang-i Sun Chang
1140:
1121:
1092:
1085:Neininger (1983)
1082:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1066:on June 14, 2021
1056:
1050:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
991:
980:
974:
963:
957:
951:
944:Neininger (1983)
941:
925:
924:
923:
918:
882:History of China
837:
832:
831:
830:
823:
818:
817:
816:
809:
804:
803:
622:could not read.
577:
528:
472:emperor of China
371:
370:
362:
359:
356:
302:burning of texts
282:
281:
280:
279:buns-takʰˤreŋnyu
258:
257:
256:
235:
234:
233:hûn-tsu khenn-lû
214:
213:
200:
199:
179:
178:
177:
162:
161:
160:
159:fen-shu k'eng-ju
146:
145:
132:
131:
108:
94:
93:
80:
79:
59:
50:
46:
42:in 210 BCE
30:
29:
21:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2790:Media influence
2785:Media franchise
2770:Media democracy
2736:
2681:
2613:
2555:
2536:Loaded language
2487:
2404:
2321:
2273:
2163:
2092:
2074:
2001:
1942:Culture jamming
1891:
1825:
1820:
1790:
1785:
1776:
1769:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1714:
1707:Southern Weekly
1703:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1619:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1582:Jingwang Weishi
1580:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1497:Film censorship
1491:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1463:Book censorship
1450:
1445:
1415:
1410:
1374:Terracotta Army
1347:
1306:
1300:
1270:
1261:David K. Jordan
1219:
1207:
1198:
1192:
1181:
1171:
1166:
1143:
1137:
1124:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1083:
1079:
1069:
1067:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1004:
992:
983:
975:
966:
958:
954:
942:
938:
934:
929:
928:
919:
915:
910:
847:Book censorship
833:
828:
826:
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255:bɨunɕɨʌkʰˠæŋȵɨo
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138:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
99:Literal meaning
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2478:Smear campaign
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2209:False document
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2114:Catch and kill
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1343:Battle of Julu
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1269:
1268:External links
1266:
1265:
1264:
1254:
1217:
1204:
1203:
1201:on 2014-06-11.
1190:
1173:Nylan, Michael
1169:
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1141:
1135:
1122:
1112:(2): 101–108,
1099:
1096:
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1038:
1036:, p. 107.
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1024:, p. 106.
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610:Xiao Mountains
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2758:United States
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2104:Broadcast law
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755:Book of Rites
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734:Five Classics
730:
729:Michael Nylan
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691:(chapter 6):
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604:Qin Shi Huang
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460:According to
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441:Liang dynasty
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130:fénshū kēngrú
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41:
36:
32:
31:
19:
2780:Media ethics
2700:Door-to-door
2695:Cold calling
2672:Weasel words
2579:Fifth column
2473:Push polling
2423:Astroturfing
2385:Pseudo-event
2365:Infotainment
2340:Broadcasting
2259:Urban legend
2182:April Fools'
2108:
2055:Testimonials
2025:Infomercials
1852:Dumbing down
1771:The Three Ts
1761:
1755:Naming taboo
1706:
1554:Great Cannon
1471:
1380:The Acrobats
1378:
1364:Epang Palace
1332:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1209:
1196:the original
1177:
1154:
1150:Stephen Owen
1126:
1109:
1105:
1080:
1070:November 22,
1068:. Retrieved
1064:the original
1054:
1046:
1041:
1029:
1017:
1005:
977:Nylan (2001)
955:
939:
916:
843:Book burning
821:China portal
807:Books portal
787:
781:
777:
775:
770:
766:
759:
753:
747:
741:
739:
727:The scholar
726:
721:
707:
699:
694:
688:
679:alchemists,
674:
672:
659:
629:
600:Yellow River
593:
589:
580:Fen Shu Keng
579:
568:Epang Palace
565:
556:
548:
545:Consequences
537:
536:), history (
533:
531:
524:
511:
507:
497:
491:
488:under heaven
481:
465:
459:
437:Emperor Yuan
380:
346:
343:
336:
326:
297:
295:
220:Southern Min
124:Hanyu Pinyin
2881:Qin dynasty
2652:Sound bites
2632:Doublespeak
2483:Wedge issue
2443:Dog whistle
2418:Advertising
2244:Lying press
2229:Gaslighting
2007:Advertising
1982:Occupations
1872:Obfuscation
1862:Half-truths
1455:By industry
1303:Qin dynasty
1034:Chan (1972)
1022:Chan (1972)
1010:Chan (1972)
996:, pp.
994:Kern (2010)
718:Han dynasty
714:Qin dynasty
445:Western Wei
431:Western Jin
402:Han dynasty
390:'s capital
329:Han dynasty
306:live burial
264:Old Chinese
47:Qin region
40:Qin dynasty
2810:Categories
2753:Media bias
2609:Subversion
2574:False flag
2551:Techniques
2493:Propaganda
2453:Lawn signs
2433:Canvassing
2327:News media
2083:Censorship
2015:Billboards
1967:Hacktivism
1957:Grassroots
1882:Persuasion
1540:Euphemisms
1087:, p.
946:, p.
853:Censorship
710:Li Kaiyuan
704:Skepticism
596:Hangu Pass
517:Great Wall
152:Wade–Giles
2715:Promotion
2594:Political
2501:Bandwagon
2428:Attack ad
2307:Publicity
2279:Marketing
2192:Fake news
2154:Religious
2149:Political
2129:Euphemism
2124:Cover-ups
2119:Corporate
1987:Petitions
1877:Orwellian
1847:Deception
1603:Dragonfly
932:Citations
863:Four Olds
767:Documents
708:In 2010,
685:Han Zhong
462:Sima Qian
416:(蜀), and
388:Wang Mang
333:Sima Qian
331:official
310:Confucian
2662:Transfer
2604:Sedition
2468:Negative
2380:Newspeak
2370:Managing
2312:Research
2287:Branding
2239:Literary
2204:Fakelore
2197:websites
2187:Deepfake
2144:Internet
2035:Modeling
1992:Protests
1972:Internet
1905:Advocacy
1897:Activism
1732:Internet
1709:incident
1359:Xianyang
1352:See also
1250:40727062
1236:: 1–52,
1226:Pai chia
1175:(2001),
1152:(eds.),
1118:25540352
892:Itzcoatl
793:See also
769:and the
761:Zuozhuan
758:and the
746:and the
642:劉項原來不讀書.
638:坑灰未冷山東亂,
634:关河空锁祖龙居。
630:竹帛烟销帝业虚，
620:Xiang Yu
616:Liu Bang
606:in vain.
598:and the
584:Xianyang
522:—
508:Shi Jing
493:Shi Jing
422:contests
392:Chang'an
322:Legalism
206:Jyutping
2816:210s BC
2741:Related
2720:Spaving
2705:Pricing
2647:Slogans
2589:Lawfare
2526:Framing
2506:Big lie
2297:Product
2292:Loyalty
2224:Forgery
2169:Hoaxing
2050:Slogans
2030:Mobiles
1922:Boycott
1830:Context
1697:Related
1311:History
1049:vol. 6.
998:111–112
865:in the
676:fangshi
572:Chinese
538:Shujing
534:Book of
510:or the
499:Shujing
439:of the
351:Chinese
308:of 460
2345:Circus
2254:Racial
1647:Others
1596:Google
1305:topics
1248:
1215:Online
1188:
1162:
1133:
1116:
689:Shiji
594:(The)
574::
496:, the
404:, the
353::
227:Tâi-lô
49:
45:
2687:Sales
2390:Scrum
2350:Cycle
2264:Virus
2134:Films
2099:Books
2040:Radio
2020:False
1997:Youth
1977:Media
1910:group
1867:Media
1705:2013
1246:JSTOR
1199:(PDF)
1182:(PDF)
1114:JSTOR
1047:Shiji
908:Notes
782:Shiji
778:Shiji
681:Xu Fu
668:Paris
476:Li Si
412:(魏),
277:*
2657:Spin
2234:List
2159:Self
1837:Bias
1186:ISBN
1160:ISBN
1131:ISBN
1072:2020
716:and
683:and
618:and
420:(吳)
360:lit.
296:The
92:焚书坑儒
78:焚書坑儒
38:The
2045:Sex
1238:doi
1222:did
1089:135
948:122
484:Qin
464:'s
435:''
414:Shu
410:Wei
386:''
335:'s
168:IPA
2812::
2060:TV
1244:,
1234:43
1232:,
1148:;
1108:,
984:^
967:^
666:,
576:章碣
418:Wu
398:.
357:;
347:rú
324:.
1815:e
1808:t
1801:v
1781:"
1777:"
1719:"
1715:"
1613:"
1609:"
1440:e
1433:t
1426:v
1295:e
1288:t
1281:v
1252:.
1240::
1139:.
1120:.
1110:7
1091:.
1074:.
1000:.
950:.
888:)
884:(
859:)
855:(
849:)
845:(
612:.
433:.
355:儒
349:(
20:)
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