49:
1999:
433:
817:
353:
730:
from the Thirty Years' War; it had lost half its population from war, disease and emigration. The capital Berlin had only 6,000 people left when the wars ended in 1648. He united the multiple separate domains that his family had acquired primarily by marriage over the decades, and built the powerful unified state of
Prussia out of them. His success in rebuilding the lands and his astute military and diplomatic leadership propelled him into the ranks of the prominent rulers in an era of "absolutism". Historians compare him to his contemporaries such as Louis XIV of France (1643–1715),
828:
597:
1537:
1838:
750:, soap, paper, and iron. He paid attention to infrastructure, especially building the Frederick William Canal through Berlin, linking his capital city to ocean traffic. He was frustrated in building up naval power, lacking ports and sailors. A learned man, he founded a university and established the Berlin library.
745:
refugees from France in his domains, which helped establish industry and trade, as did the foreign craftsmen he brought in. He established local governments in each province, headed by a governor and a chancellor, but they reported to his central government in Berlin. The Great
Elector is most famous
729:
In his half-century reign, 1640–1688, the Great
Elector transformed the small remote state of Prussia into a great power by augmenting and integrating the Hohenzollern family possessions in northern Germany and Prussia. When he became elector (ruler) of Brandenburg in 1640, the country was in ruins
967:
The suspicion that
Dorothea worked towards a division of Brandenburg-Prussia in order to secure an income for her sons is regarded as refuted by historical scholarship. This negative perception is based on the fact that some publicists do not base their critical judgments on Dorothea on the primary
963:
In both self-confident women he found political advisers who thought and acted pragmatically. Both accompanied him on his campaigns. Luise
Henriette also distinguished herself through charity, Sophie Dorothea through extraordinary business acumen, which allowed her to increase both her own fortune
746:
for building a strong standing army, with an elite officer corps. In 1668 he introduced the
Prussian General Staff; it became the model in controlling an army for other European powers. Funding the military through heavy taxes required building up new industry, such as wool, cotton, linen,
217:
331:
908:
291:
964:(and thus the inheritance of her children) and to strengthen the state economy. Both also left behind impressive palace buildings that they had built on their fiefs from their own income.
1552:
741:
Although a strict
Calvinist who stood ready to form alliances against the Catholic states led by France's Louis XIV, he was tolerant of Catholics and Jews. He settled some 20,000
412:
faith, associated with the rising commercial class. He saw the importance of trade and promoted it vigorously. His shrewd domestic reforms gave
Prussia a strong position in the
2313:
2278:
2103:
1998:
1334:
452:
639:
in 1678. He is noted for his use of broad directives and delegation of decision-making to his commanders, which would later become the basis for the German doctrine of
935:
709:, bolstering the country's technical and industrial base. On Blumenthal's advice he agreed to exempt the nobility from taxes and in return they agreed to dissolve the
296:
281:
923:
271:
48:
916:
1937:
1557:
659:
Since his capital Berlin had suffered greatly from the
Swedish occupation during the Thirty Years' War, Friedrich Wilhelm commissioned the master engineer
352:
2263:
2190:
1008:
2175:
869:
600:
494:, heir to the throne of Sweden, but although the idea was revived during the peace negotiations between Sweden and Brandenburg, it came to nothing.
261:
972:. There is no question, however, that the Elector's eldest surviving son and successor harbored at least corresponding fears about his stepmother.
2273:
956:
631:. After marching 250 kilometres in 15 days back to Brandenburg, he caught the Swedes by surprise and managed to defeat them on the field at the
2253:
2200:
2195:
1978:
1973:
1092:
1034:
573:
448:
321:
89:
765:. As Brandenburg-Prussia remained economically impoverished after the Thirty Years War, he hoped to replicate the mercantile successes of the
635:, destroying the myth of Swedish military invincibility. He later destroyed another Swedish army that invaded the Duchy of Prussia during the
2096:
1711:
941:
713:. He also simplified travel in Brandenburg and the Duchy of Prussia by connecting riverways with canals, a system that was expanded by later
286:
2323:
2160:
1485:
2298:
2185:
2170:
2155:
1066:
1842:
184:
31:
1968:
1930:
1645:
1614:
1581:
1128:
851:
487:
904:
432:
2318:
2230:
2123:
2089:
2036:
888:
679:
816:
2225:
2041:
2031:
947:
2288:
2283:
2215:
2021:
1276:
827:
797:
793:
564:. Although he rejoined the anti-French alliance in 1674, this left him diplomatically isolated; despite conquering much of
2149:
2138:
2112:
2051:
1886:
628:
2293:
1923:
1821:
509:, Frederick William focused on rebuilding his war-ravaged territories. Brandenburg-Prussia benefited from his policy of
266:
2268:
1946:
929:
900:
611:
Frederick
William was a military commander of wide renown, and his standing army would later become the model for the
276:
969:
1250:
491:
456:
377:
2258:
2046:
847:
682:. He succeeded in his goal of centralizing the administration and increasing the revenue, and was an advocate of
2133:
1398:
1186:
968:
sources, but on the centuries-old legends that are mainly based on publications after her death, especially by
774:
766:
758:
675:
2128:
1963:
616:
561:
2210:
2068:
2016:
1988:
1907:
1893:
1513:
875:
660:
623:, marked "the beginning of Prussian military history", but the Swedes turned on him at the behest of King
557:
421:
99:
67:
1730:(The Brandenburg Amazon Electress Dorothea of Brandenburg), Göttingen 2012, ISBN 978-3-932313-48-6, p. 41
2165:
1857:
1793:
687:
671:
in northern Italy. Large parts were finished between 1658 and 1662, but the last ramparts only in 1683.
604:
393:
311:
2308:
2303:
1430:
805:
785:
762:
735:
632:
585:
475:
413:
150:
408:) because of his military and political achievements. Frederick William was a staunch pillar of the
2220:
2026:
801:
702:
654:
518:
510:
389:
130:
1507:
2007:
1370:
1308:
859:
842:, Frederick William entered into a marriage, proposed by Blumenthal as a partial solution to the
714:
636:
530:
417:
1798:
Richardson, Oliver H. "Religious Toleration under the Great Elector and Its Material Results."
761:(BAC), marking the first organised and sustained attempt by a German state to take part in the
2180:
1707:
1641:
1610:
1577:
565:
506:
483:
245:
134:
1701:
1637:
1631:
1606:
1599:
2144:
1954:
1542:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
855:
706:
549:
526:
522:
468:
437:
385:
166:
804:(aka North German Lloyd) also built a cargo and passenger liner for North Atlantic service
416:
political order of Northern-Central Europe, setting Prussia up for elevation from duchy to
1897:
1743:
Carsten, Francis L. "The Great Elector and the foundation of the Hohenzollern despotism."
1154:
866:
William Henry, Electoral Prince of Brandenburg (21 May 1648 – 24 October 1649) died young.
832:
821:
731:
691:
664:
534:
460:
365:
71:
596:
2072:
912:
843:
641:
553:
464:
373:
2247:
1548:
1543:
769:. The charter he granted to the BAC stipulated that they could establish a colony in
754:
718:
612:
538:
122:
1576:. Neue deutsche Geschichte (in German). Vol. 5. Munich: Beck. pp. 402ff.
683:
668:
620:
896:
777:. Between 17,000 and 30,000 enslaved Africans were transported by the BAC to the
770:
710:
569:
479:
54:
2056:
1506:
17:
839:
624:
409:
341:
1703:
Slavery Hinterland: Transatlantic Slavery and Continental Europe, 1680-1850
1561:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 67–68.
581:
2081:
1837:
778:
742:
698:
695:
674:
Frederick William raised an army of 45,000 soldiers by 1678, through the
497:
When his father died in 1640, the 20-year-old's reign as elector began.
514:
306:
154:
1915:
1803:
1748:
444:
126:
1662:
The German Way of War. From the Thirty Years War to the Third Reich.
490:. During his boyhood, a marriage had been suggested between him and
218:
Princess Dorothea Sophie of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-GlĂĽcksburg
30:
For the electors of Brandenburg who were also kings of Prussia, see
1769:
The German Way of War. From the Thirty Years War to the Third Reich
1486:
German colonial projects before 1871#Brandenburg-Prussian colonies
826:
815:
595:
577:
615:. He is notable for his joint victory with Swedish forces at the
747:
667:
began in 1650 following the contemporary fortification model of
545:
to fully sovereign (after a brief period of control by Sweden).
542:
381:
2085:
1919:
753:
In 1682, at the suggestion of the Dutch merchant and privateer
505:
Following the Thirty Years' War, which devastated much of the
884:
Henry (19 November 1664 – 26 November 1664) died in infancy.
881:
Amalie (19 November 1664 – 1 February 1665) died in infancy.
784:
Significant ships named after Frederick William include two
1783:
The Great Elector: Frederick William of Brandenburg-Prussia
1816:
Wilson, Peter H. "The Great Elector. (Shorter Notices)."
1762:
Iron kingdom: the rise and downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947
1728:
Die märkische Amazone Kurfürstin Dorothea von Brandenburg
1601:
Iron kingdom: the rise and downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947
909:
Philip, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-GlĂĽcksburg
277:
Marie Amelie, Hereditary Princess of Mecklenburg-GĂĽstrow
572:, he was obliged to return most of it to Sweden in the
517:
to build up an army that took part in the 1655 to 1660
984:
Ancestors of Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg
953:
Dorothea (6 June 1675 – 11 September 1676) died young.
392:, from 1640 until his death in 1688. A member of the
2006:
1953:
1636:. Vol. 2. Princeton University Press. p.
645:, and for using rapid mobility to defeat his foes.
486:and learning something of war and statecraft under
347:
337:
327:
317:
305:
244:
173:
161:
140:
109:
105:
95:
85:
77:
66:
41:
1826:Upton, George P. Youth of the Great Elector (1909)
1673:David Parker, "Absolutism" in Peter Stearns, ed.,
1598:
781:before the colony was sold to the Dutch in 1721.
694:, Frederick William encouraged skilled French and
663:to plan a city fortification. Construction of the
1688:The Essentials of European History: 1648 to 1789
887:Louis (8 June 1666 – 7 April 1687), who married
474:Owing to the disorder in Brandenburg during the
1785:(Routledge, 2018), standard scholarly biography
272:Philip William, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt
1813:(U of Chicago Press, 1947), outdated biography
2097:
1931:
1776:A History of Modern Germany: Vol 2: 1648–1840
8:
560:but made peace with France in the June 1673
402:
917:Christian Louis, Duke of Brunswick-LĂĽneburg
808:that was later taken into US Navy service.
292:Elisabeth Sophie, Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen
2104:
2090:
2082:
1938:
1924:
1916:
1853:Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg
1848:
1664:pp 1–35. University Press of Kansas, 2005.
989:
980:
831:Frederick William in 1687/88, portrait by
690:. Following Louis XIV's revocation of the
47:
38:
1213:Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg
1009:Joachim Frederick, Elector of Brandenburg
820:Painting of his 1646 wedding ceremony by
2314:German expatriates in the Dutch Republic
2279:German Calvinist and Reformed Christians
1753:Carsten, Francis L. "The Great Elector"
1706:. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 26–30.
1574:Kriege und Krisen. Deutschland 1600–1715
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
870:Charles, Electoral Prince of Brandenburg
858:and his 1st cousin once removed through
431:
372:; 16 February 1620 – 29 April 1688) was
262:Charles, Electoral Prince of Brandenburg
157:, Brandenburg-Prussia, Holy Roman Empire
27:Elector of Brandenburg from 1640 to 1688
1726:Heinrich Jobst Graf von Wintzingerode:
1675:Encyclopedia of European Social History
1497:
436:Frederick William in 1642, portrait by
200:
1633:A History of Modern Germany: 1648–1840
1350:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1108:
1093:George William, Elector of Brandenburg
1035:John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg
998:
994:
686:, monopolies, subsidies, tariffs, and
548:In 1672, Frederick William joined the
449:George William, Elector of Brandenburg
443:Elector Frederick William was born in
322:George William, Elector of Brandenburg
1428:
1418:
1414:
1402:
1396:
1386:
1368:
1358:
1354:
1338:
1335:Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate
1332:
1322:
1306:
1296:
1292:
1280:
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1112:
1096:
1090:
1080:
1064:
1054:
1050:
1038:
1032:
1022:
1006:
1002:
919:. Their children were the following:
453:Elisabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate
332:Elisabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate
7:
1605:. Harvard University Press. p.
1374:Prince of Orange and Count of Nassau
721:; the system is still in use today.
574:1679 Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
478:, he spent part of his youth in the
233:
204:
1700:Felix Brahm; Eve Rosenhaft (2016).
773:, which was subsequently named the
455:. His inheritance consisted of the
1843:Friedrich Wilhelm I of Brandenburg
862:. Their children were as follows:
521:. This ended with the treaties of
185:Countess Luise Henriette of Nassau
25:
1505:Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920).
1399:Countess Louise Juliana of Nassau
1129:Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia
488:Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange
2264:Electoral Princes of Brandenburg
1997:
1836:
1553:Frederick William of Brandenburg
1535:
1067:Catherine of Brandenburg-KĂĽstrin
852:Frederick Henry of Orange-Nassau
680:Joachim Friedrich von Blumenthal
351:
229:
196:
81:1 December 1640 – 29 April 1688
2274:Prince-electors of Brandenburg
1820:117#472 (2002) pp. 714+.
1790:The reign of the Great Elector
1597:Clark, Christopher M. (2006).
1309:Landgravine Elisabeth of Hesse
1277:Frederick IV, Elector Palatine
905:Holstein-Sonderburg-GlĂĽcksburg
757:, he granted a charter to the
537:; these changed the status of
251:
1:
2254:17th-century dukes of Prussia
1431:Princess Charlotte of Bourbon
58:
899:, Frederick William married
396:, he is popularly known as "
267:Frederick I, King in Prussia
2324:Burials at Berlin Cathedral
1757:(1960) 10#2 pp. 83–89.
734:(1682–1725) of Russia, and
601:Statue of Frederick William
588:was definitely recognized.
2340:
2299:17th-century German people
1508:"Great Elector, The"
1344:
1251:Louis VI, Elector Palatine
1228:
1102:
996:
889:Ludwika Karolina Radziwiłł
878:(1657–1713), his successor
759:Brandenburg Africa Company
652:
457:Margraviate of Brandenburg
29:
2119:
2065:
1995:
1904:
1891:
1883:
1878:
1851:
1818:English Historical Review
1800:English Historical Review
1745:English Historical Review
1416:
1408:
1380:
1356:
1352:
1316:
1294:
1286:
1258:
1236:
1232:
1194:
1172:
1164:
1136:
1114:
1110:
1074:
1052:
1044:
1016:
1000:
856:Amalia of Solms-Braunfels
850:(1627–1667), daughter of
848:Luise Henriette of Nassau
297:Margrave Christian Ludwig
282:Margrave Albert Frederick
46:
1747:65.255 (1950): 175–202.
1187:Marie Eleonore of Cleves
970:Karl Ludwig von Pöllnitz
775:Brandenburger Gold Coast
767:Dutch East India Company
676:General War Commissariat
2319:Brandenburgian nobility
2113:Electors of Brandenburg
1822:online review of McKay.
1558:Encyclopædia Britannica
1155:Duchess Anna of Prussia
798:the other built in 1913
788:ships of Germany named
576:. In 1666 his title to
2069:Elector of Brandenburg
1894:Elector of Brandenburg
1760:Clark, Christopher M.
1686:William H. Burnside,
1630:Holborn, Hajo (1982).
1572:Press, Volker (1991).
1514:Encyclopedia Americana
876:Frederick I of Prussia
838:On 7 December 1646 in
835:
824:
661:Johann Gregor Memhardt
619:, which, according to
608:
541:from that of a Polish
440:
403:
369:
68:Elector of Brandenburg
2289:Knights of the Garter
2284:House of Hohenzollern
2231:Frederick William III
2037:Frederick William III
1858:House of Hohenzollern
1809:Schevill, Ferdinand.
1802:25.97 (1910): 93–110
911:and Sophie Hedwig of
830:
819:
688:internal improvements
653:Further information:
605:Charlottenburg Palace
599:
513:, and he used French
435:
420:, achieved under his
394:House of Hohenzollern
2226:Frederick William II
2042:Frederick William IV
2032:Frederick William II
1845:at Wikimedia Commons
763:Atlantic slave trade
736:Charles XI of Sweden
717:architects, such as
633:Battle of Fehrbellin
556:, led by his nephew
203:; died
2294:Protestant monarchs
2216:Frederick William I
2022:Frederick William I
1947:Monarchs of Prussia
1764:(Harvard UP, 2006).
895:On 13 June 1668 in
802:Norddeutscher Lloyd
800:. Shipping company
703:Brandenburg-Prussia
655:Brandenburg-Prussia
629:invaded Brandenburg
519:Second Northern War
511:religious tolerance
390:Brandenburg-Prussia
131:Brandenburg-Prussia
2269:People from Berlin
2008:Kingdom of Prussia
1771:(UP Kansas, 2005).
1371:William the Silent
860:William the Silent
836:
825:
806:with the same name
637:Great Sleigh Drive
609:
552:as an ally of the
441:
404:der GroĂźe KurfĂĽrst
2239:
2238:
2206:Frederick William
2191:Joachim Frederick
2181:Joachim II Hector
2079:
2078:
1984:Frederick William
1914:
1913:
1905:Succeeded by
1841:Media related to
1811:The Great Elector
1713:978-1-78327-112-2
1690:(2001) pp. 50–51.
1677:(2001) 2:439–448.
1476:
1475:
1472:
1471:
794:one built in 1875
678:presided over by
649:Domestic policies
566:Swedish Pomerania
558:William of Orange
507:Holy Roman Empire
501:Foreign diplomacy
484:Leiden University
476:Thirty Years' War
422:son and successor
398:the Great Elector
370:Friedrich Wilhelm
362:Frederick William
359:
358:
135:Holy Roman Empire
42:Frederick William
32:Frederick William
16:(Redirected from
2331:
2259:Dukes of Prussia
2176:Joachim I Nestor
2106:
2099:
2092:
2083:
2001:
1969:Albert Frederick
1955:Duchy of Prussia
1940:
1933:
1926:
1917:
1884:Preceded by
1874:
1867:
1866:16 February 1620
1849:
1840:
1767:Citino, Robert.
1731:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1697:
1691:
1684:
1678:
1671:
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1660:Citino, Robert.
1658:
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1627:
1621:
1620:
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1588:
1587:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1532:
1519:
1518:
1510:
1502:
990:
981:
957:Christian Ludwig
936:Albert Frederick
790:Grosser KurfĂĽrst
707:Edict of Potsdam
617:Battle of Warsaw
562:Treaty of Vossem
550:Franco-Dutch War
469:Duchy of Prussia
438:Mathias Czwiczek
414:post-Westphalian
406:
388:, thus ruler of
355:
287:Margrave Charles
255:
237:
235:
231:
208:
206:
202:
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167:Berlin Cathedral
147:
120:16 February 1620
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2002:
1993:
1949:
1944:
1910:
1901:
1898:Duke of Prussia
1896:
1889:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1854:
1833:
1774:Holborn, Hajo.
1740:
1738:Further reading
1735:
1734:
1725:
1721:
1714:
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1698:
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1624:
1617:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1551:, ed. (1911). "
1547:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1522:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1482:
1477:
1373:
978:
948:Elisabeth Sofie
901:Sophie Dorothea
846:question, with
833:Gedeon Romandon
822:Johannes Mytens
814:
732:Peter the Great
727:
711:Estates-General
701:to emigrate to
692:Edict of Nantes
665:Berlin Fortress
657:
651:
594:
592:Military career
503:
461:Duchy of Cleves
430:
301:
249:
248:
240:
239:
227:
223:
220:
210:
194:
190:
187:
169:
149:
145:
121:
115:
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72:Duke of Prussia
70:
62:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2301:
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2256:
2246:
2245:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2201:George William
2198:
2196:John Sigismund
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2142:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2086:
2077:
2076:
2073:German Emperor
2066:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1979:George William
1976:
1974:John Sigismund
1971:
1966:
1960:
1958:
1951:
1950:
1945:
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18:Great Elector
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2027:Frederick II
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151:Stadtschloss
146:(1688-04-29)
123:Stadtschloss
53:Portrait by
36:
2309:1688 deaths
2304:1620 births
2186:John George
2171:John Cicero
2156:Frederick I
2017:Frederick I
2010:(1701–1918)
1989:Frederick I
1957:(1525–1701)
1794:online free
959:(1677–1734)
950:(1674–1748)
944:(1673–1695)
938:(1672–1731)
932:(1670–1739)
926:(1669–1711)
915:, widow of
891:, no issue.
872:(1655–1674)
844:JĂĽlich-Berg
771:West Africa
570:Scanian War
568:during the
480:Netherlands
378:Brandenburg
86:Predecessor
55:Frans Luycx
2248:Categories
2134:Wenceslaus
2057:William II
1902:1640–1688
1492:References
586:Ravensberg
467:, and the
116:1620-02-16
2221:Frederick
2150:Sigismund
2139:Sigismund
2047:William I
897:Gröningen
840:The Hague
812:Marriages
705:with the
699:Huguenots
625:Louis XIV
515:subsidies
492:Christina
428:Biography
410:Calvinist
348:Signature
342:Calvinist
96:Successor
2166:Albert I
1480:See also
976:Ancestry
779:Americas
743:Huguenot
715:Prussian
607:, Berlin
531:Bromberg
338:Religion
2071:; also
1792:(1900)
1778:(1982).
1546::
696:Walloon
418:kingdom
386:Prussia
374:Elector
238:
226:
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155:Potsdam
1964:Albert
1869:
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1749:Online
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725:Legacy
582:JĂĽlich
578:Cleves
527:Wehlau
523:Labiau
463:, the
459:, the
451:, and
445:Berlin
366:German
328:Mother
318:Father
252:Detail
232:
199:
174:Spouse
162:Burial
127:Berlin
2152:(2nd)
2145:Jobst
2141:(1st)
2124:Louis
2067:also
1871:Died:
1864:Born:
535:Oliva
307:House
246:Issue
236:)
228:(
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195:(
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78:Reign
2129:Otto
1708:ISBN
1642:ISBN
1611:ISBN
1578:ISBN
1429:15.
1369:14.
1307:13.
1249:12.
1185:11.
1127:10.
854:and
796:and
748:lace
627:and
584:and
543:fief
533:and
382:Duke
380:and
234:1668
205:1667
201:1646
141:Died
110:Born
61:1650
1555:".
1397:7.
1333:3.
1275:6.
1211:1.
1153:5.
1091:2.
1033:4.
1007:8.
903:of
603:at
447:to
400:" (
384:of
376:of
2250::
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1638:57
1609:.
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1523:^
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792::
580:,
529:,
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471:.
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368::
230:m.
197:m.
153:,
133:,
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59:c.
57:,
2105:e
2098:t
2091:v
1939:e
1932:t
1925:v
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364:(
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114:(
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20:)
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