194:
alternative fuels has already begun to drive innovation, with companies striving to create efficient processes to bring biofuel availability to the necessary scale the military requires. Energy companies
Solazyme (CA) and Dynamic Fuels (LA) are working towards numerous fuels and competing for the contracts offered by the U.S Department of Defense, and continued studies by military and civilian researchers will build momentum in both the scientific community, as well as the energy marketplace. Studies have also shown a decrease in particulate emissions from the use of algal biofuels versus naval diesel fuel. Crossover and cooperation with the civilian marketplace is already underway with comparable studies and efforts underway in civilian aviation and maritime fleets. As all these efforts come together, we may see public acceptance for biofuels grow, and a demand for cleaner, more efficient fuels from populations across the globe.
17:
185:
produce the volume of fuel sufficient for the military's needs. During the oil embargo of 1973 there were extensive and costly efforts to develop alternative fuels. A market for these fuels failed to develop, and economical fuels and research and development was not pursued. Many economists and scientists fear that this atmosphere will not develop for the current fuels.
74:, was nuclear powered, but everything else, including the Nimitz's strike aircraft, ran on a 50:50 mix of petroleum and biofuel derived from cooking oil and algae. Fully deployed in 2016, the fleet combines advances in fuels, equipment, and navigation all in an effort to deploy the most energy efficient and modern fleet anywhere in the world.
193:
The Navy's goals will further their own objectives, but will also have far-reaching effects in the US and beyond. Reducing US reliance on foreign petroleum has numerous strategic advantages, and could work to avert future conflicts centered around the acquisition of petroleum stores. The call for
184:
There are reservations from some politicians, as well as military officials that the transition to alternative fuel sources would be too costly. Beyond the strict fuel costs, there are also concerns about the time and resources which would be required to create the necessary support structure to
77:
More than six years after it was first announced, the Great Green Fleet made its maiden voyage on late
January 20, 2016. Overall, the 2016 Great Green Fleet initiative was a year-long event. The Department of the Navy obtained 77.66 million gallons of cost-competitive, drop-in biofuels blends in
78:
support of the launch of the Great Green Fleet at $ 2.05 per gal. One of the goals of the Navy in its biofuels program is “not to have to sail to the Middle East every time we re-fuel." The Navy aims to deploy a permanent green strike force after 2016.
576:
633:
Khan, M. Yusuf; Russell, Robert L.; Welch, William A.; Cocker III, David R.; Ghosh, Sujit (August 2012). "Impact of Algae
Biofuel on In-Use Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from a Marine Vessel".
347:
433:
690:
Cacciatore, Michael A.; Dietram A. Scheufelea; Bret R. Shaw (December 2012). "Labeling renewable energies: How the language surrounding biofuels can influence its public acceptance".
31:
was an energy cost saving measure announced in 2009 to begin using a combination of conventional diesel fuel and biofuels in a 50/50 mixture. The first demonstration by the USS
603:
580:
59:
is seeking to change the profile of its energy usage. While each branch of the military has its own goals and plans, the Navy's goals were particularly ambitious:
723:
262:
472:
409:
Blumberg, Gary A. (June 2013). "The origin of the
Department of the Navy's biofuel initiative and the volatility problem for defense energy".
348:"Navy to launch Great Green Fleet with 77 million gallon buy of cost-competitive, non-food advanced biofuels blends : Biofuels Digest"
241:
56:
39:(Rim of the Pacific exercise) in 2012 was completed without incident. The Great Green Fleet, the popular nickname, is an homage to the
384:
333:
81:"The Great Green Fleet will signal to the world America's continued naval supremacy, unleashed from the tether of foreign oil." -
126:
611:
137:
308:
728:
52:
661:
497:
Hicks, Tom (August 2012). "A Dialogue with Thomas Hicks, Deputy
Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Energy".
169:
161:
153:
118:
145:
102:
604:"GREENING THE MIXTURE: AN EVALUATION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE'S ALTERNATIVE AVIATION FUEL STRATEGY"
533:
448:
274:
110:
94:
55:
and the influence fossil fuels has had on the progress of the natural migrations of climate. The
16:
66:
At least 50% of all energy used by the Navy and
Marines come from non-fossil fuel sources by 2020.
557:
24:
70:
The Navy's efforts are highlighted by the design of the Great Green Fleet. The carrier, the USS
549:
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40:
699:
642:
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506:
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Winchester, Niven; Dominic McConnachie; Christoph
Wollersheim; Ian A. Waitz (August 2013).
362:
537:
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460:
286:
227:
717:
561:
703:
662:"Economic and Emissions Impacts of Renewable Fuel Goals for Aviation in the US"
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524:
Savage, Philip E. (November 2012). "Algae Under
Pressure and in Hot Water".
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468:
510:
418:
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are all operating in the Indo-Asia-Pacific using alternative fuel.
15:
51:
Since the 1970s, the world has begun to be acutely aware of the
411:
577:"US Navy's 'Great Green Fleet' Remains Armed With Algae"
365:. Office of the Secretary of the Navy, Washington, DC
314:. Office of the Secretary of the Navy, Washington, DC
214:
Reardon, Sara (2012). "Eco-Warriors: The Next Wave".
136:
The 2016 fleet was composed of the aircraft carrier
93:
The 2012 fleet was composed of the aircraft carrier
263:"US Navy Chief: I'm On a Mission to Stop Using Oil"
608:Army Command and General Staff College Archives
334:"Great Green Fleet readies to sail in January"
8:
242:"The Navy's Great Green Fleet Strikes Back"
209:
207:
203:
724:United States Navy in the 21st century
7:
57:United States Department of Defense
14:
461:10.1038/scientificamerican0811-58
385:"The Great Green Fleet Explained"
579:. Energy Digital. Archived from
152:, and guided-missile destroyers
434:"The False Promise of Biofuels"
63:Use 50% less petroleum by 2015
1:
602:McKenna, Joseph (June 2012).
309:"Great Green Fleet Factsheet"
287:10.1016/S0262-4079(11)61043-9
228:10.1016/S0262-4079(12)62796-1
704:10.1016/j.enpol.2012.09.005
432:Biello, David (July 2011).
43:of the early 20th century.
745:
261:McKenna, Phil (May 2011).
35:carrier task group during
144:, guided-missile cruiser
499:Industrial Biotechnology
89:Strike group composition
85:, Secretary of the Navy
53:impact of climate change
546:10.1126/science.1224310
610:: 1–70. Archived from
125:, and the fuel tanker
20:
511:10.1089/ind.2012.1534
109:, the two destroyers
19:
538:2012Sci...338.1039S
532:(6110): 1039–1040.
453:2011SciAm.305a..58B
441:Scientific American
363:"Great Green Fleet"
336:. 14 December 2015.
279:2011NewSc.210R..29M
172:William P. Lawrence
635:Energy & Fuels
614:on October 4, 2013
25:United States Navy
21:
729:Alternative fuels
647:10.1021/ef300935z
641:(10): 6137–6143.
583:on 4 October 2013
478:on 4 October 2013
350:. 7 January 2016.
41:Great White Fleet
29:Great Green Fleet
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140:John C. Stennis
129:Henry J. Kaiser
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505:(4): 168–171.
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101:, the cruiser
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692:Energy Policy
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575:Hall, Carin.
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391:on 2017-09-02
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267:New Scientist
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673:. Retrieved
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616:. Retrieved
612:the original
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585:. Retrieved
581:the original
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480:. Retrieved
473:the original
447:(2): 58–65.
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389:the original
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273:(2811): 29.
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698:: 673–682.
419:10945/34632
361:Navy, U.S.
718:Categories
395:2017-07-26
307:Navy, US.
198:References
156:Chung Hoon
148:Mobile Bay
131:(T-AO-187)
121:Chung Hoon
675:3 October
618:3 October
587:3 October
562:206542418
482:3 October
369:3 October
318:3 October
292:3 October
174:(DDG 110)
166:(DDG 106)
164:Stockdale
105:Princeton
83:Ray Mabus
554:23180853
469:21827126
413:: 1–67.
189:Benefits
180:Concerns
158:(DDG 93)
142:(CVN 74)
123:(DDG 93)
115:(DDG 90)
99:(CVN 68)
47:Overview
534:Bibcode
526:Science
449:Bibcode
275:Bibcode
150:(CG 53)
107:(CG 59)
671:: 1–40
560:
552:
467:
247:Forbes
113:Chafee
97:Nimitz
72:Nimitz
37:RIMPAC
33:Nimitz
665:(PDF)
558:S2CID
476:(PDF)
437:(PDF)
312:(PDF)
127:USNS
677:2013
620:2013
589:2013
550:PMID
484:2013
465:PMID
371:2013
320:2013
294:2013
170:USS
168:and
162:USS
154:USS
146:USS
138:USS
119:USS
117:and
111:USS
103:USS
95:USS
23:The
700:doi
643:doi
542:doi
530:338
507:doi
457:doi
445:305
415:hdl
283:doi
271:210
224:doi
220:216
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