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others suffered severe damage, high-rise buildings that were built in compliance with the 1981 building code suffered to a lesser extent. Those that were not constructed to these standards suffered serious structural damage, such as traditional houses which had heavy tiled roofs that could weigh as much as two tons, intended to resist the frequent typhoons plaguing Kobe, but were only supported by a light wooden frame. When these wood supports gave way, the roof would crush the unreinforced walls and floors in a
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586:. Even at lower magnitudes, they can be very destructive because they often occur near populated areas and because their hypocenters are located less than 20 km below the surface. The Great Hanshin earthquake began north of the island of Awaji, which lies just south of Kobe. It spread toward the southwest along the
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is an event held for approximately two weeks every
December. A street leading from the Daimaru store in Motomachi to Higashi Yuenchi Park (next to Kobe city hall) is decorated with arches of multicoloured lights that were donated by the Italian government. Amongst the commemorative events held on the
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In response to the widespread damage to transportation infrastructure, and the resulting effect on emergency response times in the disaster area, the
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport began designating special disaster prevention routes and reinforcing the roads and surrounding buildings
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In
December 1995, the government declared January 17 a national "Disaster Prevention and Volunteerism Day", and the week from January 15 to 21 a national "Disaster Prevention and Volunteerism Week", to be commemorated with lectures, seminars, and other events designed to encourage voluntary disaster
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Despite this devastation in a big production center, the local economy recovered very quickly. Even though less than half the port facilities had been rebuilt by that stage, within a year import volumes through the port had recovered fully and export volumes were nearly back to where they would have
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in the port of Kobe. The quake triggered approximately 300 fires, which raged over large portions of the city. Disruptions of water, electricity and gas supplies were common. Residents feared returning home because of aftershocks that lasted several days (74 of which were strong enough to be felt).
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Local hospitals struggled to keep up with demand for medical treatment, largely due to collapsed or obstructed "lifelines" (roads) that kept supplies and personnel from reaching the affected areas. People were forced to wait in corridors due to the overcrowding and lack of space. Some people had to
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syndicate was actively involved in the relief effort from the beginning, distributing substantial amounts of food and supplies to needy victims. Aid provided by the
Yamaguchi-gumi was particularly crucial in the immediate aftermath of the earthquake, due to the failure of the Japanese government to
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The earthquake proved to be a major wake-up call for
Japanese disaster prevention authorities. Japan installed rubber blocks under bridges to absorb the shock and rebuilt buildings further apart to prevent collateral damage. The national government changed its disaster response policies in the wake
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collapsed structures were constructed properly according to the building codes in force in the 1960s. The steel-reinforcement specifications in the 1960s regulations had already been discovered to be inadequate and revised several times, the latest revision being in 1981, which proved effective but
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was only lightly damaged, but was closed during the day until
February 17, 1995, so that emergency vehicles could easily access the hardest-hit areas to the west. It was not until July 29 that all four lanes were opened to traffic along one section. Many surface highways were clogged for some time
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on Awaji and toward the northeast along the Suma and
Suwayama faults, which run through the center of Kobe. Observations of deformations in these faults suggest that the area was subjected to east–west compression, which is consistent with previously known crustal movements. Like other earthquakes
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Ten spans of the Kobe Route elevated expressway were knocked over in three locations across Kobe and
Nishinomiya, blocking a link that carried 40% of Osaka-Kobe road traffic. Half of the elevated expressway's piers sustained some damage. The entire route was not reopened until September 30, 1996.
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One in five of the buildings in the worst-hit areas were completely destroyed or rendered uninhabitable. About 22% of the offices in Kobe's central business district were rendered unusable, and over half of the houses in that area were deemed unfit for occupancy. Although some were destroyed and
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At least 5,000 people died as a result of this earthquake; about 4,600 of them were from Kobe. Among major cities, Kobe, with its population of 1.5 million, was the closest to the epicenter and hit by the strongest tremors. This was Japan's deadliest earthquake in the 20th century after the
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appeared on front pages of newspapers worldwide. Most people in Japan believed those structures to be relatively safe from earthquake damage because of the steel-reinforced concrete design. Although the initial belief was that construction had been negligent, it was later shown that most of the
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To help speed the recovery effort, the government closed most of the
Hanshin Expressway network to private vehicles from 6:00 am to 8:00 pm daily and limited traffic to buses, taxis and other designated vehicles. To keep the light rail system running even though it had quite severely
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The fact that volunteers from all over Japan converged on Kobe to help victims of the quake was an important event in the history of volunteerism in Japan. The year 1995 is often regarded as a turning point in the emergence of volunteerism as a major form of civic engagement.
579:, with mechanisms that involve either energy released within the subducting plate or the accumulation and sudden release of stress in the overlying plate. Earthquakes of these types are especially frequent in the coastal regions of northeastern Japan.
1146:. Water breaking through the surface and flooding those islands was initially believed to have seeped in from the sea, but in fact had been forced out of the soil used to build the islands. The newly completed artificial island supporting
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so as to keep them as intact as possible in the event of another earthquake. Hyōgo's prefectural government invested millions of yen in the following years to build earthquake-proof shelters and supplies in public parks.
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1131:). Service resumed across the entire line on February 16, 1995, with full service resuming a month later after repairs were completed. Trains continued to operate with speed restrictions until July 21, 1995.
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638:(JMA). After the earthquake, seismic intensity observation in Japan was fully mechanized (from April 1996) and JMA seismic intensity Levels 5 and 6 were each divided into 2 levels (from October 1996).
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Outside Japan the earthquake and disaster are commonly referred to as the Kobe earthquake; in Japan, the earthquake and the disaster caused by it is called The Great
Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Disaster
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was significantly faster and more effective. The Ground Self-Defense Forces were given automatic authority to respond to earthquakes over a certain magnitude, which allowed them to deploy to the
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Kitamura, R.; Yamamoto, T.; Fujii, S. (1998). "Impacts of the Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake on Traffic and Travel – Where Did All the Traffic Go?". In Cairns, S.; Hass-Klau, C.; Goodwin, P. (eds.).
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Three bridges on the less heavily used Route 2 were damaged, but the highway was reopened well ahead of Route 3 and served as one of the main intercity road links for a time. The
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Damage was widespread and severe. Structures irreparably damaged by the earthquake included nearly 400,000 buildings, numerous elevated road and rail bridges, and 120 of the 150
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been without the disaster. Less than 15 months after the earthquake, in March 1996, manufacturing activity in greater Kobe was at 98% of its projected pre-quake level.
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An on-the spot investigation by JMA concluded that tremors by this earthquake were at seismic intensity of Level 7 in particular areas in northern Awaji Island (now
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1249:" tend towards purely economic analysis, and neglect the impact of the earthquake on the Japanese economy which at the time was already suffering from recession.
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Sterngold, James (January 22, 1995). "QUAKE IN JAPAN: GANGSTERS; Gang in Kobe Organizes Aid for People In Quake" – via NYTimes.com. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
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The quake ravaged many of the facilities of what was then the world's sixth-largest container port and the source of nearly 40% of Kobe's industrial output.
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refers to the area encompassing Osaka and Kobe). In the scientific literature the earthquake itself is called the 1995 Southern Hyōgo Prefecture Earthquake
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high-speed rail line, causing the entire line to shut down. The railways rebounded quickly after the quake, reaching 80% operability in one month. The
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Approximately 1.2 million volunteers were involved in relief efforts during the first three months following the earthquake. Retailers such as
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recorded in western Japan between 1891 and 1948, the 1995 earthquake had a strike-slip mechanism that accommodated east–west shortening of the
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within minutes. Control over fire response was likewise handed over from local fire departments to a central command base in Tokyo and Kyoto.
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Most railways in the region were damaged. In the aftermath of the earthquake, only 30% of the Osaka-Kobe railway tracks were operational.
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anniversary of the earthquake, large "1.17" digits are illuminated in Higashi Yuenchi Park in the early hours of January 17 each year.
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The Great Hanshin earthquake belonged to a third type, called an "inland shallow earthquake". Earthquakes of this type occur along
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index plunging by 1,025 points on the day following the quake. This financial damage was the immediate cause for the collapse of
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was not significantly affected, due it being further from the epicenter, and because it was built to the latest standards. The
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The Medical and Public Health Response to the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake in Japan: A Case Study in Disaster Planning
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The damage to highways and subways was the most graphic image of the earthquake, and images of the collapsed elevated
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1751:"A fault model of the 1995 Kobe earthquake derived from the GPS data on the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge and other datasets"
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Are People Insured Against Natural Disasters? Evidence from the Great Hanshin-Awaji (Kobe) Earthquake in 1995
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damaged sections, shuttle buses were commissioned to transfer patrons to stations around damaged sections.
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2133:"Restoration from the earthquake disaster – City planning based on the lessons learned from the disaster"
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above it. Wooden supports collapsed inside supposedly solid concrete pilings under the tracks of the
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on the morning of January 17, 1995. It lasted for 20 seconds. During this time the south side of the
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2320:- Links to lists of the deceased and injured, including Japanese citizens and foreign students at
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It was the first time that an earthquake in Japan was officially measured at a seismic intensity (
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1014:. A total of 68 children under the age of 18 were orphaned, while 332 children lost one parent.
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2068:. Vol. 398, no. 8725. The Economist Newspaper Limited. March 19–25, 2011. p. 68.
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2080:"'Disaster Prevention and Volunteerism Day' and 'Disaster Prevention and Volunteerism Week'"
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The sheer size of the earthquake caused a major decline in Japanese stock markets, with the
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Self Organization in Disaster Response: The Great Hanshin Earthquake of January 17, 1995
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2082:(in Japanese). Cabinet Office, Government of Japan. December 15, 1995. Archived from
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used their existing supply networks to provide necessities in affected areas, while
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2139:. Kinki Regional Development Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport
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Tremors were valued at seismic intensity of Levels 4 to 6 at observation points in
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1068:(left) and preserved damage at the Earthquake Memorial Park near the port of Kobe
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1710:(in Japanese). Cabinet Office, Government of Japan. pp. 5–6. Archived from
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resumed operation the day after the earthquake with limited service between
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1679:"Japan remembers more than 6,400 victims of Kobe earthquake after 22 years"
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Hyogoken-Nanbu (Kobe) Earthquake of January 17, 1995: Lifeline Performance
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Traffic Impact of Highway Capacity Reductions: Assessment of the Evidence
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National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (1972).
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moved 1.5 meters to the right and 1.2 meters downwards. There were four
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2160:"Earthquake Readiness: From Underground Stores to Satellite Monitoring"
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The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake: Statistics and Restoration Progress
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The majority of deaths (over 4,000) occurred in cities and suburbs in
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Seismic intensity at the seismic intensity observation point of the
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Great Hanshin Earthquake and the destruction of the infrastructure
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provided free telephone service for victims. The organized crime
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Koketsu, Kazuki; Yoshida, Shingo; Higashihara, Hiromichi (1998).
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ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2009)
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1180:, often shortened to The Great Hanshin Earthquake Disaster
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due to the collapse of higher-capacity elevated highways.
523:). The tremors lasted for approximately 20 seconds. The
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Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
1799:"7-2(2)The 1995 Southern Hyogo Prefecture Earthquake",
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Most of the largest earthquakes in Japan are caused by
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1.17 memorial in Kobe in January 2005, ten years later
713:(in Awaji Island) and Kobe (both in Hyōgo Prefecture)
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of the earthquake was located 17 km beneath its
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indicates earthquake resulting in at least 30 deaths
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2107:"The Great Hanshin Earthquake: Lessons for Niigata"
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on JMA database (in Japanese) of seismic intensity.
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Local memorial in Kobe. "We won't forget that time"
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62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1350:organize effective relief to the area initially.
535:, 20 km away from the center of the city of
1989:Hunt for tsunami orphans hampered, unprecedented
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155:The damaged Kobe Route of the Hanshin Expressway
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1354:be operated on in waiting rooms and corridors.
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2516:indicates the deadliest earthquake of the year
2309:Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion
2257:. London: Landor Publishing. pp. 239–261.
1213:Heisei 7 nen (1995 nen) Hyōgo-ken Nanbu Jishin
1205:
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814:Seismic intensity determined by field survey
8:
559:Red lines marked the highest Level 7 on the
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2009:"Introduction to the Building Standard Law"
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1275:of the earthquake, and its response to the
1142:in Kobe, suffered severe subsidence due to
630:in Japanese) of the highest Level 7 on the
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2014:. Building Center of Japan. Archived from
1647:Kobe City FIRE Bureau (January 17, 2006).
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492:occurred on January 17, 1995, at 05:46:53
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606:The Mj 7.3 earthquake struck at 05:46:53
547:, which claimed more than 105,000 lives.
336:
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
2314:Special Great Hanshin Earthquake Edition
1972:Seconds from disaster – Kobe Earthquake,
1414:List of disasters in Japan by death toll
1315:
812:
682:
512:and had a maximum intensity of 7 on the
2060:"Economics Focus: The Cost of calamity"
1655:. Kobe City Fire Bureau. Archived from
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1134:Artificial islands, such as the modern
504:, Japan, including the region known as
27:Earthquake in Japan on January 17, 1995
1564:
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1099:line collapsed, bringing down part of
2331:Sony Computer Science Laboratory Inc.
1813:Somerville, Paul (February 7, 1995).
7:
2137:Great Hanshin Earthquake Restoration
1815:"Kobe Earthquake: An Urban Disaster"
1610:The City of Kobe (January 1, 2009).
60:adding citations to reliable sources
2236:Kitamura, Yamamoto & Fujii 1998
2224:Kitamura, Yamamoto & Fujii 1998
2040:Kitamura, Yamamoto & Fujii 1998
2327:Kansai Area Earthquake information
2105:Burritt Sabin (October 31, 2004).
1735:"(2) Shallow inland earthquakes",
1583:International Seismological Centre
1461:International Seismological Centre
25:
2158:Japan Echo Inc. (April 2, 1998).
1532:"Significant Earthquake Database"
1266:preparedness and relief efforts.
521:Modified Mercalli intensity scale
3195:Earthquakes of the Heisei period
2007:Hasegawa, Tomohiro (July 2013).
1536:National Geophysical Data Center
1399:
1387:
1375:
1054:
1045:
326:
230:
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2191:Japan Policy Research Institute
1488:United States Geological Survey
1222:the week after the main shock.
1121:Hokushin Kyuko Electric Railway
431:
47:needs additional citations for
2183:"The Great Hanshin Earthquake"
2111:J@pan Inc Newsletter (No. 295)
1932:Anshel J. Schiff, ed. (1999).
1218:, the name given to it by the
1036:only applied to new structures
595:due to its collision with the
1:
3147:Nankai megathrust earthquakes
2187:JPRI Occasional Paper (No. 2)
905:Area of seismic intensity 7 (
563:. Area shaded purple is Kobe.
3220:January 1995 events in Japan
1483:PAGER-CAT Earthquake Catalog
1424:List of earthquakes in Japan
1148:Kansai International Airport
244:Show map of Hyōgo Prefecture
231:
194:
3210:History of Hyōgo Prefecture
3174:Matsushiro earthquake swarm
3091:2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi
2181:Fukushima, Glen S. (1995),
2168:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
1938:. Reston, VA: ASCE, TCLEE.
1591:. Thatcham, United Kingdom.
1419:List of earthquakes in 1995
1220:Japan Meteorological Agency
1212:
1190:
1172:
686:Japan Meteorological Agency
636:Japan Meteorological Agency
545:1923 Great Kantō earthquake
350:17.6 km (10.9 mi)
3251:
2318:St. Cloud State University
2292:November 23, 2018, at the
2113:. Japan Inc Communications
1839:10.1029/EO076i006p00049-02
1480:USGS (September 4, 2009),
1429:Natural disasters in Japan
998:Damage at Minatogawa, Kobe
733:(in Shiga Prefecture) and
500:) in the southern part of
293:January 17, 1995
71:"Great Hanshin earthquake"
2506:
2387:
2305:Seismic Activity in Japan
2275:October 14, 2014, at the
1975:National Geographic video
1880:October 20, 2017, at the
1801:Seismic Activity in Japan
1737:Seismic Activity in Japan
1206:
1184:
1166:
1119:stations (along with the
913:
898:
531:, on the northern end of
508:. It measured 6.9 on the
482:251,301–310,000 displaced
172:
160:
148:
139:
2298:Sawada and Shimizutani,
1756:Earth, Planets and Space
1510:Comfort, Louise (1995).
1173:Hanshin-Awaji Daishinsai
496:(January 16 at 20:46:53
490:Great Hanshin Earthquake
135:Great Hanshin earthquake
18:Great Hanshin Earthquake
3235:Strike-slip earthquakes
3230:1995 disasters in Japan
3169:South Kantō earthquakes
1769:1998EP&S...50..803K
1277:2004 Chūetsu earthquake
729:(in Hyōgo Prefecture),
645:) and in the cities of
517:Seismic Intensity Scale
1997:, April 2, 2011, p. 4.
1705:"Earthquakes in Japan"
1563:Cite journal requires
1321:
1291:
1241:due to the actions of
1088:
999:
564:
510:moment magnitude scale
480:36,896–43,792 injured
2930:1994 offshore Sanriku
2885:1973 Nemuro Peninsula
1486:, Version 2008_06.1,
1319:
1289:
1109:Kobe Municipal Subway
1086:
997:
558:
3225:Shindo 7 earthquakes
3157:Tōnankai earthquakes
2555:Earthquakes in Japan
2197:on December 18, 2012
2021:on September 2, 2022
1952:on December 18, 2013
1152:Akashi Kaikyō Bridge
597:Philippine Sea Plate
573:Philippine Sea Plate
56:improve this article
2378:Earthquakes in 1995
2340:(ソニーコンピュータサイエンス研究所)
1831:1995EOSTr..76...49S
1588:Bulletin of the ISC
1087:Damage in Sannomiya
815:
748:the prefectures of
688:
478:5,502–6,434 killed
372: /
259:1995-01-16 20:46:53
136:
3162:Nankai earthquakes
3001:2007 Kuril Islands
2991:2006 Kuril Islands
2890:1974 Izu Peninsula
2860:1963 Kuril Islands
2659:1771 Great Yaeyama
1899:www.data.jma.go.jp
1778:10.1186/BF03352173
1685:. January 17, 2017
1322:
1292:
1207:平成7年(1995年)兵庫県南部地震
1191:Hanshin Daishinsai
1097:Kobe Rapid Railway
1089:
1077:Meishin Expressway
1031:Hanshin Expressway
1000:
813:
683:
565:
3182:
3181:
3152:Tōkai earthquakes
3011:2008 Iwate–Miyagi
2910:1983 Sea of Japan
2785:1925 North Tajima
2765:1911 Kikai Island
2521:
2520:
1717:on March 27, 2009
1659:on April 14, 2008
1494:on March 13, 2020
1270:Disaster planning
1101:National Route 28
1064:A section of the
987:
986:
811:
810:
486:
485:
455:Peak acceleration
207:Show map of Japan
132:
131:
124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
3242:
3200:1995 earthquakes
3140:Related articles
2940:2000 Izu Islands
2790:1927 North Tango
2780:1923 Great Kantō
2548:
2541:
2534:
2525:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2345:
2339:
2258:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2193:, archived from
2178:
2172:
2171:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2056:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2020:
2013:
2004:
1998:
1982:
1976:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1948:. Archived from
1929:
1923:
1922:, 気象庁技術報告, 第119号
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1891:
1885:
1872:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1849:. Archived from
1810:
1804:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1780:
1746:
1740:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1716:
1709:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1628:on June 26, 2011
1627:
1621:. Archived from
1616:
1607:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1551:
1548:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
1527:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1507:
1496:
1495:
1490:, archived from
1477:
1464:
1463:
1450:
1404:
1403:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1371:
1217:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1058:
1049:
1020:pancake collapse
1012:Hyōgo Prefecture
917:
903:
840:
816:
744:
721:
705:
689:
502:Hyōgo Prefecture
450:
447:
441:
433:
387:
386:
384:
383:
382:
377:
376:34.59°N 135.07°E
373:
370:
369:
368:
365:
341:
331:
300:
298:
245:
234:
233:
225:
224:
218:
208:
197:
196:
188:
187:
181:
165:
153:
144:
137:
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
105:
64:
40:
32:
21:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3135:
3131:2024 Hyūga-nada
2949:
2895:1978 Izu Ōshima
2875:1968 Hyūga-nada
2855:1961 North Mino
2820:1941 Hyūga-nada
2748:
2724:1891 Mino–Owari
2629:1662 Hyūga-nada
2557:
2552:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2502:
2383:
2372:
2333:
2322:Kobe University
2294:Wayback Machine
2277:Wayback Machine
2266:
2261:
2252:
2248:
2246:Further reading
2243:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2200:
2198:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2164:Trends in JAPAN
2157:
2156:
2152:
2142:
2140:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2116:
2114:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2089:
2087:
2086:on May 25, 2009
2078:
2077:
2073:
2058:
2057:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1946:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1917:
1913:
1903:
1901:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1882:Wayback Machine
1873:
1866:
1856:
1854:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1798:
1794:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1734:
1730:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1686:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1662:
1660:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1614:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1594:
1593: [Event
1581:
1580:
1576:
1562:
1552:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1516:
1509:
1508:
1499:
1479:
1478:
1467:
1459:, Version 2.0,
1452:
1451:
1442:
1437:
1410:
1398:
1388:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1366:
1364:
1314:
1301:
1272:
1259:
1228:
1203:
1194:
1181:
1176:
1163:
1160:
1138:and especially
1072:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1051:
1050:
992:
915:
904:
838:
742:
719:
703:
624:
561:intensity scale
553:
519:(XI–XII on the
481:
479:
464:
445:
439:
437:
380:
378:
374:
371:
366:
363:
361:
359:
358:
340:
333:
330:
305:Local time
296:
294:
290:Local date
248:
247:
246:
243:
242:
241:
240:
239:
235:
227:
226:
210:
209:
206:
205:
204:
203:
202:
198:
190:
189:
168:
156:
142:
140:
128:
117:
111:
108:
65:
63:
53:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3248:
3246:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3215:Events in Kobe
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3187:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3116:2022 Fukushima
3113:
3108:
3103:
3101:2021 Fukushima
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3081:2016 Fukushima
3078:
3073:
3068:
3066:2015 Ogasawara
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3046:2011 Fukushima
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2795:1930 North Izu
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2775:1922 Shimabara
2772:
2767:
2762:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2528:
2519:
2518:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2494:
2490:(6.2, Oct 24)
2485:
2479:
2473:Colima–Jalisco
2470:
2461:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2439:(7.3, July 11)
2434:
2428:
2424:(7.0, May 27)
2419:
2413:
2410:Kozani–Grevena
2407:
2401:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2324:
2311:
2302:
2296:
2285:Kunii et al.,
2283:
2265:
2264:External links
2262:
2260:
2259:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2228:
2216:
2207:
2173:
2150:
2124:
2097:
2071:
2044:
2032:
1999:
1977:
1963:
1944:
1924:
1911:
1886:
1864:
1853:on May 1, 1997
1805:
1792:
1741:
1728:
1696:
1670:
1639:
1602:
1574:
1565:|journal=
1522:
1497:
1465:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1409:
1408:
1396:
1384:
1382:Earth sciences
1363:
1360:
1342:Yamaguchi-gumi
1313:
1310:
1305:Kobe Luminarie
1300:
1297:
1281:Niigata region
1271:
1268:
1258:
1255:
1227:
1224:
1159:
1156:
1093:Daikai Station
1063:
1062:
1053:
1052:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1040:
991:
988:
985:
984:
946:
942:
941:
924:
919:
911:
910:
897:
847:
842:
834:
833:
830:
827:
822:
809:
808:
746:
738:
737:
725:the cities of
723:
715:
714:
709:the cities of
707:
699:
698:
695:
623:
620:
593:Eurasian Plate
552:
549:
484:
483:
476:
472:
471:
456:
452:
451:
435:
428:
427:
423:$ 200 billion
421:
417:
416:
413:
412:Areas affected
409:
408:
403:
399:
398:
393:
389:
388:
356:
352:
351:
348:
344:
343:
338:
328:
322:
318:
317:
314:
310:
309:
306:
302:
301:
291:
287:
286:
281:
274:
273:
268:
261:
260:
257:
250:
249:
237:
236:
229:
228:
220:
219:
213:
212:
211:
200:
199:
192:
191:
183:
182:
176:
175:
174:
173:
170:
169:
166:
158:
157:
154:
146:
145:
130:
129:
44:
42:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3247:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3205:1995 in Japan
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3096:2019 Yamagata
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3071:2016 Kumamoto
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3036:2011 Shizuoka
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3021:2009 Shizuoka
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2925:1993 Okushiri
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2830:1944 Tōnankai
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2815:1940 Shakotan
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2719:1889 Kumamoto
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2689:1854 Iga–Ueno
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2669:1804 Kisakata
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2584:1293 Kamakura
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2549:
2544:
2542:
2537:
2535:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2499:(7.3, Nov 22)
2498:
2497:Gulf of Aqaba
2495:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2484:(7.1, Oct 20)
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:(8.0, Oct 9)
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:(6.8, Oct 6)
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:(6.2, Oct 1)
2456:
2453:
2451:(7.4, Sep 14)
2450:
2447:
2445:(8.0, Jul 30)
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2433:(6.5, Jun 15)
2432:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2418:(6.9, May 14)
2417:
2414:
2412:(6.6, May 13)
2411:
2408:
2406:(5.7, Apr 14)
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2394:(~7, Jan 17)
2393:
2392:Great Hanshin
2390:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2238:, p. 256
2237:
2232:
2229:
2226:, p. 260
2225:
2220:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2151:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2098:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2065:The Economist
2061:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2042:, p. 240
2041:
2036:
2033:
2017:
2010:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1951:
1947:
1945:9780784404089
1941:
1937:
1936:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1875:Search result
1871:
1869:
1865:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1713:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1640:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1570:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1526:
1523:
1519:. p. 12.
1515:
1514:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1385:
1383:
1373:
1369:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1318:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1298:
1296:
1288:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1226:Other aspects
1225:
1223:
1221:
1214:
1201:
1192:
1174:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1067:
1057:
1048:
1039:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1015:
1013:
1008:
1005:
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45:This article
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3076:2016 Tottori
3056:2012 Sanriku
2996:2007 Chūetsu
2981:2005 Fukuoka
2976:2004 Chūetsu
2971:2003 Tokachi
2954:21st century
2945:2000 Tottori
2935:1995 Hanshin
2934:
2920:1993 Kushiro
2905:1982 Urakawa
2880:1968 Tokachi
2865:1964 Niigata
2850:1952 Tokachi
2825:1943 Tottori
2800:1933 Sanriku
2770:1914 Senboku
2760:1909 Anegawa
2753:20th century
2739:1896 Sanriku
2684:1847 Zenkoji
2639:1703 Genroku
2619:1611 Sanriku
2604:1596 Fushimi
2569:679 Tsukushi
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2143:November 23,
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1927:
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1898:
1895:"震度データベース検索"
1889:
1855:. Retrieved
1851:the original
1825:(6): 49–51.
1822:
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1712:the original
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1673:
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1657:the original
1652:
1642:
1632:November 29,
1630:. Retrieved
1623:the original
1618:
1612:"Statistics"
1605:
1587:
1577:
1556:cite journal
1534:(Data Set).
1525:
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1492:the original
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1453:ISC (2015),
1356:
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1257:Volunteerism
1251:
1239:Barings Bank
1232:
1229:
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1161:
1158:Nomenclature
1144:liquefaction
1136:Rokkō Island
1133:
1113:Seishin-Chuo
1090:
1073:
1066:Nojima Fault
1024:
1016:
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612:Nojima Fault
605:
588:Nojima Fault
581:
566:
541:
533:Awaji Island
489:
487:
467:
459:
420:Total damage
308:05:46:53 JST
118:
109:
99:
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78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
3106:2021 Miyagi
3061:2014 Nagano
3041:2011 Miyagi
3031:2011 Nagano
3026:2011 Tōhoku
2986:2005 Miyagi
2966:2003 Miyagi
2915:1984 Nagano
2900:1978 Miyagi
2840:1946 Nankai
2835:1945 Mikawa
2805:1936 Miyagi
2734:1894 Shōnai
2714:1872 Hamada
2709:1858 Hietsu
2694:1854 Nankai
2679:1833 Shōnai
2654:1751 Takada
2624:1662 Kanbun
2609:1605 Keichō
2599:1586 Tenshō
2589:1361 Shōhei
2443:Antofagasta
2334: [
2201:October 13,
2025:February 8,
1994:Japan Times
1918:気象庁(1997):
1763:(10): 803.
1689:October 17,
1247:Lost Decade
1243:Nick Leeson
1140:Port Island
875:Nishinomiya
851:Higashinada
655:Nishinomiya
599:in central
406:Strike-slip
379: /
316:~20 seconds
267: event
3189:Categories
3111:2021 Chiba
3086:2018 Osaka
3051:2012 Chiba
3016:2008 Iwate
2961:2001 Geiyo
2870:1968 Ebino
2845:1948 Fukui
2744:1896 Rikuu
2729:1894 Tokyo
2699:1854 Tōkai
2674:1828 Sanjō
2664:1792 Unzen
2649:1741 Kampo
2574:684 Hakuho
2562:Historical
2422:Neftegorsk
1985:Kyodo News
1435:References
1235:Nikkei 225
1105:Shinkansen
1027:Kobe Route
978:Higashiura
895:Ichinomiya
883:Takarazuka
825:Prefecture
659:Takarazuka
643:Awaji City
616:foreshocks
569:subduction
551:Earthquake
475:Casualties
446:MMI XI–XII
297:1995-01-17
256: time
82:newspapers
3126:2024 Noto
3121:2023 Noto
3006:2007 Noto
2644:1707 Hōei
2634:1677 Bōsō
2614:1611 Aizu
2594:1498 Meiō
2579:869 Jōgan
1299:Memorials
1129:Shin-Kobe
976:, Awaji,
974:Kawanishi
962:Amagasaki
829:Location
820:Intensity
798:Tokushima
794:Hiroshima
697:Location
693:Intensity
680:regions:
622:Intensity
529:epicenter
434:intensity
355:Epicenter
321:Magnitude
2810:1939 Oga
2704:1855 Edo
2449:Guerrero
2437:Menglian
2404:Marathon
2290:Archived
2273:Archived
1956:July 27,
1920:第2章 現地調査
1878:Archived
1847:89342337
1787:13561501
1653:阪神・淡路大震災
1362:See also
1338:Motorola
1330:7-Eleven
1312:Response
1167:阪神・淡路大震災
1125:Tanigami
1123:between
935:Toyonaka
782:Wakayama
367:135°04′E
313:Duration
143:阪神・淡路大震災
2482:Chiapas
2464:Kerinci
2117:May 25,
1904:July 5,
1827:Bibcode
1765:Bibcode
1663:May 25,
1649:"被害の状況"
1368:Portals
1200:Hanshin
1117:Itayado
1095:on the
1029:of the
982:Goshiki
891:Hokudan
790:Okayama
786:Tottori
727:Toyooka
674:Shikoku
670:Chūgoku
571:of the
506:Hanshin
364:34°35′N
295: (
141:兵庫県南部地震
96:scholar
2488:Wuding
2090:May 2,
1942:
1857:May 6,
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1785:
1721:May 6,
1600:].
1598:124708
1595:
1346:yakuza
990:Damage
966:Akashi
950:Tarumi
948:Kobe (
945:Hyogo
879:Ashiya
867:Nagata
849:Kobe (
802:Kagawa
731:Hikone
711:Sumoto
666:Kansai
651:Ashiya
628:shindo
601:Honshu
396:Nojima
284:ComCat
271:124708
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
2455:Dinar
2431:Aigio
2416:Timor
2338:]
2019:(PDF)
2012:(PDF)
1843:S2CID
1783:S2CID
1715:(PDF)
1708:(PDF)
1626:(PDF)
1615:(PDF)
1517:(PDF)
1406:1990s
1394:Japan
1326:Daiei
1185:阪神大震災
1004:quays
970:Itami
958:Nishi
939:Ikeda
927:Osaka
922:Osaka
916:JMA 6
887:Tsuna
863:Hyogo
845:Hyogo
839:JMA 7
806:Kōchi
774:Osaka
762:Fukui
758:Kyoto
754:Shiga
750:Hyōgo
743:JMA 4
735:Kyoto
720:JMA 5
704:JMA 6
678:Chūbu
632:scale
525:focus
458:0.91
440:JMA 7
425:(USD)
415:Japan
392:Fault
347:Depth
277:USGS-
103:JSTOR
89:books
2203:2005
2145:2006
2119:2008
2092:2009
2027:2023
1958:2012
1940:ISBN
1906:2021
1859:2009
1723:2009
1691:2020
1665:2008
1634:2009
1569:help
1540:NOAA
1336:and
1328:and
1303:The
1127:and
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954:Kita
871:Suma
859:Chuo
855:Nada
832:Map
804:and
778:Nara
766:Gifu
676:and
657:and
647:Kobe
537:Kobe
488:The
465:891
432:Max.
402:Type
334:6.9
324:7.3
279:ANSS
238:Kobe
201:Kobe
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1835:doi
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