348:
is under cultivation. Unable to access their ancestral lands and practise traditional cultural and economic activities, the Batwa now perceive their pottery as an expression of their identity. Although it is no longer profitable since industrialised pottery became cheaply available, the Batwa continue to produce traditional pottery for its cultural and social significance. Not only do they consider it an ancestral tradition, but also it carries a social importance in their current day society. The process of digging the clay and carrying it to their settlements allows for socialisation and a sense of community among Batwa potters. However, in Rwanda the shared access marshes where Batwa harvest clay under an informal communal tenure system are fast becoming collectivised rice-growing plantations due to a 2005 land policy change. They face another crisis as they lose another occupation that defines Batwa identity and provides social livelihood.
361:
Republic of the Congo and park authorities, in 2019 they returned to the park and built new villages on what previously their land. In response to this, the park authorities began a campaign of organized violence in order to frighten the Batwa from their villages and the park and prevent them from returning. This campaign involved surprise attacks by militarized park guards with the assistance of the DRC army armed with AK-47s and belt-fed machine guns, shelling villages with mortars and rocket-propelled grenades, the group rape of Batwa women, and the mutilation of the bodies of those killed by the park guards.
263:, which are generally assumed to be the ancestors of the Twa today, though it may be that the Twa arrived alongside the Hutu, and either were a distinct people from the original inhabitants, or have mixed ancestry. For several hundred years, the Twa have been a small minority in the area, currently 1% in Rwanda and Burundi, and have had little political role, though there were at times Twa in the government of the Tutsi king, and some even obtained a privilege position in the royal court as entertainers, or even executioners.
475:
234:
317:
37:
46:
309:
344:, violence, and general exclusion from society. Batwa men struggle with alcoholism, known to occur in communities facing cultural collapse as men can no longer carry out traditional roles and provide for families. By 2007, begging was the primary source of livelihood for 40 percent of the Batwa in Rwanda.
360:
was expanded and some 6,000 Batwa who had been living there in their ancestral home were expelled and displaced. As a result, they were living landless in host communities in poverty and destitution. After a long period of failed negotiations and broken promises with the government of the
Democratic
347:
While the Batwa adapted to the changes in their environment by adopting new economic activities and thus traditions and identities, they continue to face challenges to their survival. Today, much of the available land, apart from areas reserved for wildlife conservation and environmental protection,
324:
Due to clearing of the forests for agriculture, logging, development projects, and the creation of conservation areas, the Twa have been forced to leave the mountain forests and establish new homes. As they seek to develop new means of sustaining their communities (such as agriculture and
1281:
2138:
1274:
214:. In 2000 they numbered approximately 80,000 people, making them a significant minority group in these countries. The largest population of Twa is located in Burundi estimated in 2008 at 78,071 people.
2133:
1267:
329:
development) most are currently landless and live in poverty. The ancestral land rights of the Twa have never been recognised by their governments and no compensation has been made for lands lost.
1741:
817:
1724:
1290:
1729:
557:
746:
1218:
1847:
1774:
1734:
1152:
1012:"Submission of the Forest Peoples Programme Concerning the Republic of Rwanda and its compliance with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights"
975:
1188:
836:
332:
Twa children have little access to education and their communities have limited representation in local and national government. Due to their pygmy
1164:
1211:
225:, as well as southern Twa populations living in swamps and deserts where there has never been forest, but these are little known in the West.
1840:
1767:
830:
1092:
1326:
1072:
705:
2123:
1204:
679:
489:
217:
Apart from anthropological literature, the term "Twa" generally refers to the Twa of the Great Lakes region. There are a number of
1118:
935:
2128:
2118:
1833:
1760:
860:
618:
79:
1158:
759:
1011:
765:
273:
The Twa are often omitted in discussions about the conflict between the Hutus and Tutsis, which reached its height in the
1063:
505:
211:
266:
Unusually for
Pygmies, who generally trade meat for agricultural products, iron, and pottery, the Twa are themselves
963:
357:
285:
426:
745:
Blench, Roger (1999), "Are the
African Pygmies an Ethnographic Fiction?", in Biesbrouck; Elders; Rossel (eds.),
2108:
1227:
377:
1856:
1783:
2113:
1170:
910:
248:
of the mountain forests living in association with agricultural villages, much as other pygmy peoples do.
1259:
501:
222:
474:
259:-speaking people, arrived in the region, they subjugated 'bush people' (hunter-gatherers) they called
2103:
371:
297:
2057:
1568:
1446:
289:
179:
233:
1538:
1298:
648:
572:
1119:"Central Africa: Nowhere to go; land loss and cultural degradation. The Twa of the Great Lakes"
1982:
1401:
1331:
986:
826:
755:
675:
669:
514:
459:
2032:
1065:
To Purge the Forest by Force: Organized violence against Batwa in Kahuzi-Biega
National Park
748:
Challenging
Elusiveness: Central African Hunter-Gatherers in a Multidisciplinary Perspective
582:
566:
381:
293:
274:
111:
1533:
1431:
1421:
553:
520:
510:
256:
245:
129:
107:
1036:
194:, the Twa are generally assumed to be the oldest surviving population of the Great Lakes
316:
2012:
1658:
1598:
1503:
1476:
1396:
1386:
1346:
1321:
1122:
943:
635:
578:
562:
537:
341:
183:
115:
99:
864:
575:, Burundian politician and current minister of Human Rights, Social Affairs and Gender
2097:
2047:
2027:
1957:
1937:
1892:
1872:
1867:
1688:
1673:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1623:
1603:
1588:
1548:
1523:
1518:
1451:
1391:
1381:
1311:
1182:
1177:
541:
103:
450:
2077:
2062:
2052:
2042:
2037:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1952:
1708:
1703:
1693:
1683:
1633:
1613:
1608:
1593:
1583:
1578:
1558:
1553:
1543:
1528:
1513:
1508:
1496:
1491:
1461:
1456:
1441:
1436:
1406:
1376:
1371:
1356:
1351:
1341:
1336:
191:
36:
2072:
2022:
2007:
1987:
1942:
1882:
1877:
1804:
1698:
1678:
1668:
1638:
1628:
1573:
1486:
1481:
1471:
1466:
1416:
1366:
1316:
1306:
600:
218:
187:
789:
2017:
1361:
863:. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 2006. Archived from
640:
623:
134:
990:
731:
1962:
1897:
1563:
463:
337:
326:
1196:
1825:
1752:
431:
333:
83:
2082:
2067:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1902:
1814:
1618:
1153:
The Right to Learn: Batwa
Education in the Great Lakes Region of Africa
443:
417:
385:
267:
242:
203:
75:
198:. Current populations of Great Lakes Twa people live in the states of
1932:
1887:
595:
421:
408:
404:
395:
391:
278:
207:
199:
195:
87:
71:
706:"Sexual violence, lack of healthcare spreads HIV/AIDS among pygmies"
320:
Mutwa boy in the village Shasha in North Kivu during 2007 conflicts
1907:
1809:
1663:
1243:
1093:"Investigation documents murder, rape by DRC national park guards"
914:
612:
524:
473:
315:
307:
232:
150:
45:
825:. University of Michigan: Minority Rights Group. pp. 6, 12.
456:
ASeTTS (Association for
Services to Torture and Trauma Survivors)
1799:
1426:
1238:
885:
478:
The northern Twa. The easternmost group are the Great Lakes Twa.
308:
252:
146:
1829:
1756:
1263:
1200:
498:
Kahuzi-Biega
National Park, Congo (evicted 1975, returned 2019)
439:
20:
2139:
1181:
455:
1146:
1165:
Twa Women, Twa Rights in the Great Lakes Region of Africa
1121:. World Rainforest Movement. October 2004. Archived from
819:
Twa women, Twa rights in the Great Lakes region of Africa
413:
400:
1037:"One step closer: indigenous peoples' rights in the DRC"
483:
Volcano
National Park, Rwanda (resettled, 1970s–1980s)
2134:
Ethnic groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1291:
Ethnic groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
886:"Forest Peoples Programme | Forest Peoples Programme"
1043:. Minority Rights Group International. 2 August 2022
16:
Pygmy ethnic group of the African Great Lakes region
1717:
1297:
140:
122:
93:
65:
55:
298:expelled from the forest and placed in settlements
861:"Minorities Under Siege: Pygmies today in Africa"
390:CAURWA (Communauté des Autochthones Rwandais) –
284:The Twa of Uganda lived in the mountains of the
674:(7 ed.). InterVarsity Press. p. 183.
630:Researchers who studied pygmy culture and music
536:The Great Lakes Twa speak distinct dialects of
486:Nyungwe Forest, Rwanda (resettled, 1970s–1980s)
1841:
1768:
1275:
1212:
976:"The Batwa Pygmies of the Great Lakes Region"
495:Mgahinga National Park, Uganda (evicted 1991)
8:
1192:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
936:"WRM in English – World Rainforest Movement"
517:and dairy production, then as refugee lands)
365:Organisations operating with Great Lakes Twa
277:of 1994. About 30% of the Twa population of
29:
178:, are a Bantu speaking group native to the
1848:
1834:
1826:
1775:
1761:
1753:
1282:
1268:
1260:
1219:
1205:
1197:
35:
28:
811:
809:
19:For Twa peoples elsewhere in Africa, see
700:
698:
401:African International Christian Ministry
1173:: Pygmies today in Africa IRIN In-Depth
1159:Batwa Pygmies of the Great Lakes Region
754:, Universiteit Leiden, pp. 41–60,
660:
581:, Burundian politician and senator for
565:, Burundian politician and senator for
370:Development and Research Innovations –
1171:BURUNDI: The Batwa quest for equality
241:Traditionally, the Twa have been semi-
556:, Congolese politician and member of
7:
352:Return to Kahuzi-Biega National Park
237:Batwa women with traditional pottery
66:Regions with significant populations
50:Mutwa with traditional bow and arrow
1073:Minority Rights Group International
449:Empowerment of the Batwa Project |
1149:with photos and ethnographic notes
14:
490:Bwindi Impenetrable National Park
336:, they continue to suffer ethnic
312:A traditional dance of the Batwa
80:Democratic Republic of the Congo
44:
288:until 1992, when it was made a
210:and the eastern portion of the
983:Report – Minority Rights Group
432:The Bwindi Development Program
414:Dr. Scott and Carol Kellermann
1:
1167:, Minority Rights Group, 2003
1161:, Minority Rights Group, 2000
1155:, Minority Rights Group, 2008
790:"Twa – Minority Rights Group"
1062:Flummerfelt, Robert (2022),
506:Democratic Republic of Congo
451:CARE International in Uganda
212:Democratic Republic of Congo
712:. Chombo. 13 September 2006
446:, Washington, United States
2155:
358:Kahuzi-Biega National Park
286:Bwindi Impenetrable Forest
18:
1863:
1790:
1234:
1147:Pygmies of Central Africa
816:Jackson, Dorothy (2003).
427:Bwindi Community Hospital
296:. At that time they were
145:
127:
98:
70:
60:
43:
34:
2124:Ethnic groups in Burundi
1228:Ethnic groups in Burundi
378:Forest Peoples Programme
182:region on the border of
2129:Ethnic groups in Uganda
2119:Ethnic groups in Rwanda
1857:Ethnic groups in Uganda
1784:Ethnic groups in Rwanda
1189:Encyclopædia Britannica
668:Mandryk, Jason (2010).
492:, Uganda (evicted 1991)
440:Pygmy Survival Alliance
974:Lewis, Jerome (2000).
513:, Rwanda (evicted for
479:
321:
313:
281:died in the violence.
238:
794:Minority Rights Group
502:Virunga National Park
477:
319:
311:
236:
219:other Twa populations
141:Related ethnic groups
372:Wilmington, Delaware
771:on January 26, 2012
292:for the endangered
290:World Heritage Site
190:. As an indigenous
180:African Great Lakes
31:
649:Jean-Pierre Hallet
607:Other pygmy groups
573:Imelde Sabushimike
527:(prehistoric only)
480:
322:
314:
239:
2091:
2090:
1823:
1822:
1750:
1749:
1257:
1256:
832:978-1-904584-11-7
558:National Assembly
515:forest plantation
460:Western Australia
436:Geoffrey S. Proud
304:Current situation
156:
155:
2146:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1827:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1754:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1261:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1198:
1193:
1185:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1070:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1017:. 5 October 2006
1016:
1008:
1002:
1001:
999:
997:
980:
971:
965:
961:
955:
954:
952:
951:
942:. Archived from
932:
926:
925:
923:
922:
913:. Archived from
907:
901:
900:
898:
896:
882:
876:
875:
873:
872:
857:
851:
850:
848:
847:
841:
835:. Archived from
824:
813:
804:
803:
801:
800:
786:
780:
779:
778:
776:
770:
764:, archived from
753:
742:
736:
735:
732:"Twa in Burundi"
728:
722:
721:
719:
717:
702:
693:
692:
690:
688:
665:
645:Mauro Campagnoli
615:(Bambuti) people
583:Kirundo Province
567:Kirundo Province
382:Moreton-in-Marsh
294:mountain gorilla
275:Rwandan genocide
246:hunter-gatherers
162:, also known as
56:Total population
48:
39:
32:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2109:African Pygmies
2094:
2093:
2092:
2087:
1948:Great Lakes Twa
1859:
1854:
1824:
1819:
1795:Great Lakes Twa
1786:
1781:
1751:
1746:
1713:
1412:Great Lakes Twa
1293:
1288:
1258:
1253:
1249:Great Lakes Twa
1230:
1225:
1176:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1128:
1126:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1102:
1100:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1077:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1046:
1044:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1005:
995:
993:
978:
973:
972:
968:
962:
958:
949:
947:
934:
933:
929:
920:
918:
909:
908:
904:
894:
892:
884:
883:
879:
870:
868:
859:
858:
854:
845:
843:
839:
833:
822:
815:
814:
807:
798:
796:
788:
787:
783:
774:
772:
768:
762:
751:
744:
743:
739:
730:
729:
725:
715:
713:
704:
703:
696:
686:
684:
682:
671:Operation World
667:
666:
662:
657:
632:
609:
592:
554:Adolphine Muley
550:
534:
521:Mfangano Island
511:Gishwati Forest
472:
374:, United States
367:
354:
306:
231:
160:Great Lakes Twa
132:
130:Mbuti mythology
51:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2152:
2150:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2096:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1830:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1757:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1727:
1721:
1719:
1718:Non-indigenous
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1303:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1264:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1216:
1209:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1180:, ed. (1911).
1178:Chisholm, Hugh
1174:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1142:
1141:External links
1139:
1136:
1135:
1110:
1099:. 6 April 2022
1084:
1054:
1028:
1003:
966:
956:
940:www.wrm.org.uy
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890:Forest Peoples
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760:
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723:
694:
680:
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636:Colin Turnbull
631:
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603:
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591:
588:
587:
586:
579:Vital Bambanze
576:
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563:Charles Masabo
560:
549:
548:Notable people
546:
533:
530:
529:
528:
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508:
499:
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487:
484:
471:
468:
467:
466:
453:
447:
437:
434:
429:
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411:
398:
388:
375:
366:
363:
353:
350:
342:discrimination
305:
302:
230:
227:
154:
153:
143:
142:
138:
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125:
124:
120:
119:
118:(historically)
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68:
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58:
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49:
41:
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25:
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2140:
2137:
2135:
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2120:
2117:
2115:
2114:Bantu peoples
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
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2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
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1991:
1989:
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1926:
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1911:
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1906:
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1901:
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1183:"Batwa"
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1125:on 2009-01-07
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946:on 2009-01-07
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917:on 2007-06-26
916:
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867:on 2006-12-01
866:
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842:on 2016-03-04
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681:9780830895991
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356:In 1975, the
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1342:Banyamulenge
1248:
1187:
1127:. Retrieved
1123:the original
1113:
1101:. Retrieved
1096:
1087:
1076:, retrieved
1064:
1057:
1045:. Retrieved
1040:
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1019:. Retrieved
1006:
994:. Retrieved
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948:. Retrieved
944:the original
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930:
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893:. Retrieved
889:
880:
869:. Retrieved
865:the original
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797:. Retrieved
793:
784:
773:, retrieved
766:the original
747:
740:
726:
714:. Retrieved
709:
685:. Retrieved
670:
663:
535:
470:Distribution
355:
346:
331:
323:
283:
272:
265:
260:
250:
240:
223:Congo forest
216:
192:pygmy people
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
157:
26:Ethnic group
2104:Banyarwanda
1332:Bakwa Dishi
1103:28 November
1078:28 November
1047:29 November
775:October 26,
601:Twa peoples
585:(2010-2015)
569:(2010-2015)
188:East Africa
2098:Categories
1983:Karamojong
1402:Garanganze
1299:Indigenous
1129:2008-07-13
1097:Al Jazeera
1021:31 October
996:31 October
950:2008-07-13
921:2006-11-03
895:31 October
871:2006-12-11
846:2011-07-11
799:2021-01-23
761:9057890186
716:31 October
687:31 October
655:References
641:Simha Arom
166:(singular
1898:Bafumbira
1730:Europeans
1564:Mongo Twa
991:0305-6252
464:Australia
338:prejudice
327:livestock
251:When the
135:Christian
133:Minority
128:Majority
94:Languages
1534:Mangbetu
1432:Iyaelima
1422:Holoholo
590:See also
532:Language
334:ancestry
123:Religion
84:Tanzania
2083:Wahinda
2068:Songora
2033:Nubians
2013:Lugbara
1928:Bunyoro
1923:Baruuli
1918:Banyole
1913:Banyala
1903:Baganda
1815:Wahinda
1725:Chinese
1659:Turumbu
1619:Songora
1599:Ngbandi
1504:Lugbara
1397:Furiiru
1387:Dengese
1347:Barambu
1322:Avukaya
444:Seattle
418:Kanungu
386:England
268:potters
243:nomadic
229:History
221:in the
204:Burundi
184:Central
176:Ge-Sera
112:English
76:Burundi
2048:Oropom
2028:Masaba
1958:Hororo
1938:Dodoth
1933:Busoga
1893:Aringa
1888:Ankole
1873:Adhola
1742:Jewish
1689:Yakoma
1674:Wochua
1654:Tumbwe
1649:Topoke
1644:Tetela
1624:Songye
1604:Nyanga
1589:Ngando
1549:Mbunda
1524:Mayogo
1519:Makere
1452:Keliko
1382:Chokwe
1312:Nyindu
989:
985:: 10.
911:"Home"
829:
758:
678:
596:Abatwa
422:Uganda
409:Uganda
405:Kabale
396:Rwanda
392:Kigali
279:Rwanda
261:Abatwa
208:Uganda
200:Rwanda
196:region
172:Abatwa
108:French
88:Uganda
72:Rwanda
61:80,000
2078:Tooro
2063:Sebei
2058:Samia
2053:Pokot
2043:Nyoro
2038:Nkole
2003:Lango
1998:Kumam
1993:Konjo
1978:Kakwa
1973:Kadam
1953:Gwere
1908:Bagwe
1868:Acoli
1810:Tutsi
1735:Greek
1709:Zyoba
1704:Zande
1694:Yombe
1684:Yanzi
1664:Tutsi
1634:Tagbu
1614:Sanga
1609:Pende
1594:Ngata
1584:Ndaka
1579:Mpama
1559:Mongo
1554:Mbuti
1544:Mbole
1529:Mbaka
1514:Lungu
1509:Lunda
1497:Lulua
1492:Hemba
1477:Lendu
1462:Konjo
1457:Kongo
1442:Kango
1437:Kakwa
1407:Gbaya
1377:Bwile
1372:Bunda
1357:Bembe
1352:Bemba
1337:Banda
1244:Tutsi
1069:(PDF)
1015:(PDF)
979:(PDF)
840:(PDF)
823:(PDF)
769:(PDF)
752:(PDF)
613:Mbuti
538:Rundi
525:Kenya
257:Bantu
168:Mutwa
164:Batwa
151:Tutsi
116:Dutch
100:Rundi
2073:Teso
2023:Madi
2008:Logo
1988:Kiga
1943:Gisu
1883:Amba
1878:Alur
1805:Kiga
1800:Hutu
1699:Yulu
1679:Yaka
1669:Vira
1639:Teke
1629:Suku
1574:Moru
1569:Mono
1487:Luba
1482:Logo
1472:Lele
1467:Lega
1447:Kele
1427:Hutu
1417:Hema
1367:Budu
1327:Baka
1317:Amba
1307:Alur
1239:Hutu
1105:2022
1080:2022
1049:2022
1041:Blog
1023:2018
998:2018
987:ISSN
897:2018
827:ISBN
777:2011
756:ISBN
718:2018
710:IRIN
689:2018
676:ISBN
619:Baka
542:Kiga
540:and
255:, a
253:Hutu
186:and
158:The
147:Hutu
104:Kiga
2018:Luo
1968:Jie
1539:Mbo
1392:Efé
1362:Boa
624:Aka
174:or
170:),
30:Twa
21:Twa
2100::
1963:Ik
1186:.
1095:.
1071:,
1039:.
981:.
938:.
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708:.
697:^
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523:,
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442:–
420:,
416:–
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384:,
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340:,
300:.
270:.
206:,
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1107:.
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953:.
924:.
899:.
874:.
849:.
802:.
734:.
720:.
691:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
