552:, on August 6, 1840. Although rangers had found the tracks of a gigantic war party coming out of West Texas and were shadowing the onrushing Comanches, part of the war party broke off and attacked Victoria before citizens could be warned. One resident wrote, "We of Victoria were startled by the apparitions presented by the sudden appearance of six hundred mounted Comanches in the immediate outskirts of the village." Victoria's citizens hid in buildings, and the Comanches, after killing a dozen or so townspeople and riding up and down, departed when rifle fire from the buildings began to make the riding dangerous. The war party intended to gather horses and loot the coastal towns, which were not as prepared for the Comanches as the central Texas cities. After the attack on Victoria, the Comanches camped for the night on nearby Spring Creek.
640:; a total inventory valued at over $ 300,000 was reported to be at Linnville at that moment, including an undisclosed amount of silver bullion. Linn noted that in addition to the cloth and other trade goods usually in his warehouse at that time were several cases of hats and umbrellas belonging to James Robinson, a San Antonio merchant. "These the Indians made free with, and went dashing about the blazing village, amid their screeching squaws and 'little Injuns,' like demons in a drunken saturnalia, with Robinson's hats on their heads and Robinson's umbrellas bobbing about on every side like tipsy young balloons." After loading loot onto pack mules, the raiders began their retreat on the afternoon of August 8.
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Lockhart. Just as they had done to
Mexicans and Santa Feans for nearly a century, the Penaketa wanted to ensure they would receive a higher payment before ransoming the other whites they had abducted. This tactic, together with the terrible treatment they had given Lockhart, backfired, and the Indians found themselves taken hostage for a prisoner exchange. An attempt to escape followed by the brandishing of tomahawks the Comanche had secreted between their wives' blankets led to the massacre of all the male Indians except two elderly men, who along with the women were taken hostage.
528:, and Isimanica gathered at least 400 warriors, with (maybe 500) wives and young boys along to provide comfort and do work and, in the summer, raided the settlements between Bastrop and San Antonio. In mid-July they were ready and Comanches from every division (Nokoni, Kotsoteka, Yamparika and Kwahadi) were roaming through Texas. Altogether as many as 1,000 Comanche may have set out from West Texas on the Great Raid. On this raid the Comanches went all the way from the plains of west Texas to the cities of
666:, with all the ranger companies of east and central Texas, moved to intercept the Indians. They made contact at Plum Creek, near the city of Lockhart, Texas, on August 12, 1840. The Comanches, who normally fared about as a fast and deadly light cavalry, were detained considerably by the captives and slower pack mules. The normal Comanche tactic was to ride as fast as possible away from the scene of a victory, but on this occasion they slowed to a gentler pace acceptable to the heavily laden pack mules.
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For that entire day the
Comanches plundered and burned buildings, draping themselves grandly in top hats and stolen linens. They tied feather beds and bolts of cloth to their horses, and dragged them. They herded cattle into pens and slaughtered them. One outraged citizen, Judge John Hays, grabbed a
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Realizing that the plains
Indians had no experience on water, the townspeople fled the Comanche raiders to the water. They were saved by remaining aboard small boats and a schooner captained by William G. Marshall, which was at anchor in the bay. In the water, the refugees witnessed the destruction
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won the admiration of the soldiers. He had arrived on foot but soon mounted a white horse from which a
Comanche had been shot and chased the wild Indians. Brown recalled that Placido was six feet two inches, handsomely formed, of majestic bearing, a master in horsemanship and the soul of untutored
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With revolvers and swords in hand, these Texian farmers chased the snipers through choking clouds of acrid smoke while the main body attacked the center. The
Indians abandoned their immense booty and left the captives behind and made a mad dash to safety - all except for captive, Mrs. Crosby, who,
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and all hell broke loose. Hearing the charge, the
Comanche immediately turned toward the mountains of Rio Blanco and San Marcos to make their escape but were hampered by their flight. Their women and elderly formed into the center of the caravan and the men took defensive positions. Some of the
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chiefs and their wives, who had earlier promised to deliver 13 white captives they had kidnapped. Because of the small amount this
Penateka band of Southern Comanche received for the ransom of nine-year-old James Putnam weeks before, they brought with them only one captive, 16-year-old Matilda
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was determined to do more than merely complain about what the
Comanches viewed as a bitter betrayal. Spreading word to the other bands of Comanches that he was raiding the white settlements in revenge, Buffalo Hump led the Great Raid of 1840. Buffalo Hump, Penateka second war chief
682:"Just as the retreat commenced, I heard the scream of a female voice in a bunch of bushes close by. Approaching the spot, I discovered a lady endeavoring to pull an arrow out that was lodged firmly in her breast. This proved to be Mrs. Watts, whose husband the killed at Linville.
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Tonkawa spies and rangers under
Captain Henry McCullough brought word of the Comanche's approach and that they were nearing a boggy field on the fore side of Plum Creek which would severely hamper their flight. McCullough requested a charge which was granted by General
1018:
Dolbeare, Benjamin, and
Webster, Dolly. A Narrative of the Captivity and Suffering of Dolly Webster Among the Camanche Indians in Texas: With an Account of the Massacre of John Webster and His Party, as Related by Mrs. Webster. United States, Yale University Library,
1128:
The old road from Victoria to Linnville, and the location of the Plácido Benavides ranch (shown on the map as "Placido Venabides"), are shown on an 1858 map of Victoria County. Pressler, Charles W.. Victoria County, Map, November 21, 1858; digital image,
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The Rangers had been trailing the war party for some time, unable to engage them because of their sheer numbers. But the three days of looting at Linnville gave the militia and Ranger companies a chance to gather. Volunteers from Gonzales, Texas, under
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warriors out in the lead, leapt off their mounts and from behind the trunks of post oaks, began providing cover for their escaping comrades. These sharp shooters aimed at the attacking cavalry’s horses, causing some to fall from their mounts.
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The northern Comanche did not participate in the raid. They were on their own raid into Mexico, stealing and kidnapping Mexican boys to act as their herders for subsequent raids. Before returning, they attacked the Lipan Apache and Tonkawa.
617:, who had delayed his escape to retrieve a gold watch at his home (reportedly a family heirloom). After killing Watts, the Comanche captured his wife of only three weeks, the former Juliet Constance, and a black woman and child.
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Early on August 8, the Comanches surrounded Linnville, the Republic of Texas's second-largest port at the time, and began pillaging stores and houses. Linnville, of which nothing remains, was 3.5 miles northeast of present-day
956:"In their drive to the Gulf they had slain twenty citizens, but at Plum Creek they had lost, besides human casualties, all the stock scooped up at Victoria and most of the merchandise taken from the Linnville warehouses."
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gun, waded ashore through the shallow water, and roared at the warriors, but they chose to spare him, believing him mad. He later found that he had waded ashore to face nearly 1,000 Indians with an unloaded pistol.
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In their wake, the Comanche left 23 unarmed civilians dead around Lavaca. “The number of Comanches killed, we never ascertained,” wrote William B. Dewees upon his return home just days after the fight.
1028:
Maverick, Mary Adams, and Maverick, George Madison. Memoirs of Mary A. Maverick: Arranged by Mary A. Maverick and Her Son Geo. Madison Maverick. United States, Alamo printing Company, 1921.
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183:
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501:, raised a huge war party of many of the bands of the Comanche, and raided deep into white-settled areas of Southeast Texas, stealing horses and taking more white captives.
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rather than allow her to escape, an Indian skewered her and a black woman with a lance. He or another Indian shot Mrs. Watts with an arrow before speeding away.
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honor, ashamed of the vices of his tribe he was the favorite with every honest white man who personally knew him. A braver man never walked the soil of Texas.”
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on the Texas coast. In what may have been the largest organized raid by the Comanches to that point, they raided and burned these towns and plundered at will.
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With between 1,500 and 3,000 horses, two dozen scalps and half a dozen captives, the Comanche returned home in a large, slow procession.
1219:
DeWees, William Bluford, and Kimball, Emaretta C. Letters from an Early Settler of Texas. United States, Morton & Griswold, 1852.
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The Comanche Barrier to South Plains Settlement: A Century and a Half of Savage Resistance to the Advancing White Frontier
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The Comanche Barrier to South Plains Settlement: A Century and a Half of Savage Resistance to the Advancing White Frontier
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1365:
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1133:), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, crediting Texas General Land Office, Austin, Texas.
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was the largest raid Native Americans ever mounted on white cities in what is now the United States. It followed the
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He was saved because of the Comanche reverence for the mad, a reverence shared by most Native American cultures.
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1037:
Kavanagh, Thomas W. The Comanches: A History, 1706-1875. United States, University of Nebraska Press, 1999.
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Wilbarger, John Wesley. Indian Depredations in Texas. United States, Eakin Press, Statehouse Books, 1985.
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The Dallas Daily Herald. (Dallas, Tex.), Vol. 2, No. 156, Ed. 1 Wednesday, August 12, 1874 Page: 2 of 4
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Brewed in Other Men's Worlds: The Confrontation of the Indian, Spanish, and French in the Southwest
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1393:. Monograph of the American Ethnological Society, No. 21. Locust Valley, NY: J. J. Augustin, 1953.
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The Morning Star. (Houston, Tex.), Vol. 2, No. 77, Ed. 1 Saturday, August 1, 1840 Page: 2 of 4
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In response to the killings and hostage-taking, the southern Comanche, led by chief
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At the time of the Great Raid, many trade goods were en route from overseas to
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613:. The Comanches reportedly killed three whites, including customs officer
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and looting of Linnville, unable to do anything but curse the raiders.
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The Great Comanche Raid: Boldest Indian Attack on the Texas Republic
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Largest raid mounted by Native Americans on white cities, now the US
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The huge war party crossed into central Texas and first attacked
165:
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1345:. Vero Beach, Florida 32964: Rourke Publications, Inc., 1992.
1357:
The Junior Library of American Indians: The Comanche Indians
1331:, 1540–1795. College Station, TX: Texas A&M Press, 1975.
941:
Lone Star Justice: The First Century of the Texas Rangers
894:
List of battles won by Indigenous peoples of the Americas
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Jodye Lynn Dickson Schilz, Thomas F. Schilz (1989),
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http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth89041/
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officials attempted to capture and take prisoner 33
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Ted's Arrowheads and Artifacts from the Comancheria
1185:, University of Texas, El Paso, Texas Western Press
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1398:Indigenous Peoples of North America: The Comanche
593:On August 7, the Comanches continued on toward
21:
1400:. San Diego: Lucent Books Incorporation, 2000.
1391:Changing Military Patterns on the Great Plains
1379:. Glendale, CA: Arthur H. Clark Company, 1933.
1352:. Mankato, Minnesota: Bridgestone Books, 1997.
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1413:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1952.
1338:. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1974.
1324:. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1989.
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8:
994:
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1411:The Comanches: Lords of the Southern Plains
1386:. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1989.
1359:. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1993.
1307:. Later (2003) republished under the title
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1050:The Comanches: Lords of the Southern Plains
1297:The Comanches: The Destruction of a People
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1409:Wallace, Ernest, and E. Adamson Hoebel.
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597:, camping for the night on Placido (now
1442:Battles involving the Republic of Texas
1183:Buffalo Hump and the Penateka Comanches
944:. Oxford University Press. p. 39.
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1404:"The Texas Comanches" on Texas Indians
1384:Indians of North America: The Comanche
1309:The Comanches: The History of a People
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1117:Reminiscences of Fifty Years in Texas
1052:. University of Oklahoma Press. 1952.
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1350:Native Peoples: The Comanche Indians
1343:Native American People: The Comanche
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1043:
998: Jodye Lynn Dickson Schilz:
1275:Skyhawks Native American Dedication
1009:. Retrieved December 23, 2008.
156:35 killed, 29 caught and imprisoned
1263:. New York: Benchmark Books, 2000.
14:
1281:"Comanche" on the History Channel
605:, about 12 miles from Linnville.
41:Location of Linville and Victoria
1327:John, Elizabeth and A.H. Storms
938:Utley, Robert M. (16 May 2002).
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461:23 either killed or carried away
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1151:. University of Texas at Austin
909:Santa Anna (Comanche war chief)
505:Buffalo Hump gathers the tribes
1437:Battles involving the Comanche
1067:"The Handbook of Texas Online"
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1457:Massacres by Native Americans
1432:1840 in the Republic of Texas
453:Raid on a frontier settlement
1170:University of Texas Handbook
986:. Arthur H. Clarke Co. 1933.
685:The friendly Tonkawa chief,
1065:Roell, Craig (2001-06-06).
524:, Penateka third war chief
333:North Fork of the Red River
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1363:Native Americans: Comanche
1145:"Handbook of Texas Online"
748:Early Spanish explorations
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143:Unknown; estimates, c. 400
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1299:. New York: Knopf, 1974,
1294:Fehrenbach, Theodore Reed
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647:The Battle of Plum Creek
601:) Creek on the ranch of
1336:Comanche Medicine Woman
662:and from Bastrop under
1375:Richardson, Rupert N.
1261:Lifeways: The Comanche
1071:LINNVILLE RAID OF 1840
904:Yellow Wolf (Comanche)
630:New Orleans, Louisiana
577:Great Raid at Linnvile
113:Commanders and leaders
1396:Streissguth, Thomas.
1270:McGowan Book Co. 1987
588:Location within Texas
556:The sack of Linnville
412:28.66833°N 96.63861°W
382:Calhoun County, Texas
148:Casualties and losses
1097:Accessed 2007-11-04.
919:Battle of Plum Creek
653:Battle of Plum Creek
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353:Staked Plains Horror
348:Buffalo Hunters' War
1382:Rollings, Willard.
1091:The Texas Comanches
1089:R.E. Moore (2000).
1000:Council House Fight
914:Council House Fight
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483:Council House Fight
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358:Yellow House Canyon
243:Council House Fight
153:20 civilians killed
1462:August 1840 events
1406:(August 14, 2005).
1372:(August 13, 2005).
1368:2011-09-11 at the
634:San Antonio, Texas
479:Great Raid of 1840
423:Great Raid of 1840
372:Great Raid of 1840
22:Great Raid of 1840
1452:Texas–Indian Wars
1427:Conflicts in 1840
1290:(August 19, 2005)
1283:(August 26, 2005)
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1266:Brice, Donaly E.
1095:Texas Indians.com
1005:Handbook of Texas
951:978-0-19-992371-7
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808:Civil War Era
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778:Mexican Texas
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768:Spanish Texas
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638:Austin, Texas
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1348:Lund, Bill.
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1322:Great Plains
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1254:Bibliography
1247:Buffalo Hump
1238:
1215:
1182:
1176:
1164:
1153:. Retrieved
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1074:. Retrieved
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1024:
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966:Great Raid-
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899:Buffalo Hump
882:
758:French Texas
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642:
627:
623:
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517:Buffalo Hump
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511:Buffalo Hump
499:Buffalo Hump
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478:
476:
466:Perpetrators
263:Bandera Pass
247:
233:San Gabriels
218:Stone Houses
129:Buffalo Hump
91:Belligerents
27:Part of the
1273:"Comanche"
968:TSHA Online
711:History of
664:Ed Burleson
611:Port Lavaca
522:Yellow Wolf
485:, in which
449:Attack type
415: /
389:Coordinates
323:Warren Raid
303:Pease River
273:Apache Wars
213:Fort Parker
29:Indian Wars
1421:Categories
1227:References
1155:2007-11-04
1076:2007-11-04
879:Conclusion
526:Santa Anna
421: (
402:96°38′19″W
399:28°40′06″N
380:Linnville
253:Plum Creek
248:Great Raid
238:The Neches
1002:from the
798:Statehood
595:Linnville
534:Linnville
68:Linnville
1447:Comanche
1366:Archived
888:See also
729:Timeline
702:a series
700:Part of
550:Victoria
544:Victoria
530:Victoria
491:Comanche
470:Comanche
377:Location
228:Killough
135:Strength
107:Comanche
63:Victoria
58:Location
1119:(1883).
687:Placido
599:Placedo
102:Texians
1303:
1007:Online
948:
704:on the
458:Deaths
268:Muncey
79:Result
1019:1986.
925:Notes
713:Texas
632:, to
72:Texas
1301:ISBN
946:ISBN
636:and
532:and
477:The
436:Date
66:and
50:Date
443:-6)
441:UTC
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185:e
178:t
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121:,
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