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316:, re-built in 1848, and South, completed in 1896). At their peak, the North Canal provided up to 13,000 horsepower and the South Canal 2,000 horsepower; the Essex Company sold "mill rights" to its water power, allowing mills to use the energy provided. The North Canal existed before the dam, but was redeveloped both to better feed the mills and to accommodate the 30-foot (9.1 m) drop caused by the dam. About a mile in length, the canal had a
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economy" with high shopper expectations, demanding price models and rapidly evolving fashion tastes, plus the development of energy and industrial technologies, all led to widespread mill closures, making the power the dam provided obsolete for current needs while also wholly inadequate for newer development.
491:. Fish numbers in the river are higher than before, but time has shown that although the presence of a ladder is better than not having one, the dam—as do all unnatural river obstructions—has had a detrimental impact on natural resources. Although hydroelectric power has often been billed as a sustainable
480:
power plant at the south end of the Great Stone Dam that would ensure energy production and preserve the architectural integrity of the dam. In 1981, the project was completed allowing the generation of 16.8 MW of power, far more than the 15,000 horsepower (11 MW) the dam provided in its heyday.
447:
The construction was innovative for the time as it used hydraulic injections of concrete into the spaces between the granite stones. This has led to the dam's reliability and durability, as despite several severe floods no repairs to the dam itself have ever been required, although repairs were made
378:
and Daniel
Saunders, the association had identified that "there lay a tract of land resting upon foundations of imperishable blue stone and so shaped and environed by nature as to be a rare site for a permanent dam and a connected system of canals, and for the building of a manufacturing city"; this
451:
At the time of its construction it was the largest dam in the world, and it remains one of the significant landmarks defining the city to which its creation gave birth. It was so significant to the city at the time, a celebration was held in honor of its semi-centennial in 1895, yet now may be less
442:
is 22 feet and the average plunge of water 25 to 26 feet without flashboards. The masonry, including wings extending inland, is 1,629 feet in length. The overflow of water is 900 feet wide from wing to wing, the crest line curving slightly upstream. A solid filling of earth, backing the masonry and
513:
in 1977, the Great Stone Dam is considered one of the greatest engineering projects of the 19th century due to its size, its method and the impact of its development. It stands as testament to the heyday of great innovation and innovators, to a time of economic and social development, to the Essex
426:
Gilmore & Carpenter won the contract to build the dam. The construction commenced and finished on the same day (September 19) three years apart (one source states it was the same hour) from the first stone laid in 1845 to the last in 1848. Charles H. Bigelow, who had been an engineer in the US
479:
was growing: the Great Stone Dam was both literally and figuratively well placed to be as much a part of the future as it had been of the past if investment could be found for the necessary modernization. In the 1970s the
Lawrence Hydroelectric Associates began the construction of a $ 28-million
471:
Increasingly from the end of World War II, the economic, social and industrial landscapes within which the mills relied on the dam's power were changing. Complex interrelated forces including geographical migration of the textile industry and development of an increasingly influential "consumer
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led in 2007 to $ 3.5 million in improvements and repairs, including replacement of the old plywood flashboards with a more reliable metal and rubber-bladder washboard structure (for better flood and water level control), as well as improving fish migration. In 2008 repairs were delayed by
452:
celebrated, as at the site of the dam there is no viewing platform, monument or historical marker giving passersby information about the historical innovation and social marvel beneath their feet. The
Lawrence History Center (located in what were the offices of the
414:
Previous to incorporating as the Essex
Company, the group of men had been known as the "Boston Associates" and had made similar developments upstream in Lowell, where a dam of similar (but smaller) size had already been built, giving rise to that industrial city.
371:) 11 miles downstream from Lowell. However, water power required a fall greater than the 5 feet (1.5 m) provided by the natural river drop; to achieve a usable water height of no less than 30 feet (9.1 m), a dam of unprecedented size would be required.
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2013:
2008:
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sloping back, one foot in six, protects the structure. The south wing wall is 324 feet long and the north wing 405 feet. The original cost of the structure, at the time of building when prices of labor and material ruled low, was about $ 250,000.
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Today the dam is the site of a hydroelectric plant, completed in 1981, which is owned by
Central Rivers Power USA (now parent company of the Essex Company, which still owns the dam) and the Lawrence Hydroelectric Associates.
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along the
Merrimack River by building a dam at the preferred site. In addition to being a company director, Storrow was the lead engineer for the Essex Company and is credited as the designer and engineer of the dam.
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848:"Lawrence yesterday and today (1845-1918) a concise history of Lawrence Massachusetts - her industries and institutions; municipal statistics and a variety of information concerning the city"
1960:
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exceptionally heavy rains which highlighted the necessity of the repairs. The development was carefully planned to ensure longevity and capacity for the 19th century achievement.
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The plans set forth by the Essex
Company, for the dam and surrounding industrialization, were so popular that it took less than one month to acquire capital of 1 million dollars.
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Because of the impact on the depth and flow of the river, and the large mill pond caused by the dam, the area above and below the dam have enhanced recreational opportunities.
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firmly embedded and bolted upon the river rock bed. The thickness at the base is 35 feet, narrowed gradually to about 13 feet below the crest stone. The greatest height of
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568:, also known as "stripers", as the area has a larger concentration of fish due to the dam and an easily accessible shoreline for both boaters and shoreside anglers.
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Ford, Peter A. (January 1, 1993). "Charles S. Storrow, Civil
Engineer: A Case Study of European Training and Technological Transfer in the Antebellum Period".
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in 1894 to the wooden flashboards and the flashboard system was updated in 2007 to improve water control. No repairs to the stonework have ever been needed.
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In part due to the successful use of the river's power to develop the industrial potential of the city of Lowell, a consortium of local industrialists (
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It remains owned by the Essex
Company which itself is now owned by Central Rivers Power USA, in partnership with Lawrence Hydroelectric Associates.
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922:"Lawrence: An Industrial City · Bread and Roses Strike of 1912: Two Months in Lawrence, Massachusetts, that Changed Labor History · DPLA Omeka"
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source, continued sustainability relies on developing better ways of supporting nature, fish habitat and fundamental ecological services.
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Despite conservationist concerns over fish numbers, the area immediately below the dam is a popular fishing location for breeds such as
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The construction of the dams and canals might have been more expensive if not for the easy availability of cheap labor, often
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1259:"FishBlab reports, locations, discussion and analysis for Fishing in Lawrence Boat Ramp - Lawrence, MA"
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1165:"Blocked Migration: Fish Ladders On U.S. Dams Are Not Effective by John Waldman: Yale Environment 360"
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housing the
Greater Lawrence Community Boating Program (as well as a water rescue station).
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Company itself, and most importantly to an immigrant city born in and of the American
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278:. The dam has a length of 900 feet (270 m) and a height of 35 feet (11 m).
1062:"ArchiveGrid : Lawrence, Mass., Great Stone Dam semi-centennial ephemera, 1895"
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incorporated as the Essex Company with a charter to develop water power for planned
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History of the City of Lawrence by Jonathan Franklin Chesley Hayes, 1868, p. 17
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History of the City of Lawrence by Jonathan Franklin Chesley Hayes, 1868, p. 11
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While these and other changes reduced demand for the dam's energy, demand for
309:(Broadway) in Lawrence and from behind the Pacific Paper Mill (now defunct).
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National Register of Historic Places listings in Lawrence, Massachusetts
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The need to work in partnership with nature and be more responsive to a
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Initially known as "The Merrimack Water Power Association" (1843) under
270:) was built between 1845 and 1848 on the site of Bodwell's Falls on the
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National Register of Historic Places in Essex County, Massachusetts
810:"Records of the Essex Company of Lawrence, Massachusetts 1845-1987"
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is located immediately upstream from the dam, supported by a large
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Land was acquired from towns on both sides of the Merrimack River (
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2121:
Dams on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
1096:
Skulki, Ken. History of Lawrence Massachusetts, Volume 2, page 7.
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The dam is constructed of huge granite blocks, laid in hydraulic
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1002:
Skulsi, Ken. History of Lawrence Massachusetts Vol 2. Page 53.
1316:"Merrimack River has been a hotspot this spring for stripers"
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Historic district contributing properties in Massachusetts
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U.S. National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
1334:"Merrimack River Dam Fishing near Lawrence, Massachusetts"
958:
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456:) has significant displays on the dam and its creation.
1193:"Dam combines past architecture with future technology"
1018:"Collections of the LHC | Lawrence History Center"
1080:"Great Stone Dam Map: Explore Lawrence on TripAdvisor"
638:"Lawrence History Timeline – Lawrence History Center"
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Buildings and structures in Lawrence, Massachusetts
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History of the National Register of Historic Places
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301:. The dam is 11 miles (18 km) downstream from
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1241:"Lawrence set to install 4 river rescue stations"
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2083:National Register of Historic Places portal
777:"The Great Stone Dam – Great Stone Dam Classic"
487:intended to promote fish migration, especially
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430:The exact construction is outlined as follows:
285:, approximately 25 miles (40 km) north of
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669:"Heavy rain swells river, halting dam repairs"
328:gates. The locks were abandoned in the 1960s.
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1181:Wacker, Tim. Boston Globe. September 27, 2007
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483:The plant's development included a high-tech
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1441:Central Catholic High School (Massachusetts)
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1147:"10 great places to have a dam good time"
37:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
726:"Enel Green Power, leader in renewables"
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1488:High Service Water Tower and Reservoir
1131:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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988:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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611:"National Register Information System"
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616:National Register of Historic Places
511:National Register of Historic Places
427:Army, supervised the construction.
1285:"Looking for stripers? Head north"
289:and only a few miles south of the
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1436:Greater Lawrence Technical School
518:. It was further included in the
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1446:Northern Essex Community College
526:Contribution to local recreation
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1415:Merrimack Valley gas explosions
1410:1922 New England Textile Strike
1524:McGovern Transportation Center
379:tract was at Bodwell's Falls.
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1:
858:– via Internet Archive.
578:North Canal Historic District
520:North Canal Historic District
212:North Canal Historic District
119:Show map of the United States
1405:1912 Lawrence textile strike
751:"The Merrimack River Canals"
181:; 176 years ago
18:United States historic place
2046:National Historic Landmarks
1503:Sacred Heart Parish Complex
1493:Lawrence Experiment Station
846:Dorgan, Maurice B. (1918).
283:Essex County, Massachusetts
2162:
2041:Cape Cod National Seashore
382:In 1845, Abbott Lawrence,
312:The dam feeds two canals (
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1618:
1532:
1508:Veterans Memorial Stadium
1211:"Great Stone Dam Classic"
1048:Queencityma.wordpress.com
1044:"Lawrence, Massachusetts"
687:"Lawrence History Center"
223:NRHP reference
94:Show map of Massachusetts
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60:
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27:
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2095:United States portal
1534:This list is incomplete.
1456:Lawrence Public Library
1391:Lawrence, Massachusetts
1355:Lawrence History Center
1151:Usatoday30.usatoday.com
276:Lawrence, Massachusetts
133:Lawrence, Massachusetts
2146:Dams with fish ladders
2126:Dams completed in 1848
1592:Keeper of the Register
880:Technology and Culture
588:Charles Storer Storrow
445:
198:Charles Storer Storrow
46:U.S. Historic district
2141:Dams in Massachusetts
1607:National Park Service
1587:Contributing property
621:National Park Service
516:Industrial Revolution
160:42.70083°N 71.16667°W
50:Contributing property
1265:on December 31, 2013
1221:on December 31, 2013
1050:. November 12, 2009.
1024:on December 11, 2013
943:"Water over the dam"
787:on December 31, 2013
757:on December 31, 2013
305:and is visible from
1191:Harmacinski, Jill.
817:Lawrencehistory.org
667:Harmacinski, Jill.
642:Lawrencehistory.org
477:hydroelectric power
344:, Edmund Bartlett,
165:42.70083; -71.16667
156: /
1498:Old Public Library
1295:on January 1, 2014
1113:on January 1, 2014
970:on January 1, 2014
730:Enelgreenpower.com
693:on January 2, 2014
404:Charles S. Storrow
388:Patrick T. Jackson
297:), located in the
268:Lawrence Great Dam
249:Designated CP
202:Charles H. Bigelow
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1723:Barnstable County
1597:Historic district
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1478:Campagnone Common
1472:Bellevue Cemetery
1451:Cambridge College
1338:HookandBullet.com
1314:Kirkbkirk, Bill.
1215:Greatstonedam.com
1066:Beta.worldcat.org
781:Greatstonedam.com
623:. April 15, 2008.
564:, and in season,
533:A large area for
262:(also called the
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236:Significant dates
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384:Nathan Appleton
376:Samuel Lawrence
342:Abbott Lawrence
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281:Lawrence is in
274:in what became
272:Merrimack River
260:Great Stone Dam
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2009:northwestern
1770:Essex County
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1299:December 31,
1297:. Retrieved
1293:the original
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1269:December 31,
1267:. Retrieved
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850:. Lawrence:
820:. Retrieved
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791:December 31,
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350:John Nesmith
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264:Lawrence Dam
263:
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2029:Other lists
1989:Southbridge
1869:Marlborough
1823:Springfield
1756:New Bedford
1431:Lawrence HS
554:white perch
485:fish ladder
348:of Lowell,
163: /
139:Coordinates
2110:Categories
1919:Winchester
1894:Somerville
1854:Framingham
1782:Gloucester
1751:Fall River
1730:Barnstable
1637:Barnstable
1245:Boston.com
594:References
547:boat house
336:Background
322:lift locks
320:and three
318:guard lock
216:ID84000417
1999:Worcester
1935:Brookline
1904:Wakefield
1859:Lexington
1844:Cambridge
1839:Arlington
1702:Worcester
1682:Nantucket
1677:Middlesex
1672:Hampshire
1642:Berkshire
1465:Landmarks
1424:Education
908:112130425
522:in 1984.
194:Architect
151:71°10′0″W
148:42°42′3″N
2071:Category
1994:Uxbridge
1971:southern
1966:northern
1899:Stoneham
1889:Sherborn
1792:Lawrence
1706:northern
1692:Plymouth
1662:Franklin
1289:Wcvb.com
1127:cite web
984:cite web
854:June 14,
822:June 14,
735:June 14,
572:See also
539:kayaking
354:Lawrence
307:Route 28
293:border (
230:77000184
129:Location
2036:Bridges
2004:eastern
1909:Waltham
1884:Reading
1874:Medford
1849:Concord
1802:Methuen
1787:Ipswich
1777:Andover
1761:Taunton
1735:Harwich
1697:Suffolk
1687:Norfolk
1667:Hampden
1647:Bristol
1398:History
900:3106537
543:boating
535:sailing
440:masonry
369:Methuen
365:Andover
326:mitered
208:Part of
184: (
2051:Boston
1961:Boston
1945:Quincy
1940:Milton
1914:Weston
1879:Newton
1864:Lowell
1580:Topics
1474:(part)
906:
898:
489:salmon
436:cement
303:Lowell
287:Boston
1807:Salem
1657:Essex
1652:Dukes
926:Dp.la
904:S2CID
896:JSTOR
813:(PDF)
324:with
314:North
295:Salem
176:Built
1797:Lynn
1301:2013
1271:2013
1227:2013
1133:link
1119:2013
1030:2013
990:link
976:2013
856:2019
824:2019
793:2013
763:2013
737:2019
699:2013
541:and
402:and
367:and
258:The
186:1848
179:1848
888:doi
266:or
225:No.
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