1082:
1070:
891:; in male great frigatebirds this skin is red and can be inflated to attract a mate. Groups of males sit in bushes and trees and force air into their sac, causing it to inflate over a period of 20 minutes into a startling red balloon. As females fly overhead the males waggle their heads from side to side, shake their wings and call. Females will observe many groups of males before forming a pair bond. Having formed a bond the pair will sometimes select the display site, or may seek another site, to form a nesting site; once a nesting site has been established both sexes will defend their territory (the area surrounding the nest that can be reached from the nest) from other frigatebirds.
202:
1046:
1058:
1022:
1034:
570:
831:
31:
859:
839:
847:
80:
582:
55:
726:
954:; with one bird picking up a stick and being chased by one or more other fledglings. After the chick drops the stick the chaser attempts to catch the stick before it hits the water, after which the game starts again. This play is thought to be important in developing the aerial skills needed to fish.
941:
occurs after four to six months, the timing dependent on oceanic conditions and food availability. After fledging chicks continue to receive parental care for between 150 and 428 days; frigatebirds have the longest period of post-fledging parental care of any bird. The length of this care depends on
957:
Great frigatebirds take many years to reach sexual maturity and only breed once they have acquired the full adult plumage. This is attained by female birds when they are eight to nine years of age and for male birds when they are 10 to 11 years of age. The average lifespan is unknown but is assumed
577:
The great frigatebird measures 85 to 105 cm (33 to 41 in) in length and has a wingspan of 205–230 cm (81–91 in). Male great frigatebirds are smaller than females, but the extent of the variation varies geographically. The male birds weigh 1,000–1,450 g (2.20–3.20 lb)
1001:
personnel, limiting easy access for ornithologists. Once abundant, it has disappeared as a breeding bird from the main island of
Trindade, but small numbers remain elsewhere in this archipelago. The main island was once covered in forest but after this was destroyed, overgrazing by the introduced
915:
measuring 68 mm × 48 mm (2.7 in × 1.9 in) is laid during each breeding season. If the egg is lost the pair bond breaks; females may acquire a new mate and lay again in that year. Both parents incubate the egg in shifts that last between 3–6 days; the length of shift
1002:
goats prevented any recovery. A series of eradication programs in the second half of the 20th century eliminated all the introduced vertebrates other than house mice. Feral cats that had seriously depleted ground nesting birds were finally eradicated in 1998. In Brazil, the only country where
769:
that push schooling fish to the surface. Like all frigatebirds they will not alight on the water surface and are usually incapable of taking off should they accidentally do so. They are often seen foraging in large, mixed-species flocks, especially flocking with
817:
in particular) in order to make them regurgitate their food. This behaviour is not thought to play a significant part of the diet of the species, and is instead a supplement to food obtained by hunting. A study of great frigatebirds stealing from
793:
and even from other great frigatebirds. Studies show that only females (adults and juveniles) hunt in this fashion, and only a few individuals account for most of the kills. Great frigatebirds will also feed opportunistically in coastal areas on
604:
of males is black with scapular feathers that have a green iridescence when they refract sunlight. Females are black with a white throat and breast and have a red eye ring. Juveniles are black with a rust-tinged white face, head, and throat.
934:, and guarded by a parent for another fortnight after that. Chicks are given numerous meals a day after hatching, once older they are fed every one to two days. Feeding is by regurgitation, the chick sticks its head inside the adults mouth.
903:
the entire nest may be stolen) either snatched off the nesting site or stolen from other birds themselves foraging for nesting material. Great frigatebird nests are large platforms of loosely woven twigs that quickly become encrusted with
1236:
Kennedy, Martyn; Spencer, Hamish G (2004). "Phylogenies of the frigatebirds (Fregatidae) and tropicbirds (Phaethonidae), two divergent groups of the traditional order
Pelecaniformes, inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences".
704:. One male great frigatebird relocated from Europa Island in the Mozambique Channel to the Maldives 4400 km away for four months, where it fed on rich fishing grounds. Despite their extended range, birds also exhibit
1081:
1069:
760:
may be eaten as well. Prey is snatched while in flight, either from just below the surface or from the air in the case of flying fish flushed from the water. Great frigatebirds will make use of schools of predatory
314:; the female is larger than the adult male and has a white throat and breast, and the male's scapular feathers have a purple-green sheen. In the breeding season, the male is able to distend his striking red
916:
varies by location, although female shifts are longer than those of males. Incubation can be energetically demanding, birds have been recorded losing between 20 and 33% of their body mass during a shift.
894:
Pair bond formation and nest-building can be completed in a couple of days by some pairs and can take a couple of weeks (up to four) for other pairs. Males collect loose nesting material (twigs, vines,
1933:
899:) from around the colony and off the ocean surface and return to the nesting site where the female builds the nest. Nesting material may be stolen from other seabird species (in the case of
880:, nesting in bushes and trees (and on the ground in the absence of vegetation) in colonies of up to several thousand pairs. Nesting bushes are often shared with other species, especially
946:
years) the period of care is longer. The diet of these juvenile birds is provided in part by food they obtained for themselves and in part from their parents. Young
3143:
930:
chicks are naked and helpless, and lie prone for several days after hatching. Chicks are brooded for two weeks after hatching after which they are covered in white
3387:
971:
600:
of any bird. This has been hypothesized to enable the birds to use marine thermals created by small differences between tropical air and water temperatures. The
3377:
3195:
997:
remains, estimated to be a few hundred years old. The
Trindade archipelago is part of a Brazilian military area and the human population consists only of a few
3357:
2126:
596:
Frigatebirds have long narrow pointed wings and a long narrow deeply forked tail. They have the highest ratio of wing area to body mass and the lowest
1347:
1954:
1855:
3117:
1045:
3156:
1482:
Dearborn, D; Anders, A; Schreiber, E; Adams, R; Muellers, U (2003). "Inter island movements and population differentiation in a pelagic seabird".
1021:
3254:
1948:
2168:
1165:
Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
310:
The great frigatebird is a large and lightly built seabird up to 105 cm long with predominantly black plumage. The species exhibits
3372:
2107:
1033:
384:. Latham, in turn, largely based his account on the "man of war bird" that had been described and illustrated by the English naturalist
1057:
3367:
1730:
1566:
908:. There is little attempt to maintain the nests during the breeding season and nests may disintegrate before the end of the season.
2042:
Merino, S; Hennicke, J; Martìnez, J; Ludynia, K; Torres, R; Work, TM; Stroud, S; Masello, JF; Quillfeldt, P (2012). "Infection by
201:
3382:
3316:
3104:
962:
in Hawaii, 35 ringed great frigatebirds were recaptured. Of these 10 were 37 years or older and one was at least 44 years old.
3161:
376:. Gmelin based his description on the "lesser frigate pelican" that had been described in 1785 by the English ornithologist
1525:
Weimerskirch, Henri; Le Corre, Matthieu; Marsac, Francis; Barbraud, Christophe; Tostain, Olivier; Chastel, Olivier (2006).
2100:
Handbook of
Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds. Volume 1: Ratites to ducks; Part B, Australian pelican to ducks
622:
2966:
403:
1777:
3042:
2990:
1179:
851:
781:
Great frigatebirds will also hunt seabird chicks at their breeding colonies, taking mostly the chicks of sooty terns,
385:
377:
1863:
Island invasives: eradication and management : proceedings of the
International Conference on Island Invasives
1684:"The kleptoparasitic interactions between Great Frigatebirds and Masked Boobies on Henderson Island, South Pacific"
1275:
822:
estimated that the frigatebirds could at most obtain 40% of the food they needed, and on average obtained only 5%.
3200:
2123:
1579:
673:. The Atlantic population is very small, restricted to Ascension Island, St. Helena, and the Brazilian islands of
2611:
1543:
1526:
79:
3208:
2746:
2641:
2161:
1794:
569:
1874:
830:
2254:
1159:
990:
775:
674:
557:
347:
191:
3213:
3029:
2919:
2621:
2088:
922:
lasts for around 55 days. Great frigatebird chicks begin calling a few days before hatching and rub their
30:
3047:
876:, with a breeding season that can take two years from mating to the end of parental care. The species is
3280:
3008:
2827:
2682:
2616:
2264:
2259:
1007:
858:
689:
539:
370:
300:
174:
2708:
1132:
529:
838:
3321:
3233:
3091:
3021:
2977:
2796:
2756:
2726:
2002:
1778:"Telomere shortening in a long-lived marine bird: cross-sectional analysis and test of an aging tool"
959:
547:
268:
684:
across their range, both regular trips and more infrequent widespread dispersals. Birds marked with
2751:
2718:
2517:
2421:
2154:
1208:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 161.
873:
846:
343:
44:
3187:
1812:
Olson, Storrs L. (2017). "Species rank for the critically endangered
Atlantic Lesser Frigatebird (
970:
Because of the large overall total population and extended range the species is classified by the
3298:
2957:
2894:
2646:
2274:
2136:
2075:
1833:
1703:
1664:
1602:
1507:
1454:
1415:
411:
214:
74:
3285:
3148:
3267:
3174:
3065:
2869:
2713:
2667:
2591:
2391:
2348:
2103:
2067:
2030:
1944:
1866:
1726:
1562:
1499:
1254:
947:
634:
513:
311:
3308:
1222:
Gleanings of
Natural History, Exhibiting Figures of Quadrupeds, Birds, Insects, Plants &c
1168:(in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 2 (13th ed.). Lipsiae : Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 572.
3362:
3272:
2822:
2672:
2626:
2544:
2448:
2368:
2301:
2199:
2059:
2020:
2010:
1911:
1856:"Return of endemic plant populations on Trindade Island, Brazil, with comments on the fauna"
1825:
1789:
1695:
1654:
1594:
1538:
1491:
1446:
1407:
1279:
1246:
1127:
919:
881:
802:
750:
662:
525:
493:
489:
430:
323:
304:
256:
3034:
2146:
1747:
3241:
2677:
2636:
2507:
2411:
2177:
2130:
1316:
951:
782:
586:
581:
521:
501:
485:
356:
3223:
1109:
441:(indistinguishable from the extant great frigatebird) were recovered from Ulupau Head on
2006:
1643:"Brown Noddy chick predation by Great Frigatebirds in the northwestern Hawaiian islands"
2889:
2884:
2879:
2687:
2631:
2596:
2512:
2353:
2025:
1982:
998:
877:
742:
709:
693:
681:
331:
292:
280:
2982:
1627:
756:
are the most common item in the diet of the great frigatebird; other fish species and
3351:
3169:
2995:
2863:
2853:
2848:
2776:
2582:
1495:
1458:
1118:
975:
912:
814:
638:
626:
618:
497:
469:
351:
260:
64:
59:
1837:
1511:
1320:
1220:
1203:
1183:
613:
The great frigatebird has a wide distribution throughout the world's tropical seas.
3070:
2843:
2833:
2787:
2606:
2358:
2079:
1900:"Natural history of vertebrates on the Brazilian islands of the mid South Atlantic"
1163:
986:
931:
819:
685:
658:
650:
597:
543:
505:
284:
272:
2141:
2046:
parasites in four species of frigatebirds and the description of a new species of
993:. The Saint Helena population disappeared in ancient times and is only known from
725:
3057:
2015:
3293:
3182:
3130:
3109:
2951:
2874:
2858:
2737:
2416:
2373:
2363:
2245:
2195:
1829:
1250:
900:
790:
786:
753:
746:
701:
697:
630:
389:
319:
253:
151:
141:
3334:
1899:
1188:. Vol. 3, Part 2. London: Printed for Leigh and Sotheby. pp. 590–591.
578:
while the heavier female birds weigh 1,215–1,590 g (2.679–3.505 lb).
3329:
2838:
2807:
2658:
2181:
1776:
Juola, Frans A; Haussmann, Mark F; Dearborn, Donald C; Vleck, Carol M (2006).
1199:
943:
888:
810:
795:
771:
730:
705:
509:
399:
296:
276:
131:
2942:
1870:
1580:"Seabird interactions with dolphins and tuna in the Eastern Tropical Pacific"
1441:. In del Hoyo, J; Elliott, A; Sargatal, J; Christie, DA; de Juana, E (eds.).
1283:
388:
in 1760. The great frigatebird is now one of five closely related species of
318:. The species feeds on fish taken in flight from the ocean's surface (mostly
2816:
2601:
2540:
994:
927:
923:
670:
646:
642:
365:
315:
288:
91:
2071:
2034:
1503:
1258:
1943:(in Portuguese). BrasĂlia: MinistĂ©rio do Meio Ambiente. pp. 412–413.
1450:
3246:
2936:
1527:"Postbreeding Movements of Frigatebirds Tracked with Satellite Telemetry"
666:
517:
111:
1981:
Bastien, M; Jaeger, A; Le Corre, M; Tortosa, P; Lebarbenchon, C (2014).
3122:
3016:
2767:
2568:
2502:
2479:
2325:
2297:
2231:
1915:
1707:
1668:
1606:
1419:
1348:"A late Pleistocene avifauna from the island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands"
896:
766:
738:
654:
601:
590:
465:
461:
438:
434:
394:
327:
249:
2063:
478:(J. F. Gmelin, 1789). Central and East Indian Ocean to South China Sea
3003:
2493:
2444:
2402:
938:
614:
264:
101:
3135:
2913:
1699:
1659:
1598:
1411:
3083:
3078:
2699:
2557:
2468:
2452:
2339:
2314:
2220:
2203:
1683:
1642:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1395:
905:
857:
845:
837:
829:
806:
757:
724:
580:
568:
423:
361:
3096:
1396:"Great Frigatebird size dimorphism on two central Pacific atolls"
3259:
1941:
Livro vermelho da fauna brasileira ameaçada de extinção Volume 2
1434:
866:
762:
653:
islands, the most well-known include the
Seychelles islands of
442:
121:
2917:
2538:
2442:
2295:
2193:
2150:
958:
to be relatively long. As part of a study conducted in 2002 on
798:
hatchlings and fish scraps from commercial fishing operations.
729:
An immature great frigatebird performing a surface snatch on a
1103:
1101:
2137:
Internet Bird
Collection: photos, videos and audio recordings
1746:
Valle, Arlos A; de Vries, Tjitte; Hernández, Cecilia (2006).
1383:. Vol. 681. Philadelphia PA: The Birds of North America.
1544:
10.1650/0010-5422(2006)108[0220:PMOFTW]2.0.CO;2
1795:
10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[775:TSIALM]2.0.CO;2
887:
Both sexes have a patch of skin at the throat that is the
1225:. Vol. 2. London: Printed for the author. Plate 309.
2102:. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. pp. 913–920.
1748:"Plumage and sexual maturation in the Great frigatebird
981:
In the South
Atlantic, great frigatebirds (subspecies
484:(J. F. Gmelin, 1789). West and Central Pacific Ocean (
418:
has been retained. This has led to the discrepancy of
326:
less frequently than other frigatebirds. They feed in
259:. There are major nesting populations in the tropical
1433:
Orta, J; Kirwan, GM; Garcia, EFJ; Boesman, P (2020).
2723:
2133:- State of Hawaii, Division of Forestry and Wildlife
1559:
Seabirds of Hawaii: natural history and conservation
1375:
Metz, VG; Schreiber, EA (2002). "Great Frigatebird (
1284:"Storks, frigatebirds, boobies, darters, cormorants"
2926:
2805:
2785:
2765:
2735:
2697:
2656:
2580:
2556:
2491:
2467:
2400:
2382:
2337:
2313:
2243:
2219:
1854:Alves, RJV; da Silva, NG; Aguirre-Muñoz, A (2011).
1133:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697733A163770613.en
937:Parental care is prolonged in great frigatebirds.
402:). Its closest relative, within the group, is the
621:, with around 10,000 pairs nesting mostly in the
617:is the northernmost extent of their range in the
426:for "smaller") in contrast with its common name.
629:, colonies are found on most island groups from
38:Adult male, displaying, with inflated gular sac
942:oceanic conditions, in bad years (particularly
330:waters within 80 km (50 mi) of their
1865:. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. pp. 259–263.
1861:. In Veitch, CR; Clout, MN; Towns, DR (eds.).
1006:survives, the great frigatebird is considered
972:International Union for Conservation of Nature
2162:
1991:) in the Islands of the Western Indian Ocean"
1725:. Kenmore Hills, Qld: self. pp. 186–87.
741:waters within 80 km (50 mi) of the
8:
1807:
1805:
1355:Documents des laboratories de GĂ©ologie, Lyon
1321:"On the species and subspecies of the genus
1904:National Geography Society Research Reports
2914:
2562:
2553:
2535:
2473:
2464:
2439:
2319:
2310:
2292:
2225:
2216:
2190:
2169:
2155:
2147:
1927:
1925:
200:
53:
29:
20:
2024:
2014:
1793:
1658:
1542:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1131:
1849:
1847:
1443:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
1154:
1152:
1150:
453:Five subspecies are usually recognised:
291:, and there is a tiny population in the
1370:
1368:
1097:
1017:
712:even if they travel to other colonies.
350:in his revised and expanded edition of
2098:. In Marchant, S; Higgins, PG (eds.).
1723:Australian Birds: Their Nests and Eggs
649:. Colonies are also found on numerous
3388:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin
1290:. International Ornithologists' Union
1270:
1268:
1239:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1202:; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979).
680:Great frigatebirds undertake regular
7:
3378:Fauna of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3234:e10e573b-638b-46fc-a73f-406cfb7c94a3
2866:(imperial cormorant, blue-eyed shag)
3358:IUCN Red List least concern species
1628:"Fregata minor (Great frigatebird)"
1561:. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, NY.
1394:Schreiber, E; Schreiber, R (1988).
1119:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
884:and other species of frigatebirds.
696:(873 km), one was reported in
573:Male, showing feathers on gular sac
538:Mathews, 1914. East Pacific Ocean (
872:Great frigatebirds are seasonally
834:Male collecting twigs for the nest
805:, chasing other nesting seabirds (
692:were found to regularly travel to
460:Mathews, 1914. West Indian Ocean (
14:
2050:(Haemosporida: Haemoproteidae)".
1641:Megyesi, JL; Griffin, CR (1996).
1379:)". In Poole, A; Gill, F (eds.).
1027:Male in flight, Galápagos Islands
737:The great frigatebird forages in
346:in 1789 by the German naturalist
2142:Audio recordings from xeno-canto
1496:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01931.x
1288:IOC World Bird List Version 12.2
1205:Check-List of Birds of the World
1080:
1068:
1056:
1044:
1032:
1020:
801:Great frigatebirds will attempt
78:
1108:BirdLife International (2020).
556:Mathews, 1914. South Atlantic (
275:, colonies can be found in the
16:Species of bird (Fregata minor)
1934:"Fregata minor (Gmelin, 1789)"
1682:Vickery, J; Brooke, M (1994).
392:that make up their own genus (
1:
1818:Wilson Journal of Ornithology
733:chick dropped by another bird
623:Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
2265:Christmas Island frigatebird
2016:10.1371/journal.pone.0097185
1578:Au, DWK; Pitman, RL (1986).
641:with a few pairs nesting on
404:Christmas Island frigatebird
1932:Efe, Márcio Amorim (2008).
1830:10.1676/1559-4491-129.4.661
1251:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.07.007
1185:A General Synopsis of Birds
911:A single dull chalky-white
382:A General Synopsis of Birds
3404:
3373:Birds of the Pacific Ocean
1721:Beruldsen, Gordon (2003).
1381:The Birds of North America
708:, breeding in their natal
342:The great frigatebird was
3368:Birds of Christmas Island
2565:
2552:
2534:
2476:
2463:
2438:
2322:
2309:
2291:
2228:
2215:
2189:
2124:'Iwa or Great Frigatebird
1898:Olson, Storrs L. (1981).
1752:in the Galapagos Islands"
1126:: e.T22697733A163770613.
1087:Female, Galápagos Islands
220:
213:
208:
199:
180:
173:
75:Scientific classification
73:
51:
42:
37:
28:
23:
2747:Double-crested cormorant
2642:White-breasted cormorant
1346:James, Helen F. (1987).
1219:Edwards, George (1760).
1160:Gmelin, Johann Friedrich
1063:Another female in flight
776:wedge-tailed shearwaters
609:Distribution and habitat
3383:Birds described in 1789
2690:(long-tailed cormorant)
2255:Magnificent frigatebird
2052:Journal of Parasitology
1987:in Great Frigatebirds (
1471:(subscription required)
1329:Australian Avian Record
1075:Male, Galápagos Islands
1039:Juvenile male in flight
926:against the shell. The
675:Trindade and Martin Vaz
558:Trindade and Martim Vaz
410:). Due to the rules of
348:Johann Friedrich Gmelin
295:, mostly on and around
2819:(Magellanic cormorant)
2649:(Temminck's cormorant)
2622:Little black cormorant
2184:(Phalacrocoraciformes)
1282:, eds. (August 2022).
869:
855:
843:
835:
734:
688:on Tern Island in the
593:
574:
414:, the species name of
360:. He placed it in the
230:Tachypetes palmerstoni
3281:Paleobiology Database
2828:New Zealand king shag
2683:Little pied cormorant
2617:Black-faced cormorant
2260:Ascension frigatebird
1451:10.2173/bow.grefri.01
1008:critically endangered
861:
849:
841:
833:
728:
690:French Frigate Shoals
625:. In the Central and
584:
572:
540:Revillagigedo Islands
301:Boatswain Bird Island
2797:Red-legged cormorant
2757:Flightless cormorant
2727:Spectacled cormorant
2547:: Phalacrocoracidae)
2451:: Anhingidae ·
2202:: Fregatidae ·
2087:O'Brien, RM (1990).
1557:Harrison C. (1990).
1435:"Great Frigatebird (
985:) once bred on both
950:will also engage in
512:(Christmas Island),
437:and proximal end of
2752:Neotropic cormorant
2719:Red-faced cormorant
2518:Australasian darter
2422:Australasian gannet
2298:Gannets and boobies
2007:2014PLoSO...997185B
1335:(6): 120 (117–121).
745:or roosting areas.
645:possessions in the
334:or roosting areas.
322:), and indulges in
45:Conservation status
2895:South Georgia shag
2830:(rough-faced shag)
2709:Brandt's cormorant
2647:Japanese cormorant
2275:Lesser frigatebird
2129:2014-06-06 at the
2093:Great Frigatebird"
1814:Fregata trinitatis
1759:Marine Ornithology
1278:; Donsker, David;
882:red-footed boobies
870:
856:
854:from female parent
844:
836:
735:
594:
575:
530:Isla Salas y GĂłmez
344:formally described
24:Great frigatebird
3345:
3344:
3268:Open Tree of Life
3224:great-frigatebird
2920:Taxon identifiers
2911:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2870:Heard Island shag
2714:Pelagic cormorant
2668:Crowned cormorant
2592:Socotra cormorant
2576:
2575:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2487:
2486:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2349:Blue-footed booby
2333:
2332:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2270:Great frigatebird
2239:
2238:
2064:10.1645/GE-2415.1
1950:978-85-7738-102-9
1490:(10): 2835–2843.
1484:Molecular Ecology
1445:. Lynx Edicions.
1280:Rasmussen, Pamela
548:Galápagos Islands
514:Marquesas Islands
482:F. m. palmerstoni
458:F. m. aldabrensis
312:sexual dimorphism
269:Galápagos Islands
240:great frigatebird
236:
235:
227:
68:
3395:
3338:
3337:
3325:
3324:
3312:
3311:
3302:
3301:
3289:
3288:
3276:
3275:
3263:
3262:
3250:
3249:
3237:
3236:
3227:
3226:
3217:
3216:
3204:
3203:
3191:
3190:
3178:
3177:
3165:
3164:
3152:
3151:
3139:
3138:
3126:
3125:
3113:
3112:
3100:
3099:
3087:
3086:
3074:
3073:
3061:
3060:
3051:
3050:
3038:
3037:
3025:
3024:
3022:788EBCAB63213E04
3012:
3011:
2999:
2998:
2986:
2985:
2973:
2972:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2915:
2823:Guanay cormorant
2725:
2673:Little cormorant
2627:Indian cormorant
2563:
2554:
2536:
2474:
2465:
2440:
2369:Red-footed booby
2320:
2311:
2293:
2226:
2217:
2191:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2148:
2113:
2097:
2083:
2038:
2028:
2018:
1985:Haemoproteus iwa
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1959:
1953:. Archived from
1938:
1929:
1920:
1919:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1873:. Archived from
1860:
1851:
1842:
1841:
1809:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1756:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1662:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1624:
1611:
1610:
1584:
1575:
1569:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1372:
1363:
1362:
1352:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1313:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1272:
1263:
1262:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1156:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1135:
1105:
1084:
1072:
1060:
1051:Female in flight
1048:
1036:
1024:
803:kleptoparasitism
783:spectacled terns
663:Christmas Island
526:Pitcairn Islands
494:Hawaiian Islands
490:Marshall Islands
433:fossilised wing
431:Late Pleistocene
408:Fregata andrewsi
324:kleptoparasitism
305:Ascension Island
225:
204:
186:
83:
82:
62:
57:
56:
33:
21:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3333:
3328:
3320:
3315:
3307:
3305:
3297:
3292:
3284:
3279:
3271:
3266:
3258:
3253:
3245:
3242:Observation.org
3240:
3232:
3230:
3222:
3220:
3212:
3207:
3199:
3194:
3186:
3181:
3173:
3168:
3160:
3155:
3147:
3142:
3134:
3129:
3121:
3116:
3108:
3103:
3095:
3090:
3082:
3077:
3069:
3064:
3056:
3054:
3046:
3041:
3033:
3028:
3020:
3015:
3007:
3002:
2994:
2989:
2981:
2976:
2970:
2965:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2922:
2912:
2899:
2801:
2781:
2761:
2731:
2693:
2678:Pygmy cormorant
2652:
2637:Great cormorant
2572:
2548:
2522:
2508:Oriental darter
2483:
2459:
2426:
2412:Northern gannet
2396:
2378:
2329:
2305:
2279:
2235:
2211:
2185:
2175:
2131:Wayback Machine
2120:
2110:
2109:978-019553068-1
2095:
2086:
2041:
1980:
1977:
1975:Further reading
1972:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1845:
1811:
1810:
1803:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1754:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1700:10.2307/1369318
1681:
1680:
1676:
1660:10.2307/1369150
1640:
1639:
1635:
1626:
1625:
1614:
1599:10.2307/1368877
1582:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1556:
1552:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1463:
1461:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1412:10.2307/1368437
1393:
1392:
1388:
1374:
1373:
1366:
1350:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1315:
1314:
1303:
1293:
1291:
1274:
1273:
1266:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1158:
1157:
1148:
1138:
1136:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1085:
1076:
1073:
1064:
1061:
1052:
1049:
1040:
1037:
1028:
1025:
1016:
968:
828:
743:breeding colony
723:
718:
611:
587:Genovesa Island
567:
522:Society Islands
502:Phoenix Islands
486:Caroline Island
451:
374:Pelecanus minor
369:and coined the
357:Systema Naturae
340:
332:breeding colony
228:
223:Pelecanus minor
195:
188:
182:
169:
77:
69:
58:
54:
47:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3401:
3399:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3350:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3326:
3313:
3303:
3290:
3277:
3264:
3251:
3238:
3228:
3218:
3205:
3192:
3179:
3166:
3153:
3140:
3127:
3114:
3101:
3088:
3075:
3062:
3052:
3039:
3026:
3013:
3000:
2987:
2974:
2963:
2948:
2932:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2890:Macquarie shag
2887:
2885:Kerguelen shag
2882:
2880:Antarctic shag
2877:
2872:
2867:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2825:
2820:
2813:
2811:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2743:
2741:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2705:
2703:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2688:Reed cormorant
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2664:
2662:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2632:Cape cormorant
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2612:Pied cormorant
2609:
2604:
2599:
2597:Bank cormorant
2594:
2588:
2586:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2566:
2560:
2550:
2549:
2539:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2513:African darter
2510:
2505:
2499:
2497:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2477:
2471:
2461:
2460:
2443:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2392:Abbott's booby
2388:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2354:Peruvian booby
2351:
2345:
2343:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2323:
2317:
2307:
2306:
2296:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2229:
2223:
2213:
2212:
2194:
2187:
2186:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2119:
2118:External links
2116:
2115:
2114:
2108:
2084:
2058:(2): 388–397.
2039:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1949:
1921:
1890:
1843:
1824:(4): 661–674.
1801:
1788:(3): 775–783.
1768:
1738:
1731:
1713:
1694:(2): 331–340.
1674:
1653:(2): 322–327.
1633:
1612:
1593:(3): 304–317.
1570:
1550:
1517:
1474:
1425:
1386:
1364:
1338:
1301:
1264:
1228:
1211:
1191:
1171:
1146:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1019:
1015:
1012:
999:Brazilian Navy
967:
964:
827:
824:
820:masked boobies
815:gadfly petrels
722:
719:
717:
714:
694:Johnston Atoll
610:
607:
566:
563:
562:
561:
551:
536:F. m. ridgwayi
533:
479:
473:
450:
447:
398:) and family (
386:George Edwards
339:
336:
293:South Atlantic
234:
233:
218:
217:
211:
210:
206:
205:
197:
196:
189:
178:
177:
171:
170:
163:
161:
157:
156:
149:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
71:
70:
52:
49:
48:
43:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3400:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3336:
3335:Fregata-minor
3331:
3327:
3323:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3009:fregata-minor
3005:
3001:
2997:
2996:Fregata_minor
2992:
2988:
2984:
2983:Fregata_minor
2979:
2975:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2958:Fregata minor
2953:
2949:
2944:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2928:Fregata minor
2925:
2921:
2916:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2864:Imperial shag
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2854:Campbell shag
2852:
2850:
2849:Auckland shag
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2778:
2777:European shag
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2583:Phalacrocorax
2579:
2571:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2482:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2328:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2234:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2160:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2092:
2091:Fregata minor
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2001:(5): e97185.
2000:
1996:
1992:
1990:
1989:Fregata minor
1986:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1960:on 2014-12-11
1956:
1952:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1891:
1880:on 2016-03-05
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1751:
1750:Fregata minor
1742:
1739:
1734:
1732:0-646-42798-9
1728:
1724:
1717:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1634:
1629:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1567:0-8014-2449-6
1564:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1545:
1540:
1537:(1): 220–25.
1536:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1475:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1438:
1437:Fregata minor
1429:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1377:Fregata minor
1371:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1318:
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1155:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1112:Fregata minor
1104:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1083:
1078:
1071:
1066:
1059:
1054:
1047:
1042:
1035:
1030:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1004:F. m. nicolli
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
983:F. m. nicolli
979:
977:
976:Least Concern
973:
965:
963:
961:
955:
953:
949:
945:
940:
935:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
914:
909:
907:
902:
901:black noddies
898:
892:
890:
885:
883:
879:
875:
868:
864:
863:Fregata minor
860:
853:
848:
842:Breeding pair
840:
832:
825:
823:
821:
816:
812:
808:
804:
799:
797:
792:
791:black noddies
788:
787:brown noddies
784:
779:
777:
773:
768:
764:
759:
755:
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748:
744:
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664:
660:
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652:
648:
644:
640:
639:New Caledonia
636:
632:
628:
627:South Pacific
624:
620:
619:Pacific Ocean
616:
608:
606:
603:
599:
592:
588:
583:
579:
571:
564:
559:
555:
554:F. m. nicolli
552:
549:
545:
541:
537:
534:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:Palmyra atoll
495:
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474:
471:
470:Europa Island
467:
463:
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409:
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401:
397:
396:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
372:
371:binomial name
368:
367:
363:
359:
358:
353:
352:Carl Linnaeus
349:
345:
337:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
285:Aride Islands
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
261:Pacific Ocean
258:
255:
251:
248:) is a large
247:
246:
245:Fregata minor
241:
232:
231:
224:
219:
216:
212:
207:
203:
198:
193:
187:
185:
184:Fregata minor
179:
176:
175:Binomial name
172:
168:
167:
166:F. minor
162:
159:
158:
155:
154:
150:
147:
146:
143:
140:
137:
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130:
127:
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110:
107:
106:
103:
100:
97:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
81:
76:
72:
66:
61:
60:Least Concern
50:
46:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2927:
2844:Chatham shag
2834:Foveaux shag
2806:
2788:Poikilocarbo
2786:
2766:
2736:
2698:
2657:
2607:Spotted shag
2581:
2567:
2492:
2478:
2455:
2401:
2383:
2359:Masked booby
2338:
2324:
2269:
2244:
2230:
2207:
2196:Frigatebirds
2099:
2090:
2055:
2051:
2048:Haemoproteus
2047:
2044:Haemoproteus
2043:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1962:. Retrieved
1955:the original
1940:
1907:
1903:
1893:
1882:. Retrieved
1875:the original
1862:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1785:
1781:
1771:
1762:
1758:
1749:
1741:
1722:
1716:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1650:
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1636:
1590:
1586:
1573:
1558:
1553:
1534:
1530:
1520:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1462:. Retrieved
1442:
1436:
1428:
1406:(1): 90–99.
1403:
1399:
1389:
1380:
1376:
1358:
1354:
1341:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1292:. Retrieved
1287:
1245:(1): 31–38.
1242:
1238:
1231:
1221:
1214:
1204:
1194:
1184:
1180:Latham, John
1174:
1164:
1137:. Retrieved
1123:
1117:
1111:
1003:
987:Saint Helena
982:
980:
974:as being of
969:
956:
936:
918:
910:
893:
886:
871:
862:
800:
780:
736:
679:
651:Indian Ocean
612:
598:wing loading
595:
576:
553:
544:Cocos Island
535:
506:Line Islands
481:
475:
457:
452:
428:
419:
415:
407:
393:
381:
380:in his book
373:
364:
355:
341:
309:
273:Indian Ocean
244:
243:
239:
237:
229:
222:
221:
183:
181:
165:
164:
152:
18:
3294:SeaLifeBase
3209:Neotropical
3183:NatureServe
3131:iNaturalist
2952:Wikispecies
2875:Crozet shag
2859:Bounty shag
2738:Nannopterum
2417:Cape gannet
2374:Brown booby
2364:Nazca booby
1916:10088/12766
1910:: 481–492.
1464:30 November
1317:Mathews, GM
1294:19 November
1276:Gill, Frank
1200:Mayr, Ernst
1139:12 November
960:Tern Island
811:tropicbirds
772:sooty terns
765:or pods of
754:Exocoetidae
747:Flying fish
702:Philippines
698:Quezon City
631:Wake Island
565:Description
476:F. m. minor
390:frigatebird
378:John Latham
320:flying fish
254:frigatebird
226:Gmelin 1789
3352:Categories
3330:Xeno-canto
2839:Otago shag
2808:Leucocarbo
2659:Microcarbo
2541:Cormorants
2304:: Sulidae)
2182:Suliformes
1964:2014-12-11
1884:2014-12-11
1531:The Condor
1093:References
948:fledglings
920:Incubation
874:monogamous
731:sooty tern
706:philopatry
682:migrations
643:Australian
510:Kiritimati
508:including
449:Subspecies
400:Fregatidae
297:St. Helena
277:Seychelles
263:, such as
209:Range map
142:Fregatidae
132:Suliformes
2817:Rock shag
2602:Pitt shag
1871:770307954
1459:216406285
1361:: 221–30.
995:subfossil
928:altricial
924:egg tooth
889:gular sac
749:from the
716:Behaviour
686:wing tags
671:Mauritius
647:Coral Sea
635:Galápagos
366:Pelecanus
316:gular sac
289:Mauritius
271:; in the
160:Species:
98:Kingdom:
92:Eukaryota
3188:2.101572
3175:22697733
3149:10192846
3097:45511364
3035:22697733
3030:BirdLife
2937:Wikidata
2384:Papasula
2127:Archived
2072:21992108
2035:24810172
1995:PLOS ONE
1838:91072996
1765:: 51–59.
1512:18679093
1504:12969485
1319:(1914).
1259:15019606
1182:(1785).
1162:(1789).
991:Trindade
939:Fledging
878:colonial
826:Breeding
767:dolphins
667:Maldives
518:Tuamotus
412:taxonomy
338:Taxonomy
267:and the
215:Synonyms
138:Family:
112:Chordata
108:Phylum:
102:Animalia
88:Domain:
65:IUCN 3.1
3363:Fregata
3309:2326497
3123:2480187
3017:Avibase
2943:Q648494
2768:Gulosus
2569:Species
2503:Anhinga
2494:Anhinga
2480:Species
2456:Anhinga
2445:Darters
2326:Species
2246:Fregata
2232:Species
2208:Fregata
2080:3846342
2026:4014603
2003:Bibcode
1708:1369318
1669:1369150
1607:1368877
1420:1368437
1323:Fregata
1014:Gallery
944:El Niño
897:flotsam
852:begging
807:boobies
739:pelagic
721:Feeding
700:in the
655:Aldabra
633:to the
602:plumage
591:Ecuador
585:Chick,
466:Comoros
462:Aldabra
439:humerus
435:phalanx
395:Fregata
328:pelagic
281:Aldabra
252:in the
250:seabird
194:, 1789)
153:Fregata
148:Genus:
128:Order:
118:Class:
63: (
3322:212654
3306:uBio:
3286:335260
3273:285638
3260:212654
3231:NZOR:
3221:NZBO:
3214:grefri
3162:174766
3105:EURING
3084:grefri
3058:grefri
3048:112759
3004:ARKive
2971:grefri
2545:family
2449:family
2302:family
2200:family
2106:
2078:
2070:
2033:
2023:
1947:
1869:
1836:
1729:
1706:
1688:Condor
1667:
1647:Condor
1605:
1587:Condor
1565:
1510:
1502:
1457:
1418:
1400:Condor
1257:
966:Status
850:Chick
796:turtle
751:family
710:colony
665:, the
615:Hawaii
287:) and
265:Hawaii
257:family
192:Gmelin
3317:WoRMS
3299:73515
3247:73556
3201:57241
3144:IRMNG
3079:eBird
3071:6JLWF
3055:BOW:
2700:Urile
2558:Genus
2469:Genus
2453:genus
2403:Morus
2315:Genus
2221:Genus
2204:genus
2178:Order
2096:(PDF)
2076:S2CID
1958:(PDF)
1937:(PDF)
1878:(PDF)
1859:(PDF)
1834:S2CID
1755:(PDF)
1704:JSTOR
1665:JSTOR
1603:JSTOR
1583:(PDF)
1508:S2CID
1455:S2CID
1416:JSTOR
1351:(PDF)
906:guano
758:squid
659:Aride
424:Latin
420:minor
416:minor
362:genus
3255:OBIS
3196:NCBI
3170:IUCN
3157:ITIS
3136:4636
3118:GBIF
3043:BOLD
2340:Sula
2104:ISBN
2068:PMID
2031:PMID
1945:ISBN
1867:OCLC
1816:)".
1727:ISBN
1563:ISBN
1500:PMID
1466:2014
1296:2022
1255:PMID
1141:2021
1124:2020
989:and
952:play
932:down
867:MHNT
813:and
774:and
763:tuna
669:and
657:and
528:and
443:Oahu
299:and
283:and
279:(on
238:The
122:Aves
3110:920
3092:EoL
3066:CoL
2991:AFD
2978:ADW
2967:ABA
2060:doi
2021:PMC
2011:doi
1912:hdl
1826:doi
1822:129
1790:doi
1786:123
1782:Auk
1696:doi
1655:doi
1595:doi
1539:doi
1535:108
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1128:doi
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