Great grey shrike - Knowledge (XXG)

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surveying its territory: it spirals tens of meters/yards high into the air, usually briefly does a fluttering hover at the top of the spiral, and then glides down. Group neighbours will respond by performing the same type of flight, and eventually about half the group's members will depart to the meeting location where they will spend several tens of minutes – sometimes more than an hour – chattering, calling, duetting, and excitedly moving about the meeting site (which typically is some small tree or shrubbery). In winter, birds will often assemble in small groups and roost together, particularly to keep warm during the night; this is apparently not initiated with a specific assembly display however.

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tend to have their wintering grounds not far apart. As it seems, once an individual great grey shrike has found a wintering territory it likes, it will return there subsequently and perhaps even try to defend it against competitors just like a summer territory. Throughout the year, the birds regularly but briefly move through a range up to three times larger than their territory; this is tolerated by territory owners in winter more easily than in summer, and the parts of Europe where all-year residents and winter visitors co-occur typically have population densities around eight birds/km (about thirty per square mile) and occasionally more in winter.

1598:, but likes to breed in dispersed groups of a good half-dozen adults. It is not known to what extent the birds in such groups are related. In the temperate parts of its range, groups are perhaps 5 km (3.1 mi) apart, while individual territories within each group may be as small as 20 ha (49 acres) but more typically are about twice that size. In less hospitable climes, territories may be more than 350 ha (1.4 sq mi). Throughout the breeding season, in prime habitat, territories are held by mated pairs and single males looking for a partner. In less productive habitat, "floaters" hold territories more 2033:), usually starting about March and lasting to April/May. At first, the female rebuffs the male, only allowing him to feed her. Males give increasingly vocal displays and show off the white markings of the wings in flight and of the tail by fanning it and turning away from the female. He also occasionally turns to sit at a right angle to her. Eventually, the female will join in the male's displays, and the songs will become duets. To feed females and to show off their hunting prowess, males will make their food caches in conspicuous places during this time. When presenting nesting sites, males give the variety of calls described 2198: 842: 42: 2183: 1372: 2071:, as neighbouring males will stray through each other's territory to snatch a quick fling with the resident females. In this, they have almost a one-in-three chance of success, and consequently the average grey shrike nest is very likely to contain offspring of more than one male. Females may deposit their eggs in neighbours' nests, but this seems to occur more rarely; in general, mated females are fairly reclusive after their eggs have started developing. A full 113: 1735: 1611: 1587: 88: 2155: 249: 1021: 1683: 1259: 2041: 1723:. Small birds are sometimes caught in flight too, usually by approaching them from below and behind and seizing their feet with the beak. If no prey ventures out in the open, great grey shrikes will rummage through the undergrowth or sit near hiding places and flash their white wing and tail markings to scare small animals into coming out. As noted 1514:

range. Birds leave for winter quarters a more or less short time after breeding – July to October, with most birds staying to September – and return to nest mainly in March/April, but some only arrive in May. In recent decades, the number of birds remaining on the breeding grounds all year has been noted to increase e.g. in

1953:. Thus secured, the food can be ripped into bite-sized pieces with the beak. Orthoptera that the birds have recognized as containing noxious chemicals are left impaled in the larder for several days, until the chemicals that usually deter predators have been degraded. Great grey shrikes have also been observed to impale 2362:). Wherever it occurs, its numbers are usually many hundreds or even thousands per country. Its stronghold is the region around Sweden, where at least almost 20,000, perhaps as many as 50,000 were believed to live in the late 20th century. However, in some countries it is not robustly established; in 1072:

Males and females are about the same size, and do not differ conspicuously in appearance except by direct comparison. In the female the underparts are greyer and are usually visibly barred greyish-brown, and the white wing and tail markings are characteristically less in extent (though this is rarely

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after 2–3 weeks, typically in late June or early July; they become independent of their parents about 3–6 weeks later. Sometimes, a parent will single out particular fledglings (possibly the weakest ones) and focus their care and feeding on these during this time. Other adults have occasionally been

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Laying usually takes place in May. The clutch numbers three to nine eggs, typically around seven, with North American clutches tending to be larger on average than European ones. If a second clutch is produced in one breeding season, it is smaller than the first one. The eggs have a white background

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is typically initiated by the male bringing an attractive prey item to the female. With both giving begging calls, they approach until they are side by side. The male then raises and swings his body left and right a few times, and passes the prey to the female, followed by the actual copulation. The

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between regions, as "floaters" move between groups of territorial birds in search of a bountiful unclaimed territory to settle down and/or a partner to mate with. On the wintering grounds, pairs separate to account for the lower amount of food available at that time, but if both members migrate they

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Usually more than half of all nests manage to hatch at least one young, and around three-quarters of all eggs laid hatch, suggesting that if eggs are lost before hatching, it usually is the entire clutch. Half to three-quarters of the hatched young successfully fledge under most circumstances. They

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is strong during the breeding season and loosens over winter; birds often choose a different mate than the year before. To seek out potential mates, males will venture outside their breeding territories. If a female thus encountered finds a male to her liking, she will visit to see whether they get

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or similar elevated spot in a characteristic upright stance some metres/yards (at least one and up to 18 m/20 yd) above ground. Alternatively, it may scan the grassland below from flight, essentially staying in one place during prolonged bouts of mainly hovering flight that may last up to

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flights, which last briefly but may be repeated time after time because of the birds' considerable stamina. It will usually stay low above the ground in flight, approaching perches from below and landing in an upward swoop. In social interactions, birds signal an aggressive stance by a bold upright

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to it. The populations of the Central Asian mountains mostly migrate downslope rather than southwards. Females are more prone to migration than males; they do not appear to migrate, on average, longer or shorter distances than males, and consequently are the dominant sex in many parts of the winter

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Fledgelings moult part of their juvenile plumage before their first winter, and the rest in spring. Adults moult on their breeding grounds before going on migration, or before the depth of winter if they are resident. Sometimes adults also seem to moult some feathers before attempting to breed. As

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Before and after the nesting season, groups of breeding birds will sometimes initiate gatherings; these seem to occur at the boundary of the group's combined range or in the unclaimed land separating it from neighbouring groups. The initiation signal is a conspicuous display flight given by a bird

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The Iberian grey shrike is clearer and usually darker grey above, and not tinged grey but often decidedly pinkish on the belly and particular breast; the white "eyebrow" extends to over the beak, which has typically a larger pale base. The barring pattern is less developed at all ages, hardly ever

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Prey is killed by hitting it with the hooked beak, aiming for the skull in vertebrates. If too large to swallow in one or a few chunks, it is transported to a feeding site by carrying it in the beak or (if too large) in the feet. The feet are not suited for tearing up prey, however. It is rather

1149:. These are frequently heard during courtship, interspersed with song phrases as the harsh whistles are in pre-courtship. The song becomes softer and more warbling as the male shows the female around his territory, and at potential nest sites the male gives a lively chatter containing fluting 1012:

adult weights between 48 and 81 g (1.7 and 2.9 oz) are recorded. The wings are around 11.4 cm (4.5 in) and the tail around 10.9 cm (4.3 in) long in the nominate subspecies, its bill measures about 23 mm (0.91 in) from tip to skull, and the

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killer", due to their use for luring carnivorous birds to hunters – but perhaps more likely "killer magpie", considering that the bird was believed to be a peculiar sort of magpie by Johann Leonhard Frisch and others, and that another vernacular English name was "murdering pie".

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colour, usually with a grey hue and sometimes with a blue one; they are patterned with blotches of yellowish- to reddish-brown and purplish-grey, often denser around the blunt end. They measure around 26 mm (1.0 in) in length and 19.5 mm (0.77 in) in width.

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The lesser grey shrike is a smaller and comparatively short-tailed bird. It can best be recognized by the rather large black area above the bill, almost reaching to the forehead and without a white stripe above it. In flight, the wide instead of pointed black tail end of

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hatch naked, blind and pink-skinned, weighing c. 4 g (0.14 oz); their skin turns darker after a few days. The inside of their beak is pink and they probably lack spots or other prominent marks; the wattles at the corners of the mouth are yellow as in many

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shrubs are used for nesting. The actual nesting site is chosen by the male; the courtship visits of the female are mainly to form and strengthen the pair bond. Also, though the partners build the nest together, the male collects most of the nesting material. The

2315:. Overall, its stocks seem to be declining in the European part of its range since the 1970s. The increase and decline seem to be reactions to changing land use, with an increase as the number of agricultural workers declined after World War II and land fell 2067:) cease when nesting is underway, and when the eggs are nearly ready to lay, the male guards his partner closely, perching higher than her to watch for threats and frequently feeding her. This apparently ensures her physical well-being rather than preventing 1965:

them – by ripping open the back skin and pulling it over the head – to avoid contamination of the meat by the toxic skin secretions. Large bones and similar inedible parts of prey animals are usually not ingested, but smaller ones such as tiny bones or the

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habitat seem to be required. It avoids low grassland with no lookouts and nesting opportunities (trees or large shrubs), as well as dense forest with no hunting ground. Apart from grassland, the birds will utilize a variety of hunting habitats, including

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is Latin for a watchman or sentinel. This refers to the birds' two most conspicuous behaviours – storing food animals by impaling them on thorns, and using exposed tree-tops or poles to watch the surrounding area for possible prey. Use of the former by

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The general colour of the upperparts is pearl grey, tinged brownish towards the east of its Eurasian range. The cheeks and chin as well as a thin and often hard-to-see stripe above the eye are white, and a deep black mask extends from the

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are built in April or May more than 1 m (3.3 ft) above ground in trees. This height varies according to habitat, but while nests have been found almost 40 m (44 yd) up, most are 2–16 m above ground. Presence of

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lineages) was probably somewhere between Asia Minor and central Asia. At the time of the Polgárdi fossil, it is rather likely that the grey shrikes were a distinct lineage already; given that they and the fiscals generally follow

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will become sexually mature in their first spring and often attempt to breed right away. On average, great grey shrikes get a chance at four breeding attempts during their life, with most birds in the wild getting eaten by a

665:("shrieker"). But it seems to have become the dominant term only in rather recent times, for as late as the 18th century, the species was still widely known as "greater butcher-bird" in English, just like it was known as the 1057:. In particular the breast is usually darker and sometimes browner than the rest of the light underside, and may appear as an indistinct band between the lighter belly and white throat. In the subspecies around the 2220:

takes around 16 days but may be closer to three weeks for large clutches; it is generally done only by the female. While the male may briefly take over incubating, his task during this time is to provide food. The

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are barely sympatric with the Chinese grey shrike. The latter is larger and generally differs from the northern species as the southern does, and in addition has much larger white areas in wings and tail.

2001:" are typically around 1 m (3.3 ft) above ground and can be found anywhere within the birds' territory, but tend to be rather in the general vicinity of nest sites than far away from them. 2147:, though bits of fabric and rubbish may be added. The interior cup is 8–12 cm (3.1–4.7 in) in diameter and 10–15 cm (3.9–5.9 in) deep; it is lined with fine twigs and roots, 1061:

in particular and in females elsewhere too, there may be faint brownish bars on the breast. The bill is large and hooked at the tip and coloured nearly black, but pale at the base of the under

388:), for which the description of the tail pattern is incorrect and which some authors already recognized as distinct – were considered separate species by Linnaeus, but that was to change soon. 2151:, hair and feathers. Building a nest from scratch takes a pair one to two weeks, but if nests of the previous year in good locations remain usable, they are repaired rather than discarded. 1509:. The migrations are triggered by scarcity of food and therefore, according to prey population levels, the winter range might little extend south beyond the breeding range, or be entirely 1997:, one or two additional vertebrate prey animals (including rodents), and up to a single vertebrate prey item's worth of invertebrates. Surplus food may be impaled for storage. These " 681:. A whimsical name – presumably from Scotland or nearby England – was "white wisky John" in reference to its wavy and somewhat unelegant flight, during which its large areas of light 833:

uncertainties surrounding this close-knit group in the absence of a good fossil record, some refrain from splitting them up into distinct species; most modern authors do so however.

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load, moulting can make a bird more physically attractive and healthy, and may thus increase its chance of successful reproduction. The phenomenon is not well understood, however.

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or dying of other causes before the end of their fifth winter. Raptorial birds are the main threat to shrikes after fledging, with regular predators including species as small as

1993:. An adult of this species needs about 50 g (1.8 oz) of prey a day, probably somewhat more in winter. Under most circumstances, this would thus translate to one or two 1364:

between Eastern Europe and Central Asia; it may be more closely related to the small brown shrikes and resemble the bold, aggressive and hard-to-catch grey shrikes because of

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posture, fanning and then flicking the tail and eventually the wings also as the bird gets more excited. It signals its readiness to strike at an intruder by shifting to a

852: 1041:; the area immediately above the beak is grey. The scapulars (shoulder feathers) are white, and the wings are black with a white bar made up by the bases of the primary 2143:

is quite sizable, measuring 20–28 cm (7.9–11.0 in) in outer diameter. Its body is constructed of coarse vegetable material – mainly large twigs and chunks of

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to the African radiation of fiscal shrikes. These two seem to have originated in a west- or southwestward expansion from the genus' origin, which (considering the

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are the second-most important prey by quantity, though not by biomass; in the latter respect they are only a bit more important than birds, except as food for

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into a female-like plumage with the tertiary bars usually remaining in autumn. Across its range, the young acquire the adult plumage in their first spring.

380:– "a shrike with a wedge-shaped white-bordered tail, back grey, wings black with white spot". At that time, none of the other grey shrikes – including the 1813:) make up most of the remaining vertebrate prey. Birds are generally of little importance however, except in spring when male songbirds are engaged in 2009:

Great grey shrikes breed during the summer, typically once per year. In exceptionally good conditions, they raise two broods a year, and if the first

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interspersed, and adjacent lookout points. These are normally trees – at forest edges in much of the habitat, but single trees or small stands at the

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The flight of the great grey shrike is undulating and rather heavy, but its dash is straight and determined. It is, as noted above, also capable of

1427:; they lack white scapulars (grey-backed fiscal) or wingspots (Mackinnon's fiscal) and differ in some other details, particularly the tail pattern. 1133:. These whistles are also used in duets between mates in winter and neighbours in the breeding season. Various contact calls have been described as 4174: 3274: 2106:) nesting in the vicinity will also increase the desirability of nest sites to great grey shrikes, which moreover often refuse to prey upon these 2110:' nestlings though the opportunity is there. Apparently, the two species are more efficient in spotting potential nest predators – in particular 1045:, continuing slightly offset onto the bases of the secondary remiges in some regions. The tail is black, long, and pointed at the tip; the outer 1204:

calls are given by adults confronted with a potential threat to their young. To beg for food – young to adults or mates to each other – rows of

2341:(which will accumulate in adult carnivores and inhibit breeding success) around the 1960s probably had a detrimental influence on stocks too. 762:, the smallish fossil makes an unlikely ancestor to the large grey shrikes even when taking into account the somewhat warmer Miocene climate. 742:, Hungary. Its relationship to the modern species is unclear. However, all things considered, the grey shrike lineage probably represents the 4239: 2507: 1004:, measuring from 22 to 26 cm (8.7 to 10.2 in) long. It typically weighs around 60 to 70 g (2.1 to 2.5 oz), although some 3387: 3139: 1017:

part of its "legs" (actually feet) is around 27.4 mm (1.08 in) long. Wingspan can range from 30 to 36 cm (12 to 14 in).

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plentiful high-quality habitat is found; though the number of great grey shrikes in this tiny country is necessarily limited, the average

3355: 3301: 4135: 4070: 3453: 1089:, the fledglings are tinged quite brown indeed on upperside and wings, and have sharp and dark underside bars. In Eurasia, fledglings 3283:

Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis

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are rarely if ever eaten; though it might occasionally plunder songbird nests this is not well documented and it is not known to eat

813:). The centre of this group's radiation is probably in the eastern Mediterranean region, and the southern grey shrike represents the 3347: 3175: 3157: 2469:

Systema Naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis

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form. The other three only diverged during the expansion into temperate regions. This must have happened fairly recently, because

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in winter quarters with each of its three close relatives at the north of their range. Their overall colouration is – apparently

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Sangster, George; Knox, Alan G.; Helbig, Andreas J.; Parkin, David T. (2002). "Taxonomic recommendations for European birds".

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Shrikes & bush-shrikes: including wood-shrikes, helmet-shrikes, flycatcher-shrikes, philentomas, batises and wattle-eyes

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and southern Germany small populations were found in the mid-20th century but have declined or even disappeared since then.

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Antczak, Marcin; Hromada, Martin; Tryjanowski, Piotr (2005). "Frogs and toads in the food of the Great Grey Shrike (

2098:) on side branches near the trunk (where nests are preferentially built) will make a tree markedly more attractive. 4218: 4101: 3167: 2652: 1105:

consists of short pleasant warbling strophes, interspersed with fluid whistles. The individual phrases may go like

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are eaten. Prey animals may exceptionally be almost as large as the birds themselves, for example chicks of the

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The loggerhead shrike is hard to distinguish, but the proportion of the head to the beak (which seems stubby in

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Aldrovandi (1646), Willughby (1676): p. 53, Ray (1713), Frisch (1720), Albin (1731–1738), Linnaeus (1746, 1758)

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in the past; for reasons unknown this has ceased since the late 1970s or so. It may well be that the cuckoo's

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Jønsson, Knud A.; Fjeldså, Jon (2006). "A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds (Aves: Passeri)".

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by head-turns away from them (if close by), or by imitating the crouching fluttering pose and calls given by

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Clement & Worfolk (1995), Tenuvuo & Varrela (1998), Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 62–63, 150–151

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In: Vorstellung der Vögel in Teutschland, und beyläuffig auch einiger fremden, mit ihren natürlichen Farben

2182: 1129:. To announce to females, it often mixes these whistles with a strophe of song. A softer whistle goes like 841: 325:). Males and females are similar in plumage, pearly grey above with a black eye-mask and white underparts. 41: 3982: 3886: 3446: 2603:

Gessner (1555): p. 557, Aldrovandi (1646), Willughby (1676): pp. 52–53, Ray (1713), Swainson (2008): p. 47

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them off cooperatively than either is on its own. Otherwise, there is no clear preference for particular

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Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 24–25, Mlíkovský (2003): pp. 233, 251, Jønsson & Fjeldså (2006)

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in various German dialects (e.g. around Frankfurt and Strasbourg) probably mean "choking angel" (cf.

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Clement, Peter; Worfolk, Tim (1995). "Southern and eastern Great Grey Shrikes in northwest Europe".

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Generally, its breeding range is found in Eurasia and northern Africa. In the high mountains of the

1180:, often repeated twice. The more excited the birds become, the higher and faster the calls get, via 1077:

young birds are heavily tinged greyish-brown all over, with barring on the upperside and indistinct

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where they usually form a substantial part of the diet. Most important among invertebrate prey are

1595: 1571: 1480: 1281: 1221: 1114: 1009: 798: 782: 357: 310: 302: 77: 57: 49: 3369: 3124: 3070: 421:, who in his splendid colour plate confused male and female. But most authors cited by Linnaeus – 3725: 3716: 3653: 3626: 3617: 3545: 3236: 3023: 2691: 2534:

Gessner (1555): p. 557, Linnaeus (1758), Glare (1968–1982): pp. 637, 1000, Swainson (2008): p. 47

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Linnaeus' binomial name replaced the cumbersome and confusing descriptive names of the earlier

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only a few hundred are found, with less than 200 in Belgium and some more or less than 100 in

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are offspring of previous years, or unrelated non-breeding "floaters" or breeding neighbours.

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and specifically means the red-backed shrike, but could in earlier times refer to any native

3987: 3599: 3325: 3228: 3097: 2422: 2261: 2217: 1842: 1640: 1636: 1586: 1502: 1365: 1248: 697: 290: 4265: 2472:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 94. 441:

or similar, which is a near-literal equivalent of the common name "great grey shrike". The

260:, Resident in red, breeding in yellow, non-breeding in green, and passage migrant in blue. 4334: 4226: 3779: 3761: 3752: 3671: 3635: 3360: 3278: 3262:, etc. (1st ed.): 68–69 . Conrad & Georg Jacob Wishoff, Leiden ("Lugdunum Batavorum"). 3190: 2831: 2404: 2333:

and similar elevated growth formerly common amidst the agricultural landscape. For such a

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Medium grey above, pale grey hue below; some white on primaries and sometimes secondaries

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and often rather oblivious of their surroundings, in late summer when inexperienced

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might not belong in the Laniidae, and probably does not belong in the same genus as

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is destroyed before hatching they are usually able to produce a second one. Their

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are also buffy, with a black band in the latter. In the North American subspecies

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in the southern grey shrike – and where the species' ranges overlap, they do not

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The scientific name of the great grey shrike literally means "sentinel butcher":

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Altogether, the great grey shrike is common and widespread and not considered a

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recorded assisting in feeding a pair's offspring; it is not clear whether these

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An adult great grey shrike is a medium-sized passerine about as large as a big

4288: 2467: 2375: 2292: 2091: 2052:) and great grey shrikes apparently cooperate to protect their offspring from 1834: 1774: 1699: 1655: 1554: 1510: 1491: 1420: 1273: 1229: 1054: 1038: 1020: 1005: 871: 774: 650: 583: 392: 298: 3909: 3431: 3101: 2692:"Northern Shrike, Life History, All About Birds – Cornell Lab of Ornithology" 2656: 477:

and announces of songbirds" as he put it. This habit was also put to use in

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Der V.ten Hauptart II.te Abtheilung, Viererley Arten Aelstern – II.te Platte

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calls are given. This species sometimes tries to attract small songbirds by

1046: 991:) – Central Asia and parts of northern China, Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan 898: 821:

is not complete in the grey shrikes, and most of the present-day habitat of

743: 701: 341: 277: 164: 124: 4075: 1258: 562:("choking bird") might, however, do so. The English version, having become 3903: 3481: 3297: 3009:"Effects of Little Owl Predation on Northern Shrike Postfledging Success" 2334: 2330: 2269: 2225: 2140: 2053: 1962: 1910: 1906: 1886: 1858: 1671: 1102: 1062: 981:– Pakistan through central India and southern Nepal to western Bangladesh 735: 709: 610: 532: 508: 478: 430: 280: 144: 3974: 2040: 4301: 4127: 3959: 3027: 2363: 2308: 2265: 2123: 1930: 1926: 1810: 1786: 1782: 1766: 1658:

gesture to prevent an imminent attack by a conspecific is pointing the

1558: 1468: 1456: 1353: 1113:.... To announce that it has become aware of someone straying into its 1042: 957:– east-central Sudan to northwestern Somalia northwest to Iraq and Iran 721: 682: 406: 283: 4231: 4153: 606:. It literally means "killer of nine " and refers to the food caches. 377:

L cauda cuneiformi lateribus alba, dorso cano, alis nigris macula alba

3946: 3510: 3475: 3462: 2367: 2316: 2288: 2273: 2234: 2148: 2111: 1998: 1994: 1967: 1950: 1914: 1902: 1866: 1862: 1798: 1770: 1758: 1720: 1666:

moult requires a considerable investment of energy, some significant

1550: 1546: 1472: 1405:

by comparison and is all-dark) is usually reliable. Indeed, the word

1118: 1074: 1066: 728: 622: 602: 414: 345: 287: 184: 174: 134: 4049: 3880: 2613: 1386:

present even in females, and slighter in the otherwise very similar

949:– central and southern Mauritania to southern Chad and central Sudan 4062: 630:, meanwhile, is of Germanic origin also and dates back at least to 554:). These names are unlikely to significantly pre-date the times of 4044: 3398:

European Breeding Bird Atlas 2: Distribution, Abundance and Change

2583:

Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Norway Bird Collection

2196: 2181: 2153: 2039: 1918: 1850: 1794: 1733: 1687: 1681: 1609: 1590:

Perching sites are important features of great grey shrike habitat

1585: 1542: 1538: 1476: 1370: 1329: 1257: 1090: 1019: 851: 840: 4244: 2264:

laying eggs similar to those of the great grey shrike has become

3487: 3087:): larders and skinning as two ways to consume dangerous prey". 2349: 2209: 2191: 2144: 2119: 2087: 1898: 1838: 1830: 1806: 1802: 1778: 1716: 1659: 1523: 1241: 1034: 923:

above, dull white below; more white on primaries and secondaries

638: 558:(c. 700 AD) because of their Christian connotation; the related 474: 154: 65: 3884: 3435: 3079:(3rd ed., Vol. 1): 389 . Nicolò Tebaldini, Bologna ("Bononia"). 3400:. Barcelona: European Bird Census Council & Lynx Editions. 1826: 1790: 1706:. To hunt, this bird perches on the topmost branch of a tree, 1670:

benefits to offset this are likely. Reducing feather wear and

1563: 1411:

refers to the relatively larger head of the southern species.

1165: 1053:. The underparts are white, slightly tinged with grey in most 3285:(10th ed., Vol. 1): 94 . Lars Salvius, Stockholm ("Holmius"). 3131:, etc. (Vol. 5): plate 55 . F.H.Frisch, Berlin ("Berolinum"). 1501:

in the temperate European parts of its range with their mild

1479:. There do not appear to be breeding records from the entire 2134:

is used just as well. Far more rarely, large and especially

3356:"Identification of the Great Grey Shrike complex in Europe" 3062:. Vol. 2. London: William Innys. p. 13, plate 13. 2021:

along well and inspect the nesting sites he can offer. The

1731:

songbirds to entice them to come within striking distance.

1639:

pose and fluffing its feathers, raising them into a small

1356:

to Central Asia) seems to be quite distinct indeed and is

1081:-white markings. The tips of the tertiary remiges and the 2075:

of eggs can be produced by a female in about 10–15 days.

1553:, it will utilize any isolated perch, be it fence posts, 688:

The "grey shrike" is also sometimes named "gray shrike."

643:. This is related to such words as Norwegian and Swedish 3183:"A preliminary list of the birds of Seneca County, Ohio" 2122:

of nesting trees, provided they are sufficiently dense.

1212:

their calls, so it may attempt to catch them for food.

3308:

Synopsis methodica avium & piscium: opus posthumum

2523:

Accipitres adventantes observat & aviculis indicat

1419:

is characteristic. The African species are completely

3143:(Vol. 3) . Christoph Froschauer, Zürich ("Tigurium"). 2747:

Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 150–151, Sangster

1228:) was formerly included in the great grey shrike as 344:

regions. The great grey shrike is carnivorous, with

3893: 3845: 3823: 3801: 3508: 2796:

Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 58–59, 66–67, 151

2428:

10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T103718932A200213300.en

1711:20 minutes. It will drop down in a light glide for 1557:or rocks. In general, some 5–15 perching sites per 1497:which is largely all-year resident, and subspecies 1117:– be it a female or male of its species or a large 2638:Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 24–25, Sangster 2544: 1989:, or somewhat more than 11 milliwatts per gram of 1308:) from North America. The northern grey shrike is 1008:are noticeably smaller or larger, and even in the 914:– breeds in southeast Europe and southwest Siberia 3254:Ampelis caerulescens, alis caudaque nigricantibus 1522:seems to be as rare a winter visitor in northern 1251:at present (though they may have done so in past 402:ampelis caerulescens, alis caudaque nigricantibus 2970: 2968: 2856: 2854: 2720:Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 60–61, 151–152 2711:Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 60–61, 150–151 485:later. The common English name "shrike" is from 409:, wings and tail blackish"), while it is called 3339:Provincial Names and Folk Lore of British Birds 2449: 2447: 2445: 2126:seem to have become more popular with European 738:age, c. 6 million years ago, has been found at 676: 660: 2307:, the great grey shrike has apparently become 1821:abound, and in winter when most small mammals 1240:– lightly wooded grassland in the great, more 704:, the most ancient of the four large songbird 675:. In Norway a vernacular name for the bird is 3447: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2304: 644: 621:from the western Alps. These terms may mean " 8: 3152:(1st ed.). Oxford University Press, Oxford. 2760:Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 24–25, 151 2495:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names 1901:. Invertebrate prey of minor importance are 1789:(Eurasian mice and sometimes young Eurasian 1694:) are killed and eaten by great grey shrikes 666: 654: 596:were also used; this has today evolved into 3260:Fauna Svecica Sistens Animalia Sveciæ Regni 2787:Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 64–65,151 2382:there is 25 times as high as in Lithuania. 1121:– it gives long shrill raspy whistles like 570:, was eventually transferred to the native 400: 375: 3881: 3454: 3440: 3432: 3072:De alio laniorum genera majore Ornithologi 2933: 2931: 2885:Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 150, 153 2681:Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 150, 155 2311:as a breeding bird in Switzerland and the 1686:Occasionally, animals as large as a young 1574:. Breeding birds appear to have different 1463:, the Mediterranean region (excluding the 1443:region, it ranges south perhaps as far as 1164:When disturbed, its alarm note is a harsh 781:, the other members of this group are the 535:of England (where the bird was noted as a 492:, "shriek", referring to the shrill call. 473:because the species "observes approaching 395:books he gives as his sources: in his own 247: 86: 40: 31: 3162:Harris, Tony & Franklin, Kim (2000): 2974:Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 154–155 2860:Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 153–154 2778:Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 58, 151 2729:Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 153–155 2453:Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 152–153 2426: 1643:along the top of the head. Birds appease 1578:desires, but little detail is known yet. 3310:, etc. (Vol. 1) . William Innys, London. 2951: 2949: 2947: 901:continental Europe and northwest Siberia 328:Breeding takes place generally north of 3354:Tenuvuo, Jorma; Varrella, Juha (1998). 2657:"Shrikes, vireos & shrike-babblers" 2390: 2329:) had seriously depleted the number of 2166:), the great grey shrike seems to have 2025:period is generally longer than in the 1985:of the great grey shrike is around 800 1320:by the somewhat more distantly related 456:is the Latin term for a butcher, while 3294:(Part 1: Europe). Ninox Press, Prague. 2916:"Lanius excubitor (Great grey shrike)" 2896:"Lanius excubitor (Great grey shrike)" 2398: 2396: 2394: 2130:in recent decades, but a diversity of 963:– southern Lebanon and northern Israel 613:'s name for the great grey shrike was 465:established the quasi-scientific term 2738:Harris & Franklin (2000): pp. 154 2663:. International Ornithologists' Union 2498:. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 2037:and jerk their head and fanned tail. 1232:. It occurs in south western Europe ( 825:was uninhabitable during much of the 7: 4307:27C01D6A-19A5-4397-9B4A-7F79142C9DE1 4115:a8dd428f-31e5-4eb8-aa4d-f19a27d9e281 3040:Harris & Franklin (2000): p. 154 2988:Harris & Franklin (2000): p. 155 2876:Harris & Franklin (2000): p. 153 2848:Harris & Franklin (2000): p. 152 2823:Ohio Ornithological Society (2004): 2565:participating institution membership 2063:gatherings of neighbour groups (see 778: 582:is attested; its origin is unclear. 469:for the shrikes. Linnaeus chose his 4330:IUCN Red List least concern species 2414:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1949:– or wedged firmly between forking 1073:clearly visible except in flight). 1069:). The legs and feet are blackish. 4141:great-grey-shrike-lanius-excubitor 3303:Lanius seu Collurio cinereus major 2034: 1765:Typically, at least half the prey 1724: 1505:, the species is a short-distance 1483:; in Switzerland, the present day 1447:. Its northern limit is generally 1236:and France). It prefers different 25: 3396:Keller; Herrado; Voříšek (2020). 3146:Glare, P.G.W. (ed.) (1968–1982): 1698:The great grey shrike eats small 777:southern relatives. As mentioned 3330:10.1046/j.0019-1019.2001.00026.x 3233:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00221.x 3123:Frisch, Johann Leonhard (1720): 2337:bird, the indiscriminate use of 111: 3866:Southern white-crowned shrike ( 3857:Northern white-crowned shrike ( 2805:Keller, Herrado, Voříšek et al. 2655:; Donsker, David, eds. (2017). 2403:BirdLife International (2021). 1970:of beetles are eaten and later 1797:, songbirds, other passerines, 1654:(if sitting father apart). The 985:Lanius excubitor pallidirostris 931:– endemic to the Canary Islands 445:of Linnaeus is simply given as 3069:(Ulyssis Aldrovandus) (1646): 2825:Annotated Ohio state checklist 1196:alert is given with a whistle 700:(Laniidae) is a member of the 411:pica cinerea sive lanius major 348:making up over half its diet. 1: 3300:(Joannis Raii) (1713): A. 3. 2252:) have been noted as regular 1941:impaled upon a sharp point – 937:– coastal northwestern Africa 2997:Jønsson & Fjeldså (2006) 2064: 1028:with fledging young (bottom) 1024:Adult male (top) and female 935:Lanius excubitor algeriensis 481:, as fancifully recorded by 4350:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 3291:Cenozoic Birds of the World 2661:World Bird List Version 7.3 2352:(though they still include 1570:or non-industrially farmed 947:Lanius excubitor leucopygos 897:) – breeds in temperate to 692:Relationships and evolution 4366: 3428:Great grey shrike pictures 3336:Swainson, Charles (2008): 3198:(2): 47–60. Archived from 3059:A Natural History of Birds 2421:: e.T103718932A200213300. 1757:in a great grey shrike's " 1602:. This leads to shifts in 1328:) which is found from the 1065:(though the extent varies 973:Lanius excubitor uncinatus 879:Lanius excubitor excubitor 720:) the genus dates back to 53:Lanius excubitor excubitor 3470: 3413:"Great grey shrike media" 3368:(1): 2–11. Archived from 2552:Oxford English Dictionary 2492:Jobling, James A (2010). 2005:Breeding and life history 1526:as it was a century ago. 961:Lanius excubitor theresae 912:Lanius excubitor homeyeri 255: 246: 239: 234: 213: 206: 108:Scientific classification 106: 84: 75: 48: 39: 34: 3418:Internet Bird Collection 3389:Ornithologiae libri tres 3288:Mlíkovský, Jirí (2002): 3181:Henninger, W.F. (1906). 3102:10.1163/1570756054472836 2962:. Retrieved 2009-SEP-19. 1451:. It is only found as a 1431:Distribution and habitat 979:Lanius excubitor lahtora 954:Lanius excubitor aucheri 941:Lanius excubitor elegans 929:Lanius excubitor koenigi 857:Indian great grey shrike 659:("scream") or Icelandic 358:scientifically described 352:Taxonomy and systematics 301:southern relatives, the 4345:Birds described in 1758 3149:Oxford Latin Dictionary 2585:. Naturhistorisk museum 2557:Oxford University Press 2319:, declining again when 2272:of eggs and nestlings, 2202:Cuculus canorus canorus 1037:through the eye to the 639: 417:or greater shrike") by 364:in his 1758 edition of 332:in northern Europe and 293:(Laniidae). It forms a 3811:Yellow-billed shrike ( 3392:. John Martyn, London. 3007:Yosef, Reuven (1993). 2620:(accessed 2022-05-05). 2212: 2194: 2179: 2069:extra-pair copulations 2056: 1769:is made up from small 1762: 1695: 1623: 1618:perching on a wire in 1591: 1518:, whereas for example 1382: 1269: 1029: 967:Lanius excubitor buryi 870:There are a number of 867: 849: 677: 667: 661: 655: 645: 617:, which is related to 419:Johann Leonhard Frisch 401: 376: 356:The species was first 4253:Paleobiology Database 3699:Chinese grey shrike ( 3690:Iberian grey shrike ( 2200: 2185: 2157: 2043: 1737: 1685: 1613: 1589: 1449:70° northern latitude 1445:42° northern latitude 1374: 1360:with the grey shrike 1261: 1023: 855: 844: 827:Quaternary glaciation 439:lanius cinereus major 374:. His description is 330:50° northern latitude 4110:Fauna Europaea (new) 3726:Long-tailed fiscal ( 3717:Grey-backed fiscal ( 3654:Lesser grey shrike ( 3645:Mackinnon's shrike ( 3627:Grey-backed shrike ( 3618:Long-tailed shrike ( 3546:Bull-headed shrike ( 2921:Animal Diversity Web 2901:Animal Diversity Web 2178:) for the time being 1727:, it will sometimes 975:– endemic to Socotra 846:L. e. "melanopterus" 636:Early Modern English 541:Warkangel, Werkengel 3708:Giant grey shrike ( 3681:Great grey shrike ( 3663:Loggerhead shrike ( 3609:Bay-backed shrike ( 3582:Red-tailed shrike ( 3573:Isabelline shrike ( 3564:Red-backed shrike ( 3140:Historiae animalium 2694:. Allaboutbirds.org 2618:birdsoftheworld.org 2555:(Online ed.). 2299:Conservation status 2240:helpers at the nest 2027:Iberian grey shrike 1481:Kamchatka Peninsula 1282:Chinese grey shrike 1267:Lanius ludovicianus 1222:Iberian grey shrike 1111:trr-turit trr-turit 1107:tu-tu-krr-pree-pree 1010:nominate subspecies 848:wintering in Poland 799:Chinese grey shrike 783:Iberian grey shrike 671:("butcher") in the 340:south in winter to 336:. Most populations 317:) and the American 311:Chinese grey shrike 303:Iberian grey shrike 78:Conservation status 58:striped field mouse 50:Nominate subspecies 3465:(family: Laniidae) 3384:Willughby, Francis 3277:2017-06-13 at the 3067:Aldrovandi, Ulisse 2830:2004-07-18 at the 2579:"Lanius excubitor" 2380:population density 2346:threatened species 2321:land consolidation 2213: 2195: 2180: 2057: 1763: 1719:-like on a flying 1696: 1624: 1604:population density 1592: 1533:is generally open 1383: 1376:Lesser grey shrike 1346:lesser grey shrike 1334:Mackinnon's fiscal 1322:grey-backed fiscal 1318:sub-Saharan Africa 1270: 1030: 989:Steppe grey shrike 969:– endemic to Yemen 919:Lighter grey than 868: 850: 791:steppe grey shrike 714:"Lanius" miocaenus 521:Germanic languages 515:also reported old 382:lesser grey shrike 370:under the current 35:Great grey shrike 4317: 4316: 3887:Taxon identifiers 3878: 3877: 3780:Woodchat shrike ( 3771:São Tomé fiscal ( 3762:Southern fiscal ( 3753:Northern fiscal ( 3719:L. excubitoroides 3672:Northern shrike ( 3636:Mountain shrike ( 3584:L. phoenicuroides 3521: 3518:(Typical shrikes) 3220:Zoologica Scripta 2960:life history data 2612:For instance: at 2563:(Subscription or 2525:: Linnaeus (1758) 2509:978-1-4081-2501-4 2188:Ménil-en-Xaintois 1815:courtship display 1465:Iberian Peninsula 1326:L. excubitoroides 1314:plesiomorphically 1302:loggerhead shrike 1276:relatives of the 1263:Loggerhead shrike 1234:Iberian Peninsula 1049:have white outer 829:. Because of the 807:loggerhead shrike 795:L. pallidirostris 685:are conspicuous. 572:red-backed shrike 513:Francis Willughby 501:Ulisse Aldrovandi 435:Francis Willughby 427:Ulisse Aldrovandi 319:loggerhead shrike 276:) is a large and 268:great grey shrike 264: 263: 199:L. excubitor 101: 62:Apodemus agrarius 18:Great gray shrike 16:(Redirected from 4357: 4310: 4309: 4297: 4296: 4294:Lanius-excubitor 4284: 4283: 4274: 4273: 4261: 4260: 4248: 4247: 4235: 4234: 4222: 4221: 4209: 4208: 4206:NHMSYS0000530425 4196: 4195: 4183: 4182: 4170: 4169: 4157: 4156: 4144: 4143: 4131: 4130: 4118: 4117: 4105: 4104: 4092: 4091: 4079: 4078: 4066: 4065: 4053: 4052: 4040: 4039: 4027: 4026: 4014: 4013: 4004: 4003: 3991: 3990: 3978: 3977: 3968: 3967: 3965:B215F75A482EBDE1 3955: 3954: 3952:lanius-excubitor 3942: 3941: 3939:Lanius_excubitor 3929: 3928: 3927: 3925:Lanius excubitor 3914: 3913: 3912: 3895:Lanius excubitor 3882: 3638:L. validirostris 3591:Burmese shrike ( 3537:Souza's shrike ( 3520: 3519: 3515: 3456: 3449: 3442: 3433: 3422: 3401: 3380: 3378: 3377: 3333: 3271:Lanius excubitor 3244: 3213: 3211: 3210: 3204: 3187: 3168:Christopher Helm 3120: 3105: 3085:Lanius excubitor 3077:In: Ornithologia 3063: 3041: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3013: 3004: 2998: 2995: 2989: 2986: 2975: 2972: 2963: 2958:Lanius excubitor 2953: 2942: 2935: 2926: 2925: 2912: 2906: 2905: 2892: 2886: 2883: 2877: 2874: 2861: 2858: 2849: 2846: 2835: 2821: 2815: 2814:Henninger (1906) 2812: 2806: 2803: 2797: 2794: 2788: 2785: 2779: 2776: 2770: 2767: 2761: 2758: 2752: 2745: 2739: 2736: 2730: 2727: 2721: 2718: 2712: 2709: 2703: 2702: 2700: 2699: 2688: 2682: 2679: 2673: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2649: 2643: 2636: 2630: 2627: 2621: 2610: 2604: 2601: 2595: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2560: 2548: 2541: 2535: 2532: 2526: 2520: 2514: 2513: 2489: 2483: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2460: 2454: 2451: 2440: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2430: 2407:Lanius excubitor 2400: 2206:Lanius excubitor 1945:or the barbs of 1883:darkling beetles 1843:willow ptarmigan 1678:Food and feeding 1652:begging for food 1594:This species is 1503:maritime climate 1366:Batesian mimicry 1188:or an explosive 861:Lanius excubitor 765:The grey shrike 680: 670: 664: 658: 648: 642: 496:Vernacular names 404: 379: 273:Lanius excubitor 256:Native range of 251: 219: 217:Lanius excubitor 116: 115: 95: 90: 89: 68:propped up on a 44: 32: 21: 4365: 4364: 4360: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4355: 4354: 4340:Holarctic birds 4320: 4319: 4318: 4313: 4305: 4300: 4292: 4287: 4279: 4277: 4269: 4264: 4256: 4251: 4243: 4238: 4230: 4227:Observation.org 4225: 4217: 4212: 4204: 4199: 4191: 4186: 4178: 4173: 4165: 4160: 4152: 4147: 4139: 4134: 4126: 4121: 4113: 4108: 4100: 4095: 4087: 4082: 4074: 4069: 4061: 4056: 4048: 4043: 4035: 4030: 4022: 4017: 4009: 4007: 3999: 3994: 3986: 3981: 3973: 3971: 3963: 3958: 3950: 3945: 3937: 3932: 3923: 3922: 3917: 3908: 3907: 3902: 3889: 3879: 3874: 3841: 3835:U. melanoleucus 3833:Magpie shrike ( 3819: 3797: 3789:Masked shrike ( 3744:Somali fiscal ( 3701:L. sphenocercus 3692:L. meridionalis 3665:L. ludovicianus 3600:Emin's shrike ( 3593:L. collurioides 3517: 3516: 3514: 3504: 3466: 3460: 3411: 3408: 3395: 3375: 3373: 3353: 3313: 3279:Wayback Machine 3216: 3208: 3206: 3202: 3191:Wilson Bulletin 3185: 3180: 3135:Gessner, Conrad 3108: 3082: 3052: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3035: 3011: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2978: 2973: 2966: 2954: 2945: 2936: 2929: 2914: 2913: 2909: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2864: 2859: 2852: 2847: 2838: 2832:Wayback Machine 2822: 2818: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2706: 2697: 2695: 2690: 2689: 2685: 2680: 2676: 2666: 2664: 2651: 2650: 2646: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2624: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2598: 2588: 2586: 2577: 2576: 2572: 2562: 2543: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2529: 2521: 2517: 2510: 2491: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2477: 2462: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2443: 2433: 2431: 2402: 2401: 2392: 2388: 2355:L. meridionalis 2326:Flurbereinigung 2301: 2258:L. e. excubitor 2254:brood parasites 2250:Cuculus canorus 2176:Cuculus canorus 2132:deciduous trees 2114:– early on and 2031:L. meridionalis 2007: 1847:Lagopus lagopus 1825:. Occasionally 1692:Mustela erminea 1680: 1616:L. e. excubitor 1584: 1537:, perhaps with 1490:Except for the 1433: 1403:L. ludovicianus 1378: 1332:eastwards, and 1306:L. ludovicianus 1294:northern shrike 1272:Elsewhere, the 1265: 1226:L. meridionalis 1218: 1216:Similar species 1099: 1026:L. e. excubitor 1015:tarsometatarsus 998: 859: 839: 819:lineage sorting 811:L. ludovicianus 787:L. meridionalis 760:Bergmann's Rule 694: 549:Standard German 498: 483:William Yarrell 367:Systema Naturae 354: 323:L. ludovicianus 307:L. meridionalis 230: 221: 215: 202: 110: 102: 91: 87: 80: 55: 28: 27:Species of bird 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4363: 4361: 4353: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4322: 4321: 4315: 4314: 4312: 4311: 4298: 4285: 4275: 4262: 4249: 4236: 4223: 4210: 4197: 4184: 4171: 4158: 4145: 4132: 4119: 4106: 4097:Fauna Europaea 4093: 4080: 4067: 4054: 4041: 4028: 4015: 4005: 3992: 3979: 3969: 3956: 3943: 3930: 3915: 3899: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3885: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3872: 3868:E. anguitimens 3863: 3853: 3851: 3843: 3842: 3840: 3839: 3829: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3817: 3807: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3796: 3795: 3786: 3777: 3768: 3759: 3750: 3741: 3735:Taita fiscal ( 3732: 3723: 3714: 3705: 3696: 3687: 3678: 3669: 3660: 3651: 3642: 3633: 3629:L. tephronotus 3624: 3615: 3606: 3597: 3588: 3579: 3575:L. isabellinus 3570: 3561: 3555:Brown shrike ( 3552: 3543: 3534: 3528:Tiger shrike ( 3524: 3522: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3471: 3468: 3467: 3461: 3459: 3458: 3451: 3444: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3423: 3407: 3406:External links 3404: 3403: 3402: 3393: 3381: 3351: 3342:. BiblioLife. 3334: 3324:(1): 153–159. 3311: 3295: 3286: 3268:(1758): 43.2. 3266:Linnaeus, Carl 3263: 3248:Linnaeus, Carl 3245: 3227:(2): 149–186. 3214: 3178: 3160: 3144: 3132: 3121: 3106: 3096:(3): 227–233. 3080: 3064: 3054:Albin, Eleazar 3048: 3045: 3043: 3042: 3033: 3022:(2): 396–398. 2999: 2990: 2976: 2964: 2943: 2927: 2907: 2887: 2878: 2862: 2850: 2836: 2816: 2807: 2798: 2789: 2780: 2771: 2762: 2753: 2740: 2731: 2722: 2713: 2704: 2683: 2674: 2644: 2631: 2622: 2605: 2596: 2570: 2536: 2527: 2515: 2508: 2484: 2475: 2464:Linnaeus, Carl 2455: 2441: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2300: 2297: 2246:Common cuckoos 2204:in a spawn of 2104:Turdus pilaris 2050:Turdus pilaris 2006: 2003: 1983:metabolic rate 1871:ground beetles 1809:(typically as 1744:Bombus lucorum 1715:prey or swoop 1679: 1676: 1620:Lasy Janowskie 1583: 1580: 1529:The preferred 1471:but including 1432: 1429: 1286:L. sphenocerus 1217: 1214: 1182:chek-chek-chek 1098: 1095: 997: 994: 993: 992: 982: 976: 970: 964: 958: 950: 944: 938: 932: 925: 924: 916: 915: 908: 907: 903: 902: 838: 835: 803:L. sphenocerus 693: 690: 615:mattages(s)(e) 556:Saint Boniface 519:, mainly from 505:Conrad Gessner 497: 494: 463:Conrad Gessner 353: 350: 315:L. sphenocerus 262: 261: 253: 252: 244: 243: 237: 236: 232: 231: 222: 211: 210: 204: 203: 196: 194: 190: 189: 182: 178: 177: 172: 168: 167: 162: 158: 157: 152: 148: 147: 142: 138: 137: 132: 128: 127: 122: 118: 117: 104: 103: 85: 82: 81: 76: 73: 72: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4362: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4308: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4276: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3970: 3966: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3920: 3916: 3911: 3905: 3901: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3883: 3871: 3869: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3849: 3844: 3838: 3836: 3831: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3822: 3816: 3814: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3800: 3794: 3792: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3647:L. mackinnoni 3643: 3641: 3639: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3602:L. gubernator 3598: 3596: 3594: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3548:L. bucephalus 3544: 3542: 3540: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3513: 3512: 3507: 3501: 3498:Superfamily: 3497: 3495: 3494:Passeriformes 3491: 3489: 3485: 3483: 3479: 3477: 3473: 3472: 3469: 3464: 3457: 3452: 3450: 3445: 3443: 3438: 3437: 3434: 3427: 3424: 3420: 3419: 3414: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3399: 3394: 3391: 3390: 3385: 3382: 3372:on 2010-12-16 3371: 3367: 3363: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3349: 3348:0-559-53114-1 3345: 3341: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3318: 3312: 3309: 3305: 3304: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3292: 3287: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3273: 3272: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3257: 3255: 3250:(1746): 181. 3249: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3221: 3215: 3205:on 2018-08-19 3201: 3197: 3193: 3192: 3184: 3179: 3177: 3176:0-7136-3861-3 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3159: 3158:0-19-864224-5 3155: 3151: 3150: 3145: 3142: 3141: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3119:(8): 300–309. 3118: 3114: 3113: 3112:Birding World 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3092: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3078: 3074: 3073: 3068: 3065: 3061: 3060: 3055: 3051: 3050: 3046: 3037: 3034: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3010: 3003: 3000: 2994: 2991: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2977: 2971: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2959: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2922: 2917: 2911: 2908: 2903: 2902: 2897: 2891: 2888: 2882: 2879: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2857: 2855: 2851: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2826: 2820: 2817: 2811: 2808: 2802: 2799: 2793: 2790: 2784: 2781: 2775: 2772: 2766: 2763: 2757: 2754: 2750: 2744: 2741: 2735: 2732: 2726: 2723: 2717: 2714: 2708: 2705: 2693: 2687: 2684: 2678: 2675: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2648: 2645: 2641: 2635: 2632: 2626: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2609: 2606: 2600: 2597: 2584: 2580: 2574: 2571: 2566: 2558: 2554: 2553: 2547: 2540: 2537: 2531: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2516: 2511: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2496: 2488: 2485: 2479: 2476: 2471: 2470: 2465: 2459: 2456: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2429: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2415: 2410: 2408: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2356: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2287: 2283: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2227: 2224: 2219: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2193: 2189: 2184: 2177: 2173: 2172:common cuckoo 2169: 2165: 2161: 2160:reed-warblers 2156: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2016: 2012: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1865:, especially 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1849:) or a young 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1751: 1750:B. terrestris 1746: 1745: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1705: 1704:invertebrates 1701: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1663: 1662:straight up. 1661: 1657: 1653: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1608: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1588: 1581: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1493: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1461:British Isles 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1430: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1412: 1410: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1396: 1391: 1389: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1338:L. mackinnoni 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1215: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1097:Vocalizations 1096: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1059:North Pacific 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1027: 1022: 1018: 1016: 1011: 1007: 1003: 995: 990: 986: 983: 980: 977: 974: 971: 968: 965: 962: 959: 956: 955: 951: 948: 945: 942: 939: 936: 933: 930: 927: 926: 922: 918: 917: 913: 910: 909: 905: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 877: 876: 875: 873: 866: 862: 858: 854: 847: 843: 836: 834: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 763: 761: 756: 752: 748: 745: 741: 737: 734: 730: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 706:superfamilies 703: 699: 691: 689: 686: 684: 679: 674: 669: 663: 657: 652: 647: 641: 637: 633: 629: 624: 620: 616: 612: 607: 605: 604: 599: 595: 592: 591:Middle German 588: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 550: 546: 542: 539:) as well as 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 495: 493: 491: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 471:specific name 468: 464: 459: 455: 450: 448: 444: 443:type locality 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 423:Eleazar Albin 420: 416: 412: 408: 405:("light-blue 403: 398: 397:Fauna Svecica 394: 389: 387: 383: 378: 373: 372:binomial name 369: 368: 363: 362:Carl Linnaeus 359: 351: 349: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 326: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 289: 285: 282: 279: 275: 274: 269: 259: 254: 250: 245: 242: 238: 233: 229: 225: 220: 218: 212: 209: 208:Binomial name 205: 201: 200: 195: 192: 191: 188: 187: 183: 180: 179: 176: 173: 170: 169: 166: 165:Passeriformes 163: 160: 159: 156: 153: 150: 149: 146: 143: 140: 139: 136: 133: 130: 129: 126: 123: 120: 119: 114: 109: 105: 99: 94: 93:Least Concern 83: 79: 74: 71: 67: 63: 59: 54: 51: 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 3894: 3867: 3858: 3848:Eurocephalus 3846: 3834: 3824: 3812: 3802: 3790: 3781: 3772: 3763: 3755:L. humeralis 3754: 3746:L. somalicus 3745: 3736: 3727: 3718: 3710:L. giganteus 3709: 3700: 3691: 3683:L. excubitor 3682: 3680: 3673: 3664: 3655: 3646: 3637: 3628: 3619: 3610: 3601: 3592: 3583: 3574: 3565: 3557:L. cristatus 3556: 3547: 3538: 3529: 3509: 3416: 3397: 3388: 3374:. Retrieved 3370:the original 3365: 3359: 3338: 3321: 3315: 3307: 3302: 3290: 3282: 3270: 3259: 3253: 3224: 3218: 3207:. Retrieved 3200:the original 3195: 3189: 3163: 3147: 3138: 3128: 3116: 3110: 3093: 3088: 3084: 3076: 3071: 3058: 3036: 3019: 3015: 3002: 2993: 2957: 2938: 2919: 2910: 2899: 2890: 2881: 2819: 2810: 2801: 2792: 2783: 2774: 2765: 2756: 2748: 2743: 2734: 2725: 2716: 2707: 2696:. Retrieved 2686: 2677: 2665:. Retrieved 2660: 2647: 2639: 2634: 2625: 2608: 2599: 2587:. Retrieved 2582: 2573: 2550: 2539: 2530: 2522: 2518: 2494: 2487: 2478: 2468: 2458: 2432:. Retrieved 2418: 2412: 2406: 2360:L. excubitor 2359: 2353: 2343: 2324: 2303:As remarked 2302: 2282:bird of prey 2278: 2257: 2249: 2244: 2214: 2205: 2201: 2190:(France) at 2175: 2164:Acrocephalus 2163: 2128:L. excubitor 2127: 2103: 2096:Hedera helix 2095: 2077: 2058: 2049: 2030: 2008: 1980: 1972:regurgitated 1958: 1955:common toads 1939: 1891:grasshoppers 1879:rove beetles 1875:dung beetles 1846: 1764: 1748: 1742: 1708:utility pole 1697: 1691: 1668:evolutionary 1664: 1645:conspecifics 1629: 1625: 1615: 1593: 1576:microhabitat 1528: 1519: 1516:Fennoscandia 1498: 1494: 1489: 1467:and perhaps 1434: 1425:L. excubitor 1424: 1416: 1413: 1406: 1402: 1400: 1395:L. excubitor 1394: 1392: 1384: 1380:Lanius minor 1379: 1362:superspecies 1349: 1344:region. The 1337: 1325: 1316:– shared in 1305: 1297: 1285: 1278:L. excubitor 1277: 1271: 1266: 1225: 1219: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1194:bird of prey 1189: 1185: 1184:to a rattle 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1163: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1110: 1106: 1100: 1086: 1083:wing coverts 1071: 1031: 1025: 999: 984: 978: 972: 966: 960: 952: 946: 940: 934: 928: 920: 911: 894: 890: 885:– which may 883:melanopterus 882: 878: 869: 864: 860: 845: 831:phylogenetic 823:L. excubitor 822: 810: 802: 794: 786: 771:L. excubitor 770: 769:consists of 767:superspecies 764: 754: 751:biogeography 733:Late Miocene 725: 718:L. excubitor 717: 713: 695: 687: 627: 618: 614: 608: 601: 597: 593: 586: 579: 575: 567: 563: 559: 551: 544: 540: 528: 524: 499: 489: 466: 457: 453: 451: 449:("Europe"). 446: 438: 437:– called it 410: 399:he named it 396: 390: 385: 365: 355: 327: 322: 314: 306: 295:superspecies 272: 271: 267: 265: 258:L. excubitor 257: 240: 216: 214: 198: 197: 185: 61: 52: 29: 4149:iNaturalist 3919:Wikispecies 3859:E. ruppelli 3764:L. collaris 3737:L. dorsalis 3728:L. cabanisi 3674:L. borealis 3611:L. vittatus 3566:L. collurio 3530:L. tigrinus 3426:Oiseaux.net 3090:Anim. Biol. 2653:Gill, Frank 2589:18 February 2434:21 February 2313:Netherlands 2293:little owls 2286:carnivorous 2168:out-evolved 1947:barbed wire 1923:oligochaete 1837:, and even 1835:salamanders 1755:barbed wire 1753:) stuck on 1713:terrestrial 1700:vertebrates 1600:ephemerally 1596:territorial 1555:power lines 1549:border. In 1485:Netherlands 1393:East Asian 1342:Congo Basin 1298:L. borealis 1190:aak-aak-aak 1186:trr-trr-trr 1157:trills and 1101:The male's 1039:ear coverts 996:Description 881:(including 696:The shrike 673:French Jura 653:"), German 587:Neghen-doer 576:L. collurio 560:Werkenvogel 487:Old English 413:("ash-grey 235:Subspecies 4324:Categories 4289:Xeno-canto 3813:C. corvina 3803:Corvinella 3791:L. nubicus 3782:L. senator 3773:L. newtoni 3376:2009-09-19 3209:2013-03-10 3170:, London. 3047:References 2698:2013-03-10 2667:28 October 2567:required.) 2376:Luxembourg 2339:pesticides 2323:(see e.g. 2231:passerines 2218:Incubation 2186:Eggs from 2100:Fieldfares 2092:common ivy 2084:mistletoes 2060:Copulation 2046:fieldfares 2015:monogamous 1987:milliwatts 1981:The basic 1895:bumblebees 1855:arthropods 1819:fledglings 1775:Cricetidae 1702:and large 1656:submission 1649:fledglings 1637:horizontal 1511:parapatric 1492:subspecies 1421:allopatric 1408:loggerhead 1388:fledglings 1274:parapatric 1230:subspecies 1159:kwiw...püh 1127:(t')kwiiet 1067:seasonally 1055:subspecies 1006:subspecies 887:intergrade 872:subspecies 837:Subspecies 805:) and the 775:parapatric 753:of living 649:("shriek, 619:mat'agasse 584:Low German 552:Würgeengel 545:Wurchangel 517:folk names 393:naturalist 299:parapatric 4193:103718932 3988:103718932 3825:Urolestes 3620:L. schach 3539:L. souzae 3500:Corvoidea 3474:Kingdom: 3298:Ray, John 2614:ebird.org 2386:Footnotes 2372:Lithuania 2335:predatory 2331:hedgerows 2270:predators 2226:nestlings 2223:altricial 2054:predators 2023:courtship 2018:pair bond 1991:body mass 1959:Bufo bufo 1907:scorpions 1859:nestlings 1823:hibernate 1773:from the 1739:Bumblebee 1614:An alert 1582:Behaviour 1568:clearings 1535:grassland 1499:excubitor 1441:Tian Shan 1358:sympatric 1340:) of the 1310:sympatric 1290:East Asia 1253:millennia 1249:hybridize 1245:shrubland 1210:mimicking 1115:territory 1047:rectrices 921:excubitor 899:subarctic 891:sibiricus 815:basalmost 744:Holarctic 731:from the 724:times. A 702:Corvoidea 598:Neuntöter 594:Nünmörder 568:weirangle 564:wariangle 531:from the 529:Wierangel 525:Wereangel 458:excubitor 342:temperate 297:with its 278:predatory 241:See text 193:Species: 131:Kingdom: 125:Eukaryota 56:Note the 4167:10188463 4024:bob15201 3983:BirdLife 3972:BioLib: 3904:Wikidata 3656:L. minor 3482:Chordata 3480:Phylum: 3476:Animalia 3386:(1676): 3275:Archived 3241:85317440 3137:(1555): 3056:(1734). 2955:AnAge : 2937:Antczak 2828:Archived 2546:"Shrike" 2466:(1758). 2268:. Among 2141:cup nest 2124:Conifers 2108:thrushes 2044:Nesting 1951:branches 1911:crayfish 1887:crickets 1853:. Large 1811:tadpoles 1783:lemmings 1672:parasite 1632:hovering 1622:, Poland 1520:borealis 1495:bianchii 1417:L. minor 1350:L. minor 1292:and the 1280:are the 1198:breezeek 1135:chlie(p) 1123:trrii(u) 1087:borealis 1063:mandible 773:and its 740:Polgárdi 736:Turolian 710:Corvidae 640:schricum 611:falconer 580:Linkenom 533:Pennines 509:John Ray 479:falconry 431:John Ray 386:L. minor 281:songbird 224:Linnaeus 175:Laniidae 171:Family: 145:Chordata 141:Phylum: 135:Animalia 121:Domain: 98:IUCN 3.1 4302:ZooBank 4281:2328344 4245:1484468 4128:2492858 4050:norshr1 4011:norshr1 3960:Avibase 3910:Q184508 3492:Order: 3486:Class: 3463:Shrikes 3028:4088571 2502:, 219. 2364:Estonia 2348:by the 2309:extinct 2274:corvids 2266:extinct 2158:Unlike 2116:mobbing 2112:corvids 1999:larders 1995:rodents 1976:pellets 1931:berries 1927:Carrion 1925:worms. 1915:isopods 1903:spiders 1867:beetles 1863:insects 1799:lizards 1787:Murinae 1771:rodents 1767:biomass 1559:hectare 1531:habitat 1507:migrant 1475:), and 1469:Romania 1457:Iceland 1453:vagrant 1354:Balkans 1288:) from 1238:habitat 1170:k(w)eee 1161:calls. 1151:tli-tli 1131:trüü(t) 1075:Fledged 1043:remiges 895:galliae 865:lahtora 797:), the 789:), the 722:Miocene 683:plumage 678:varsler 668:boucher 662:shrikja 537:vagrant 407:waxwing 346:rodents 338:migrate 309:), the 286:in the 284:species 181:Genus: 161:Order: 151:Class: 96: ( 4335:Lanius 4278:uBio: 4258:211583 4219:158049 4180:178511 4154:204532 4084:EURING 4063:LANIEX 3947:ARKive 3511:Lanius 3346: 3306:. In: 3281:. In: 3258:. 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