31:
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330:. Much of its size is deceptive, since this species' fluffy feathers, large head and the longest tail of any extant owl obscure a body lighter than that of most other large owls. The length ranges from 61 to 84 cm (24 to 33 in), averaging 72 cm (28 in) for females and 67 cm (26 in) for males. The wingspan can exceed 152 cm (5 ft 0 in), but averages 142 cm (4 ft 8 in) for females and 140 cm (4 ft 7 in) for males. The adult weight ranges from 580 to 1,900 g (1.28 to 4.19 lb), averaging 1,290 g (2.84 lb) for females and 1,000 g (2.2 lb) for males. The males are usually smaller than females, as with most owl species.
446:
breeding has been confirmed in the Tahoe
National Forest east of Nevada City; in the Sierra Nevada foothills south of I-80 at around 2,000 feet (610 m) elevation; and for the population clustered around Yosemite. In Yosemite is where the first nest south of Canada was found in 1914. A study of the Yosemite owls shows that this population has been genetically isolated from populations in Oregon and farther north for more than 25,000 years. Biologists working on that study suggest that the Yosemite population should be considered a separate sub-species (
536:
469:
523:. They will also nest in broken-topped trees and cavities in large trees. In southwestern and northeastern Oregon, the great grey owl has been using man-made platforms for nest sites since the 1980s. The erection of nest platforms for great grey owls was pioneered by Robert Nero in central Canada in the 1970s. Nesting may occur from March to May. Unlike, for example, osprey or white storks, the great grey owl does not predictably re-use nest sites over consecutive years. Four
99:
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509:
294:
722:. They are less likely to attack each other or potential threats than are other large predatory birds. They do not protect a large nesting territory, nor do they defend hunting territories through aggression. As an exception, the female is aggressive in protecting eggs and owlets. She is especially alert and aggressive when fledglings first leave the nest but cannot yet fly, and thus are extremely vulnerable.
57:
671:
juveniles for cover and protection. If perches are not left in clearcuts, great grey owls cannot readily hunt in them. Although human-made structures (made specifically for use by this species) have been utilized by these owls, the species is far more common in areas protected from logging. Livestock grazing in meadows also adversely affects great grey owls, by reducing habitat for preferred prey species.
371:
426:. They are permanent residents, although northerly populations may move south and southeast when food is scarce. In Europe they are found breeding in Norway and Sweden and more numerously through Finland and Russia. Even though the species occurs in Europe, the first great grey owl recognized by science was found in Canada in the late 18th century.
528:
fall from the nest at 3 to 4 weeks, and start to fly 1 to 2 weeks after this. Immediately after fledging, the white, fuzzy young must use beak and feet to climb back into trees. The female is on guard at this time and may be aggressive toward potential predators. Most offspring remain near their natal sites for many months after
30:
577:, also known as "ruffs", focus sound, and the asymmetrical placement of their ears assists them in locating prey, because of the lack of light during the late and early hours in which they hunt. On the nesting grounds, they mainly hunt at night and near dawn and dusk; at other times, they are active mostly during the night.
430:
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are the usual clutch size. Eggs average 42.7 mm (1.68 in) wide and 53.5 mm (2.11 in) long. The incubation period is about 30 days, ranging from 28 to 36 days. Brooding lasts 2 to 3 weeks, after which the female starts roosting on a tree near nests. The young jump or
441:
In Oregon, the great grey owl breeding range is scattered from the
Siskiyou Mountains in the southwest to the Blue Mountains in the northeast. Two bird festivals each May feature field trips to try to see the species: The Ladd Marsh Festival in La Grande, OR and the Mountain Bird Festival in Ashland,
725:
This lack of territorial aggressiveness makes the great grey owl difficult to find in the field. Most owls respond to their own species calls if played back in a nesting territory. Great grey owls will often ignore such calls. They also do not flush every time a human approaches or drives past. The
580:
They have excellent hearing, and may locate (and then capture) prey moving beneath 60 cm (2.0 ft) of snow in a series of tunnels solely with that sense. They then can crash to a snow depth roughly equal to their own body size to grab their prey. Only this species and, more infrequently,
333:
The call of the adult is a series of very deep, rhythmic 'who's, which is usually given in correlation to their territories or in interactions with their offspring. At other times, adults are normally silent. The young may chatter, shriek, or hiss. Tame owls may produce higher-pitched hoots when
445:
A 2015 study in
California estimated there were fewer than 300 birds in the state at the time. The species is listed as Endangered under the California Endangered Species Act. The California range for the species includes a small extension of the Oregon population, north of Alturas. In addition
437:
There are sedentary populations in the
Pacific states of California, Oregon, and Washington. The great grey owl in this region is found in disjunct areas of appropriate habitat. In winter these birds do not move far but may go downslope to escape deep snow as they must capture their prey on the
670:
from the great grey owl's habitat is, perhaps, the greatest threat to this species. Intensified timber management typically reduces live and dead large-diameter trees used for nesting, leaning trees used by juveniles for roosting before they can fly, and dense canopy closures in stands used by
543:
The abundance of food in the area usually affects the number of eggs a female lays, a feature quite common in northern owl species. In years when small mammal populations are very low the great grey owl may not attempt nesting; thus their reproduction is connected to the sometimes extreme
532:. Normally the male hunts for his mate and the young throughout the nesting period. Once the young begin the fly, the female typically withdraws and the male continues to feed the young until they can hunt on their own in the autumn. The young owls go off on their own by winter.
390:, near open areas, such as meadows or bogs. In Oregon and California this owl has been found nesting in mixed oak woodlands. Once believed to require a cold climate, it is now known that this bird survives in a few areas where summer temperatures exceed 100 °F (38 °C).
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fluctuations of small mammal populations. Also, great grey owls may not nest in years of drought. If food is scarce, they may travel a fair distance to find more prey, with considerable movements by large numbers in some years of particularly scarce prey. Though they do not
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killed the male. Huber live-trapped small mammals and then released them at the nest site, and the female took these to the nestlings. As the owlets matured and began flying they came for the prey on their own. Huber and the mother owl raised all four owlets successfully.
690:. The West Nile virus is likely to become more prevalent with climate change. In Ontario and northeastern Oregon there are confirmed great grey owl deaths from the virus. Testing of owls in the Yosemite area since 2005 has found evidence of the virus in that population.
750:
As of 2016, there are four great grey owls captive in Oregon and
California. Two live at Blue Mountain Wildlife near Pendleton, Oregon, a third lives at Lindsay Museum in Walnut Creek, California, and the fourth lives at CuriOdyssey in San Mateo, California.
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These birds wait, listen, and watch for prey, then swoop down; they also may fly low through open areas in search of prey. They frequently hunt from a low listening post which can be a stump, low tree limb, fence post, or road sign. Their large
658:. This species is not known to scavenge or steal from other predators. In mated pairs, the male is the primary hunter who provides food for the entire family while the female guards and broods the eggs, nestlings, and flightless fledglings.
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have been documented preying on young, but such predators rarely threaten adults, and owls have been known to fend off animals as large as black bears when defending their nests. The only known predator of adult great grey owls is the
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Adults have large rounded heads with grey faces and yellow eyes with darker circles around them. The underparts are light with dark streaks; the upper parts are grey with pale bars. This owl does not have ear tufts and has the largest
453:
In
Washington state, great grey owls are found in the southeast where mountains extend up from Oregon and in the Colville National Forest. Only a handful of great grey owl nests have ever been found in Washington state.
757:
Another captive wild injured great grey owl, Errol, lives at the Alaska Zoo in
Anchorage, Alaska. Errol came to the zoo from Wild Bird Rescue after injuring himself while colliding with the tire of a parked car.
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754:
A captive wild injured great grey owl, Boris, resides at the Alaska Raptor Center in Sitka, Alaska. Boris was found north of
Anchorage with a trauma to his right wrist, leaving him flightless.
352:: North America from central Alaska eastward across Canada to south-western Quebec, and south to northern California, northern Idaho, western Montana, Wyoming, and north-eastern Minnesota.
1341:. Wildlife Species. Interior Timberland Planning, Habitat Conservation Program, Northern Region. Redding, CA: California State Department of Fish and Game. 26 March 2008. Archived from
1304:
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361:: Northern Eurasia, from Fennoscandia through Siberia to Sakhalin and Kamchatka Krai to Lithuania, Lake Baikal, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Manchuria and north-eastern China.
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In northeastern North
America, the owls are found year-round in southern Quebec and Ontario, but individuals will sometimes move further south in winter into
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493:
1825:
594:. What species they eat depends on which small mammals are most abundant and available. In northern Canada and other parts of Scandinavia, they eat
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961:"Strix nebulosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Report) (Vers. 2013.2 ed.). International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2012.
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as the world's largest owl. The great grey is outweighed by those two species as well as several others, including most of the genus
1358:
1194:
972:
Hull, Joshua M.; Englis, Andrew Jr.; Medley, Joseph R.; Jepsen, Eric P.; Duncan, James R.; Ernest, Holly B.; Keane, John J. (2014).
1131:
König, Claus, Friedhelm Weick, and Jan-Hendrik
Becking. Owls of the World. 2nd ed. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2009. Web. 23 May. 2023.
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are known to "snow-plunge" for prey, a habit that is thought to require superb hearing not possessed by all types of owls.
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are the predominant prey. Locally, alternative prey animals (usually comprising less than 20% of prey intake) include
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One alert landowner in northeast Oregon, Andy Huber, helped a female great grey owl raise her four nestlings after a
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Farther east in the western United States, great grey owls breed in Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming, as far south as the
1944:
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great grey owl often remains still even if a human is nearby and therefore they are often overlooked or unnoticed.
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Great grey owls do not build nests, so they typically use nests previously used by a large bird, such as a
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The great grey owl (GGO) was placed on the California state endangered species list in June 1980.
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There are two recognized subspecies of the great grey owl spread across North America and Eurasia.
313:. There is a white collar or "bow-tie" just below the beak. The long tail tapers to a rounded end.
242:
46:
1918:
484:, apparently in pursuit of more abundant prey. Great grey owls are rarely sighted as far south as
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Unlike the more versatile eagle and horned owls, great grey owls rely almost fully upon small
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1970:
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2004:
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1952:
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1189:. Connecticut. International Masters Publishers. March 1998. Group 7, Card 89.
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Other dangers to great grey owls include rodenticides, collisions with vehicles, and the
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1109:
Owls of the United States and Canada: A complete guide to their biology and behavior
1000:
241:, and is the world's largest species of owl by length. It is distributed across the
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found in both Eastern and Western Hemispheres. In some areas it is also called the
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1996:
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The Eurasian subspecies of the grey owl is very commonly kept in European zoos.
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481:
306:
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Cross-sectioned great grey owl specimen showing the extent of the body plumage,
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2017:
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primarily. In dry parts of California's Sierra Nevada they eat mostly
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Due to their large size, great grey owls have few natural predators.
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655:
631:
623:
591:
529:
411:
403:
120:
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1991:
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1562:"Great grey owl range maps for California, Oregon, and Washington"
1305:"Will Schaff on the artwork for Songs Ohia's Magnolia Electric Co"
673:
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492:. In winter 2017, the birds were recorded in northern New York in
467:
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In terms of length, the great grey owl is believed to exceed the
1379:
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423:
140:
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710:), which occasionally preys on the former in parts of Europe.
150:
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In northern areas their breeding habitat is often the dense
450:). Nearby populations at lower elevations were not tested.
1498:. 7810700. Archived from the original on 2 November 2000.
940:(2nd ed.). London, UK: A&C Black Publishers Ltd.
1477:
The Great Gray Owl in California, Oregon, and Washington
1448:
Quinton, Michael S. (July 1984). "The Great Gray Owl".
718:
The great grey owl is not as aggressive as most other
1111:. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
1601:
1286:"Great gray owl, great horned owl, short eared owl"
1432:The Great Gray Owl: Phantom of the northern forest
823:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22689118A199144259.en
1415:. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
769:A great grey owl with human hands is depicted on
1454:. Vol. 166, no. 1. pp. 123–136.
1029:(online ed.). No. 041, introduction.
978:) in the Sierra Nevada of California, U.S.A."
936:König, C.; Weick, F.; Becking, J.-H. (2008).
8:
1589:
1434:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.
245:, and it is the only species in the genus
55:
29:
20:
1475:Thiemann, Peter J.; Harry Fuller (2015).
870:
868:
866:
821:
1443:. Toronto, ON, Canada: Natural Heritage.
791:
581:other fairly large owls from the genus
1524:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1065:"Great Gray Owls in Northern New York"
1012:
1010:
548:, many are at least somewhat nomadic.
2076:Taxa named by Johann Reinhold Forster
1303:Tudor, Alexander (26 November 2013).
974:"A New Subspecies of Great Gray Owl (
7:
1808:f2009c6a-e6db-4885-8961-2d3faae51b5e
1413:Owls of the United States and Canada
2046:IUCN Red List least concern species
809:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1378:. Bird Identification InfoCenter.
1063:Master, Larry (22 February 2017).
911:Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (1992).
472:Adult male great grey owl (Canada)
14:
1568:(blog) – via wordpress.com.
1376:Patuxent Wildlife Research Center
1359:Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology
1017:Bull, E.L.; Duncan, J.R. (1993).
913:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
539:Windblown juvenile great grey owl
816:. BirdLife International. 2021.
697:, various small carnivores, and
97:
1441:Lady Grayl – Owl with a Mission
2066:Provincial symbols of Manitoba
1560:Fuller, Harry (30 June 2016).
1479:. Ashland, OR: Nebulosa Press.
1368:"Great Gray Owl Information -
779:, a 2003 alt-country album by
376:Kenai National Wildlife Refuge
1:
1854:great-grey-owl-strix-nebulosa
1556:at VIREO (Drexel University)
1554:Great gray owl photo gallery
1451:National Geographic magazine
299:Copenhagen Zoological Museum
259:(this name is also used for
1215:Lindsay Wildlife Experience
448:Strix nebulosa yosemitensis
2094:
1027:The Birds of North America
981:Journal of Raptor Research
734:The great grey owl is the
463:Yellowstone National Parks
1531:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
915:. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
776:The Magnolia Electric Co.
199:
192:
94:Scientific classification
92:
75:
53:
44:
37:
28:
23:
1546:Internet Bird Collection
1439:Nero, Robert W. (1994).
1430:Nero, Robert W. (1980).
2071:Birds described in 1772
1520:, with world range map.
494:Robert Moses State Park
1541:"Great grey owl media"
1025:. In Poole, A. (ed.).
900:. Species information.
683:
680:Weltvogelpark Walsrode
569:
540:
516:
473:
434:
379:
334:given food by humans.
301:
1979:Paleobiology Database
1411:Lynch, Wayne (2007).
1107:Lynch, Wayne (2007).
1035:10.2173/bow.grgowl.01
678:Plumage of the face (
677:
567:
538:
511:
490:Long Island, New York
471:
432:
373:
296:
1803:Fauna Europaea (new)
1265:Alaska Raptor Center
1151:Sierra Forest Legacy
714:Territorial behavior
402:from as far east as
374:Detail of the head,
322:Blakiston's fish owl
253:Phantom of the North
1315:on 28 February 2024
1153:. Wildlife at risk.
1069:Adirondack Almanack
993:10.3356/JRR-13-35.1
243:Northern Hemisphere
47:Conservation status
2061:Birds of Manchuria
1574:"Great Gray Owls (
1362:. Species Account.
1165:"Great Gray Owl -
898:The Owl Foundation
704:Eurasian eagle-owl
684:
570:
541:
517:
474:
435:
380:
318:Eurasian eagle-owl
302:
2033:
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1966:Open Tree of Life
1595:Taxon identifiers
1422:978-0-8018-8687-4
1187:Wildlife Explorer
1118:978-0-8018-8687-4
1090:"Great Gray Owls"
1019:"Great Gray Owl (
947:978-0-7136-6548-2
938:Owls of the World
922:978-0-8493-4258-5
695:Great horned owls
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1492:"Species stamps"
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1399:
1398:on 15 July 2007.
1394:. Archived from
1388:"Great Gray Owl"
1383:
1363:
1354:"Great Gray Owl"
1349:
1339:"Great Gray Owl"
1325:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1311:. Archived from
1300:
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1236:"Great Gray Owl"
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1211:"Great gray owl"
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1147:"Great Gray Owl"
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894:"Great Grey Owl"
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876:"Great Gray Owl"
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858:
856:
841:
835:
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796:
771:William Schaff's
602:. In some areas
553:great horned owl
514:Museum Wiesbaden
512:Egg, Collection
422:across northern
359:(Thunberg, 1798)
358:
349:
235:American English
205:
185:S. nebulosa
102:
101:
81:
64:
59:
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21:
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2056:Holarctic birds
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1405:Further reading
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1345:on 1 May 2009.
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736:provincial bird
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730:Provincial bird
720:alpha predators
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688:West Nile Virus
666:The harvest of
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396:
386:forests of the
368:
356:S. n. lapponica
350:(Forster, 1772)
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987:(1): 68–77.
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1627:Wikispecies
1392:eNature.com
1245:7 September
1240:CuriOdyssey
1220:7 September
1074:25 February
1048:25 February
829:24 February
781:Songs: Ohia
699:black bears
636:Canada jays
482:New England
459:Grand Teton
414:, and from
307:facial disc
289:Description
279:bearded owl
271:Lapland owl
80:Appendix II
2040:Categories
2018:Xeno-canto
1270:3 November
855:14 January
787:References
742:, Canada.
654:and large
410:coast and
384:coniferous
275:spruce owl
1468:643483454
1460:0027-9358
1043:216190368
880:Owl Pages
849:cites.org
746:Captivity
708:Bubo bubo
608:squirrels
283:sooty owl
179:Species:
161:Strigidae
117:Kingdom:
111:Eukaryota
1992:Species+
1919:2.100756
1906:22689118
1880:11401333
1694:22689118
1689:BirdLife
1678:BioLib:
1612:Wikidata
1582:GroWiser
1527:cite web
1319:17 April
1001:84375832
740:Manitoba
642:, small
628:thrushes
596:lemmings
530:fledging
504:Breeding
478:New York
438:ground.
378:, Alaska
338:Taxonomy
320:and the
239:true owl
229:) (also
157:Family:
131:Chordata
127:Phylum:
121:Animalia
107:Domain:
67:IUCN 3.1
1831:2497522
1666:Avibase
1618:Q200724
1566:EcoWise
1514:Ukraine
1510:Georgia
1506:Finland
1502:Belarus
1261:"Boris"
851:. CITES
662:Threats
656:beetles
624:weasels
592:rodents
560:Feeding
546:migrate
420:Estonia
416:Finland
408:Pacific
406:to the
366:Habitat
309:of any
237:) is a
210:Forster
167:Genus:
147:Order:
137:Class:
82: (
65: (
1984:373091
1971:395196
1945:126836
1893:177929
1838:GNAB:
1815:FEIS:
1777:EURING
1756:grgowl
1717:grgowl
1646:grgrow
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765:In art
668:timber
632:grouse
620:shrews
521:raptor
412:Alaska
404:Quebec
311:raptor
281:, and
212:, 1772
2010:16960
1875:IRMNG
1867:19890
1795:97049
1764:EUNIS
1751:eBird
1730:6ZWZ2
1714:BOW:
1681:22493
1039:S2CID
997:S2CID
652:frogs
648:ducks
644:hawks
616:moles
612:hares
604:voles
584:Strix
498:Maine
394:Range
388:taiga
248:Strix
172:Strix
84:CITES
78:CITES
1997:3952
1940:NCBI
1901:IUCN
1888:ITIS
1826:GBIF
1818:stne
1782:7660
1769:1288
1707:9489
1702:BOLD
1533:link
1500:For
1464:OCLC
1456:ISSN
1417:ISBN
1380:USGS
1321:2024
1272:2016
1247:2018
1222:2018
1191:ISBN
1113:ISBN
1076:2017
1050:2017
942:ISBN
917:ISBN
857:2022
831:2022
814:2021
525:eggs
488:and
480:and
461:and
442:OR.
424:Asia
418:and
327:Bubo
219:The
141:Aves
2005:TSA
1958:973
1927:NBN
1849:IBC
1738:CMS
1725:CoL
1653:ADW
1642:ABA
1031:doi
989:doi
818:doi
738:of
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233:in
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