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that a major factor was the end of Ivan's quarrel with his brothers and the resulting additional troops. The impending
Russian winter was a consideration. The longer the standoff lasted, the more troops Ivan could bring up, while Akhmed's reserves were few and far away. The Tatar horses, and the sheep they drove with them for food, gradually consumed the local fodder. There are reports of disease in his army. Akhmed may have thought Ivan's withdrawal was a ruse to draw him into an ambush, a common steppe tactic. Even if there were no ambush, he would have to fight an army in a prepared position, or try to bypass it. The Tatars preferred hit-and-run raids and Akhmed may not have wished to attack a concentrated army. The sources do not explain why he did not try to outflank the Russian line by moving west. His wise, but seemingly cowardly, withdrawal probably contributed to his death a few months later.
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five kilometers along the Ugra from its mouth westward. Akhmed withdrew two versts (kilometers) south to a place called Luza. He then tried to secretly move his troops to a place called 'Opakhov', but his movement was detected and the crossing blocked. Ivan began negotiations with Akhmed, which led nowhere, but gave Ivan time to bring up more troops. Both sides spent the next month watching each other across the river.
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probably ceased paying tribute to the Great Horde sometime in the 1470s" yet continued formal relations for 20 more years and continued to pay tribute of some sort to other khanates at times. Janet Martin dismissed the significance of the standoff as "embellished". However, one significant change was that no
Russian prince needed to ask for permission again from a Tatar khan to rule.
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wrote: "It should have been an odd image: two armies ran away from each other, not pursued by anyone", but it is now clear that the two withdrawals were independent. Ivan's motive is clear, but Akhmed's motives are a matter of guesswork. Casimir's failure to appear was clearly important. Nesin thinks
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It was getting late in the season and both sides knew that once the river froze solid it would no longer be a barrier. Akhmed could concentrate his forces and break the thin
Russian line at any point. Ivan's best plan was to pull back and concentrate his force. On 26 October Ivan began moving troops
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On 6–8 October Akhmed moved his troops up to the Ugra. Fighting began at one o'clock on the eighth and continued for almost four days. Attempts to cross the river failed, largely because of
Russian fire, and because the river was wide enough to make Tatar arrows ineffective. The battlefield extended
507:
After Ivan III stopped paying tribute to the Horde, Akhmat Khan led an army towards Moscow, leading to a standoff between the two armies on the banks of the river. Akhmat Khan waited for his
Lithuanian reinforcements to arrive, but they never did, with one Mongol attempt to cross the river failing
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According to
Russian historiography, the event marked the end of Russian dependency on Tatar overlords. On the other hand, some modern historians regard the confrontation as indecisive, and not having a significant effect on Muscovite–Tatar relations. Charles Halperin mentioned that "Moscow had
1033:
For the next century, relations between the
Russians and Mongols continued to rapidly change, with both launching incursions and attacks against each other. In 1521, the Crimean Khanate plundered southern Russia and almost reached Moscow. Both Russia and Lithuania allied with different khanates
1567:, p. 318, he non-battle has commonly, although erroneously, been identified as the event that ended Tatar domination over the Russian lands. The so-called Battle of the Ugra neither broke the Tatar yoke nor destroyed the close relations Muscovy maintained with its Tatar neighbors.
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to join him with
Lithuanian reinforcements, but Casimir faced a revolt at home and never showed up. Instead of advancing, on 8 November Akhmed began to withdraw. News of the retreat reached Ivan on 11 November. In his retreat, Akhmed raided twelve Lithuanian towns, including
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just south of the Ugra-Oka junction on the west bank of the Oka. Here he waited for
Casimir, who never came. Casimir was tied down fighting the Crimeans in Podolia, but he may have had other reasons for not coming. On 3 October Ivan moved to Kremenets (now
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In late May news of the pending invasion reached Moscow. Nesin (2015) says it was the largest Tatar army in the fifteenth century. One faction wanted to flee north, but was overruled. In June Ivan sent troops south to the Oka: to
515:" in Russia, though some historians believe that the event itself was insignificant and did not change Russo-Tatar relations. Nevertheless, the event is usually regarded as the end of nominal Tatar suzerainty over Russia.
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1256:, p. 14, A confrontation on the River Ugra which took place in October 1480, between Grand Prince Ivan III and Akhmat Khan of the Great Horde, is often said to have marked the definitive end of the 'Tatar yoke'.
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What happened does not seem to be well documented. Some sources have him reaching Sarai. Karamzin thought that this influenced Akhmed's withdrawal, but Nesin thinks he was unaware of it or paid no attention.
1389:, pp. 42–43, After a few days of watching one another, the two armies departed for home. This event, the “standing on the Ugra,” was ever after seen in Russia as the end of Tatar overlordship.
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1030:. In 1502, Crimea destroyed the Great Horde as an organization, thereby removing the buffer between Russia and Crimea and leading to a series of Russo-Crimean wars that lasted until 1784.
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and major decisions were made. The quarrel with his brothers was settled and their troops began moving toward the Oka. The state treasury and royal family were moved north to
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were sent east down the Oka and Volga to attack Akhmed in the rear. Meanwhile, Akhmed had moved northward between the upper Don and Oka and at an uncertain date made camp at
1507:, p. 93, The khan expected to meet up with Lithuanian forces sent by King Casimir... Khan Akhmad waited for the Lithuanian troops, but (as in 1380) they never appeared.
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1377:, p. 305, ather than exploding into a decisive battle, the confrontation between the armies of the Great Horde and Muscovy at the Ugra fizzled into mutual retreat.
992:. His son Murtaza raided some villages south of the Oka until the Russians drove him off. On 28 November Ivan returned to Moscow. In January 1481 Akhmed was killed by
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935:. Tatar scouting parties soon appeared south of the Oka. Russian outposts reported that Akhmed was tending northwest so Russian troops were moved west toward
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1495:, p. 28, Ahmad Khan... waited for his new Polish-Lithuanian allies to arrive. They never did, and so neither army tried to cross the river.
1438:, p. 93, Although Russian territorial gains from Lithuania were significant, Ivan III's reign is better known for ending the "Tatar yoke".
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983:. Here he had a good defensive position to protect Moscow and could strike in any direction if Akhmed chose to advance. Akhmed expected
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1329:, p. 93, The majority of Russian historians consider 1480 to be the date of the final liberation of Russia from the Mongol yoke.
971:) to watch the front. Nesin (2015) gives the Russian front as 60 versts (kilometers), but does not specify its start and end points.
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but was driven off. In 1476 Russia officially stopped paying tribute to the Tatars. In late 1479 Ivan quarreled with his brothers,
1317:, p. 93, Except for a Mongol attempt to cross the river, which Russian arrows and guns beat back, there was little fighting.
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939:. Forces from Tver moved toward the Ugra. Around 30 September Ivan returned to Moscow to meet with his bishops and
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Nesin, M.K. "On the
Reasons for the Withdrawal of Tatar Troops after the Ugra Standoff", 2015, in Russian:
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due to Russian fire, leading to Akhmat Khan to retreat. Both armies departed after little fighting.
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1426:, pp. 351, the Battle of the Ugra River traditionally marks the end of Mongol rule in Russia.
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of Poland-Lithuania was allied with the Great Horde, while Muscovy was allied with the
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The Agony of the “Yoke”: The Great Horde as a Fading Threat to Muscovite Rus
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On 6 January 1481, Akhmat Khan was killed in a clash with the Nogais under
539:. The land west and south of Kaluga was claimed by Lithuania. At this time
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Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History
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Companion to Russian Studies: Volume 1: An Introduction to Russian History
1450:, Trepavlov, V.V., Her. Russ. Acad. Sci. 92 (Suppl 5), S428–S433 (2022).
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In Russian historiography, it has been interpreted as the end of the "
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Russia's Steppe Frontier: The Making of a Colonial Empire, 1500–1800
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Some of the earliest Russian sources mentioning the event include:
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Akhmed's base at Vorotynsk was just south of the Ugra-Oka junction
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1480 battle between the Great Horde and the Grand Duchy of Moscow
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Russia: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present
1401:
Russis and the Soviet Union : an historical introduction
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under his brother Andrey the Less, and under Ivan himself to
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was breaking up and the steppe remnant came to be called the
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was uniting the lands north of the Oka. At the same time the
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Russia and Central Asia: Coexistence, Conquest, Convergence
1826:(avoid further links to milhist.info which is not secure)
1675:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 42–43.
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Labeled red squares are military centers during the war.
1696:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 192.
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from the Ugra northeast to Kremenets and then east to
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1342:. New York: Macmillan Reference. 2004. p. 688.
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Black X's are Ivan's bases at Kremenets and Borovsk.
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1078:, bishop of Rostov and confidant of Ivan III.
907:Blue: Ugra River. Yellow and Red: Oka River.
484:, was a standoff in 1480 on the banks of the
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1883:Battles involving the Principality of Moscow
1824:http://www.reenactor.ru/ARH/PDF/Nesin_05.pdf
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523:The main Russian defence line ran along the
148:Miniature in Russian chronicle, 16th century
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1878:15th century in the Principality of Moscow
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1747:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
1629:Auty, Robert; Obolensky, Dimitri (1976).
1452:https://doi.org/10.1134/S1019331622110119
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1830:Perrie, Maureen; Pavlov, Andrei (2014).
1787:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
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1403:(2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 73.
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58:adding citations to reliable sources
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1000:Reasons for Akhmed's withdrawal
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69:"Great Stand on the Ugra River"
45:needs additional citations for
1739:Khodarkovsky, Michael (2002).
1635:. Cambridge University Press.
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1690:Halperin, Charles J. (1987).
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18:Great stand on the Ugra river
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160:8 October – 11 November 1480
1673:A concise history of Russia
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559:against the Horde. In 1472
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1671:Bushkovitch, Paul (2012).
1650:Borrero, Mauricio (2009).
1399:Thompson, John M. (2019).
1034:before moving to another.
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478:Standing on the Ugra River
1785:Medieval Russia: 980–1584
1765:A Brief History of Russia
1718:Keller, Shoshana (2020).
1327:Auty & Obolensky 1976
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1802:Moss, Walter G. (2003).
1254:Perrie & Pavlov 2014
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1768:. Infobase Publishing.
1656:. Infobase Publishing.
1006:1480 Sarai cavalry raid
474:Великое стояние на Угре
418:Muscovite–Horde battles
1783:Martin, Janet (1995).
1762:Kort, Michael (2008).
1089:1550s), attributed to
488:between the forces of
228:Commanders and leaders
1516:See Nesin in sources.
502:Grand Duchy of Moscow
269:Ahmed Khan bin Küchük
210:Grand Duchy of Moscow
985:Casimir IV Jagiellon
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553:Casimir IV Jagiellon
480:, also known as the
54:improve this article
1211:, pp. 351–352.
1147:Kazanskaia istoriia
1052:Epistle to the Ugra
496:, and Grand Prince
339:Burundai's campaign
1165:Battle of Kulikovo
1123:Kazanskaia letopis
1112:Казанская летопись
1083:Epistle to Ivan IV
1076:Vassian Patrikeyev
482:Battle of the Ugra
327:Kuremsa's campaign
237:Ivan III of Russia
1868:Conflicts in 1480
1843:978-1-317-89468-1
1833:Ivan the Terrible
1815:978-1-84331-023-5
1775:978-1-4381-0829-2
1731:978-1-4875-9434-3
1663:978-0-8160-7475-4
1642:978-0-521-28038-9
1615:, pp. 72–73.
1591:, pp. 70–71.
1528:, pp. 93–94.
1303:Khodarkovsky 2002
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731:
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569:Andrey Bolshoy
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375:Great Troubles
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247:Andrey Menshoy
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1836:. Routledge.
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1638:
1634:
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1627:
1626:
1622:
1614:
1613:Halperin 1987
1609:
1606:
1603:, p. 72.
1602:
1601:Halperin 1987
1597:
1594:
1590:
1589:Halperin 1987
1585:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1558:
1555:, p. 70.
1554:
1553:Halperin 1987
1549:
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1365:, p. 24.
1364:
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1323:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1308:
1305:, p. 80.
1304:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1290:, p. 28.
1289:
1284:
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1275:, p. 93.
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1129:
1128:Kazan History
1124:
1118:
1109:
1105:
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1080:
1077:
1072:
1066:
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946:
942:
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926:
922:
905:
588:
578:
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571:and Boris of
570:
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444: (1480)
443:
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381:Vorskla River
379:
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213:
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207:
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194:
189:
188:
184:
181:
180:
175:
174:Kaluga Oblast
171:
167:
164:
163:
159:
156:
155:
151:
145:
140:
135:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
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88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
1855:
1832:
1804:
1784:
1764:
1742:
1720:
1707:. Retrieved
1692:
1672:
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1631:
1608:
1596:
1584:
1572:
1560:
1548:
1521:
1512:
1500:
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1467:
1458:
1443:
1431:
1424:Borrero 2009
1419:
1400:
1394:
1382:
1370:
1358:
1339:
1334:
1322:
1310:
1239:Borrero 2009
1209:Borrero 2009
1204:
1184:
1127:
1101:
1082:
1051:
1045:
1041:
1032:
1021:
1009:
977:
973:
917:
545:Golden Horde
531:east toward
522:
510:
506:
481:
477:
465:
463:
450: (1480)
441:
438: (1472)
432: (1451)
426: (1450)
413: (1424)
407: (1420)
401: (1416)
395: (1408)
389: (1399)
383: (1399)
371: (1327)
365: (1317)
359: (1299)
353: (1293)
335: (1257)
323: (1252)
308:Golden Horde
242:Ivan Molodoy
204:Belligerents
116:
110:October 2015
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1577:Keller 2020
1565:Martin 1995
1541:Martin 1995
1493:Keller 2020
1481:Martin 1995
1375:Martin 1995
1288:Keller 2020
961: [
958:Kremenskoye
549:Great Horde
494:Great Horde
490:Akhmat Khan
333:Tugova Hill
250: [
222:Great Horde
190:Territorial
1862:Categories
1794:0521362768
1754:0253339898
1709:28 January
1196:References
967:in modern
949:Nur Devlet
537:Ugra River
519:Background
513:Tatar yoke
486:Ugra River
170:Ugra River
80:newspapers
1526:Moss 2003
1505:Moss 2003
1436:Moss 2003
1363:Kort 2008
1315:Moss 2003
1273:Moss 2003
1150:) (dated
1141:romanized
1117:romanized
1095:Sylvester
1065:romanized
1024:Ibak Khan
1018:Aftermath
994:Ibak Khan
953:Vorotynsk
945:Beloozero
921:Serpukhov
864:Beloozero
525:Oka River
476:) or the
363:Bortenevo
310:conflicts
176:, Russia)
1159:See also
1126:) alias
579:Campaign
541:Ivan III
498:Ivan III
165:Location
1623:Sources
1154:1560s).
1143::
1132:Russian
1119::
1108:Russian
1085:(dated
1067::
1056:Russian
990:Mtsensk
981:Borovsk
933:Kolomna
677:Kolomna
573:Volotsk
565:Aleksin
500:of the
492:of the
470:Russian
436:Aleksin
192:changes
94:scholar
1840:
1812:
1791:
1772:
1751:
1728:
1700:
1679:
1660:
1639:
1407:
1346:
1038:Legacy
941:boyars
937:Kaluga
929:Tarusa
841:MOSCOW
764:Kaluga
561:Akhmed
529:Kaluga
430:Moscow
411:Odoyev
347:(1289)
345:Rostov
182:Result
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1176:Notes
965:]
927:, to
741:Taru.
727:Serp.
527:from
448:Sarai
405:Sarai
254:]
101:JSTOR
87:books
1838:ISBN
1810:ISBN
1789:ISBN
1770:ISBN
1749:ISBN
1726:ISBN
1711:2023
1698:ISBN
1677:ISBN
1658:ISBN
1637:ISBN
1405:ISBN
1344:ISBN
1050:The
878:Tver
464:The
442:Ugra
399:Kiev
387:Kiev
369:Tver
357:Kiev
157:Date
73:news
56:by
1864::
1533:^
1295:^
1280:^
1261:^
1246:^
1231:^
1216:^
1152:c.
1138:,
1134::
1114:,
1110::
1087:c.
1062:,
1058::
996:.
963:ru
551:.
504:.
472::
252:ru
1846:.
1818:.
1797:.
1778:.
1757:.
1734:.
1713:.
1685:.
1666:.
1645:.
1413:.
1352:.
1130:(
1106:(
1097:.
1054:(
468:(
299:e
292:t
285:v
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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