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anti-Western and occasionally, anti-Chinese sentiment, the subsequent brutality of the
Japanese military led many of the inhabitants of those regions to regard Japan as being worse than their former colonial rulers. The Japanese government directed that economies of occupied territories be managed strictly for the production of raw materials for the Japanese war effort; a cabinet member declared, "There are no restrictions. They are enemy possessions. We can take them, do anything we want". For example, according to estimates, under Japanese occupation, about 100,000 Burmese and Malay Indian labourers died while constructing the
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493:– a secret document completed in 1943 for high-ranking government use – laid out that Japan, as the originator and strongest military power within the region, would naturally take the superior position within the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, with the other nations under Japan's umbrella of protection. Japanese propaganda was useful in mobilizing Japanese citizens for the war effort, convincing them Japan's expansion was an act of anti-colonial liberation from Western domination. The booklet
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33:
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938:. A network of Japanese-sponsored film production, distribution, and exhibition companies extended across the Japanese Empire and was collectively referred to as the Greater East Asian Film Sphere. These film centers mass-produced shorts, newsreels, and feature films to encourage Japanese language acquisition as well as cooperation with Japanese colonial authorities.
466:, raw materials that were vital to Japan's war effort. Without steel and oil imports, Japan's military could not fight for long. As a result of the embargo, Japan decided to attack the British and Dutch colonies in Southeast Asia from 7 to 19 December 1941, seizing the raw materials needed for the war effort. These efforts were successful, with Japanese politician
921:
language. Multi-lingual pamphlets depicted many Asians marching or working together in happy unity, with the flags of all the states and a map depicting the intended sphere. Others proclaimed that they had given independent governments to the countries they occupied, a claim undermined by the lack of power given to these puppet governments.
444:
If territories were unprofitable, the
Japanese would encourage their subjects, including those in mainland Japan, to endure "economic suffering" and prevent outflow of material to the enemy. Nonetheless, they preached the moral superiority of cultivating a "spiritual essence" instead of prioritising material gain like Western powers.
271:
5048:
5041:
1081:
The plan divided Japan's future empire into two different groups. The first group of territories were expected to become either part of Japan or otherwise be under its direct administration. Second were those territories that would fall under the control of a number of tightly controlled pro-Japanese
1042:
Although the projected extension of the Co-Prosperity Sphere was extremely ambitious, the
Japanese goal during the "Greater East Asia War" was not to acquire all the territory designated in the plan at once, but to prepare for a future decisive war some 20 years later by conquering the Asian colonies
920:
Pamphlets were dropped by airplane on the
Philippines, Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak, Singapore, and Indonesia, urging them to join the movement. Mutual cultural societies were founded in all conquered lands to ingratiate with the natives and try to supplant English with Japanese as the commonly used
880:
The militarists saw everything only from a
Japanese perspective and, even worse, they insisted that all others dealing with them should do the same. For them, there was only one way to do a thing, the Japanese way; only one goal and interest, the Japanese interest; only one destiny for the East Asian
443:
The outbreak of World War II in Europe gave the
Japanese an opportunity to fulfill the objectives of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, without significant pushback from the Western powers or China. This entailed the conquest of Southeast Asian territories to extract their natural resources.
477:
included phrases like "Asia for the
Asiatics" and talked about the need to "liberate" Asian colonies from the control of Western powers. They also planned to change the Chinese hegemony in the agricultural market in Southeast Asia with Japanese immigrants to boost its economic value, with the former
905:
The failure of Japan to understand the goals and interests of the other countries involved in the
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere led to a weak association of countries bound to Japan only in theory and not in spirit. Ba Maw argued that Japan could have engineered a very different outcome if
885:
In other words, the
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere operated not for the betterment of all the Asian countries but for Japan's interests, and thus the Japanese failed to gather support in other Asian countries. Nationalist movements did appear in these Asian countries during this period, and
843:
for rope. The plans were difficult to implement due to limited skills, collapsed international markets, bad weather, and transportation shortages. The program failed, giving very little help to
Japanese industry and diverting resources needed for food production. As Stanley Karnow writes, Filipinos
686:
and Pan-Asian rhetoric, the goals of the conference were to solidify the commitment of certain Asian countries to Japan's war effort and to improve Japan's world image; however, the representatives of the other attending countries were in practice neither independent nor treated as equals by Japan.
847:
Living conditions were poor throughout the Philippines during the war. Transportation between the islands was difficult because of a lack of fuel. Food was in short supply, with sporadic famines and epidemic diseases that killed hundreds of thousands of people. In October 1943, Japan declared the
678:
At the conference, Tojo greeted them with a speech praising the "spiritual essence" of Asia instead of the "materialistic civilisation" of the West. Their meeting was characterised by the praise of solidarity and condemnation of Western colonialism but without practical plans for either economic
482:
to a swift conclusion was blamed in part on the lack of resources; Japanese propaganda claimed this was due to the refusal by Western powers to supply Japan's military. Although invading Japanese forces sometimes received rapturous welcomes throughout recently captured Asian territories due to
5034:
817:, so they tried to grow cotton on sugar lands with disastrous results; they lacked the seeds, pesticides, and technical skills to grow cotton. Jobless farm workers flocked to the cities, where there was minimal relief and few jobs. The Japanese Army also tried using
497:—for the Japanese Army—presented colonialism as an oppressive group of colonists living in luxury by burdening Asians. According to Japan, since racial ties of blood connected other Asians to the Japanese, and Asians had been weakened by colonialism, it was Japan's
947:
421:'s advice, Arita emphasised on the economic aspects more. On August 1, Konoe, who still used the original name, expanded the scope of the union to include the territories of Southeast Asia. On November 5, Konoe reaffirmed that a Japan–Manchukuo–China
910:
No military defeat could then have robbed her of the trust and gratitude of half of Asia or even more, and that would have mattered a great deal in finding for her a new, great, and abiding place in a postwar world in which Asia was coming into her
788:. The main goal was to obtain oil but the Dutch colonial government destroyed the oil wells. However, the Japanese could repair and reopen them within a few months of their conquest. However, most tankers transporting oil to Japan were sunk by
1404:
were to accommodate up to two million Japanese settlers. However, there are indications that the Japanese were also looking for a separate peace with Australia, and a satellite state rather than colony status similar to that of Burma and the
776:" of the West. In practice, however, the Japanese installed organisationally-minded bureaucrats and engineers to run their new empire, and they believed in ideals of efficiency, modernisation, and engineering solutions to social problems.
1888:
3513:
508:(in office 1941–1942 and 1945), should Japan be successful in creating this sphere, it would emerge as the leader of Eastern Asia, and the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere would be synonymous with the Japanese Empire.
768:, as it expanded dramatically during the war, contained two contradictory impulses. On the one hand, it preached the unity of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, a coalition of Asian races directed by Japan against
474:
265:
906:
the Japanese had only managed to act according to the declared aims of "Asia for the Asiatics". He claimed that if Japan had proclaimed this maxim at the beginning of the war and if the Japanese had acted on that idea,
894:, claims that the Japanese government and these nationalist leaders never developed "a real unity of interests between the two parties, there was no overwhelming despair on the part of the Asians at Japan's defeat".
881:
countries, to become so many Manchukuos or Koreas tied forever to Japan. This racial impositions ... made any real understanding between the Japanese militarists and the people of our region virtually impossible.
1078:, and several others do not figure in this project. They were the subject of earlier negotiations with the Germans and were expected to be officially ceded to Japan in return for economic and monetary compensations.
804:
To build up the economic base of the Co-Prosperity Sphere, the Japanese Army envisioned using the Philippine islands as a source of agricultural products needed by its industry. For example, Japan had a surplus of
244:
1590:'s declaration of war on February 12, 1944, and concluding with Chile only declaring war on Japan by April 11, 1945 (as Nazi Germany was nearly defeated at that time), brought all three of these southeast
1093:
German and Japanese direct spheres of influence at their greatest extents in fall 1942. Arrows show planned movements to the proposed demarcation line at 70° E, which was, however, never even approximated.
5153:
4709:
3476:
998:
A reasonably accurate indication as to the geographic dimensions of the Co-Prosperity Sphere are elaborated on in a Japanese wartime document prepared in December 1941 by the Research Department of the
783:
Japan set up puppet regimes in Manchuria and China; they vanished at the war's end. The Imperial Army operated ruthless administrations in most conquered areas but paid more favourable attention to the
3465:
1380:
processing were to be broken up. No decision was ever reached regarding whether Hawaii would be annexed to Japan, become a puppet kingdom, or be used as a bargaining chip for leverage against the U.S.
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3905:
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were to enter the war against Japan, substantial parts of these states would also be ceded to Japan. Events that transpired between May 22, 1942, when Mexico declared war on the Axis, through
3454:
4704:
248:, which promoted racial supremacist theories. Japanese spokesmen openly described the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere as a device for the "development of the Japanese race." When
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238:. In reality, militarists and nationalists saw it as an effective propaganda tool to enforce Japanese hegemony. The latter approach was reflected in a document released by Japan's
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4593:
235:
1159:
territories to the west of it, and Japan's Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere and its other areas to the east of it. The plan of the Third Reich for fortifying its own
958:
Prior to the escalation of World War II to the Pacific and East Asia, Japanese planners regarded it as self-evident that the conquests secured in Japan's earlier wars with
6310:
594:
Fragment of a Japanese propaganda booklet published by the Tokyo Conference (1943), depicting scenes of situations in Greater East Asia, from the top, left to right: the
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1113:
4874:
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territories west of Manchuria, since 1940 officially a part of the Republic of China. It was meant as a starting point for a regime which would cover all of Mongolia.
2535:
Chickering, R., & Forster, S. (Eds.). (2003). The shadows of total war: Europe, East Asia, and the United States, 1919-1939. Cambridge University Press, pg. 330
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4777:
1851:
1372:, which had constituted 43% (c. 160,000) of Hawaii's population in the 1920s, as a leverage. Hawaii was to become self-sufficient in food production, while the
1089:
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5286:
5165:
4988:
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he was vague about the long-term prospects, but insinuated that the Philippines and Burma might be allowed independence, although vital territories such as
6445:
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290:. The caption from right to left says: "With the help of Japan, China, and Manchukuo, the world can be in peace." The flags shown are, right to left: the "
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Japanese Pan-Asianism and the Philippines from the Late Nineteenth Century to the End of World War II: Going to the Philippines Is Like Coming Home?
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territory's eastern limits, beyond which the Co-Prosperity Sphere's northwestern frontier areas would exist in East Asia, involved the creation of
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Contrary to the plan Japan installed a puppet state on the Philippines instead of exerting direct control. In the former French Indochina, the
1019:, and the Wang Jingwei regime in Japanese-occupied China would continue to function in these areas. Beyond these contemporary parts of Japan's
239:
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36:
Members of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere and territories occupied by the Japanese army at maximum height in 1942. Japan and its
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Jon Davidann, "Citadels of Civilization: U.S. and Japanese Visions of World Order in the Interwar Period", in Richard Jensen, et al. eds.,
1883:
213:
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1583:
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development or integration. Because of a lack of military representatives at the conference, the conference served little military value.
1173:"soldier-peasant" communities defending it. However, it is unknown if the Axis powers ever formally negotiated a possible, complementary
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5298:
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4729:
4724:
3946:
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1499:) a semi-autonomous satellite state. This latter plan was not seriously considered as it depended upon a global victory of Axis forces.
487:. The Japanese sometimes spared ethnic groups, such as Chinese immigrants, if they supported the war effort, whether sincerely or not.
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201:
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2318:
2100:
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1873:
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were founded. Vietnam attempted to work for independence and made progressive reforms. The State of Burma did not become a kingdom.
1209:(to be purchased from the Chinese puppet regime). Contrary to its name it was not intended to include the island of Formosa (Taiwan)
407:
6053:
5805:
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1357:
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at the hands of Imperial Japan were meant to be left open for negotiations with Nazi Germany had the Axis forces been victorious.
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2214:
2005:
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submarines, so Japan's oil shortage became increasingly acute. Japan also sponsored an Indonesian nationalist movement under
452:
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5790:
5735:
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3414:
2766:
Keong-il, Kim (2005). "Nationalism and Colonialism in Japan's 'Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere' in World War II".
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1947:
1714:
1011:) it was put together with the consent of and according to the directions of the Minister of War (later Prime Minister)
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of the defeated European powers, as well as the Philippines from the United States. When Tōjō spoke on the plan to the
667:
of various component members of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. The conference was also referred to as the
470:
announcing via radio broadcast that vast resources were available for Japanese use in the newly conquered territories.
319:
318:
proposed to make China, Korea, and Japan into "one". Modern conceptions emerged in 1917. During the proceedings of the
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1878:
1785:
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379:, which was limited to Japan, China, and the puppet state of Manchukuo. They believed that the union had 6 purposes:
231:
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was the official language of the bureaucracy in all of the areas and was taught at schools as a national language.
743:
631:
291:
53:
6032:
6027:
5981:
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5800:
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5715:
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5543:
5533:
3441:"Japan's Intentions for Its Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere as Indicated in Its Policy Plans for Thailand"
3367:
2856:
Francis K. Danquah, "Japan's Food Farming Policies in Wartime Southeast Asia: The Philippine Example, 1942–1944",
2810:
Francis K. Danquah, "Reports on Philippine Industrial Crops in World War II from Japan's English Language Press",
6440:
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4522:
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1817:
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438:
193:
49:
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5619:
3278:"The Expansion of Japan: A Study in Oriental Geopolitics: Part II. The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere."
886:
these nationalists cooperated with the Japanese to some extent. However, Willard Elsbree, professor emeritus of
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599:
479:
434:
41:
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330:. This conception was influential in the development of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity concept, with the
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4949:
4341:
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was also considered, based on the model of Manchukuo. Those favouring annexation of Hawaii (on the model of
1259:
350:
4110:
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nations of the Western Hemisphere's Pacific coast into conflict with Japan by the war's end. The future of
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1995:
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1930:
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based on the model of Manchukuo, as nominally "independent" members of the Greater East Asian alliance.
455:
3314:
2037:
1023:
it also envisaged the conquest of a vast range of territories covering virtually all of East Asia, the
590:
32:
17:
6365:
5141:
4336:
4160:
4150:
3662:
1829:
1303:
1271:
924:
In Thailand, a street was built to demonstrate it, to be filled with modern buildings and shops, but
505:
339:
261:
169:
132:
2843:
Satoshi Ara, "Food supply problem in Leyte, Philippines, during the Japanese Occupation (1942–44)",
522:
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403:
335:
57:
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The 'Money Doctors' from Japan: Finance, Imperialism, and the Building of the Yen Bloc, 1894–1937
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2015:
1985:
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954:
stamp from 1942 depicting the approximate extension of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
865:
844:"rapidly learned as well that 'co-prosperity' meant servitude to Japan's economic requirements".
789:
498:
315:
3341:
Japan's Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere in World War II: Selected Readings and Documents.
1738:
Puppet states which already existed at the time, the Land Disposal Plan has been drafted, were:
418:
2894:
Japan's Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere in World War II: Selected Readings and Documents
2700:
The International Minimum: Creativity and Contradiction in Japan's Global Engagement, 1933–1964
2185:"The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere: The Failure of Japan's 'Monroe Doctrine' for Asia"
551:
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in 1940, knowing that Japan was completely dependent on other countries for natural resources,
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161:
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796:. Sukarno finally came to power in the late 1940s after several years of fighting the Dutch.
5238:
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4689:
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4155:
3827:
2704:
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1964:
1959:) – an alleged Japanese strategic planning document from 1927 in which Prime Minister Baron
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322:, Japan explained to Western observers that their expansionism in Asia was analogous to the
216:
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3310:
Pearl Harbor and the Coming of the Pacific War: A Brief History with Documents and Essays.
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Constructing East Asia: Technology, Ideology, and Empire in Japan's Wartime Era, 1931–1945
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2010:
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338:. One of the reasons why Japan adopted imperialism was to resolve domestic issues such as
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ended, the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere became a source of criticism and scorn.
189:
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Pearl Harbor and the coming of the Pacific War: a Brief History with Documents and Essays
772:. This approach celebrated the spiritual values of the East in opposition to the "crass
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under Japanese leadership had its roots dating back to the 16th century. For example,
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being despised by Southeast Asian natives. The Japanese failure to bring the ongoing
323:
299:
287:
990:), the recently seized additional portions of China, and occupied French Indochina.
402:
The vagueness of the above points were effective in making people more agreeable to
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3684:
3484:
3410:
2394:"Japan's New Order and Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere: Planning for Empire"
1845:
1422:
1418:
1345:
1325:
1291:
1136:
1098:
1083:
1003:. Known as the "Land Disposal Plan in the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere" (
712:
683:
611:
568:
422:
249:
185:
4381:
3998:
3418:
3222:
2618:
1116:
that would specifically delimit the Asian continent by a dividing line along the
5432:
4911:
4454:
4008:
3557:
3449:
3335:
2020:
1990:
1591:
1571:
1515:
1401:
1267:
1237:
1144:
1102:
1059:
1012:
951:
773:
694:
572:
205:
95:
37:
2970:
2476:
946:
876:, wartime President of Burma under the Japanese, blamed the Japanese military:
856:
proved to be ineffective and unpopular as Japan maintained very tight control.
4256:
4165:
3872:
3290:
World War II and Southeast Asia: Economy and Society under Japanese Occupation
2876:
1531:
1492:
1149:
1124:
1055:
501:
to "make men of them again" and liberate them from their Western oppressors.
3025:
5213:
5129:
5081:
5006:
4932:
4583:
4558:
4553:
4366:
4237:
4170:
3842:
3523:
The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere: When Total Empire Met Total War.
2601:
2522:
2224:
1941:
1911:
1801:
1543:
1527:
1511:
1393:
1377:
1169:
1120:
1036:
1016:
979:
734:
707:
635:
619:
463:
275:
197:
109:
45:
2950:
2741:
Trans-Pacific Relations: America, Europe, and Asia in the Twentieth Century
1015:. It assumed that the already established puppet governments of Manchukuo,
3180:
Hawaii Under the Rising Sun: Japan's Plans for Conquest After Pearl Harbor
3130:
1889:
List of East Asian leaders in the Japanese sphere of influence (1931–1945)
270:
4662:
4095:
3786:
3730:
3330:
3271:
2685:
1967:
1823:
1728:
1595:
1539:
1519:
1397:
1337:
840:
753:
343:
3438:
3361:
3207:. Waseda University Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies. pp. 124–129.
3146:
Hitler's War Aims: Ideology, the Nazi State, and the Course of Expansion
2191:(295): 2–34 – via East Tennessee State University Digital Commons.
266:
Propaganda in Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II
48:
are in dark red; occupied territories/puppet states are in lighter red.
3837:
3277:
2865:
2819:
2152:
2128:
1841:
1826:(Philippine nationalist ruling party of the Second Philippine Republic)
1551:
1476:
836:
822:
818:
793:
439:
Military history of Japan § Shōwa era and World War II (1926–1945)
223:
3201:"Some Issues Surrounding the Evaluation of the Trần Trọng Kim Cabinet"
2784:
Laszlo Sluimers, "The Japanese military and Indonesian independence",
2478:'Co-Prosperity' or 'Commonwealth'?: Japan, Britain and Burma 1940-1945
2093:
A Democracy at War: America's Fight at Home and Abroad in World War II
671:. The common language used by the delegates during the conference was
6175:
4515:
3689:
1575:
1535:
1496:
1283:
1229:
1206:
1140:
873:
831:
814:
721:
627:
560:
2144:
3224:
The Attractive Empire: Transnational Film Culture in Imperial Japan
3008:
The Attractive Empire: Transnational Film Culture in Imperial Japan
5476:
3882:
3562:
1914:: a Japanese nationalist who developed a similar pan-Asian concept
1468:
1225:
1128:
1088:
945:
896:
826:
806:
660:
589:
550:
521:
459:
269:
31:
1177:
demarcation line that would have divided the Western Hemisphere.
901:
The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere at its greatest extent
491:
An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus
245:
An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus
1579:
1287:
1221:
311:
81:
6280:
6237:
6149:
6088:
5492:
5447:
5030:
4759:
3566:
2613:
2611:
1908:: an army thinker who thought up the Greater East Asian concept
230:
among the member states, along with resisting the influence of
3205:
Vietnam-Indochina-Japan Relations during the Second World War
2507:(1st ed.). New York: Pantheon Books. pp. 263–264.
2209:(1st ed.). New York: Pantheon Books. pp. 262–290.
848:
Philippines an independent republic. The Japanese-sponsored
3518:(abstract). FRIS/Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 2007–2010.
3477:
Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific, 1944–1945
3083:
Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders
1097:
Parts of the plan depended on successful negotiations with
192:
tried to establish. Initially, it covered Japan (including
3466:
The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944
547:: Territories disputed and claimed by Japan and its allies
5057:
States and territories in the sphere of influence of the
1920:: the alleged developer of the Greater East Asia concept
2670:
A Modern History of Japan: From Tokugawa to the Present
346:. Another reason was to withstand Western imperialism.
3455:
Pacific Crucible: War at Sea in the Pacific, 1941–1942
2546:
War Without Mercy: Race & Power in the Pacific War
2505:
War Without Mercy: Race & Power in the Pacific War
2207:
War Without Mercy: Race & Power in the Pacific War
1112:
on 11 December 1941, Japan presented the Germans with
1031:, including in locations as far removed from Japan as
137:
3490:
Fading Victory: The Diary of Ugaki Matome, 1941–1945.
3420:
The Cambridge History of Japan: The Twentieth Century
3251:
War without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War.
1963:, who laid out a strategy to take over the world for
1796:
Political parties and movements with Japanese support
1675:(a province of the British Raj), and a large part of
1441:
All of India below a line running approximately from
222:
The proposed objectives of this union were to ensure
3113:
The double patriots; a study of Japanese nationalism
2641:
2639:
6041:
6005:
5849:
5668:
5577:
5506:
4999:
4920:
4882:
4801:
4677:
4650:
4592:
4546:
4503:
4496:
4380:
4310:
4235:
4228:
4179:
4119:
4045:
4038:
3985:
3903:
3896:
3795:
3742:
3707:
3600:
131:
126:
108:
94:
80:
75:
66:
2425:, p. 248, 1976, Chelsea House Publishers, New York
2369:"Japan's Quest for Power and World War II in Asia"
2832:In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines
2799:Soekarno: Founding Father of Indonesia, 1901–1945
1360:. The possibility of re-establishing the defunct
4855:Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan and British North Borneo
4740:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
3390:Myers, Ramon Hawley and Mark R. Peattie. (1984)
675:. The conference was mainly used as propaganda.
4710:German pre–World War II industrial co-operation
3553:Foreign Office Files for Japan and the Far East
3115:. Westport: Greenwood Press. pp. 317–319.
2940:, p254 1976, Chelsea House Publishers, New York
2938:Propaganda: The art of persuasion: World War II
2927:, p253 1976, Chelsea House Publishers, New York
2925:Propaganda: The art of persuasion: World War II
2423:Propaganda: The art of persuasion: World War II
908:
878:
650:
372:
173:
3699:
3094:
2292:
1429:, as well as the rest of the Southwest Pacific
1127:'s Arctic estuary, southwards to just east of
1005:
644:
559:in November 1943. Participants left to right:
413:On June 29, 1940, Arita renamed the union the
366:
114:
100:
86:
6416:Military history of Japan during World War II
5459:
5042:
4771:
3578:
3148:. W.W. Norton & Company Inc. p. 235.
2951:Japanese Propaganda Booklet from World War II
2307:Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (2006),
1824:Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas
1058:islands that had been seized from Germany in
526:Attendees of the Greater East Asia Conference
8:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3055:
2417:
2415:
2239:"The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere"
1123:. This line, running southwards through the
208:progressed, it also included territories in
4062:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office
3165:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3096:検察側文書 1987 号、法廷証 679 号（1946 年 10 月 9 日付速記録）
3053:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3035:
2363:
2361:
2359:
386:Neighbourly amity and international justice
6277:
6234:
6146:
6085:
5503:
5489:
5466:
5452:
5444:
5049:
5035:
5027:
4778:
4764:
4756:
4500:
4232:
4042:
3900:
3585:
3571:
3563:
3415:"The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895–1945,"
417:, which he announced by radio address. At
123:
4460:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
4075:Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors
3010:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
2246:United States Central Intelligence Agency
542:: Japanese allies and occupied territory
473:As part of its war drive in the Pacific,
60:, and Kuril were integral parts of Japan.
5178:Reorganized National Government of China
3848:National Spiritual Mobilization Movement
3393:The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895–1945.
3369:The Pacific War: Japan versus the Allies
2580:The Pacific War: Japan Versus the Allies
2268:"Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere"
864:The Co-Prosperity Sphere collapsed with
620:the Provisional Government of Free India
425:bloc would continue and be "perfected".
2373:Asia for Educators, Columbia University
2054:
982:) would be retained, as well as Korea (
663:on 5–6 November 1943: Japan hosted the
18:Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere
6206:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
5423:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
5130:Mengjiang United Autonomous Government
4658:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
3547:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
2709:10.21313/hawaii/9780824841072.001.0001
2398:The Asia-Pacific Journal – Japan Focus
1761:Other parts of China occupied by Japan
415:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
157:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
67:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
63:
1505:Government-General of Central America
7:
5214:Provisional Government of Free India
4067:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff
3823:Imperial Rule Assistance Association
2200:
2198:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2087:
2085:
1884:Imperial Rule Assistance Association
1487:. There were also plans to make the
1245:Melanesian Region Government-General
1062:and which were assigned to Japan as
735:Provisional Government of Free India
690:The following dignitaries attended:
4730:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman
3977:East Asia Development Board (Kōain)
3558:WW2DB: Greater East Asia Conference
1838:(Cambodian-Khmer nationalist group)
1027:, and even sizable portions of the
600:Thailand under Plaek Phibunsongkram
383:Permanent stability of Eastern Asia
6446:South Seas Mandate in World War II
6249:Japan–Korea Joint Development Zone
5118:South Chahar Autonomous Government
5106:North Shanxi Autonomous Government
4787:Countries and territories occupied
3443:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
2845:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
2786:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
1311:Eastern Pacific Government-General
1051:would remain under Japanese rule.
395:Economic cohesion and co-operation
25:
6496:Government of the Empire of Japan
3423:(editor, Peter Duus). Cambridge:
1874:Collaboration with Imperial Japan
1852:Đại Việt National Socialist Party
1820:(Indonesian nationalist movement)
1110:declared war on the United States
447:After Japanese advancements into
356:and Minister for Foreign Affairs
6426:Papua New Guinea in World War II
6341:Pacific Alliance Leaders Meeting
6201:Foreign relations of Meiji Japan
6075:
5475:
5402:
5390:
5378:
5366:
5354:
5342:
5330:
5317:
5304:
5292:
5280:
5268:
5256:
5244:
5232:
5219:
5207:
5195:
5183:
5171:
5159:
5147:
5135:
5123:
5111:
5099:
5094:East Hebei Autonomous Government
5087:
5075:
4873:
4430:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
3698:
2697:Abel, Jessamyn (November 2016).
1249:South Pacific Government-General
641:The Greater East Asia Conference
360:proposed the development of the
6486:Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan
5154:Provisional Government of China
4445:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact
1659:(to be purchased from Portugal)
389:Joint defence against communism
212:. The term was first coined by
6371:British Malaya in World War II
4700:Japanese settlers in Manchuria
3818:Imperial Rescript on Education
3495:University of Pittsburgh Press
3474:——— (2020).
3463:——— (2015).
3293:. Cambridge University Press.
3081:Weinberg, L. Gerhard. (2005).
2619:"Greater East Asia Conference"
2484:(PhD). ProQuest LLC. p. 4
2006:Latin Bloc (proposed alliance)
1832:(Malayan nationalist movement)
1411:New Zealand Government-General
504:According to Foreign Minister
240:Ministry of Health and Welfare
138:
1:
6401:Japanese military occupations
5142:Shanghai Great Way Government
4151:Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha)
4057:Imperial General Headquarters
3648:Foreign commerce and shipping
2703:. Hawaii Scholarship Online.
2582:. Westport: Praeger. p.
2272:A Dictionary of World History
1894:Ministry of Greater East Asia
1814:(Indian nationalist movement)
1471:, the western portion of the
1386:Australian Government-General
1187:Government-General of Formosa
1147:, would have split Germany's
1114:a drafted military convention
682:With the simultaneous use of
596:Japanese occupation of Malaya
6302:Diplomatic missions of Japan
6297:Minister for Foreign Affairs
5428:Greater East Asia Conference
5166:Reformed Government of China
4478:Hirohito surrender broadcast
3878:Greater East Asia Conference
3445:27#1 (1996) pp. 139–149
2881:Philippines: A Country Study
2768:The Review of Korean Studies
2183:W. Giles, Nathaniel (2015).
2129:"The New Order in East Asia"
1948:Political extremism in Japan
1215:South Seas Government Office
1193:Hong Kong, the Philippines,
1101:and a global victory by the
942:Projected territorial extent
557:Greater East Asia Conference
518:Greater East Asia Conference
512:Greater East Asia Conference
495:Read This and the War is Won
214:Minister for Foreign Affairs
27:Japanese imperialist concept
6431:Philippines in World War II
6292:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
6186:Japanese missions to Joseon
5227:Republic of the Philippines
4835:Andaman and Nicobar Islands
3863:Supreme Court of Judicature
3379:(Santa Barbara: Greenwood,
3229:University of Hawai'i Press
2189:Undergraduate Honors Theses
2127:Colegrove, Kenneth (1941).
2095:. Free Press, 1993, p. 53.
1879:East Asia Development Board
839:, cotton for uniforms, and
813:, and a severe shortage of
770:Western imperialism in Asia
744:Republic of the Philippines
651:
626:gaining independence under
602:gaining the territories of
458:ordered a trade embargo on
373:
174:
6512:
6161:Missions to Imperial China
5482:Foreign relations of Japan
5287:Occupied Dutch East Indies
4569:Second Philippine Republic
4347:Manchuria–Mongolia problem
3521:Yellen, Jeremy A. (2019).
3425:Cambridge University Press
3398:Princeton University Press
3276:Fisher, Charles A. (1950)
2971:JAPANESE PSYOP DURING WWII
2879:, in Ronald E. Dolan, ed.
2062:Matthiessen, Sven (2015).
1844:(We Burmans Association) (
1812:Indian Independence League
1376:corporations of sugar and
850:Second Philippine Republic
632:Second Philippine Republic
515:
432:
292:Five Races Under One Union
278:promoting harmony between
274:1935 propaganda poster of
259:
256:Development of the concept
6386:Indonesia in World War II
6381:Hong Kong in World War II
6287:
6276:
6244:
6233:
6156:
6145:
6098:
6084:
6073:
5502:
5488:
5418:
5069:
4871:
4450:Japan during World War II
4410:Pacification of Manchukuo
4302:Invasion of Taiwan (1895)
4297:Invasion of Taiwan (1874)
4166:Control Faction (Tōseiha)
3888:Imperial Japanese Airways
3696:
3480:. New York: W. W. Norton.
3469:. New York: W. W. Norton.
3458:. New York: W. W. Norton.
3221:Baskett, Michael (2008).
3095:
3006:Baskett, Michael (2008).
2310:Asian security reassessed
2293:
2274:. Oxford University Press
2133:The Far Eastern Quarterly
1818:Indonesian National Party
1790:Kingdom of Luang Phrabang
1574:. In addition, if either
1457:Alaska Government-General
1435:Ceylon Government-General
1006:
645:
630:, the Declaration of the
392:Creation of a new culture
367:
334:also comparing it to the
310:The concept of a unified
224:economic self-sufficiency
165:
149:
122:
115:
101:
87:
71:
58:Karafuto (South Sakhalin)
6461:Thailand in World War II
6436:Politics of World War II
6396:Japanese colonial empire
6196:Ryukyuan missions to Edo
6181:Joseon missions to Japan
5397:Occupied Solomon Islands
5385:Occupied Gilbert Islands
5275:Kingdom of Luang Prabang
4425:Second Sino-Japanese War
4372:Racial Equality Proposal
3952:Agriculture and Commerce
3527:Cornell University Press
3437:Swan, William L. (1996)
3366:Levine, Alan J. (1995).
3280:The Geographical Journal
2892:Lebra, Joyce C. (1975).
2860:(1990) 64#3, pp. 60–80.
2647:The Rise of Modern Japan
2578:Levine, Alan J. (1995).
1848:nationalist association)
1448:to the coastline of the
1370:local Japanese community
766:Japanese colonial empire
706:, Prime Minister of the
697:, Prime Minister of the
480:Second Sino-Japanese War
435:Japanese colonial empire
6476:Anti-communism in Japan
6466:Vietnam in World War II
6264:Senkaku Islands dispute
6259:Liancourt Rocks dispute
5324:Occupied British Borneo
4342:Washington Naval Treaty
4287:Anglo–Japanese Alliance
4272:First Sino-Japanese War
4091:Nuclear weapons program
3833:Great Japan Youth Party
3760:National seals of Japan
3346:Oxford University Press
3178:Stephan, J. J. (2002),
2956:25 October 2010 at the
2814:(2005) 79#1 pp. 74–96.
2503:Dower, John W. (1986).
2456:Japan: A Modern History
2436:Japan: A Modern History
2331:Japan: A Modern History
2205:Dower, John W. (1986).
733:, Head of State of the
724:, Head of State of the
320:Lansing-Ishii Agreement
6481:Anti-Western sentiment
6456:Taiwan in World War II
6311:Development assistance
4390:Shōwa financial crisis
4182:Imperial Japanese Navy
4122:Imperial Japanese Army
3853:Peace Preservation Law
3307:Iriye, Akira. (1999).
3199:Furuta, Motoo (2017).
2564:Iriye, Akira. (1999).
1996:Greater Germanic Reich
1856:Vietnamese nationalist
1368:) intended to use the
1280:Santa Cruz Archipelago
1197:(to be purchased from
1094:
955:
913:
902:
883:
638:
587:
548:
362:New Order in East Asia
307:
61:
6391:Japan in World War II
6376:China in World War II
6254:Kuril Islands dispute
6191:Dutch missions to Edo
5299:Occupied West Sumatra
4332:Siberian Intervention
4141:Railways and Shipping
3957:Commerce and Industry
3653:Industrial production
3144:Norman, Rich (1973).
2847:(2008) 39#1 pp 59–82.
2788:(1996) 27#1 pp. 19–36
2623:World War II Database
2475:Mori, Takato (2006).
1931:Flying geese paradigm
1755:RNG Republic of China
1546:(western) portion of
1473:Northwest Territories
1260:Australian New Guinea
1135:and heading into the
1092:
949:
900:
593:
554:
525:
456:Franklin D. Roosevelt
349:On November 3, 1938,
273:
35:
6451:Spheres of influence
6406:Japanese nationalism
6239:Territorial disputes
5263:Kingdom of Kampuchea
4745:Political dissidence
4594:Occupied territories
4337:General Election Law
4161:Taiwan Army of Japan
3287:Huff, Gregg (2020).
3169:Levine (1995), p. 92
2858:Agricultural History
2812:Agricultural History
2349:William L. O'Neill,
2091:William L. O'Neill,
1830:Kesatuan Melayu Muda
1786:Kingdom of Kampuchea
1304:Chesterfield Islands
1105:. After Germany and
852:headed by President
764:The ideology of the
531:: Japan and colonies
262:Japanese nationalism
180:, also known as the
5645:Trinidad and Tobago
5409:Occupied New Guinea
5190:Kingdom of Thailand
4564:Wang Jingwei regime
4474:Potsdam Declaration
4465:Soviet–Japanese War
4420:Anti-Comintern Pact
4415:January 28 incident
4400:London Naval Treaty
4277:Triple Intervention
4106:Supreme War Council
3990:deliberative bodies
3375:5 July 2019 at the
2834:(1989), pp. 308–309
2033:Scramble for Africa
1936:Japanese war crimes
1743:Empire of Manchuria
1722:Kingdom of Cambodia
1635:Dutch East Indies,
1629:East Indies Kingdom
1623:Asian puppet states
1614:possessions in the
1489:American West Coast
1021:sphere of influence
934:of it consisted of
872:in September 1945.
754:Kingdom of Thailand
742:, President of the
731:Subhas Chandra Bose
715:, President of the
708:Empire of Manchuria
616:Subhas Chandra Bose
614:allied with Japan,
585:Subhas Chandra Bose
499:self-appointed role
475:Japanese propaganda
336:Roosevelt Corollary
232:Western imperialism
219:on June 29, 1940.
6471:Fascist propaganda
6326:Economic relations
6151:Diplomatic history
5349:Occupied Singapore
5337:Occupied Hong Kong
5012:South Seas Mandate
4292:Russo-Japanese War
4262:Two Lords Incident
3917:Imperial Household
3508:Vande Walle, Willy
3315:St. Martin's Press
2454:James L. McClain,
2434:James L. McClain,
2351:A Democracy at War
2329:James L. McClain,
2163:– via JSTOR.
2038:White man's burden
2016:New Order (Nazism)
1986:Civilizing mission
1806:Indian nationalist
1733:French Cochinchina
1564:Dominican Republic
1256:British New Guinea
1118:70th meridian east
1095:
1029:Western Hemisphere
994:Land Disposal Plan
976:South Seas Mandate
956:
916:Propaganda efforts
903:
639:
588:
549:
485:Burma-Siam Railway
316:Toyotomi Hideyoshi
308:
62:
6353:
6352:
6349:
6348:
6272:
6271:
6229:
6228:
6141:
6140:
6071:
6070:
6067:
6066:
5441:
5440:
5251:Empire of Vietnam
5024:
5023:
5016:Northern Marianas
4967:Dutch East Indies
4753:
4752:
4725:Socialist thought
4673:
4672:
4612:Dutch East Indies
4574:Empire of Vietnam
4492:
4491:
4267:Satsuma Rebellion
4247:Meiji Restoration
4224:
4223:
4034:
4033:
3972:Greater East Asia
3858:Political parties
3813:Foreign relations
3503:978-0-8229-3665-7
3433:978-0-521-22357-7
3406:978-0-691-10222-1
3354:978-0-19-638265-4
3323:978-0-312-21818-8
3264:978-0-394-50030-0
3238:978-0-8248-3223-0
2400:. 6 December 2011
2313:, pp. 48-49, 63,
1981:Balkan Federation
1782:Empire of Vietnam
1749:Chinese Manchuria
1691:Remainder of the
1685:Kingdom of Malaya
1641:Christmas Islands
1362:Kingdom of Hawaii
1181:Japanese-governed
888:political science
866:Japan's surrender
786:Dutch East Indies
752:, envoy from the
717:Republic of China
608:Republic of China
604:Saharat Thai Doem
374:Tōa Shin Chitsujo
344:resource scarcity
304:flag of Manchukuo
153:
152:
145:
144:
16:(Redirected from
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5284:
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5239:French Indochina
5237:
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5092:
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5090:
5080:
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5044:
5037:
5028:
4989:Portuguese Timor
4877:
4816:Christmas Island
4780:
4773:
4766:
4757:
4715:Shinmin no Michi
4705:Internment camps
4617:French Indochina
4501:
4352:Taishō Democracy
4233:
4156:Japanese holdout
4043:
3967:Colonial Affairs
3901:
3828:Yokusan Sonendan
3734:
3726:
3718:
3702:
3701:
3628:Economic history
3587:
3580:
3573:
3564:
3481:
3470:
3459:
3411:Peattie, Mark R.
3304:
3282:(1950): 179–193.
3242:
3209:
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3190:
3176:
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2947:
2941:
2936:Anthony Rhodes,
2934:
2928:
2923:Anthony Rhodes,
2921:
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2912:
2906:
2903:
2897:
2890:
2884:
2874:
2868:
2854:
2848:
2841:
2835:
2830:Stanley Karnow,
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2808:
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2795:
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2775:
2763:
2757:
2750:
2744:
2743:(2003) pp. 21–43
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2446:
2432:
2426:
2421:Anthony Rhodes,
2419:
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2248:. 10 August 1945
2243:
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2165:
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2089:
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2079:
2059:
1700:Kingdom of Annam
1665:Kingdom of Burma
1657:Portuguese Timor
1524:British Honduras
1481:British Columbia
1465:Alaska Territory
1427:Macquarie Island
1417:The New Zealand
1400:. Australia and
1318:Hawaii Territory
1195:Portuguese Macau
1076:Marshall Islands
1064:C-Class Mandates
1035:and the eastern
1010:
1009:
1008:
933:
932:
928:
669:Tokyo Conference
658:
657:
654:
648:
647:
634:, and people of
546:
541:
538:
535:
530:
449:French Indochina
408:collaborationism
378:
376:
370:
369:
236:Soviet communism
179:
177:
175:Dai Tōa Kyōeiken
167:
141:
140:
139:Dai Tōa Kyōeiken
124:
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21:
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6221:Marcos scandals
6152:
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5311:Occupied Malaya
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5059:Empire of Japan
5055:
5025:
5020:
4995:
4916:
4878:
4869:
4865:Solomon Islands
4821:Gilbert Islands
4797:
4791:Empire of Japan
4784:
4754:
4749:
4735:Yasukuni Shrine
4669:
4646:
4588:
4542:
4488:
4440:Tripartite Pact
4435:Rape of Nanking
4376:
4362:Tapani incident
4306:
4282:Boxer Rebellion
4240:
4220:
4184:
4175:
4124:
4115:
4050:
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4024:Representatives
3992:
3989:
3988:Legislative and
3981:
3947:Foreign Affairs
3910:
3907:
3892:
3791:
3770:Government Seal
3755:Rising Sun Flag
3738:
3732:
3724:
3716:
3703:
3694:
3596:
3594:Empire of Japan
3591:
3543:
3473:
3462:
3448:
3377:Wayback Machine
3336:Lebra, Joyce C.
3301:
3286:
3239:
3220:
3217:
3215:Further reading
3212:
3198:
3197:
3193:
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3173:
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3109:Storry, Richard
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2958:Wayback Machine
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2645:W. G. Beasley,
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2544:John W. Dower,
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2145:10.2307/2049073
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2125:
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2090:
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2056:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2011:Monroe Doctrine
1976:
1953:Tanaka Memorial
1927:
1902:
1870:
1865:
1842:Dobama Asiayone
1798:
1653:Nicobar Islands
1625:
1616:Leeward Islands
1469:Yukon Territory
1350:Austral Islands
1342:Society Islands
1338:Tuamotu Islands
1330:Phoenix Islands
1300:Loyalty Islands
1276:Solomon Islands
1234:Gilbert Islands
1203:Paracel Islands
1183:
1165:a "living wall"
1007:大東亜共栄圏における土地処分案
1004:
1001:Ministry of War
996:
944:
930:
926:
925:
918:
892:Ohio University
862:
802:
762:
750:Wan Waithayakon
699:Empire of Japan
655:
642:
577:Wan Waithayakon
544:
543:
539:
536:
533:
532:
528:
527:
520:
514:
441:
433:Main articles:
431:
419:Yōsuke Matsuoka
364:
328:Monroe Doctrine
268:
260:Main articles:
258:
190:Empire of Japan
188:union that the
159:
133:Revised Hepburn
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
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6282:Related topics
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6133:United Nations
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6128:European Union
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6123:Southeast Asia
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6049:Russian Empire
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5387:
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5373:Occupied Nauru
5363:
5351:
5339:
5327:
5315:
5313:
5301:
5289:
5277:
5265:
5253:
5241:
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5204:
5202:State of Burma
5192:
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5168:
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4857:
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4579:State of Burma
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4407:
4405:Musha Incident
4402:
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4395:Jinan incident
4392:
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4252:Beipu uprising
4249:
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4216:Treaty Faction
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4168:
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4146:Imperial Guard
4143:
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3906:Administration
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3542:
3541:External links
3539:
3538:
3537:
3535:978-1501735547
3519:
3505:
3482:
3471:
3460:
3446:
3435:
3408:
3388:
3364:
3338:(ed.) (1975).
3333:
3305:
3299:
3284:
3274:
3256:Pantheon Books
3246:Dower, John W.
3243:
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3121:
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2998:
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2942:
2929:
2916:
2914:Lebra, p. 158.
2907:
2905:Lebra, p. 160.
2898:
2885:
2877:"World War II"
2869:
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2756:(2013) 226–227
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2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
2001:Greater Serbia
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1957:Tanaka Jōsōbun
1950:
1945:
1938:
1933:
1926:
1925:Related topics
1923:
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1915:
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1868:Administration
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1849:
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1821:
1815:
1809:
1797:
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1774:Inner Mongolia
1770:
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1703:
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1696:
1695:
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1680:
1671:Burma proper,
1668:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1637:British Borneo
1632:
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1624:
1621:
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1619:
1508:
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1500:
1460:
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1407:
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1389:
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1382:
1381:
1354:Samoan Islands
1322:Howland Island
1314:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1284:Ellice Islands
1252:
1251:
1241:
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1218:
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1211:
1210:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1179:
1045:House of Peers
995:
992:
978:), and China (
964:South Sakhalin
943:
940:
917:
914:
861:
858:
854:José P. Laurel
801:
798:
761:
758:
757:
756:
746:
740:José P. Laurel
737:
728:
726:State of Burma
719:
710:
701:
665:heads of state
659:took place in
624:State of Burma
581:José P. Laurel
516:Main article:
513:
510:
506:Shigenori Tōgō
468:Nobusuke Kishi
453:U.S. President
430:
427:
400:
399:
396:
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387:
384:
354:Fumimaro Konoe
351:Prime Minister
340:overpopulation
257:
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210:Southeast Asia
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5650:United States
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5361:Occupied Guam
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4884:United States
4881:
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4716:
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4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4690:Fukoku kyōhei
4688:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4676:
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4547:Puppet states
4545:
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4234:
4231:
4227:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4211:Fleet Faction
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4191:General Staff
4189:
4188:
4186:
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4137:
4134:
4132:
4131:General Staff
4129:
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4123:
4118:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4085:
4084:military code
4083:
4079:
4078:
4077:
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4072:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
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4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4044:
4041:
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4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4014:Imperial Diet
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4004:Privy Council
4002:
4000:
3997:
3996:
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3991:
3984:
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3923:
3922:Home Ministry
3920:
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3768:
3766:
3765:Imperial Seal
3763:
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3753:
3751:
3750:Flag of Japan
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3549:at Britannica
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3485:Ugaki, Matome
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2071:
2067:
2066:
2058:
2055:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1961:Tanaka Giichi
1958:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1918:Satō Nobuhiro
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1906:Hachirō Arita
1904:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1836:Khmer Issarak
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1795:
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1791:
1787:
1783:
1775:
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1768:
1765:
1764:
1760:
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1756:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1744:
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1740:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1645:Cocos Islands
1642:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1450:Bay of Bengal
1447:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1423:South Islands
1420:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1352:, all of the
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1296:New Caledonia
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1207:Hainan Island
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1156:spazio vitale
1152:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1139:just west of
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1084:vassal states
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1066:, namely the
1065:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1033:South America
1030:
1026:
1025:Pacific Ocean
1022:
1018:
1014:
1002:
993:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
953:
948:
941:
939:
937:
922:
915:
912:
907:
899:
895:
893:
889:
882:
877:
875:
871:
867:
859:
857:
855:
851:
845:
842:
838:
834:
833:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
799:
797:
795:
791:
787:
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
760:Imperial rule
759:
755:
751:
747:
745:
741:
738:
736:
732:
729:
727:
723:
720:
718:
714:
711:
709:
705:
704:Zhang Jinghui
702:
700:
696:
693:
692:
691:
688:
685:
680:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
653:
652:Dai Tōa Kaigi
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
592:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
565:Zhang Jinghui
562:
558:
553:
524:
519:
511:
509:
507:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
486:
481:
476:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
454:
450:
445:
440:
436:
428:
426:
424:
420:
416:
411:
409:
405:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
381:
380:
375:
363:
359:
358:Hachirō Arita
355:
352:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
332:Japanese Army
329:
325:
324:United States
321:
317:
313:
305:
301:
300:flag of Japan
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
272:
267:
263:
255:
253:
251:
247:
246:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
220:
218:
217:Hachirō Arita
215:
211:
207:
204:, but as the
203:
199:
195:
194:annexed Korea
191:
187:
183:
176:
171:
163:
158:
148:
136:
134:
130:
125:
121:
113:
111:
107:
99:
97:
93:
85:
83:
79:
76:Japanese name
74:
70:
65:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
6421:Pan-Asianism
6205:
6171:Nanban trade
6091:Multilateral
6054:Soviet Union
5806:Saudi Arabia
5569:South Africa
5422:
5063:World War II
4977:West Sumatra
4795:World War II
4678:Other topics
4657:
4514:
4357:Taishō Roman
4111:Conscription
4081:
4073:
4048:Armed Forces
3908:(ministries)
3808:Charter Oath
3803:Constitution
3685:State Shinto
3668:Essentialism
3618:Demographics
3514:
3510:
3493:Pittsburgh:
3489:
3475:
3464:
3453:
3450:Toll, Ian W.
3442:
3419:
3392:
3368:
3340:
3309:
3289:
3279:
3250:
3227:. Honolulu:
3223:
3204:
3194:
3174:
3145:
3139:
3112:
3103:
3090:
3082:
3007:
3001:
2986:
2978:
2965:
2945:
2937:
2932:
2924:
2919:
2910:
2901:
2893:
2888:
2880:
2872:
2857:
2852:
2844:
2839:
2831:
2826:
2811:
2806:
2798:
2797:Bob Hering,
2793:
2785:
2780:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2753:
2748:
2740:
2735:
2699:
2692:
2669:
2661:
2646:
2626:. Retrieved
2622:
2579:
2573:
2565:
2560:
2545:
2540:
2531:
2504:
2498:
2486:. Retrieved
2477:
2470:
2455:
2450:
2435:
2430:
2422:
2402:. Retrieved
2397:
2388:
2376:. Retrieved
2372:
2350:
2345:
2330:
2325:
2308:
2303:
2288:
2276:. Retrieved
2271:
2262:
2250:. Retrieved
2245:
2233:
2206:
2188:
2136:
2132:
2092:
2064:
2057:
2026:
1956:
1940:
1779:
1766:
1754:
1742:
1737:
1721:
1699:
1693:Malay states
1684:
1664:
1628:
1604:Dutch Guiana
1504:
1491:(comprising
1456:
1434:
1410:
1405:Philippines.
1385:
1326:Baker Island
1310:
1292:New Hebrides
1288:Fiji Islands
1248:
1244:
1230:Ocean Island
1214:
1186:
1174:
1168:
1160:
1154:
1153:and Italy's
1148:
1137:Indian Ocean
1099:Nazi Germany
1096:
1080:
1053:
1041:
997:
987:
983:
957:
936:false fronts
923:
919:
909:
904:
884:
879:
863:
846:
830:
823:castor beans
803:
782:
763:
713:Wang Jingwei
689:
681:
677:
668:
640:
612:Wang Jingwei
569:Wang Jingwei
503:
494:
490:
489:
472:
446:
442:
414:
412:
401:
361:
348:
309:
250:World War II
243:
221:
181:
156:
154:
88:だいとうあきょうえいけん
29:
6366:Axis powers
6023:New Zealand
5957:Netherlands
5816:South Korea
5796:Philippines
5781:North Korea
5676:Afghanistan
5433:Pacific War
4962:Netherlands
4912:Wake Island
4907:Philippines
4720:Shōwa Modan
4695:Hakkō ichiu
4632:Philippines
4519:after 1943)
4497:Territories
4455:Pacific War
4320:World War I
4196:Air Service
4136:Air Service
4009:Gozen Kaigi
3725:(Yoshihito)
3717:(Mutsuhito)
3663:Nationalism
3608:Agriculture
3396:Princeton:
2987:Japan's War
2774:(2): 65–89.
2139:(1): 5–24.
2027:Russkiy mir
2021:Pan-Slavism
1991:Eurasianism
1592:Pacific Rim
1572:The Bahamas
1516:El Salvador
1402:New Zealand
1272:New Ireland
1268:New Britain
1264:Admiralties
1238:Wake Island
1133:Afghanistan
1103:Axis powers
1060:World War I
1056:Micronesian
1013:Hideki Tōjō
986:), Taiwan (
950:A Japanese
800:Philippines
774:materialism
695:Hideki Tojo
573:Hideki Tojo
398:World peace
228:cooperation
206:Pacific War
6491:Euphemisms
6360:Categories
6108:Arab world
6059:Yugoslavia
5952:Montenegro
5721:East Timor
5696:Bangladesh
5686:Azerbaijan
5549:Mozambique
4972:New Guinea
4850:New Guinea
4484:Occupation
4312:Taishō era
4257:Boshin War
4101:War crimes
3897:Government
3873:Tonarigumi
3780:Privy Seal
3775:State Seal
3733:(Hirohito)
3658:Militarism
3613:Censorship
3487:. (1991).
3254:New York:
3182:, p. 159,
3122:0837166438
2672:, p. 211,
2593:0275951022
2548:pp. 24–25
2514:039450030X
2216:039450030X
2045:References
1788:, and the
1606:, and the
1532:Costa Rica
1493:California
1485:Washington
1443:Portuguese
1396:including
1302:, and the
1161:Lebensraum
1150:Lebensraum
821:for fuel,
819:cane sugar
404:militarism
302:, and the
294:" flag of
6411:Manchukuo
6093:relations
6013:Australia
5942:Lithuania
5821:Sri Lanka
5811:Singapore
5791:Palestine
5736:Indonesia
5660:Venezuela
5585:Argentina
5497:relations
5495:Bilateral
5082:Manchukuo
5007:Manchukuo
5000:1931–1945
4933:Mengkiang
4860:Singapore
4826:Hong Kong
4685:Sonnō jōi
4637:Singapore
4622:Hong Kong
4584:Azad Hind
4559:Mengjiang
4554:Manchukuo
4528:Kantō-shū
4470:Surrender
4382:Shōwa era
4367:Truku War
4238:Meiji era
4206:Tokkeitai
4171:Kempeitai
4082:Senjinkun
3999:Daijō-kan
3962:Munitions
3843:Mokusatsu
3633:Education
3026:436157559
2896:, p. 157.
2727:153084986
2649:, p. 204
2161:162713869
2068:. BRILL.
2050:Citations
1942:Kantokuen
1912:Ikki Kita
1858:movement)
1808:movement)
1802:Azad Hind
1767:Mengjiang
1548:Venezuela
1544:Maracaibo
1528:Nicaragua
1512:Guatemala
1394:Australia
1378:pineapple
1334:Marquesas
1170:Wehrbauer
1121:longitude
1072:Carolines
1049:Hong Kong
1037:Caribbean
1017:Mengjiang
980:Manchuria
829:for oil,
790:U.S. Navy
684:Wilsonian
636:Manchukuo
276:Manchukuo
198:Manchukuo
186:pan-Asian
110:Shinjitai
46:Azad Hind
6306:in Japan
5967:Portugal
5912:Holy See
5831:Thailand
5786:Pakistan
5766:Mongolia
5761:Maldives
5756:Malaysia
5711:Cambodia
5635:Paraguay
5615:Colombia
5590:Barbados
5578:Americas
5539:Ethiopia
5529:Djibouti
5524:Botswana
4984:Portugal
4945:Cambodia
4663:Yen bloc
4651:Ideology
4642:Thailand
4511:Karafuto
4504:Colonies
4096:Kamikaze
4039:Military
3942:Treasury
3796:Policies
3787:Kimigayo
3708:Emperors
3675:Politics
3643:Eugenics
3601:Overview
3525:Ithaca:
3452:(2011).
3439:in JSTOR
3413:(1988).
3373:Archived
3344:Oxford:
3331:40985780
3313:Boston:
3272:13064585
3248:(1986).
3111:(1973).
3085:p.62-65.
2989:, p 326
2954:Archived
2686:49704795
2602:31516895
2523:13064585
2353:, p. 62.
2225:13064585
1968:Hirohito
1863:See also
1729:Cambodia
1596:Trinidad
1540:Colombia
1520:Honduras
1398:Tasmania
1374:Big Five
1366:Karafuto
1199:Portugal
1125:Ob River
1068:Marianas
968:Kwantung
778:Japanese
618:forming
280:Japanese
184:, was a
162:Japanese
96:Kyūjitai
42:Thailand
6118:Oceania
6006:Oceania
5992:Ukraine
5922:Ireland
5917:Iceland
5907:Hungary
5897:Germany
5887:Finland
5882:Denmark
5872:Croatia
5867:Belgium
5862:Austria
5857:Albania
5841:Vietnam
5771:Myanmar
5726:Georgia
5691:Bahrain
5681:Armenia
5655:Uruguay
5625:Ecuador
5595:Bolivia
5564:Somalia
5559:Nigeria
5554:Namibia
5514:Algeria
5061:during
4955:Vietnam
4793:during
4789:by the
4229:History
4201:Marines
3838:Kokutai
3743:Symbols
3723:Taishō
3680:Statism
3623:Economy
3362:1551953
2866:3743634
2820:3744878
2628:31 July
2568:, p. 6.
2488:31 July
2404:31 July
2378:31 July
2295:第二次近衛声明
2278:31 July
2252:31 July
2153:2049073
1965:Emperor
1846:Burmese
1649:Andaman
1608:British
1600:British
1568:Jamaica
1552:Ecuador
1477:Alberta
1392:All of
1201:), the
988:Formosa
972:Germany
929:⁄
868:to the
860:Failure
837:quinine
794:Sukarno
748:Prince
673:English
429:History
284:Chinese
170:Hepburn
40:allies
6176:Sakoku
6103:Africa
6042:Former
5987:Sweden
5977:Serbia
5972:Russia
5962:Poland
5932:Kosovo
5902:Greece
5892:France
5850:Europe
5836:Turkey
5826:Taiwan
5746:Israel
5706:Brunei
5701:Bhutan
5630:Mexico
5605:Canada
5600:Brazil
5519:Angola
5507:Africa
5224:
4940:France
4840:Malaya
4627:Malaya
4602:Borneo
4538:Taiwan
4533:Nan'yō
4523:Chōsen
4516:naichi
3731:Shōwa
3715:Meiji
3690:Kazoku
3638:System
3533:
3511:et al.
3501:
3431:
3404:
3383:
3360:
3352:
3329:
3321:
3297:
3270:
3262:
3235:
3186:
3131:516227
3129:
3119:
3024:
3014:
2993:
2883:(1991)
2864:
2818:
2801:(2003)
2725:
2715:
2684:
2676:
2653:
2600:
2590:
2552:
2521:
2511:
2462:
2458:p 495
2442:
2438:p 471
2337:
2333:p 460
2317:
2223:
2213:
2159:
2151:
2099:
2072:
1974:Others
1900:People
1784:, the
1715:Tonkin
1713:, and
1677:Bengal
1655:, and
1612:French
1576:Mexico
1570:, and
1562:, the
1542:, the
1536:Panama
1497:Oregon
1483:, and
1467:, the
1356:, and
1344:, the
1340:, the
1332:, the
1328:, the
1298:, the
1290:, the
1286:, the
1282:, the
1278:, the
1274:, the
1262:, the
1236:, and
1232:, the
1205:, and
1175:second
1141:Rajkot
984:Chōsen
960:Russia
952:10 sen
874:Ba Maw
870:Allies
832:Derris
815:cotton
811:Taiwan
722:Ba Maw
628:Ba Maw
622:, the
610:under
606:, the
583:, and
561:Ba Maw
545:
540:
537:
534:
529:
298:, the
288:Manchu
286:, and
200:, and
182:GEACPS
166:大東亞共榮圈
116:大東亜共栄圏
102:大東亞共榮圈
54:Taiwan
6336:JPEPA
6331:JETRO
6216:China
6211:Korea
6033:Tonga
6028:Palau
5982:Spain
5947:Malta
5927:Italy
5801:Qatar
5776:Nepal
5731:India
5716:China
5610:Chile
5544:Kenya
5534:Egypt
4928:China
4921:Other
4902:Kiska
4845:Nauru
4831:India
4811:Burma
4607:Burma
4325:Entry
4019:Peers
3883:Senbu
3868:Tokkō
2862:JSTOR
2816:JSTOR
2723:S2CID
2482:(PDF)
2242:(PDF)
2157:S2CID
2149:JSTOR
1707:Annam
1673:Assam
1584:Chile
1582:, or
1560:Haiti
1419:North
1358:Tonga
1226:Nauru
1145:India
1129:Khost
1107:Italy
841:abacá
827:copra
809:from
807:sugar
661:Tokyo
646:大東亞會議
460:steel
368:東亜新秩序
296:China
202:China
50:Korea
6321:JOCV
6316:JICA
6018:Fiji
5751:Laos
5741:Iran
5669:Asia
5640:Peru
5620:Cuba
4950:Laos
4897:Guam
4892:Attu
3937:Navy
3932:Army
3531:ISBN
3499:ISBN
3429:ISBN
3402:ISBN
3381:ISBN
3358:OCLC
3350:ISBN
3327:OCLC
3319:ISBN
3295:ISBN
3268:OCLC
3260:ISBN
3233:ISBN
3184:ISBN
3127:OCLC
3117:ISBN
3022:OCLC
3012:ISBN
2991:ISBN
2713:ISBN
2682:OCLC
2674:ISBN
2651:ISBN
2630:2021
2598:OCLC
2588:ISBN
2550:ISBN
2519:OCLC
2509:ISBN
2490:2021
2460:ISBN
2440:ISBN
2406:2021
2380:2021
2335:ISBN
2315:ISBN
2280:2021
2254:2021
2221:OCLC
2211:ISBN
2097:ISBN
2070:ISBN
1731:and
1711:Laos
1610:and
1602:and
1588:Peru
1580:Peru
1556:Cuba
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