Greater Poland Uprising (1848)

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Through military service and school education, and in the case of "regulated" peasants also in the wake of the benefits wrought by the final emancipation decree introduced in 1823, some segments of these social groups had begun to identify with the Prussian state. However, as German colonization grew in strength and policies against Polish religion and traditions were introduced the local population begun to feel hostility towards Prussia and the German presence. Economic factors also began to influence Polish-German relations. Colonization policies in particular created a fear of German competition among Poles. The greatest difference remained the religious segregation. The local Germans displayed rather politically apathy and refrained from creating an organized form of social life. Prior to 1848, the provincial diet remained the only forum of German political activity. In general relations of the local Germans with the Polish population were good.

1213:, a British diplomat in Berlin, reported on 6 April 1848, "great excesses had been committed by armed bands of Poles, headed by some of the Nobles and Refugees, who have pillaged and set fire to country seats and farm houses and rendered themselves guilty of other depredations which the Government will endeavour to repress by moveable columns of Troops". Berlin authorities tried to delay the course of events by proposing the division of the province into two parts. Additionally they tried to convince Poles that creation of Polish military formations would hinder the talks about autonomy. Meanwhile the Poles, began to create armed units on 22 March based on decision of the Polish National Committee, which in the meantime changed its name to Polish Central Committee. On 28 March 1318:

committees in Wielkopolska were being attacked as well. According to Jerzy Kozłowski a particular role in the conflict was played by German colonists who formed their own militia, engaging in acts of terror against Polish population. Witold Matwiejczyk claims these colonists came from previous settlement efforts by Prussian government which intensified efforts to settle Germans into Poznań region after 1815, and were hostile towards the Polish movement, but initially fearing Russian intervention kept a low profile During the conflict the colonists formed military formations called Schutzvereine and Schutzwache and not only accompanied Prussian military in pacifying Polish villages but also engaged in acts on their own initiative German colonists were particularly active in

958:. By 1830 the right to use Polish in courts and institutions was no longer respected. While the Poles constituted the majority of population in the area, they held only 4 out of 21 official posts of higher level. From 1832 they could no longer hold higher posts at the local administrative level(Landrat). At the same time the Prussian government and Prussian king pursued Germanization of administration and judicial system, while local officials enforced Germanization of educational system and tried to eradicate the economic position of Polish nobility. In Bydgoszcz the mayors were all Germans. In Poznań, out of 700 officials, only 30 were Poles. 977:". Settlement of German colonists were supported especially under the rule of Eduard Flottwell in the years 1831–1840 In the period 1832-1842 the number of Polish holdings was reduced from 1020 to 950 and the German ones increased from 280 to 400. The Jewish minority in the province was exploited by Prussians to gain support for its policies, by granting Jews rights and abolishing old limitations the Prussians hoped they could integrate the Jewish population into German society, and gain a counterweight to the Polish presence. As a result, many Jewish saw in Prussia a free, liberal state and were opposed to Polish independence movement. 1184:

repressions. Their claims were methodically used by German propaganda to win support of European countries such as Great Britain and France. Additionally German liberals turned against Poles, demanding "protection of German area". Soon Germans craftsmen, traders and colonists in communities began to form committees and paramilitary units to defend their interests and to prevent local Poles from organizing, often joined by local Jews and started to besiege the Prussian King with petitions to exclude their areas from the planned political reorganization. By late April about 8,000 German civilians of the

1099:, the political demands of the committee were for effective autonomy, not for independence. The organized militia was intended for use not against Prussia but against the threat of Russian intervention. The Committee represented various political orientations and social classes, in order to achieve a coalition character. Its overall character was liberal-democratic, and among land-owners and intellectualists it included a Polish peasant Jan Palacz. The Polish Committee restricted its membership to Poles and demands from Germans and Jews to be represented in the Polish Committee were not accepted 257: 1527:(Zwiazek Plebejuszy). Both organizations worked for an uprising that would encompass all three parts of the partitioned Poland. Other Polish activists, mostly members of the landed gentry and the intelligentsia, abandoned armed insurrection and began to propagate a doctrine of organic work by strengthening the economic potential and educational level, calling "Now we will go against Prussians not with scythes but with votes" and decided to focus their energy on increasing their economic and political position before deciding for military confrontation. 2919: 985:

about creation of a university in Poznań. This was all that Poles were granted. In reality only the methods changed, while the overall goal of Germanization remained the same, only this time with lighter methods, and by concessions Prussians hoped to assure identification of Poles with the Prussian state and an eventual change of their identity. The concession also were connected to freezing of relations between Prussia and the Russian Empire, with Prussian politicians hoping that Poles could be used to fight Russia on Prussia's behalf.

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March, a second one on 27 March, now largely influenced by German public officials loyal to the Prussian king. Nationalist and even chauvinist voices could be heard in Germany demanding incorporation of the whole Greater Poland into the German Confederation. Encroachments against Jews caused a further support of the German Committee by the Jewish population and the breakdown of Prussian authority allowed long-simmering resentments to explode, as the German Committee urged in a complaint addressed to the Polish Committee: "

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issue calls asking for enforcing of the guarantees formulated in treaties of Congress of Vienna and proclamations of Prussian King in 1815 they were rejected by Prussia. Thus neither the attempt to create Polish University in Poznań or Polish Society of Friends of Agriculture, Industry and Education were accepted by authorities. Nevertheless, Poles continued to ask for Polish representation in administration of the area, representing the separate character of the Duchy, keeping the Polish character of schools.

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Polish administration and the creation of a military corps out of local Polish population create a German fear for their position in a Polish-ruled Duchy. In a few days the Polish movement embraced the whole Greater Poland region. Polish peasants and urban citizens turned against Prussian officials. Polish nobility and peasantry took up arms, preparing for confrontation with Prussian Army, Prussian symbols were torn down, and in couple of places fighting erupted with German colonists In

1568:. The organization supported agricultural reforms by Polish rural dwellers, and spread information connected to improving agriculture as well as strengthening civic unity. While it was completely legal and didn't violate any laws, the Prussian government disbanded it in 1850. In practice its members continued to work and soon numerous successor organizations were founded leading way to Polish resistance in the Prussian Partition of Poland based on economic and legal opposition. In 1301:, and joined the regular Polish forces under Mierosławski. Mierosławski believed that to save morale and honor of Poles it was necessary to resist militarily, while the Committee members were opposed to fighting, and as such the Committee disbanded itself on 30 April, in its last proclamation stressing the Prussian treachery and violence. As the Prussian troops lashed unrestricted terror against the Polish population, the Prussian attack started on 29 April as camps in 1108:

postulates of the National Committee in Berlin. While Poles avoided possible confrontation in the event of raising the question of independence and demanded national reorganization instead, the Germans called for separation of the Duchy from Prussia. Meanwhile, the Polish Legion arrived on 28 March 1848 from Berlin to Poznań, where Mierosławski took over military command, and Jedrzej Moraczewski, a member of the Polish Committee, ordered on 28 March: "

1027: 3313: 3322: 1472:, a Polish historian, in his scholarly work analysing the Uprising published in 1935 and republished in 1960, writes that blame for this was shifted between Colomb and his lower-ranking officers, the incident was widely publicised by Polish press . Mierosławski himself, whose mother was French and who lived in Paris prior to 1846, was released after a French diplomatic protest and commanded German insurgent units in the 3334: 1245: 1273:

nine counties. To all involved parties it was obviously a temporary solution and unacceptable to Poles as out of the administrative districts Poles had majority in eighteen while Germans in six, of which four were in the western part and two in the northern part. Willisen himself left Poznań on 20 April, blamed for treason and having "betrayed the German cause" and as a contemporary eyewitness wrote

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would oppose the independence of Poland as it would mean territories taken in the Partitions of Poland could be claimed by it. Russians soldiers fighting Poles received food supplies, equipment, and intelligence from Prussia. While Prussian generals even wanted to march into Congress Poland, the threat of French intervention stopped those plans.

159: 942:, a Prussian general, a program was presented that envisioned removing Poles from all offices, courts, judiciary system, and local administration, controlling the clergy, and making peasants loyal through enforced military service. Schools were to be Germanized as well. Those plans were supported by such prominent public figures such as 841:(created out of territories of Duchy of Warsaw) in regards to rights of Polish language and cultural institutions. In order to ensure loyalty of the newly re-conquered territories the Prussians engaged in several propaganda gestures hoping they would be enough to gain land-owners and aristocratic support. At the same time, the 2261: 1354:

The second phase was dominated by a Polish counterattack along the line of the main road and attack by cavalry units before the Prussians were able to attack Polish positions. Afterwards the Poles re-entered the town and the Prussians were forced to retreat. However, the Poles were exhausted and were

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wrote that the delegates postulated independence of Polish territories but arriving in Berlin decided to remove that part of demands and replaced it with "national reorganization", removal of Prussian military and turning the administration to Poles. Zdrada notes that those demands were to the liking

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noted from Berlin that he was under the impression that the whole people wanted a free and independent Poland to serve as a German shield against Russia and that the Polish question would soon be resolved. Volunteers from Berlin tried to join this legion and support the Polish struggle for liberty as

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ascended to the throne in 1840, certain concessions were again granted. The German colonization was halted, some schools were able to teach the Polish language again, and promises were made to create departments of Polish language in universities in Breslau and Berlin, there were also vague promises

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began, the Prussians closely worked with Russia in regards to stopping any Polish independence drive. A state of emergency was introduced in the Duchy, police surveillance started on a large scale and 80,000 soldiers were moved into the area. The Prussian Foreign Minister openly declared that Prussia

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in July 1848 concerned the issue of Poland and showed the attitude of German politicians regarding this. They opposed Poland and any concessions to Poles in Poznań. Those who in the past have claimed to be friendly towards Poles, rejected all of their former declarations and called them mistakes and

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The uprising was focused in Greater Poland but it also reached out to Pomerelia where Natalis Sulerzeski organized Polish armed forces and together with Ignacy Łyskowski arranged a meeting in Wębrzyn of Polish delegates was organized who created the Provisional Committee of Polish Prussia. It was to

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On 14 April the Prussian king declared that ten northern and western counties out of the 24 counties of the province would not take part in the planned political reorganization; on 26 April this was extended to parts of further six counties, including the City of Poznań itself, leaving to Poles only

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On 23 March the Prussian king granted an audience to Polish delegation and verbally declared his agreement to their proposals for autonomy; at the same time in confidential conversation with Prussian military commanders he ordered them to prepare an invasion of Polish territories to crush the Polish

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There have been many cases in which armed groups of your people have threatened and violated the property and personal security of your German-speaking neighbors. Keep in mind that through such acts of infamous violence you stain the honor of your nation and you undermine the sympathy for your cause

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As the threat of war with Russia grew distant, the German elites and society became hostile to Polish aspirations. Polish successes created distrust in local Germans' and they felt threatened and the news of national reorganization of the province was the turning-point. The assumption of power by a

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who organized the Polish national movement in Upper and Lower Silesia. The 1848 was also a turning point for Polish national movement in Pomerelia, which gained support of city inhabitants and Polish peasants, and especially strong support among Polish clergy, who were subjected to hostile policies

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were assaulted. In Książ, Prussian troops destroyed the town after murdering 600 prisoners and wounded Among the victims of the massacre was Florian Dąbrowski Additionally the population of Grodzisk led by Jewish doctor Marcus Mosse defended the town against encroaching 600 Prussian troops. Polish

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Overnight Poles turned for Germans from an ally against Russia into the enemy that would threaten German control over Greater Poland and Pomerania. The atmosphere among the Germans and a portion of the Jewish population began to change diametrically and a German National Committee was founded on 23

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On 21 March a joint demonstration of Germans and Poles took place, Germans often wore both the Black-Red-Gold cockade and the Polish Red-White as a revolutionary symbol. On March 21, the National Committee released a proclamation calling for a common struggle seeking understanding with the Germans,

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In 1825 August Jacob, a politician hostile to Poles, gained power over newly created Provincial Educational Collegium in Poznan. Across the Polish territories Polish teachers were being removed from work, German educational programs were being introduced, and primary schooling was being replaced by

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despised Poles and hoped to replace them with Germans. Poles were portrayed as 'backward Slavs' by Prussian officials who wanted to spread German language and culture. The land of Polish nobility was confiscated and given to German nobles. Frederick the Great settled around 300,000 colonists in the

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movement. On 24 March the Prussian king issued a declaration that promised the short-dated reorganization of the province and the creation of a commission of both nationalities, whose aim would be the consideration of interests of both nations. The Poles understood those measures as restoration of

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In 1825 the Teacher's Seminary in Bydgoszcz was Germanized as well While in 1824 a Provincial Parliament was invoked in the Grand Duchy of Posen, the representation was based on wealth census, meaning that the result gave most of the power to German minority in the area. Even when Poles managed to

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and traditions. In the end, the Polish rights were defined very narrowly, and Prussia started to abolish the Polish language in administration, schooling, and courts. In 1819 the gradual elimination of Polish language in schools began, with German being introduced in its place. This procedure was

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It has been estimated that during his reign 300,000 individuals settled in Prussia.... While the commission for colonization established in the Bismarck era could in the course of two decades bring no more than 11,957 families to the eastern territories, Frederick settled a total of 57,475.... It

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In the first phase of the battle, Polish forces were driven out of Miłosław and took positions along two sides of the main road. In pursuit of retreating Poles, Blumen ordered a cavalry assault. The Prussian pursuit was stopped however by the arrival of Garczyński, and when Białoskórki's soldiers

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At this time the majority of Poles were not yet engaged in political activity. At most only the landowners, the intelligentsia and the upper urban classes possessed a developed national consciousness. The peasantry and the working class had yet to experience their own "Polish national awakening".

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The base support of Prussian rule was from an influx of German colonists, officials and tradesmen, whose immigration started in 1772 due to Partitions of Poland and while it was halted in 1806, it soon was reinstated after 1815 as planned systemic action of Prussian government. After the Duchy of

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on 3 April 1848. The German minority in Greater Poland through German National Committee declared that it rejected any notion of Polish-German brotherhood and Germans would not abandon control, even if the Polish state was re-established. On 4 April Prussian military declared a stage of siege in

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addressed to Berlin. With the army protecting them, Germans started to paralyze development of Polish self-rule. German officials, colonists and tradesmen seized the opportunity and begun counteraction, demanding incorporation of the Polish territories into unified German state, accused Poles of

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ordered Prussian soldiers to take the Bazar, a hotel which was the center of Polish activities. This was avoided as it would result in Polish-Prussian confrontation-something that the liberals in Berlin didn't yet desire. On 22 March the German-controlled Poznań city council voted to support the

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From 1825 the increase of anti-Polish policies became more visible and intense. Prussian political circles demanded end to tolerance of Polishness. Among the Poles two groups emerged, one still hoping for respect of separate status of the Duchy and insisting on working with Prussian authorities

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Initially Mierosławski engaged in talks with Blumen, but when he received news that Poles from Nowe Miasto under the command of Józef Garczyński were coming to help him with 1000 soldiers and that additional reinforcements of 1200 soldiers were moving from Pleszew under the command of Feliks

1468:, mostly peasants who took part in the fighting, their heads shaved bald and branded by Prussian authorities by chemical substance which scarred them with permanent wounds on hands, ears and faces. Overall the prisoners were abused with repeated beatings and degrading treatment taking place 1115:

The reason for initial support of Poles by Prussians and Germans was the fear of Russian intervention which would stop creation of strong unified Germany. Germans saw in Poles an opportunity to create a diversion stopping Russians from intervention in Germany itself. The hostility to Russia

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attempt aimed at Germanization was pursued by Prussia after 1831, and while Poles constituted 73% of population in 1815, they were reduced to 60% in 1848, at the same time the German presence grew from 25% to 30%. Flotwell initiated programs of German colonization and tried to reduce Polish

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Jerzy Kozłowski - 2009 Nasiliły się prośby o przysłanie wojska, w wielu miejscowościach utworzono niemieckie stowarzyszenia obronne (Schutzvereine) lub straże (Schutzwache). Na północy Księstwa uzbrojeni koloniści niemieccy nie tylko towarzyszyli wojsku w akcjach pacyfikacyjnych lecz takze

1564:-writer and philosopher. Its aims were the increasing of national self-awareness among Polish population, rising its life standards and defense of Catholic faith and Polish-owned land. By Autumn 1848 it counted already 40,000 members. Its main directorate was led by Count 992:

In the end of the 1840s about 60 percent of the population of the Duchy were Polish, 34 percent German and 6 percent Jewish. Out of the administrative districts Poles had majority in 18 while Germans in 6, out which 4 were in the western part and 2 in the northern part.

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hoping that in time they would grant some freedoms. The other faction still hoped for independence of Poland. As consequence many Polish activists were imprisoned. A joint operation of Russian and Prussian secret police managed to discover Polish organizations working in

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The Polish National Committee had decided to disarm its forces, but this determination was ignored by Mierosławski who expected a Russian intervention in which they would assist Prussian forces in defense as an ally. As such they were unprepared to fight the Prussians.

1179:" The new German committee that emerged in Poznań subsequently engaged in consistent opposition to Polish movement. German separate national committees were established and petitions demanding the division of the Duchy and the incorporation of cities and counties into 1085:

The uprising in Poznań had started on 20 March 1848, inspired by the events in Berlin, a demonstration in Poznań was organized. As the authorities agreed to creation of delegation that would bring proposals of Polish side to Berlin and to the Prussian king, the

2265: 784:. From the beginnings of Prussian rule, Poles were subject to a series of measures aimed against them and their culture; the Polish language was replaced by German as the official language, and most administration was made German as well; the Prussian ruler 1559:

For 70 years Poles in Greater Poland would work on developing their organization, increasing wealth and development of Polish lands. The first organization to do so was Polish League created in Summer 1848. Made by liberal politicians it was led by Count

1927:"In fact from Hitler to Hans we find frequent references and Jews as Indians. This, too, was a long standing trope. It can be traced back to Frederick the Great, who likened the 'slovenly Polish trash' in newly' reconquered West Prussia to Iroquois". 1322:

region and in Czarnkowski region formed their own militia unit where a local German military commander known for his anti-Polish attitude managed to organize several hundred colonists into paramilitary units and took over Czarnkow from Polish forces

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French politicians granted money for those trips hoping to remove Polish influence from France, for fear of revolutionary actions. Additionally the French incited Poles to start uprising, as they wanted to secure a diversionary element in case the

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increased the German character of the population in the monarchy's provinces to a very significant degree.... in West Prussia where he wished to drive out the Polish nobility and bring as many of their large estates as possible into German hands.

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At the end of 1830, however, a new policy was inaugurated with the presidency of E. H. von Flottwell: the experiment of settling subsidized German colonists on Polish soil (started by Frederick the Great after the first partition of Poland) was

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Warsaw was abolished in 1815, Prussia engaged in German colonization of Polish territories it acquired at the Congress of Vienna, continuing previous efforts started with the Partitions The Prussians knew exactly that the Polish aspiration was

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in May 1849 Polish delegates achieved 16 out of the 30 seats of the Province of Posen. Three Polish representatives were also elected from Pomerelia, they were led by Ignacy Łyskowski, a landlord and journalist, who printed a Polish newspaper

1260:, who opposed any kind of Polish independence efforts. Willisen declared that Poles would be granted autonomy but they have to reduce their forces, which on beginning of April counted 7,000 people. A compromise was reached on 11 April in 1054:

flag of the German Revolution and the prisoners were celebrated by the public. Speeches during the demonstration were made about a joint fight against the Russian Empire for a free and united Germany and an independent Poland.

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was also elected to the Prussian parliament. The attempted elections in the Polish lands to the German Constitutional Parliament were in turn largely boycotted by Polish parties in protest against the incorporation efforts.

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a Temporary National Committee of Polish Prussia was formed. By the end of march though local Germans turned harshly against Poles and together with Prussian military pacified the area, while Polish leaders were imprisoned.

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worked together against Polish movements that would seek independence either from Russia or Prussia, and the Prussian representative in Warsaw helped to create political climate that would abolish constitutional freedoms in

1256:, a figure claiming to be sympathetic to the Polish cause, arrived at Poznań and his early actions disappointed the Germans greatly. Willisen soon came into conflict with the military commander of Poznań, general 1423: 1411:. Mierosławski tendered his resignation as the commander of the Polish forces on 6 May and the new Supreme commander, Augustyn Brzezanski, capitulated on 9 May. The act of capitulation was signed in Bardo near 1435:

or in Congress Poland, the peasantry took active and decisive part on behalf of Polish resistance. The Polish peasants had seen in German colonization a primary threat to their national and social interests.

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after which 254 Polish activists were imprisoned upon charges of conspiracy. The trial ended on 2 December 1847, when 134 of the defendants were acquitted and returned to the Duchy. 8 defendants, including

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The demobilized Polish militia was harassed by German forces and several Poles were either murdered or wounded. Demobilized Poles returning to their homes were being harassed as were

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prison. The death sentences were not carried out as Revolution in Prussia started . and the Prussian king amnestied political prisoners as part of concessions to the revolutionaries

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start talks on reorganization of the Western Prussia provinces on 5 April in Chełmno, but it never came to that, as Prussians arrested most of its members and put them in prison in

861:, however they were considering at the time two different methods to subdue Polish resistance. One advocated ruthless Germanization of the Polish provinces, the other pursued by 938:, a self-declared enemy of Poles, who openly called for Germanization and superiority of German culture over Polish people, became the administrator of the region. Supported by 3098: 1339:

where Ludwik Mierosławski was located along with 1200 soldiers and four cannons. The Prussian forces divided themselves into two columns—one moving from Środa, the other from

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One should make every effort not to alarm the Germans in order to avoid a strong reaction from their side. On the other hand it is necessary to maintain supremacy over them

3815: 1165:, the Polish population took inspiration from events in Greater Poland and openly turned against Prussian officials, led by Natalis Sulerzyski and Seweryn Elżanowski. In 3451: 1355:

not able to pursue the retreating Prussians, causing the victory to not be exploited to its full potential. Polish losses counted 200 soldiers while the Prussians 225.

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Wielka historia Polski t. 4 Polska w czasach walk o niepodległość (1815 - 1864). Od niewoli do niepodległości (1864 - 1918)Marian Zagórniak, Józef Buszko 2003 page 186

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the idea of restored Poland "insanity". At the same time the demands of German representatives were not only directed against Poland, they also wanted a war with

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The Polish activists from Pomerelia soon came in contact with Masurs and Gustaw Gizewiusz, who encouraged Masurs to defend their local traditions and language.

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newly acquired provinces of Prussia and aimed at a removal of the Polish nobility by increasing the German population and trying to reduce Polish owned land.

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The uprising also showed to Poles that there was no possibility to negotiate with Germans regarding Polish statehood. The so-called "Polen-Debatte" in the

1264:, when Willisen permitted the Poles to have four military camps counting 720 people each (In the end the number of people in the camps was around 4,000). 1068:, who returned to join that legion were allowed to use Prussian railways for free and often received with cheers, e.g. by the revolutionary committees in 415: 4137: 3345: 2870: 2770: 647: 1038:

amnestied the Polish prisoners, who joined the Berlin Home Guard in the evening of 20 March 1848 by founding a "Polish Legion" in the courtyard of the

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against the Prussian forces in 1806. The Prussian hold on Polish areas was somewhat weakened after 1807 where parts of its partition were given to the

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The post-uprising repressions spawned defensive reactions within the Polish society. Some favored an armed struggle for independence and formed the

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used the Polish issue as weapon against Russia. Leading German politicians and thinkers supported using Poles as protection against Russia, such as

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priests, while Germans pacified villages. This provoked an outrage in Polish peasants who rose up against Prussian forces in rural uprising and

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in a Prussia wracked by liberal revolt, Poles were preparing for a joint defense with Prussian forces against possible Russian attack. Prince

2181: 2067: 375: 4242: 3540: 4022: 2918: 2580: 1789:, Volume 2 Andrzej Krupa Wydawn. Nauk. PWN, 2007, page 443 "Opuszczających obozy atakowało wojsko, a koloniści niemieccy pacyfikowali wsie" 1121: 780:

While the Kingdom of Prussia already possessed a large Polish population in Upper Silesia, it gained additional Polish citizens during the

107: 2725: 79: 1210: 837:, but received only its western provinces. In 1815 the Prussian king made several guarantees in his speech to Poles in the newly formed 755: 4270: 4250: 3793: 3596: 3562: 2933: 3232: 1777:- Page 192 Jerzy Kozłowski - 2009 "W powiatach nadnoteckich szerzyły terror oddziały utworzone przez ziemian niemieckich z kolonistów" 4219: 4133: 4103: 3943: 3877: 1491:

and the Prussian government rejected any ideas of autonomy. As a Prussian Province it was set to be completely incorporated into the

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took command of military supply and organization, in which he was supported by Polish émigré officers. Fearing intervention by the

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Makowski, Krzysztof (Fall 1999). "Poles, Germans And Jews In The Grand Duchy Of Poznan in 1848: From Coexistence To Conflict".

1404: 1368:. Seweryn Elżanowski in response organized a military formation counting several hundred people which took part in combat near 1035: 981: 617: 3924: 2790: 93: 4002: 3078: 3063: 3053: 3023: 2863: 2749: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2242: 997: 947: 806: 587: 64: 4170: 3676: 3567: 3180: 2171: 627: 4325: 3284: 3255: 2820: 862: 400: 2785: 75: 4165: 4120: 3914: 3625: 3175: 2815: 2775: 2647: 1116:

manifested by Poles was the base of German sympathy towards Polish aspiration during the initial phase of the Uprising.

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of the Berlin Revolutionary Committee which wanted Poles as a force to fight Russia. According to the English historian

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were mentioned. Formal integration of Polish lands into Germany was thus avoided for another 17 years until the

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The power status of Prussia was dependent on hindering any form of Polish statehood, due to crucial position of

522: 494: 4320: 4083: 3116: 2893: 445: 3785: 3605: 3460: 3357: 1332: 829:, areas inhabited by a Polish majority; it didn't support Polish attempts at restoration of Poland during the 410: 1275:"Willisen was exposed to personal insults or even danger from the infuriated German and Jewish mobs of Posen" 4093: 4071: 4061: 3825: 3803: 3008: 2898: 2835: 1230: 1188:(Netze) district north of Poznań were organized in paramilitary units and another 6,000 around the towns of 425: 1335:; after winning at Książ, Prussian general Blumen commanding 2500 soldiers and four cannons, encroached on 353: 67: in this too much emphasis on unrelated "background". Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4160: 4038: 3929: 3763: 3746: 3713: 3706: 3635: 3170: 3108: 3018: 3013: 2993: 2966: 2948: 2903: 2780: 1222: 1214: 1065: 1047: 1002: 868:

wanted to gain support of the Polish aristocracy, while turning them away from the (partially) pro-Polish

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and a day later recognized the rights of Jews . According to Zdrada on the same day the Prussian general

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German one that aimed at creation of loyal Prussian citizens. Already in 1816 the Polish gymnasium in

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The events of the failed Uprising inspired Polish movement. A crucial point was that, unlike in the

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On 19 March 1848, after the Revolution in Berlin succeeded throughout the Spring of Nations, King

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In the beginning of April the local Poznań Parliament voted 26 to 17 votes against joining the

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Poznańskie fortyfikacje: praca zbiorowa Tadeusz A. Jakubiak Wydawn. Poznańskie, 1988, page 107

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Niemieccy koloniści wobec polskich walk narodowowyzwoleńczych w XIX wieku, Wiesław Caban 1996

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Localism, Landscape, and the Ambiguities of Place: German-speaking Central Europe, 1860-1930

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Studia z dziejów ziemi mogileńskiej Czesław Łuczak Univ. im. A. Mickiewicza, 1978, page 536

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became the first territories of partitioned Poland to be quietly absorbed into the new

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Encyklopedia wojskowa: dowódcy i ich armie, historia wojen i bitew, technika wojskowa

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encouraged Mierosławski to fight a war against Russia. The Prussian foreign minister

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initially 20,000. demobilized to 4,000–5,000 before the start of the Prussian attack.

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Niemieccy katolicy w poznańskiem a polityka narodowościowa rządu pruskiego 1871-1914

1941:

Niemieccy katolicy w poznańskiem a polityka narodowościowa rządu pruskiego 1871-1914

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Wielkopolska Wiosna Ludów: 1848 roku : zarys dziejów militarnych Marek Rezler

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Białoskórski, he broke off the negotiations. As a consequence the battle started.

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Władysław Bortnowski, Warszawa Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, 1952.

2194:"Beiträge zur Beurtheilung der Ereignisse im Grossherzogthum Posen im Jahre 1848" 4017: 2908: 2689: 1586: 1449: 1427:

Funeral services held in Posen for commemoration of the fallen (J. Zajączkowski)

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German, and talked about German interests in the Baltic provinces of Russia.

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On 30 April Ludwik Mierosławski successfully defeated Prussian forces at the

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was turned into a German school and Polish language removed from classes.

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Intensification of anti-Polish policies started from 1830 onwards. As the

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Religion and the Rise of Nationalism - A Profile of an East European City

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Ziemiaństwo wielkopolskie Andrzej Kwilecki Instytut Wydawniczy PAX, 1998

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On 5 April the new "Royal Civil Commissioner for the Province Posen",

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A first attempt to change the situation in the Duchy was made in the

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Autonomy of Grand Duchy of Posen removed, Posen transformed into the

1060:

it was expected, the Legion would fight against the Russian rule in

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Volume 4 Zgórniak Marian, Buszko Józef. Świat Książki 2006 page 224

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W dziewiętnastowiecznym Poznaniu. Życie codzienne miasta 1815-1914

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Warsaw, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN 2007; pages 268, 273-291, 359-370

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Marian B. Michalik, Eugeniusz Duraczyński page 185. Kronika 1994

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Towarzystwo Naukowe Warszawskie, Warsaw, 1935 Kieniewicz Stefan

1931:

David Blackbourn, James N. Retallack University of Toronto 2007

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finalized the German Constitution on 28 March 1849 neither the

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after which it moved into Greater Poland. On 2 May the Polish

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1848 military insurrection in Prussian-occupied Greater Poland

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Anglia wobec sprawy polskiej w okresie Wiosny Ludów 1848–1849

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Anglia wobec sprawy polskiej w okresie Wiosny Ludów 1848-1849

2377:, Zdzisław Jagodziński, Instytut Historii PAN, 1997, page 75 1770: 1768: 1487:

The Grand Duchy of Posen was subsequently replaced with the

797:

The Poles were freed from the Prussians with the victory of

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defeated a Prussian column near Września at the village of

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Zdzisław Jagodziński Instytut Historii PAN, 1997, page 155

2226:

Alvis, Robert E. (2005). Syracuse University Press (ed.).

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Bolesław I's intervention in the Kievan succession crisis

1880:

Wydawnictwo Literackie 2000 Kraków pages 175-184, 307-312

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powstanie wielkopolskie 1848 roku / powstanie poznańskie

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Społeczeństwo polskie w powstaniu poznańskiem 1848 roku

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Społeczeństwo polskie w powstaniu poznańskiem 1848 roku

751: 2514:, Warszawa-Poznań 1994, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe 1899:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 1005:, were sentenced to death, the rest to prison in the 2485:

Norman Davies, Friedrich Griese, Bronisław Geremek,

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Niemcy w Poznańskiem wobec Wiosny Ludów (1848-1850)

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Niemcy w Poznańskiem wobec Wiosny Ludów (1848-1850)

1775:

Niemcy w Poznańskiem wobec Wiosny Ludów (1848-1850)

2475:Mierosławski's report on the Baden campaign (1849) 2059:Das Großherzogtum Posen im Revolutionsjahr 1848/49 50:This too much emphasis on unrelated "background" 2133:God's Playground: A History of Poland: Volume II 1964:Page 224. Anna Radziwiłł and Wojciech Roszkowski 1572:the movement from Greater Poland reached out to 1161:constituting the bulk of the former Province of 2110:(in German). Akademie Verlag. pp. 161/62. 890:briefly stopped in 1822 but restarted in 1824. 143: 3584:Ottoman–Tatar Invasion of Lithuania and Poland 3290:Military of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 2365:Witold Matwiejczyk, Wydawn. KUL, 2009, page 33 2015: 2013: 2011: 1539:in Chełmno. Gustaw Gizewiusz was elected from 3240: 2864: 2655: 2581: 2465:Towarzystwo Naukowe Warszawskie, Warsaw, 1935 2402:Czesław Łuczak Univ. im. A. Mickiewicza, 1978 2009: 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1943:Witold Matwiejczyk Wydawn. KUL, 2009, page 37 1233:prepared plans for possible war with Russia. 337: 8: 1090:was created in Poznań. The Polish historian 303:initially 30,000, later reinforced to 40,000 3580:Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1534–1537) 3568:Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1512–1522) 2426:Jerzy Kozłowski, Poznanskie, 2009, page 139 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 30:For other uprisings in Greater Poland, see 4108: 3601: 3456: 3426:Second Mongol invasion of Poland (1259/60) 3350: 3247: 3233: 3225: 3160: 2983: 2938: 2871: 2857: 2849: 2662: 2648: 2640: 2588: 2574: 2566: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1837: 711:region but some fighting also occurred in 344: 330: 322: 140: 3431:Third Mongol invasion of Poland (1287/88) 3421:First Mongol invasion of Poland (1240/41) 2146: 2144: 2142: 1896:Frederick the Great: A Historical Profile 1835: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1647: 127:Learn how and when to remove this message 3719:War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588) 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2163: 2161: 1807:Robert Blum - ein deutscher Revolutionär 1645: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1482:Revolutions of 1848 in the German states 1359:Further fighting and end of the Uprising 1177:among the nations of Germany and Europe. 3280:History of Polish intelligence services 2512:Dzieje Poznania, tom II cz. 1 1793-1918 1623: 1042:, and were armed with weapons from the 4233:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 2532:, Poznań 1982, Wydawnictwo Poznańskie 1077:would turn its forces against France. 966:landownership in favor of Germans. As 3626:Northern Seven Years' War (1563–1570) 248:Polish militia and peasant guerrillas 7: 3816:Polish–Cossack–Tatar War (1666–1671) 3469:Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk) 2488:Im Herzen Europas, Geschichte Polens 2390:podejmowali dzialania na wlasna reke 2287:British Envoys to Germany, 1816-1866 1281:, who arrived in Poznań early May. 65:adding citations to reliable sources 4052:Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919) 3122:Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919) 2551:O powstaniu wielkopolskim 1848 roku 2400:Studia z dziejów ziemi mogileńskiej 2107:Polonica bei Alexander von Humboldt 1448:, opposed autonomy for Italians in 1351:arrived the Poles counterattacked. 1211:John Fane, 11th Earl of Westmorland 76:"Greater Poland Uprising" 1848 2342:Kronika powstań polskich 1794-1944 833:, where Prussia tried to gain the 707:of Poland was concentrated in the 25: 2062:(in German). Munich: Oldenbourg. 1258:Friedrich August Peter von Colomb 1229:for political talks, and general 1152:From cooperation to confrontation 1105:Friedrich August Peter von Colomb 289:Friedrich August Peter von Colomb 3838:War of the Holy League 1683–1699 3541:Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438) 3332: 3320: 3311: 2923: 2917: 2244:The European Revolutions 1848-51 1433:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria 1289:Outbreak of military hostilities 731: 255: 182:19 March 1848 – 9 May 1848 157: 41: 4331:Frederick William IV of Prussia 3821:Polish–Ottoman War of 1672–1676 3811:Polish–Ottoman War of 1633–1634 3799:Polish–Ottoman War of 1620–1621 3752:Polish–Russian War of 1609–1618 3670:Polish–Swedish War of 1626–1629 3665:Polish–Swedish War of 1621–1625 3660:Polish–Swedish War of 1617–1618 3648:Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1611 3643:Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1629 3536:Władysław the White's rebellion 3523:Polish–Teutonic War (1519–1521) 3508:Polish–Teutonic War (1431–1435) 3474:Polish–Teutonic War (1326–1332) 2085:The European Revolution of 1848 1464:1,500 Poles were imprisoned in 1036:Frederick William IV of Prussia 998:Greater Poland Uprising of 1846 687:) was an unsuccessful military 673:Greater Poland uprising of 1848 52:needs additional citations for 4306:Greater Poland Uprising (1848) 4003:Greater Poland uprising (1848) 3794:Moldavian campaign (1497–1499) 3563:Moldavian campaign (1497–1499) 2934:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 2559:, Koberdowa I., Warszawa 1967; 948:August Neidhardt von Gneisenau 18:Greater Poland uprising (1848) 1: 3910:Russo–Polish War of 1654–1667 3878:Siege of Smolensk (1632–1633) 3551:1444 war against the Ottomans 3378:German–Polish War (1028–1031) 3368:German–Polish War (1003–1018) 3285:List of wars involving Poland 3099:Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907) 3920:War of the Bar Confederation 3915:War of the Polish Succession 3079:1848 Greater Poland uprising 3064:1846 Greater Poland uprising 3054:1806 Greater Poland uprising 3024:1794 Greater Poland uprising 2414:Wydawn. ABOS, 1993, page 128 2104:Zielnica, Krzysztof (2004). 2056:Makowski, Krzysztof (1996). 1976:- volume 18 - page 410, 1973 1200:Attempts to reach compromise 936:Eduard Heinrich von Flotwell 754:or discuss the issue on the 271:and German colonists militia 243:Polish independence movement 192:Prussian Partition of Poland 144:Greater Poland uprising 1848 4278:Russian invasion of Ukraine 4171:Częstochowa Ghetto uprising 3967:War of the Fourth Coalition 3619:campaign of Stephen Báthory 1581:by the German bishopric in 1547:but he died soon after. In 803:War of the Fourth Coalition 703:. The main fighting in the 4352: 4256:Operation Uphold Democracy 3991:War of the Sixth Coalition 3979:War of the Fifth Coalition 3925:Polish–Russian War of 1792 3300:Warfare in Medieval Poland 3275:History of the Polish Army 1509:North German Confederation 866:Karl August von Hardenberg 746:towards certain viewpoints 29: 4179: 4166:Białystok Ghetto uprising 4111: 3996:French invasion of Russia 3855: 3697: 3677:Northern War of 1655–1660 3531: 3353: 3306: 3256:Polish wars and conflicts 2915: 2604: 1878:Historia Polski 1795-1918 1809:(in German). p. 120. 1760:Historia Polski 1795-1918 1511:was established in 1866. 1268:Breakdown of negotiations 1254:Karl Wilhelm von Willisen 1248:Karl Wilhelm von Willisen 1118:Karl Wilhelm von Willisen 1088:Polish National Committee 363: 307: 294: 277: 235: 174: 156: 148: 4084:Second Silesian Uprising 3401:1156 war against Germany 3398:1146 war against Germany 3117:Battle of Lemberg (1918) 3089:Baikal insurrection 1866 2303:Panslavism and Germanism 1530:In the elections to the 1017:Timeline of the uprising 843:Lauenburg and Bütow Land 4283:Military aid to Ukraine 4094:Third Silesian Uprising 4062:First Silesian Uprising 4057:Polish–Czechoslovak War 3826:Battle of Chocim (1673) 3804:Battle of Chocim (1621) 3009:Targowica Confederation 2023:East European Quarterly 1974:Encyclopædia Britannica 1593:Famous insurrectionists 969:Encyclopædia Britannica 32:Greater Poland Uprising 4336:Wars involving Prussia 4161:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 4104:World War II in Poland 3764:Zebrzydowski rebellion 3747:Moldavian Magnate Wars 3714:Siege of Danzig (1577) 2967:Tyszowce Confederation 2904:Prussian Confederation 2330:Wielka Historia Polski 2291:, Cambridge Press 2006 1428: 1249: 1044:Royal Prussian Arsenal 1031: 982:Frederick William IV's 695:against forces of the 684: 278:Commanders and leaders 4266:2003 invasion of Iraq 4194:Operation Ostra Brama 4089:Polish–Lithuanian War 3903:Battle of Berestechko 3631:War against Sigismund 3405:Galicia–Volhynia Wars 3199:Operation Ostra Brama 2894:1038 Peasant Uprising 2524:Trzeciakowska Maria, 2173:Von Krakau bis Danzig 1611:Władysław Niegolewski 1426: 1247: 1126:Karl August Varnhagen 1029: 870:Alexander I of Russia 308:Casualties and losses 4326:Grand Duchy of Posen 4047:Polish–Ukrainian War 3898:Khmelnytsky Uprising 3461:Polish–Teutonic wars 3270:Early modern warfare 2300:Valerian Krasinski, 1525:Society of Plebeians 1497:Frankfurt Parliament 1493:German Confederation 1441:Frankfurt Parliament 1419:Aftermath and legacy 1238:German Confederation 1181:German Confederation 956:Wilhelm von Humboldt 851:German Confederation 847:Starostwo of Draheim 839:Grand Duchy of Posen 782:partitions of Poland 196:Grand Duchy of Posen 61:improve this article 4144:during World War II 3930:Kościuszko Uprising 3894:1644 Tatar Invasion 3868:Fedorovych uprising 3859:1624 Tatar Invasion 3786:Polish–Ottoman wars 3738:1593 Tatar Invasion 3730:1589 Tatar Invasion 3707:Battle of Lubieszów 3636:Battle of Stångebro 3606:Polish–Swedish wars 3513:Thirteen Years' War 3383:Miecław's Rebellion 3358:Polish–Veletian War 3295:Polish Armed Forces 3263:General and related 3014:Kościuszko Uprising 2999:Radom Confederation 2994:Słuck Confederation 2671:Revolutions of 1848 2557:Polska Wiosna Ludów 1495:, however when the 1480:in 1849 during the 1215:Ludwik Mierosławski 1134:Heinrich von Gagern 1048:Ludwik Mierosławski 1030:Ludwik Mierosławski 1003:Ludwik Mierosławski 944:Carl von Clausewitz 807:successful uprising 786:Frederick the Great 752:improve the article 701:Revolutions of 1848 284:Ludwik Mierosławski 166:, 1868 painting by 151:Revolutions of 1848 4271:Occupation of Iraq 4251:War in Afghanistan 4128:Invasion of Poland 4023:fighting in Poland 3944:Poland partitioned 3890:Ostryanyn uprising 3742:Nalyvaiko Uprising 3689:Great Northern War 3653:Battle of Kircholm 3546:Battle of Grotniki 3518:War of the Priests 3491:Battle of Grunwald 3132:Silesian Uprisings 3074:Galician slaughter 2526:Trzeciakowski Lech 2508:Trzeciakowski Lech 2317:"Rising in Poznan" 2241:Jonathan Sperber, 2082:Edward S. Cayley, 1962:Historia 1789-1871 1566:Gustaw Potworowski 1562:August Cieszkowski 1551:, a Polish pastor 1429: 1333:Battle of Miłosław 1327:Battle of Miłosław 1250: 1032: 863:Minister President 831:Congress of Vienna 705:Prussian Partition 697:Kingdom of Prussia 355:Polish–German Wars 263:Kingdom of Prussia 164:Battle at Miłosław 4316:April 1848 events 4311:March 1848 events 4293: 4292: 4228:Racibórz Conflict 4220:People's Republic 4214: 4213: 4189:Operation Tempest 4067:Polish–Soviet War 4008:November Uprising 3984:Austro-Polish War 3972:Prussian campaign 3938: 3937: 3833:Great Turkish War 3774:Battle of Humenné 3769:Thirty Years' War 3757:Battle of Kłuszyn 3734:Kosiński uprising 3724:Battle of Byczyna 3591: 3590: 3503:Gollub War (1422) 3498:Hunger War (1414) 3446: 3445: 3436:Battle of Legnica 3387:1072 war against 3363:Battle of Cedynia 3222: 3221: 3194:Operation Tempest 3189: 3188: 3150:Czortków uprising 3094:Łódź insurrection 3059:November Uprising 3034: 3033: 3004:Bar Confederation 2982: 2981: 2886:Kingdom of Poland 2846: 2845: 2637: 2636: 2457:Stefan Kieniewicz 2192:Adalbert Lipski, 2182:978-3-406-46766-0 2069:978-3-486-56012-1 1515:Polish resistance 1501:Province of Posen 1489:Province of Posen 1478:Palatine Uprising 1470:Stefan Kieniewicz 1299:guerrilla warfare 1231:Ignacy Prądzyński 1146:Constantin Frantz 952:Theodor von Schön 924:November Uprising 773: 772: 666: 665: 366:Holy Roman Empire 320: 319: 231: 230: 226:Province of Posen 137: 136: 129: 111: 16:(Redirected from 4343: 4184:Italian Campaign 4153:Ghetto uprisings 4140:, and 4109: 4072:Battle of Warsaw 4013:January Uprising 3952:Denisko uprising 3885:Pavlyuk uprising 3863:Zhmaylo uprising 3843:Battle of Vienna 3702:Danzig rebellion 3602: 3479:Battle of Płowce 3457: 3452:Jagiellon Poland 3414:Mongol invasions 3351: 3336: 3324: 3315: 3249: 3242: 3235: 3226: 3164:Ghetto uprisings 3161: 3084:January Uprising 3049:Denisko uprising 2984: 2961:Kostka-Napierski 2939: 2927: 2921: 2879:Polish uprisings 2873: 2866: 2859: 2850: 2664: 2657: 2650: 2641: 2590: 2583: 2576: 2567: 2491: 2483: 2477: 2472: 2466: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2384: 2378: 2372: 2366: 2360: 2354: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2327: 2321: 2320: 2313: 2307: 2298: 2292: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2274: 2273: 2264:. Archived from 2258: 2247: 2239: 2233: 2231: 2222: 2197: 2190: 2184: 2165: 2156: 2153:God's playground 2148: 2137: 2128: 2122: 2121: 2101: 2088: 2080: 2074: 2073: 2053: 2028: 2026: 2017: 1986: 1983: 1977: 1971: 1965: 1959: 1953: 1950: 1944: 1938: 1932: 1925: 1919: 1918: 1887: 1881: 1871: 1812: 1810: 1805:Reichel, Peter. 1801: 1790: 1784: 1778: 1772: 1763: 1753: 1599:Tytus Działyński 1537:Szkółka Narodowa 1532:Prussian Landtag 1521:Poznan Committee 1474:Baden Revolution 1386: 1223:Adam Czartoryski 1196:(Neutomischel). 1066:Adam Czartoryski 940:Karl von Grolman 926:in Russian-held 805:, and started a 768: 765: 759: 735: 734: 727: 358: 356: 346: 339: 332: 323: 316:about 500 killed 261: 259: 258: 214:Prussian victory 176: 175: 161: 141: 132: 125: 121: 118: 112: 110: 69: 45: 37: 21: 4351: 4350: 4346: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4341: 4340: 4321:May 1848 events 4296: 4295: 4294: 4289: 4237: 4210: 4204:Warsaw Uprising 4175: 4147: 4098: 4039:Second Republic 4033: 3957:Napoleonic Wars 3934: 3851: 3780: 3693: 3587: 3573:Battle of Orsha 3556:Battle of Varna 3527: 3442: 3409: 3394:Siege of Głogów 3340: 3339: 3328: 3304: 3258: 3253: 3223: 3218: 3214:Kraków Uprising 3209:Warsaw Uprising 3185: 3159: 3155:Zamość uprising 3136: 3109:Second Republic 3103: 3069:Kraków uprising 3030: 3019:Warsaw Uprising 2978: 2928: 2922: 2913: 2880: 2877: 2847: 2842: 2827:United Kingdom 2812:Ottoman Empire 2771:Austrian Empire 2759: 2704: 2673: 2668: 2638: 2633: 2600: 2594: 2500: 2495: 2494: 2484: 2480: 2473: 2469: 2455: 2451: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2430: 2422: 2418: 2410: 2406: 2398: 2394: 2385: 2381: 2373: 2369: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2348: 2340: 2336: 2328: 2324: 2315: 2314: 2310: 2299: 2295: 2284: 2280: 2271: 2269: 2260: 2259: 2250: 2240: 2236: 2225: 2223: 2200: 2196:(German), p. 56 2191: 2187: 2176:, Munich 2000, 2166: 2159: 2150:Norman Davies, 2149: 2140: 2130:Norman Davies. 2129: 2125: 2118: 2103: 2102: 2091: 2081: 2077: 2070: 2055: 2054: 2031: 2020: 2018: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1972: 1968: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1947: 1939: 1935: 1926: 1922: 1911: 1891:Ritter, Gerhard 1889: 1888: 1884: 1874:Andrzej Chwalba 1872: 1815: 1804: 1802: 1793: 1785: 1781: 1773: 1766: 1754: 1625: 1620: 1595: 1553:Józef Szafranek 1517: 1462: 1454:Alsace-Lorraine 1421: 1380: 1361: 1329: 1291: 1279:Ernst von Pfuel 1270: 1202: 1192:(Meseritz) and 1154: 1138:Georg Gervinius 1083: 1062:Congress Poland 1024: 1019: 928:Congress Poland 920: 879:Congress Poland 845:and the former 835:Duchy of Warsaw 819: 811:Duchy of Warsaw 795: 778: 769: 763: 760: 749: 736: 732: 725: 677:Poznań Uprising 669: 668: 667: 662: 632: 606:Weimar Republic 602: 552: 490: 430: 359: 354: 352: 350: 256: 254: 220: 206: 162: 133: 122: 116: 113: 70: 68: 58: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4349: 4347: 4339: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4298: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4288: 4287: 4286: 4285: 4275: 4274: 4273: 4268: 4258: 4253: 4247: 4245: 4243:Third Republic 4239: 4238: 4236: 4235: 4230: 4224: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4208: 4207: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4186: 4180: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4157: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4145: 4130: 4125: 4124: 4123: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4099: 4097: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4080: 4079: 4077:Kiev offensive 4074: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4043: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4031: 4030: 4029: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3999: 3998: 3988: 3987: 3986: 3976: 3975: 3974: 3964: 3962:Peninsular War 3959: 3954: 3948: 3946: 3940: 3939: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3906: 3905: 3895: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3881: 3880: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3856: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3849: 3848: 3847: 3846: 3845: 3830: 3829: 3828: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3807: 3806: 3796: 3790: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3778: 3777: 3776: 3766: 3761: 3760: 3759: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3736: 3731: 3728: 3727: 3726: 3716: 3711: 3710: 3709: 3698: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3691: 3686: 3685: 3684: 3674: 3673: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3656: 3655: 3640: 3639: 3638: 3628: 3623: 3622: 3621: 3610: 3608: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3585: 3582: 3577: 3576: 3575: 3565: 3560: 3559: 3558: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3532: 3529: 3528: 3526: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3494: 3493: 3483: 3482: 3481: 3471: 3465: 3463: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3440: 3439: 3438: 3428: 3423: 3417: 3415: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3407: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3391: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3338: 3337: 3326: 3325: 3317: 3316: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3266: 3264: 3260: 3259: 3254: 3252: 3251: 3244: 3237: 3229: 3220: 3219: 3217: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3190: 3187: 3186: 3184: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3167: 3165: 3158: 3157: 3152: 3146: 3144: 3138: 3137: 3135: 3134: 3129: 3127:Sejny Uprising 3124: 3119: 3113: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3102: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3045: 3043: 3036: 3035: 3032: 3031: 3029: 3028: 3027: 3026: 3021: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2990: 2988: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2945: 2943: 2936: 2930: 2929: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2890: 2888: 2882: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2875: 2868: 2861: 2853: 2844: 2843: 2841: 2840: 2839: 2838: 2833: 2825: 2824: 2823: 2818: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2794: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2760: 2758: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2746: 2745: 2735: 2734: 2733: 2723: 2718: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2705: 2703: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2674: 2669: 2667: 2666: 2659: 2652: 2644: 2635: 2634: 2632: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2598:Greater Poland 2595: 2593: 2592: 2585: 2578: 2570: 2564: 2563: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2540: 2522: 2504:Topolski Jerzy 2499: 2496: 2493: 2492: 2478: 2467: 2449: 2437: 2428: 2416: 2404: 2392: 2379: 2367: 2355: 2346: 2334: 2322: 2308: 2293: 2278: 2248: 2234: 2230:. p. 164. 2198: 2185: 2157: 2138: 2123: 2116: 2089: 2075: 2068: 2029: 1987: 1978: 1966: 1954: 1945: 1933: 1920: 1909: 1882: 1813: 1791: 1779: 1764: 1622: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1614: 1608: 1602: 1594: 1591: 1578:Emanuel Smołka 1516: 1513: 1466:Poznań Citadel 1461: 1458: 1420: 1417: 1370:Tuchola Forest 1360: 1357: 1328: 1325: 1290: 1287: 1269: 1266: 1219:Russian Empire 1201: 1198: 1153: 1150: 1082: 1079: 1052:Black-Red-Gold 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 919: 916: 823:Greater Poland 818: 815: 794: 791: 777: 774: 771: 770: 739: 737: 730: 724: 721: 709:Greater Poland 664: 663: 661: 660: 655: 650: 645: 639: 638: 631: 630: 625: 620: 615: 609: 608: 601: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 559: 558: 551: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 499: 498: 495:Teutonic Order 489: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 437: 436: 429: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 364: 361: 360: 351: 349: 348: 341: 334: 326: 318: 317: 314: 310: 309: 305: 304: 301: 297: 296: 292: 291: 286: 280: 279: 275: 274: 273: 272: 251: 250: 249: 238: 237: 233: 232: 229: 228: 222: 216: 215: 212: 208: 207: 190: 188: 184: 183: 180: 172: 171: 168:Juliusz Kossak 154: 153: 146: 145: 139: 138: 135: 134: 49: 47: 40: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4348: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4284: 4281: 4280: 4279: 4276: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4263: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4240: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4217: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4199:Lwów uprising 4197: 4195: 4192: 4191: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4181: 4178: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4150: 4143: 4142:contributions 4139: 4135: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4122: 4121:Eastern Front 4119: 4118: 4117: 4114: 4113: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4101: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4069: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4036: 4028: 4027:Eastern Front 4024: 4021: 4020: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3997: 3994: 3993: 3992: 3989: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3980: 3977: 3973: 3970: 3969: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3941: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3904: 3901: 3900: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3879: 3876: 3875: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3857: 3854: 3844: 3841: 3840: 3839: 3836: 3835: 3834: 3831: 3827: 3824: 3823: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3805: 3802: 3801: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3775: 3772: 3771: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3758: 3755: 3754: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3729: 3725: 3722: 3721: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3708: 3705: 3704: 3703: 3700: 3699: 3696: 3690: 3687: 3683: 3680: 3679: 3678: 3675: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3654: 3651: 3650: 3649: 3646: 3645: 3644: 3641: 3637: 3634: 3633: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3620: 3617: 3616: 3615: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3594: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3574: 3571: 3570: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3557: 3554: 3553: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3533: 3530: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3492: 3489: 3488: 3487: 3484: 3480: 3477: 3476: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3437: 3434: 3433: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3418: 3416: 3412: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3343: 3335: 3331: 3330: 3329: 3323: 3319: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3309: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3250: 3245: 3243: 3238: 3236: 3231: 3230: 3227: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3204:Lwów Uprising 3202: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3191: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3139: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3106: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3037: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3016: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2946: 2944: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2926: 2920: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2874: 2869: 2867: 2862: 2860: 2855: 2854: 2851: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2828: 2826: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2772: 2769: 2768: 2766: 2762: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2744: 2741: 2740: 2739: 2736: 2732: 2729: 2728: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2695:Republicanism 2693: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2665: 2660: 2658: 2653: 2651: 2646: 2645: 2642: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2603: 2599: 2596:Uprisings in 2591: 2586: 2584: 2579: 2577: 2572: 2571: 2568: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2538:83-210-0316-8 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2521: 2520:83-01-11393-6 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2502: 2501: 2497: 2490: 2489: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2471: 2468: 2464: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2438: 2432: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2405: 2401: 2396: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2356: 2350: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2323: 2318: 2312: 2309: 2305: 2304: 2297: 2294: 2290: 2288: 2282: 2279: 2268:on 2011-09-28 2267: 2263: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2246: 2245: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2155: 2154: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2134: 2127: 2124: 2119: 2117:3-05-003867-5 2113: 2109: 2108: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2087: 2086: 2079: 2076: 2071: 2065: 2061: 2060: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1982: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1955: 1949: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1934: 1930: 1924: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1910:0-520-02775-2 1906: 1902: 1898: 1897: 1892: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1617: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1596: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1557: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 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Knowledge (XXG)

Greater Poland Uprising (1848)

Index