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after
European colonisation. Reportedly brought to the Americas by Puritan colonizers, plantain was known among some Native American peoples by the common name "white man's footprint", because it thrived in the disturbed and damaged ecosystems surrounding European settlements. The ability of plantain
956:
has many common names. In addition to "broadleaf plantain" and "greater plantain", other common names include: common plantain, broad-leaved plantain, cart track plant, dooryard plantain, greater plantago, healing blade, hen plant, lambs foot, roadweed, roundleaf plantain, snakeroot, waybread,
343:
and propagates primarily by seeds, which are held on the long, narrow spikes which rise well above the foliage. Each plant can produce up to 20,000 seeds, which are very small and oval-shaped, with a bitter taste.
880:
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336:, produced in a dense spike 5–15 cm (2–6 in) long on top of a stem 13–15 cm (5–6 in) tall and rarely to 70 cm (28 in) tall.
2167:
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324: in) broad, rarely up to 30 cm (12 in) long and 17 cm (7 in) broad, with an acute apex, a smooth margin, and a distinct
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when young and tender, but they quickly become tough and fibrous as they get older. The older leaves can be cooked in stews. The leaves contain
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grows in lawns and fields, along roadsides, and in other areas that have been disturbed by humans. It does particularly well in
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15–30 centimetres (6–12 inches) in diameter. Each leaf is oval-shaped, 5–20 cm (2–8 in) long and 4–9 cm (
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1833:
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520:. The seeds are so small that they are tedious to gather, but they can be ground into a flour substitute or extender.
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almost as long as the leaf itself. There are five to nine conspicuous veins over the length of the leaf. The
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The young, tender leaves can be eaten raw, and the older, stringier leaves can be boiled in stews and eaten.
1735:
1603:
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689:
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959:
204:
1776:
914:
1936:
1670:
819:"The traditional uses, chemical constituents and biological activities of Plantago major L. A review"
556:
512:
and other minerals, and 100 grams (3.5 ounces) of plantain contain approximately the same amount of
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1998:
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1226:. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). p. 190.
846:
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on wounds, sores, or insect stings. The root was used for fever and respiratory infections.
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1116:
Invasive Plant
Medicine: The Ecological Benefits and Healing Abilities of Invasives
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to survive frequent trampling and colonize compacted soils makes it important for
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788:
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1900:
1882:
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17:
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1197:
Handbook of
Phytochemical Constituents of GRAS Herbs and Other Economic Plants
545:
462:
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grain and other crop seeds. As a result, it now has a worldwide distribution.
364:
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1701:
1531:
842:
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1985:
1709:
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731:
Edible Wild Plants: A North
American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods
729:
429:
or disturbed soils. It is believed to be one of the first plants to reach
2068:
1962:
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560:
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964:
An
Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada, Volume 3
537:
509:
443:
439:
552:. Plantain extract has been studied for its potential health effects.
1789:
1042:
From Earth to
Herbalist: An Earth-Conscious Guide to Medicinal Plants
517:
489:
450:
408:
357:
352:
Broadleaf plantain is not closely related to the fruit also known as
333:
329:
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1502:
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surfaces, while simultaneously holding together the soil to prevent
1812:
1688:
492:, including 'Rubrifolia' with purple leaves, and 'Variegata' with
474:
99:
1475:
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1444:
1393:
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27:
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that can be used in survival situations to make small cords,
966:(second ed.). Dover Publications, inc. p. 245.
1515:
1484:
1463:
1427:
1384:
1304:
A Field Guide to
Western Medicinal Plants and Herbs
1277:
The Herbal
Medicine Maker's Handbook: A Home Manual
812:
810:
1113:Scott, Timothy Lee; Buhner, Steven Harrod (2010).
957:wayside plantain, and white man's foot prints. --
449:The seeds of plantain are a common contaminant in
1119:. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. p. 253.
1146:. University of Nevada Press. pp. 148–149.
1039:Tilford, Gregory L.; Gladstar, Rosemary (1998).
1140:Vizgirdas, Ray S.; Rey-Vizgirdas, Edna (2005).
1280:. Chelsea Green Publishing. pp. 314–315.
660:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T168960A1257878.en
1361:
1220:Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation (2005).
728:Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) .
8:
461:The mature plant contains pliable and tough
1301:Foster, Steven; Hobbs, Christopher (2002).
1223:A Guide to Medicinal Plants in North Africa
1503:
1368:
1354:
1346:
1307:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 224.
681:
679:
677:
61:
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992:Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland
850:
707:Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989).
658:
1165:
1163:
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1069:Edible and Medicinal Plants of the West
933:United States Department of Agriculture
924:Germplasm Resources Information Network
909:
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872:
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592:Close-up of reduced, grass-like flowers
570:
555:Plantain leaves were used commonly in
332:are small, greenish-brown with purple
976:Joint Nature Conservation Committee:
892:
890:
7:
2097:68b1fb30-e4de-4d17-9b7e-ed332716aabf
1937:1898eab1-47b4-43d3-81b6-810c2ad7924d
709:Flora of Britain and Northern Europe
2163:IUCN Red List least concern species
817:Samuelsen, Anne Berit (July 2000).
646:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
258:. The plant is native to Eurasia.
25:
766:Parnell, J. and Curtis, T. 2012.
2048:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:321286-2
1331:
1143:Wild Plants Of The Sierra Nevada
609:
597:
585:
573:
86:
2168:Flora of the Dominican Republic
1094:New RHS Dictionary of Gardening
1072:. Mountain Press. p. 112.
1045:. Mountain Press. p. 163.
407:The plant is native to most of
1:
929:Agricultural Research Service
835:10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00212-9
1066:Tilford, Gregory L. (1997).
823:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
793:. Island Press. p. 49.
787:Sauer, Leslie Jones (1998).
580:Growing in crack in sidewalk
2198:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
504:The leaves are edible as a
2219:
1253:. CRC Press. p. 151.
1199:. CRC Press. p. 471.
1018:. CRC Press. p. 150.
790:The Once and Future Forest
770:. Cork University Press.
411:and northern and central
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83:Scientific classification
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59:
50:
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34:
2193:Plants described in 1753
1250:Handbook of Edible Weeds
1092:Huxley, A., ed. (1992).
1015:Handbook of Edible Weeds
962:; Addison Brown (1913).
896:Natural History Museum:
419:elsewhere in the world.
403:Distribution and habitat
273:Broadleaf plantain spike
1191:Duke, James A. (2001).
1173:. Drugs.com. 2020-09-23
960:Britton, Nathaniel Lord
254:in the plantain family
1464:Sugar-containing herbs
635:Maiz-Tome, L. (2016).
274:
2107:broad-leaved-plantain
1274:Green, James (2000).
768:Webb's An Irish Flora
653:: e.T168960A1257878.
616:Cultivar 'Rubrifolia'
438:. Its roots break up
356:, which is a kind of
272:
240:white man's footprint
1342:at Wikimedia Commons
1247:Duke, James (2001).
1012:Duke, James (2001).
1428:Bulk-forming agents
436:soil rehabilitation
53:Conservation status
1440:Broadleaf plantain
999:2007-08-08 at the
528:Plantain contains
275:
250:, is a species of
236:broadleaf plantain
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1971:Open Tree of Life
1509:Taxon identifiers
1500:
1499:
1336:Media related to
978:Greater Plantain
800:978-1-55963-553-0
745:978-1-4027-6715-9
686:Flora of Pakistan
604:Developing fruits
415:, but has widely
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1193:"Plantago major"
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398:(Wirtg.) W.Ludw.
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877:Flora Europaea
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738:. p. 79.
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558:
557:folk medicine
553:
551:
547:
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523:
521:
519:
515:
514:beta-carotene
511:
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431:North America
428:
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388:(DC.) Arcang.
387:
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205:Binomial name
202:
198:
197:
196:P. major
192:
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185:
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167:
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113:Tracheophytes
111:
108:
105:
104:
101:
98:
95:
94:
89:
84:
80:
74:
69:
68:Least Concern
58:
54:
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1142:
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922:
916:
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826:
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789:
782:
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762:
734:. New York:
730:
723:
708:
690:
685:
664:. Retrieved
650:
644:
638:
630:
554:
550:asperuloside
542:ursolic acid
527:
503:
479:
467:fishing line
460:
448:
422:
421:
406:
395:
391:
385:
381:
375:
371:
362:
351:
339:Plantain is
338:
277:
276:
260:
247:
243:
239:
235:
230:
229:
228:
213:
211:
195:
194:
182:
145:
132:
119:
106:
35:
29:
2022:kew-2569743
1883:NatureServe
1785:iNaturalist
1541:Wikispecies
1419:Yellow dock
938:16 December
666:18 November
516:as a large
506:salad green
486:ornamentals
417:naturalised
265:Description
126:Angiosperms
2183:Demulcents
2157:Categories
2114:WisFlora:
2017:Plant List
1621:Calflora:
1492:Castor oil
1455:Tragacanth
1177:2020-04-18
1171:"Plantago"
622:References
546:flavonoids
532:including
494:variegated
386:intermedia
365:subspecies
282:herbaceous
1741:200022050
1710:FloraBase
1435:Ispaghula
1378:laxatives
843:0378-8741
754:244766414
561:poultices
559:for skin
534:allantoin
500:Edibility
482:cultivars
427:compacted
190:Species:
96:Kingdom:
2173:Plantago
2092:VicFlora
2081:VASCAN:
2074:25200022
2069:Tropicos
1983:PalDat:
1922:NSWFlora
1888:2.146139
1826:10591873
1813:321286-2
1658:eFloraSA
1611:BioLib:
1526:Wikidata
1471:Tamarind
1404:Frangula
997:Archived
994:Database
982:Linnaeus
861:10904143
736:Sterling
496:leaves.
475:braiding
354:plantain
348:Taxonomy
244:waybread
183:Plantago
168:Family:
162:Lamiales
152:Asterids
139:Eudicots
73:IUCN 3.1
1764:3189767
1645:Ecocrop
1532:Q157154
1409:Rhubarb
1399:Cascara
852:7142308
567:Gallery
538:aucubin
510:calcium
490:gardens
471:sutures
444:erosion
440:hardpan
396:winteri
394:subsp.
384:subsp.
374:subsp.
334:stamens
330:flowers
326:petiole
319:⁄
305:⁄
290:rosette
288:with a
178:Genus:
158:Order:
100:Plantae
71: (
2030:PLANTS
1976:122965
1934:NZOR:
1865:168960
1751:PLAMAJ
1748:FoIO:
1702:177829
1676:579221
1578:115127
1575:APDB:
1555:AoFP:
1311:
1284:
1257:
1230:
1203:
1150:
1123:
1100:
1076:
1049:
1022:
859:
849:
841:
797:
774:
752:
742:
715:
548:, and
518:carrot
463:fibres
451:cereal
409:Europe
358:banana
294:leaves
234:, the
2124:WoI:
2104:WiO:
2061:42126
2035:PLMA2
2006:PFI:
1963:20430
1945:NZPCN
1914:29818
1852:32887
1839:41814
1821:IRMNG
1797:IPA:
1790:58961
1777:28788
1723:FoAO2
1697:EUNIS
1689:PLAMA
1637:4JLPC
1614:40984
1591:78653
1565:APA:
1485:Other
1414:Senna
480:Some
473:, or
376:major
280:is a
246:, or
146:Clade
133:Clade
120:Clade
107:Clade
2117:4520
2084:7308
2043:POWO
2009:5097
1994:PfaF
1950:3056
1909:NCBI
1875:1966
1860:IUCN
1847:ITIS
1808:IPNI
1800:6201
1772:GRIN
1759:GBIF
1715:7304
1684:EPPO
1650:1733
1624:6619
1599:ATRF
1586:APNI
1568:2847
1558:1687
1476:Plum
1450:Bran
1445:Agar
1394:Aloe
1309:ISBN
1282:ISBN
1255:ISBN
1228:ISBN
1201:ISBN
1148:ISBN
1121:ISBN
1098:ISBN
1074:ISBN
1047:ISBN
1020:ISBN
940:2017
857:PMID
839:ISSN
795:ISBN
772:ISBN
750:OCLC
740:ISBN
713:ISBN
668:2021
651:2016
457:Uses
413:Asia
2135:WFO
2127:985
2056:RHS
1896:NBN
1834:ISC
1736:FoC
1671:EoL
1632:CoL
847:PMC
831:doi
655:doi
488:in
292:of
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