123:
134:. As landscape ecology considerations were not incorporated into original boundary, revisions were suggested to conform more closely to natural topographic features, such as the ridgeline of the Absaroka Range along the east boundary. In 1929, President Hoover signed the first bill changing the park's boundaries: The northwest corner now included a significant area of petrified trees; the northeast corner was defined by the watershed of Pebble Creek; the eastern boundary included the headwaters of the Lamar River and part of the watershed of the Yellowstone River. In 1932, President Hoover issued an executive order that added more than 7,000 acres (2,800 ha) between the north boundary and the Yellowstone River, west of Gardiner. These lands provided winter range for elk and other ungulates. By the 1970s, the
33:
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142:) range in and near the park became the first informal minimum boundary of a theoretical "Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem" that included at least 4,000,000 acres (16,000 km). Since then, definitions of the greater ecosystem's size have steadily grown larger. A 1994 study listed the size as 19,000,000 acres (76,890 km), while a 1994 speech by a Greater Yellowstone Coalition leader enlarged that to 20,000,000 acres (80,000 km).
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A 1959-1970 bear study suggested a grizzly bear population size of about 176, later revised to about 229. Later estimates have ranged as low as 136 and as high as 540; the most recent is a minimum estimate of 236, but biologists think there may be as many as 1,000 bears in the ecosystem. Although the
422:
rather than over broader ecological principles. Though 20 or 30 or even 50 years of information on a population may be considered long-term by some, one of the important lessons of
Greater Yellowstone management is that even half a century is not long enough to give a full idea of how a species may
785:
were depleted because of excessive harvest. Its current recovery, though a significant management achievement, does not begin to restore the species' historical abundance. Also, they declined because of invasive lake trout. An aggressive lake trout removal program has caused the cutthroats to
759:
Greater
Yellowstone population is relatively close to recovery goals, the plan's definition of recovery is controversial. Thus, even though the population may be stable or possibly increasing in the short term, in the longer term, continued
1061:
Tallian, Aimee; Ordiz, Andrés; Metz, Matthew C.; Milleret, Cyril; Wikenros, Camilla; Smith, Douglas W.; Stahler, Daniel R.; Kindberg, Jonas; MacNulty, Daniel R.; Wabakken, Petter; Swenson, Jon E.; Sand, Håkan (February 8, 2017).
805:. These populations were decimated by 1900, and declines continued among remaining herds. On the park's northern range, pronghorn declined from 500 to 700 in the 1930s to about 122 in 1968. By 1992 the herd had increased to 536.
847:
population. The bears, emerging from hibernation, chose to scavenge off wolf kills to gain needed energy and fatten up after fasting for months. Dozens of other species have been documented scavenging from wolf kills.
750:
abundance dates to the mid-19th century, and administrators have made informal population estimates for more than 70 years. From these sources, ecologists know the species was common in
Greater Yellowstone when
835:, the primary prey of the gray wolf, became less abundant and changed their behavior, freeing riparian zones from constant grazing. The respite allowed willows and aspens to grow, creating habitat for
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is a species of special interest, in large part because of its seasonal importance to grizzly bears, but also because its distribution could be dramatically reduced by relatively minor
625:), which is causing heavy mortality in the species. Occasional resistant individuals occur, but in the short to medium term, a severe population decline is expected.
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Subcommittees on Public Lands and
National Parks and Recreation held a joint subcommittee hearing on Greater Yellowstone, resulting in a 1986 report by the
609:. In this case, researchers do not have a good long-term data set on the species, but they understand its ecology well enough to project declining future
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We also observed black bears (Ursus americanus), coyotes (Canis latrans), and golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) prey on elk calves during this study.
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arrived and that the population was not isolated before the 1930s, but is now. Researchers do not know if bears were more or less common than now.
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Worrall, James J.; Rehfeldt, Gerald E.; Hamann, Andreas; Hogg, Edward H.; Marchetti, Suzanne B.; Michaelian, Michael; Gray, Laura K. (July 2013).
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Buermeyer, Karl; Reinhart, Daniel; Legg, Kristin (2016), Hansen, Andrew J.; Monahan, William B.; Olliff, S. Thomas; Theobald, David M. (eds.),
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itself, long-term records indicate an almost remarkable restoration of robust populations from only three decades ago when the numbers of this
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1958:
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on the park's northern range since 1872 range from 50% to 95%. The decline has been linked to multiple stressors, such as defoliation by the
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Worrall, James J.; Egeland, Leanne; Eager, Thomas; Mask, Roy A.; Johnson, Erik W.; Kemp, Philip A.; Shepperd, Wayne D. (March 2008).
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344:(Cervus canadensis) are abundant and form a key component of the ecosystem, providing sustenance for predators. Other significant
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1938:
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843:, and scores of other species. In addition to the effects on prey species, the gray wolf's presence also affected the park's
777:) have suffered considerable declines since European settlement, but recently began flourishing in some areas. Especially in
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1288:"Initial effects of reintroduced wolves Canis lupus on bighorn sheep Ovis canadensis dynamics in Yellowstone National Park"
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Conference: Proceedings-International
Workshop on Subalpine Stone Pines and Their Environment: The Status of Our Knowledge
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The GYE is home to some of North
America's most iconic wildlife. The ecosystem supports the largest free-roaming herds of
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outlining shortcomings in inter-agency coordination and concluding that the area's essential values were at risk.
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The GYE also encompasses some privately held and state lands surrounding those managed by the U.S. Government.
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White, P.J.; Davis, Troy L.; Barnowe-Meyer, Kerey K.; Crabtree, Robert L.; Garrott, Robert A. (April 2007).
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177:
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1604:"Growth and dieback of aspen forests in northwestern Alberta, Canada, in relation to climate and insects"
1121:"A Mammalian Predator-Prey Imbalance: Grizzly Bear and Wolf Extinction Affect Avian Neotropical Migrants"
309:
has protected 67,000 acres (27,000 ha) over about 40 projects in the
Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem.
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1381:
Park, Mailing
Address: PO Box 168 Yellowstone National; Us, WY 82190-0168 Phone: 307-344-7381 Contact.
403:
1701:
1654:
1541:
1252:
92:
398:, have experienced declines, linked to the decrease in Cutthroat Trout. Several bird species act as
1814:
1448:"Implications of Cutthroat Trout Declines for Breeding Ospreys and Bald Eagles at Yellowstone Lake"
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629:
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274:
85:
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1160:"Predatory Behavior of Grizzly Bears Feeding on Elk Calves in Yellowstone National Park, 1986-88"
130:
Yellowstone
National Park boundaries were drawn in 1872 with the intent to include all the known
95:. The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) is one of the world's foremost natural laboratories in
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1530:"The central role of Clark's nutcracker in the dispersal and establishment of whitebark pine"
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1737:"Montana to start trucking grizzlies into Yellowstone region to improve delisting prospects"
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1064:"Competition between apex predators? Brown bears decrease wolf kill rate on two continents"
1011:"15 Facts About Our National Mammal: The American Bison | U.S. Department of the Interior"
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Baril, Lisa M.; Smith, Douglas W.; Drummer, Thomas; Koel, Todd M. (September 2013).
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Ecological management has been most often advanced through concerns over individual
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383:
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107:
106:, and is a world-renowned recreational destination. It is also home to the diverse
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1119:
Berger, Joel; Stacey, Peter B.; Bellis, Lori; Johnson, Matthew P. (August 2001).
1493:, Washington, DC: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics, pp. 304–326,
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693:
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427:
331:
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1319:"Origin, expansion, and status of mountain goats in Yellowstone National Park"
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Climate Change in
Wildlands: Pioneering Approaches to Science and Management
1286:
White, Patrick J; Lemke, Thomas O; Tyers, Daniel B; Fuller, Julie A (2008).
1037:"Yellowstone Bison - Yellowstone National Park (U.S. National Park Service)"
828:
790:
353:
53:
1813:
Smith, Douglas W.; Peterson, Rolf O.; Houston, Douglas B. (April 1, 2003).
1690:"Recent declines of Populus tremuloides in North America linked to climate"
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1422:"Peregrine Falcon - Yellowstone National Park (U.S. National Park Service)"
1105:
1079:
988:
Yellowstone National Park - Birth of a National Park - Boundary Adjustments
613:. A more immediate and serious threat to whitebark pines is an introduced
451:
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bacteria. These bacteria have been useful in studies of the evolution of
345:
100:
1894:
Greater Yellowstone Coalition: The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem website
1463:
1553:
1383:"Golden Eagle - Yellowstone National Park (U.S. National Park Service)"
1191:
1159:
718: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
458:
419:
297:
191: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
126:
Grizzly bear range expansion in Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem 1990–2018
103:
73:
69:
1763:"'People may be overselling the myth': should we bring back the wolf?"
1643:"Rapid mortality of Populus tremuloides in southwestern Colorado, USA"
326:
on public land, a species central to the region's ecological balance.
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1357:"Bald Eagle - Yellowstone National Park (U.S. National Park Service)"
802:
752:
443:
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391:
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The GYE is home to a variety of birds, including iconic species like
1619:
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1210:"MOOSE POPULATION HISTORY ON THE NORTHERN YELLOWSTONE WINTER RANGE"
91:
The area is a flagship site among conservation groups that promote
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31:
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The Trust for Public Land - Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem Program
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USGS Rocky Mountain Mapping Center: Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
1487:"Case Study: Whitebark Pine in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem"
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The Yellowstone hot springs are important for their diversity of
798:
782:
1903:
1214:
Alces: A Journal Devoted to the Biology and Management of Moose
832:
687:
490:
341:
160:
1241:"Partial migration and philopatry of Yellowstone pronghorn"
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10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[0947:AMPPIG]2.0.CO;2
406:
plays a crucial role in the dispersal of the all-important
1602:
Hogg, E H; Brandt, James P; Kochtubajda, B (May 1, 2002).
1335:
10.2193/0091-7648(2004)32[532:OEASOM]2.0.CO;2
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10.2981/0909-6396(2008)14[138:IEORWC]2.0.CO;2
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10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0330:YAW]2.0.CO;2
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in 1995, researchers noticed drastic changes occurring.
338:
that play crucial roles in regulating prey populations.
1068:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
80:, and is about 22 million acres (89,000 km).
468:
Current (top) and projected (bottom) distribution of
1585:"Bear Use of Whitebark Pine Seeds in North America"
1528:Hutchins, H. E.; Lanner, R. M. (November 1, 1982).
521:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1865:
52:is one of the last remaining large, nearly intact
1583:Mattson, David; Reinhart, Daniel (January 1994).
219:Federally managed areas within the GYE include:
1158:French, Steven P.; French, Marilynn G. (1990).
666:), fungal disturbances such as those by the
8:
801:of hundreds seen ranging through most major
674:), and Climate change related stressors.
423:vary in its occupation of a wild ecosystem.
1406:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
884:
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446:is common and there are some sulfur fixing
374:List_of_birds_of_Yellowstone_National_Park
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734:Learn how and when to remove this message
581:Learn how and when to remove this message
300:protection than the USFS otherwise uses.
236:John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial Parkway
207:Learn how and when to remove this message
1904:Yellowstone-Teton Clean Energy Coalition
907:. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from
819:The park is a commonly cited example of
296:since 1966, mandating a higher level of
874:
767:activities may well reverse the trend.
292:have been established within the GYE's
271:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
1399:
684:Category: Fauna of the Rocky Mountains
487:Category: Flora of the Rocky Mountains
147:United States House of Representatives
863:Ecology of the Rocky Mountains topics
454:is being used as an energy source by
242:United States National Forest Service
7:
1208:Tyers, Daniel B. (January 1, 2006).
920:
918:
716:adding citations to reliable sources
519:adding citations to reliable sources
283:Grays Lake National Wildlife Refuges
189:adding citations to reliable sources
64:. It is located within the northern
1608:Canadian Journal of Forest Research
1164:Bears: Their Biology and Management
901:"The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem"
797:) in Greater Yellowstone described
654:), wood-boring beetles such as the
224:United States National Park Service
50:Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE)
827:. After the reintroduction of the
25:
1735:Koshmrl, Mike (January 6, 2024).
823:affecting an ecosystem through a
763:, climate change, and increasing
402:within the GYE. For example, the
1872:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
1761:Weston, Phoebe (June 23, 2022).
980: This article incorporates
975:
893: This article incorporates
888:
815:History of wolves in Yellowstone
692:
495:
165:
27:Ecosystem in the Rocky Mountains
951:"Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem"
926:"Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem"
703:needs additional citations for
662:) and the bronze poplar borer (
530:"Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem"
506:needs additional citations for
434:and as sources of thermostable
176:needs additional citations for
132:geothermal basins in the region
1929:Ecology of the Rocky Mountains
1868:Travels in Greater Yellowstone
1317:Lemke, Thomas O. (June 2004).
858:Ecology of the Rocky Mountains
330:(Ursus arctos horribilis) and
151:Congressional Research Service
1:
1924:Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
1694:Forest Ecology and Management
1647:Forest Ecology and Management
476:in Yellowstone National Park.
18:Greater Yellowstone ecosystem
1964:Flora of the Rocky Mountains
1959:Fauna of the Rocky Mountains
1714:10.1016/j.foreco.2012.12.033
1667:10.1016/j.foreco.2007.09.071
1499:10.5822/978-1-61091-713-1_15
1265:10.1016/j.biocon.2006.10.041
991:. U.S. National Park Service
775:Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri
628:Estimates of the decline of
324:American bison (Bison bison)
771:Yellowstone cutthroat trout
313:Animals and plant diversity
68:, in areas of northwestern
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1949:Northwestern United States
1815:"Yellowstone after Wolves"
1452:Journal of Raptor Research
955:U.S. National Park Service
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681:
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1954:Yellowstone National Park
1323:Wildlife Society Bulletin
930:The Trust for Public Land
746:Anecdotal information on
450:, it has been found that
356:(Antilocapra americana),
332:gray wolves (Canis lupus)
307:The Trust for Public Land
290:National Wilderness Areas
266:Shoshone National Forests
232:Grand Teton National Park
228:Yellowstone National Park
88:'hotspot' are within it.
82:Yellowstone National Park
42:Yellowstone National Park
899:Schullery, Paul (1995).
809:Gray Wolf reintroduction
442:. Although the smell of
1245:Biological Conservation
1125:Ecological Applications
652:Procryphalus mucronatus
644:), aspen bark beetles (
638:forest tent caterpillar
619:White Pine Blister Rust
364:(Oreamnos americanus).
360:(Ovis canadensis), and
1944:Environment of Wyoming
1939:Environment of Montana
1788:"Beyond the Headlines"
1080:10.1098/rspb.2016.2368
982:public domain material
911:on September 27, 2006.
895:public domain material
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127:
112:animals of Yellowstone
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1864:Turner, Jack (2008).
795:Antilocapra americana
467:
414:Management by species
125:
35:
1934:Environment of Idaho
905:Our Living Resources
712:improve this article
515:improve this article
254:Beaverhead-Deerlodge
185:improve this article
93:ecosystem management
1706:2013ForEM.299...35W
1659:2008ForEM.255..686W
1546:1982Oecol..55..192H
1464:10.3356/JRR-11-93.1
1257:2007BCons.135..502W
647:Trypophloeus populi
642:Malacosoma disstria
632:Populus tremuloides
623:Cronartium ribicola
611:conservation status
394:populations around
275:National Elk Refuge
86:Yellowstone Caldera
36:Bison grazing near
1554:10.1007/BF00384487
1074:(1848): 20162368.
1017:. November 3, 2022
789:Early accounts of
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404:Clark's Nutcracker
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1879:978-0-312-26672-1
1508:978-1-61091-713-1
957:. August 21, 2020
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358:bighorn sheep
355:
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328:Grizzly bears
325:
318:Large Mammals
317:
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288:Ten distinct
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1796:. Retrieved
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1767:The Guardian
1766:
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929:
909:the original
904:
845:grizzly bear
818:
794:
788:
774:
769:
761:habitat loss
757:
748:grizzly bear
745:
730:
721:
710:Please help
705:verification
702:
671:
663:
659:
656:poplar borer
651:
645:
641:
631:
627:
622:
600:
597:of the GYE,
592:
577:
568:
558:
551:
544:
537:
525:
513:Please help
508:verification
505:
471:
456:extremophile
428:thermophilic
425:
417:
377:
340:
321:
305:
302:
287:
218:
203:
194:
183:Please help
178:verification
175:
145:In 1985 the
144:
140:Ursus arctos
139:
136:grizzly bear
129:
90:
49:
47:
38:Gibbon River
29:
1746:January 31,
1426:www.nps.gov
1387:www.nps.gov
1361:www.nps.gov
1220:: 133–149.
1170:: 335–341.
1041:www.nps.gov
1015:www.doi.gov
961:January 31,
615:fungal rust
380:Bald Eagles
1918:Categories
1819:BioScience
869:References
724:April 2024
682:See also:
541:newspapers
485:See also:
372:See also:
273:(USFWS) —
197:April 2024
54:ecosystems
1839:0006-3568
1798:March 22,
1722:0378-1127
1700:: 35–51.
1675:0378-1127
1628:0045-5067
1562:1432-1939
1534:Oecologia
1472:0892-1016
1343:0091-7648
1273:0006-3207
1226:2293-6629
1184:1936-0614
1145:1051-0761
1088:0962-8452
935:August 8,
829:gray wolf
791:pronghorn
786:rebound.
753:Europeans
617:disease,
571:July 2024
354:pronghorn
244:(USFS) —
1847:56277360
1772:June 24,
1570:28311233
1514:July 27,
1431:July 27,
1402:cite web
1392:July 27,
1366:July 27,
1106:28179516
1046:July 24,
1021:July 24,
995:June 24,
852:See also
459:microbes
452:hydrogen
346:ungulate
246:Gallatin
226:(NPS) —
101:Holocene
84:and the
1702:Bibcode
1655:Bibcode
1542:Bibcode
1253:Bibcode
1192:3872937
1097:5310606
555:scholar
436:enzymes
420:species
410:seeds.
298:habitat
118:History
104:geology
74:Montana
70:Wyoming
60:of the
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264:, and
250:Custer
234:, and
1843:S2CID
1188:JSTOR
984:from
897:from
841:moose
799:herds
765:human
678:Fauna
562:JSTOR
548:books
481:Flora
368:Birds
350:moose
78:Idaho
62:Earth
1874:ISBN
1835:ISSN
1800:2015
1774:2022
1748:2024
1718:ISSN
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