555:; however, recent studies have refuted this claim. Greater sirens live in wetlands, preferring those with a slow or nonexistent current and a thick layer of organic material. They are capable of inhabiting seasonal and permanent wetlands given their ability to aestivate, and will burrow into mud if their wetland dries up. They are predominately found in the deep benthic zone where aquatic insects are most abundant. Associated habitat for greater sirens includes vegetative ditches, and various other forms of slow, or stagnant bodies of water. Often during the day, they seek refuges from predators and are found under logs and various other structures.
363:. Greater sirens measure around 1.5 cm (0.59 in) in length upon hatching and then grow to lengths ranging from 18 to 97 cm (7 to 38 in). Weight can range from 55 to 1,000 g (1.9 to 35.3 oz). Coloration varies throughout their range, but they are generally an olive or gray color with small yellow or green dots on their sides. They have about 36 to 40 costal grooves between their armpits and their cloaca. Younger sirens also have a light stripe along their sides, which fades with age. The front legs, each with four toes, are so small that they can be hidden in the gills.
381:
393:
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182:
109:
137:
118:
159:
409:
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464:. In addition, materials that are non-animal were found in their digestive tract added to amounts of 75% or greater. The oral morphology of the greater siren contribute little to the mastication of food and does not rupture or grind ingested invertebrates, algae, or plants requiring prior fermentation in the gut.
571:
is difficult to capture because of their preference for areas with thick vegetation. Standard methods such as dip-netting, seining, and dredges are ineffective in such habitats. The use of aquatic funnel traps, commercially produced to capture crayfish, has been found effective for use on Siren and
510:
possess a pair of flagella, and their courtship behavior is unknown. Mating occurs in
February and March. After the eggs have been laid, the father will continuously fan its tail back and forth over or through the nest. The father will aggressively guard the nest from potential threats, including
485:
for multiple years if necessary, burrowing into mud and exuding a cocoon of dead skin cells. This has been seen during times of drought and hydroperiod fluctuations. The record can be up to 3 years. Known predators include the
476:
and spend the day in dense vegetation. Their lifespan in the wild is unknown, but in captivity they can live up to 25 years. Greater sirens can vocalize, producing clicks or yelps sounding similar to the call of the
511:
other sirens, and even the mother of the clutch. After 2 months, the eggs hatch, and the fathers depart from the nest. Youth live in shallower water than adults, often among the roots of
359:, as are all sirens. They lack hindlimbs as well as a pelvic girdle, and have external gills all throughout their lives along with small lungs. They lack eyelids, and have an unfused
588:, although they have been extirpated from some of their former range due to habitat loss. They are protected under Mexican law and are assigned to the "Special Protection" category.
472:
Greater sirens play a crucial role in aquatic food webs and have been described as midlevel predators. Sirens swallow molluscs whole and will pass the shell as waste. They are
1189:
Snodgrass, Joel; Ackerman, Joel; Bryan, Albert; Burger, Joanna (1999). "Influence of hydroperiod, isolation, and heterospecifics on the distribution of aquatic salamanders (
1604:
585:
1656:
1746:
605:
762:
Heisler, N.; Forcht, G.; Ultsch, G.R.; Anderson, J.F. (1982). "Acid-base regulation in response to environmental hypercapnia in two aquatic salamanders,
992:
Hill, Robert L.; Mendelson III, Joseph R.; Stabile, Jennifer L. (2015). "Direct
Observation and Review of Herbivory in Sirenidae (Amphibia: Caudata)".
572:
Amphiuma species and there is no risk of drowning the animals. Each trap consists of the trap body, three funnels, and a neck with a lid at the top.
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1578:
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494:. Other predators of this species are poorly documented. However, on June 19, 2008 a greater siren was consumed by a
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1445:
1279:
Schalk, Christopher M.; Crawford, Brian A.; Luhring, Thomas M. (2009). "A Note on
Predation of the Greater Siren (
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system over their small eyes. It is possible that they are capable of sensing disturbances in electrical fields.
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478:
181:
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1544:
1695:
581:
276:
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Pryor, G. S.; German, D. P.; Bjorndal, K. A. (2006). "Gastrointestinal
Fermentation in Greater Sirens (
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524:
1635:
108:
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1302:
Tomaschke, Phillip (2023). "The
Greater Siren: An Overview of Captive Care and Breeding".
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360:
939:
1740:
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783:
648:
639:
498:, indicating that this species could be an additional predator of the greater siren.
339:, the greater siren resides in the coastal plains of the southeastern United States.
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59:
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117:
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34:
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348:
233:
79:
44:
1489:
1414:
1257:
1167:
1056:
911:
Population
Genetics of Amphiuma means and Siren lacertina in Central Florida
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1005:
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54:
49:
39:
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Martin, Karen M.; Hutchison, Victor H. (1979). "Ventilatory
Activity in
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In terms of sensory organs, greater sirens rely on both a modified
540:
461:
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407:
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460:), although they have been observed to eat vegetation such as
1381:
Johnson, Steve A.; Barichivich, William J. (2004-06-01).
1473:
1234:"The Energetics of Estivating Sirenid Salamanders (
452:) with a possible preference for molluscs (such as
1138:Burch, Paul Randolph; Wood, John Thornton (1955).
1323:"Summer microhabitat use of the Greater Siren (
737:Vitt, Laurie J.; Caldwell, Janalee P. (2014).
663:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T59492A53988286.en
586:International Union for Conservation of Nature
523:Greater sirens inhabit the coastal plain from
1368:Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles
638:IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. (2022).
8:
914:(M.S. thesis). University of South Florida.
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1321:Luhring; Crawford, B.; Schalk, C. (2010).
950:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
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157:
135:
116:
107:
20:
1346:
661:
448:) and aquatic vertebrates (such as small
325:and one of the five members of the genus
597:
376:
347:The greater siren is the third longest
1452:Kristina Sorensen; Mark E. Hostetler.
1111:"POPULATION ECOLOGY OF GREATER SIREN,
933:
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929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
633:
631:
629:
627:
741:(Fourth ed.). London: Elsevier.
709:Population ecology of greater siren,
420:and prey upon invertebrates (such as
335:and one of the largest amphibians in
7:
994:Notes of the Southeastern Naturalist
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
732:
730:
1747:IUCN Red List least concern species
1033:, in an Alabama Coastal Plain Pond"
1029:"Food Habits of the Greater Siren,
649:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1304:Responsible Herpetoculture Journal
14:
1383:"A Simple Technique for Trapping
852:Savannah River Ecology Laboratory
580:Greater sirens are classified as
551:was tentatively determined to be
1439:
1391:, and Other Aquatic Vertebrates"
1285:Bulletin of Chicago Herptologica
806:"Greater Siren – North Carolina"
535:. A population of sirens in the
391:
379:
180:
1762:Amphibians of the United States
386:Greater siren skull & hyoid
1454:"Giant Salamanders of Florida"
1197:) among depression wetlands".
610:Linnaeus 1766 (greater siren)"
1:
1407:10.1080/02705060.2004.9664540
1395:Journal of Freshwater Ecology
975:Österdam, 1766 Greater Siren"
1767:Amphibians described in 1766
1362:Martof, Bernard S. (1973). "
1144:Feeding on Clams and Snails"
812:. 2007-09-22. Archived from
784:10.1016/0034-5687(82)90070-6
1772:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
351:in the Western Hemisphere.
1788:
1752:NatureServe secure species
1348:10.1163/156853810791069155
706:Luhring, Thomas Marshall.
412:Greater siren out of water
1366:Linnaeus Greater Siren".
1331:) in an isolated wetland"
1327:) and Two-toed amphiuma (
695:. The Nature Conservancy.
300:
282:
275:
177:Scientific classification
175:
155:
133:
124:
115:
106:
23:
1456:. University of Florida.
1027:Hanlin, Hugh G. (1978).
854:. University of Georgia.
519:Distribution and habitat
479:American green tree frog
1240:Pseudobranchus striatus
1232:Etheridge, Kay (1990).
908:Deyle, Anna C. (2011).
559:Interaction with humans
1084:Journal of Herpetology
875:Journal of Herpetology
873:(Amphibia, Caudata)".
772:Respiration Physiology
413:
398:Greater siren skeleton
1696:Paleobiology Database
969:Meredith J. Mahoney.
938:McKenzie, Kimberley.
656:: e.T59492A53988286.
411:
331:. The largest of the
1448:at Wikimedia Commons
1119:esploro.libs.uga.edu
1006:10.1656/058.014.0104
948:Animal Diversity Web
867:Amphiuma tridactylum
468:Ecology and behavior
16:Species of amphibian
693:NatureSrve Explorer
620:on 9 December 2023.
564:Trapping techniques
481:. They are able to
416:Greater sirens are
127:Conservation status
488:American alligator
414:
1734:
1733:
1683:Open Tree of Life
1467:Taxon identifiers
1444:Media related to
1335:Amphibia Reptilia
1109:Luhring, Thomas.
1096:10.1670/163-05A.1
748:978-0-12-386919-7
496:two-toed amphiuma
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268:S. lacertina
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844:"Greater Siren (
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616:. Archived from
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368:Jacobson's organ
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27:Temporal range:
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1451:
1446:Siren lacertina
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1385:Siren lacertina
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1329:Amlphiuma means
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1188:
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1183:
1160:10.2307/1440485
1142:Siren lacertina
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1113:SIREN LACERTINA
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1080:Siren lacertina
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1031:Siren lacertina
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990:
986:
973:Siren lacertina
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951:
942:Siren lacertina
937:
936:
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871:Siren lacertina
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846:Siren lacertina
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470:
456:and freshwater
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1434:External links
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1401:(2): 263–269.
1389:Amphiuma means
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1341:(2): 251–256.
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816:on 2014-10-20
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810:Herpsofnc.org
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582:Least Concern
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576:Conservation
569:S. lacertina
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372:lateral line
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357:paedomorphic
353:S. lacertina
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1709:SeaLifeBase
1644:NatureServe
1592:iNaturalist
1514:AmphibiaWeb
1499:Wikispecies
979:AmphibiaWeb
739:Herpetology
614:Fossilworks
508:spermatozoa
426:crustaceans
418:carnivorous
343:Description
167:NatureServe
1757:Sirenoidea
1741:Categories
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1124:2023-04-25
820:2013-01-03
721:1256711146
592:References
545:Tamaulipas
537:Rio Grande
430:gastropods
349:salamander
1415:0270-5060
1258:0018-0831
1168:0045-8511
1057:0045-8511
492:mud snake
483:aestivate
474:nocturnal
323:amphibian
262:Species:
244:Sirenidae
200:Kingdom:
194:Eukaryota
1649:2.106536
1610:11008687
1484:Wikidata
1423:22870356
1195:Amphiuma
1014:86233204
954:25 March
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293:Linnaeus
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224:Amphibia
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204:Animalia
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