2364:, Accessed: October 6, 2008. "In the 5th century Herodicus advocated exercise the treatment of disease and compelled his patients to have their bodies rubbed, he being a firm believer in the efficacy of massage. Joseph Schreiber, M. D., author of "Treatment of Massage and Exercise," translated by Walter Mendelson, M. D., of New York, claims that Herodicus first laid down principles for rational, mechanical methods of treatment. HERODICUS, 484 B. C., was one of the first to refer to the manner of giving massage. He said friction should be gentle and slow at first, then rapid in combination with pressure, which was to be followed by gentle friction. Other advocates were Plato, Socrates, and Hippocrates, who said "rubbing can bind a joint that is too loose, and loosen a joint that is too rigid. Hard rubbing binds, soft rubbing loosens, much rubbing causes parts to waste, moderate rubbing makes them grow." This is the earliest definite information relative to the effect of variations in the application of massage. These maxims should be remembered by those who use mechanical vibration for they well define its general therapeutic application. Hipppocrates also suggested the direction in which to apply massage the art of rubbing up, thereby assisting mechanical and physical processes, aiding circulation, relieving stasis and consequently quickening metabolic processes."
70:(or the four humors) refers to blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. Each of the four humors were linked to an organ, temper, season and element. It was also theorized that sex played a role in medicine because some diseases and treatments were different for females than for males. Moreover, geographic location and social class affected the living conditions of the people and might subject them to different environmental issues such as mosquitoes, rats, and availability of clean drinking water. Diet was thought to be an issue as well and might be affected by a lack of access to adequate nourishment. Trauma, such as that suffered by gladiators, from dog bites or other injuries, played a role in theories relating to understanding anatomy and infections. Additionally, there was significant focus on the beliefs and mindset of the patient in the diagnosis and treatment theories. It was recognized that the mind played a role in healing, or that it might also be the sole basis for the illness.
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she exposed herself to the court to prove the truth about her existence as a woman practicing medicine. The outcome was that she was found as violating the law, specifically against women being able to learn medicine. However, her female patients came to her defense and testified that she had helped them when no male doctor could. Agnodice was acquitted and soon after the law was changed in Athens. After her trial, all free-born women were then legally allowed to practice medicine. After the ruling and change in law, Agnodice then went on to become a well-respected doctor in Athens by all.
31:
414:, biological causation, and the diversity of life. Aristotle did not experiment, however, holding that items display their real natures in their own environments, rather than controlled artificial ones. While in modern-day physics and chemistry this assumption has been found unhelpful, in zoology and ethology it remains the dominant practice, and Aristotle's work "retains real interest". He made countless observations of nature, especially the habits and
221:, three large marble boards dated to 350 BC preserve the names, case histories, complaints, and cures of about 70 patients who came to the temple with a problem and shed it there. Some of the surgical cures listed, such as the opening of an abdominal abscess or the removal of traumatic foreign material, are realistic enough to have taken place, but with the patient in a state of enkoimesis induced with the help of soporific substances such as opium.
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64:, geographic location, social class, diet, trauma, beliefs, and mindset. Early on the ancient Greeks believed that illnesses were "divine punishments" and that healing was a "gift from the Gods". As trials continued wherein theories were tested against symptoms and results, the pure spiritual beliefs regarding "punishments" and "gifts" were replaced with a foundation based in the physical, i.e., cause and effect.
446:
a rational soul, capable of thought and reflection. He attributed only the first to plants, the first two to animals, and all three to humans. Aristotle, in contrast to earlier philosophers, and like the
Egyptians, placed the rational soul in the heart, rather than the brain. Notable is Aristotle's division of sensation and thought, which generally went against previous philosophers, with the exception of
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907:. Beginning in the late eleventh century, the Hippocratic-Galenic tradition returned to the Latin West with a series of translations of the Classical texts, mainly from Arabic translations but occasionally from the original Greek. In the Renaissance, more translations of Galen and Hippocrates directly from the Greek were made from newly available Byzantine manuscripts.
351:, a physician was able to increase their reputation and respect through "prognosis", knowing the outcome of the disease. Physicians had an active role in the lives of patients, taking into consideration their residence. Distinguishing between fatal diseases and recoverable disease was important for patient trust and respect, positively influencing patient compliance.
484:. Theophrastus also recognized the role of sex in the reproduction of some higher plants, though this last discovery was lost in later ages. The biological/teleological ideas of Aristotle and Theophrastus, as well as their emphasis on a series of axioms rather than on empirical observation, cannot be easily separated from their consequent impact on Western medicine.
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observation, enhanced by practical trial and error experience, abandoning magical and religious justifications of human bodily dysfunction." However, in some instances, the fault of the ailment was still placed on the patient and the role of the physician was to conciliate with the gods or exorcise the demon with prayers, spells, and sacrifices.
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is a collection of about seventy early medical works from ancient Greece that are associated with
Hippocrates and his students. Although once thought to have been written by Hippocrates himself, many scholars today believe that these texts were written by a series of authors over several decades. The
272:
Overall, the role of women in medicine in ancient Greece was limited. However, there were some exceptions, such as
Agnodice, who were able to break through the barriers and become respected doctors. While there is little information available about other female doctors in ancient Greece, it is likely
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and learn the skills necessary to practice medicine herself. To provide comfort to her patients, it is believed that
Agnodice would expose herself to female patients in order to prove that she was a woman. Eventually, she was discovered and put on trial for practicing medicine as a woman. Once again,
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were used to calm them or peppermint tea to soothe their headaches, which is still a home remedy used by many today. The patients were encouraged to sleep in the facilities too. Their dreams were interpreted by the doctors and their symptoms were then reviewed. Dogs would occasionally be brought in
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He held that the level of a creature's perfection was reflected in its form, but not foreordained by that form. Yet another aspect of his biology divided souls into three groups: a vegetative soul, responsible for reproduction and growth; a sensitive soul, responsible for mobility and sensation; and
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While
Agnodice is the most well-known female doctor in ancient Greece, there were likely others who practiced medicine. However, there is little information available about them. In general, women in ancient Greece were not allowed to receive an education, so it is unlikely that many women were able
268:
In addition to
Agnodice, there were female healers in ancient Greece who were not trained as formal doctors, but who had significant medical knowledge. These women used herbal remedies and other natural treatments to help their patients. They were often called upon to help with childbirth and other
92:
for physicians, which is still in use today. He and his students also created medical terminology that is part of our vocabulary today. Medical words included acute, chronic, epidemic, exacerbation, relapse, and others. The contributions to ancient Greek medicine of
Hippocrates, Socrates and others
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Galen's influence was so great that even after
Western Europeans started making dissections in the thirteenth century, scholars often assimilated findings into the Galenic model that otherwise might have thrown Galen's accuracy into doubt. Over time, however, Classical medical theory came to be
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view gave
Aristotle cause to justify his observed data as an expression of formal design; for example suggesting that Nature, giving no animal both horns and tusks, was staving off vanity, and generally giving creatures faculties only to such a degree as they are necessary. In a similar fashion,
381:
With the growth of patient compliance in Greek medicine, consent became an important factor between the doctor and patient relationship. Presented with all the information concerning the patient's health, the patient makes the decision to accept treatment. Physician and patient responsibility is
334:
Ancient Greek physicians who followed humorism emphasized the importance of environment. Physicians believed patients would be subjected to various diseases based on the environment they resided. The local water supply and the direction the wind blew influenced the health of the local populace.
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This work did not delve into medical theory or explanation of pathogenesis, but described the uses and actions of some 600 plants drugs, based on empirical observation. Unlike other works of
Classical antiquity, Dioscorides' manuscript was never out of publication; it formed the basis for the
510:
Nomenclature, methods and applications for the study of anatomy all date back to the Greeks. After Theophrastus (d. 286 BC), the extent of original work produced was diminished. Though interest in Aristotle's ideas survived, they were generally taken unquestioningly. It is not until the age of
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of medicine focused on the balance between blood, yellow and black bile, and phlegm in the human body. Being too hot, cold, dry or wet disturbed the balance between the humors, resulting in disease and illness. Gods and demons were not believed to punish the patient, but attributed to bad air
240:
Ancient Greek physicians did not regard disease as being of supernatural origin, i.e., brought about from the dissatisfaction of the gods or demonic possession: "The Greeks developed a system of medicine based on an empirico-rational approach, such that they relied ever more on naturalistic
73:
Ancient Greek medicine began to revolve around the theory of humors. The humoral theory states that good health comes from a perfect balance of the four humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. Consequently, poor health resulted from improper balance of the four humors.
331:). Physicians who practiced humoral medicine focused on reestablishing balance between the humors. The shift from supernatural disease to biological disease did not completely abolish Greek religion, but offered a new method of how physicians interacted with patients.
578:, drawing blood across the body. In Erasistratus' physiology, air enters the body, is then drawn by the lungs into the heart, where it is transformed into vital spirit, and is then pumped by the arteries throughout the body. Some of this vital spirit reaches the
253:. The validity of Agnodice’s story has been debated by scholars but according to legend, Agnodice was a woman in ancient Greece who disguised herself as a man to study medicine and become a doctor. She did so by cutting her hair and changing into men’s clothing.
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superseded by increasing emphasis on scientific experimental methods in the 16th and 17th centuries. Nevertheless, the Hippocratic-Galenic practice of bloodletting was practiced into the 19th century, despite its empirical ineffectiveness and riskiness.
390:, where it states, "there are three factors in the practice of medicine: the disease, the patient and the physician. The physician is the servant of science, and the patient must do what he can to fight the disease with the assistance of the physician".
878:. He was specific in the manner that a massage should be given. He recommended that rubbing be initially slow and gentle, then subsequently faster, with the application of more pressure, which was to be followed by more gentle friction.
898:, following the collapse of the Western Empire, although the Hippocratic-Galenic tradition of Greek medicine continued to be studied and practiced in the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium). After AD 750, Arab, Persian and
889:
This acceptance led to the spread of Greek medical theories throughout the Roman Empire, and thus a large portion of the West. The most influential Roman scholar to continue and expand on the Hippocratic tradition was
211:
had a spring that flowed down into an underground room in the Temple. People would come to drink the waters and to bathe in them because they were believed to have medicinal properties. Mud baths and hot teas such as
479:
for seed vessel. Rather than focus on formal causes, as Aristotle did, Theophrastus suggested a mechanistic scheme, drawing analogies between natural and artificial processes, and relying on Aristotle's concept of the
343:, "t is not enough for the physician to do what is necessary, but the patient and the attendant must do their part as well". Patient compliance was rooted in their respect for the physician. According to the treatise
902:
scholars translated Galen's and Dioscorides' works in particular. Thereafter the Hippocratic-Galenic medical tradition was assimilated and eventually expanded, with the most influential Muslim doctor-scholar being
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women's health issues, similar to current-day midwives and nurses. While they were not officially recognized as doctors during their time, they played a vital role in the healthcare system of ancient Greece.
586:, and "while they were still breathing they observed parts which nature had formerly concealed, and examined their position, colour, shape, size, arrangement, hardness, softness, smoothness, connection."
605:, "Nothing of any real consequence in biology after Lucretius and Galen until the Renaissance." Aristotle's ideas of natural history and medicine survived, but they were generally taken unquestioningly.
582:, where it is transformed into animal spirit, which is then distributed by the nerves. Herophilus and Erasistratus performed their experiments upon criminals given to them by their Ptolemaic kings. They
232:, which was a staff wielded by the god Hermes. The Rod of Asclepius embodies one snake with no wings whereas Caduceus is represented by two snakes and a pair of wings depicting the swiftness of Hermes.
756:
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that there were others who practiced medicine. Additionally, female healers played an important role in the healthcare system of ancient Greece, even if they were not officially recognized as doctors.
120:, attempts to discern any particular influence on Greek practice at this early time have not been dramatically successful because of the lack of sources and the challenge of understanding ancient
249:
Originally, in ancient Greece, women were not allowed to become doctors, however, there are some accounts of female doctors who practiced medicine. One such account was that of the female doctor
539:
while the former do not. He did this using an experiment involving cutting certain veins and arteries in a pig's neck until the squealing stopped. In the same vein, he developed a
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or were cured by surgery. Asclepeia provided carefully controlled spaces conducive to healing and fulfilled several of the requirements of institutions created for healing. The
116:, author of the first anatomical compilation, worked at this school, and it was here that the practice of observing patients was established. Despite their known respect for
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191:), functioned as centers of medical advice, prognosis, and healing. At these shrines, patients would enter a dream-like state of induced sleep known as "enkoimesis" (
2680:
527:), who differed from Aristotle, placing intelligence in the brain, and connected the nervous system to motion and sensation. Herophilus also distinguished between
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Askitopoulou, Helen; Konsolaki, Eleni; Ramoutsaki, Ioanna A.; Anastassaki, Maria (2002). "Surgical cures under sleep induction in the Asclepieion of Epidauros".
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to further his research, at one time repeatedly weighing a caged bird and noting its weight loss between feeding times. Following his teacher's researches into
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Western pharmacopeia through the 19th century, a true testament to the efficacy of the medicines described; moreover, the influence of work on European
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Embodiments of Will: Anatomical and Physiological Theories of Voluntary Animal Motion from Greek Antiquity to the Latin Middle Ages, 400 B.C.-A.D. 1300
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to become doctors. It is believed that there were some exceptions, for example, the daughters of wealthy families who could receive an education.
685:
with scholarly interests, Galen received a comprehensive education that prepared him for a successful career as a physician and philosopher. Born in
795:. Galen was very interested in the debate between the rationalist and empiricist medical sects, and his use of direct observation, dissection and
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Grammaticos PC, Diamantis A (2008). "Useful known and unknown views of the father of modern medicine, Hippocrates and his teacher Democritus".
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was a compilation of theories and practices that were constantly expanding through new ideologies and trials. The Greek term for medicine was
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Through long contact with Greek culture, and their eventual conquest of Greece, the Romans adopted a favorable view of Hippocratic medicine.
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322:, which argues that if all diseases were derived from supernatural sources, biological medicines would not work. The establishment of the
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732:, remained uncontested until 1543, when printed descriptions and illustrations of human dissections were published in the seminal work
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While under the guise of practicing as a man, Agnodice was able to secure an apprenticeship under the then physician and gynecologist,
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693:, Turkey), Galen traveled extensively, exposing himself to a wide variety of medical theories and discoveries before settling in
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Galen on bloodletting: a study of the origins, development, and validity of his opinions, with a translation of the three works
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and is the most important figure in ancient Greek medicine. Hippocrates and his students documented numerous illnesses in the
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medicine, intertwining the spiritual with the physical. Specifically, the ancient Greeks believed health was affected by the
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697:, where he served prominent members of Roman society and eventually was given the position of personal physician to several
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Erasistratus connected the increased complexity of the surface of the human brain compared to other animals to its superior
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5509:
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1910:
1973:
Siraisi, Nancy G., (1991) Girolamo Cardano and the Art of Medical Narrative, Journal of the History of Ideas. pp. 587–88.
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where Galen's physiological theory was accommodated to these new observations. Galen's theory of the physiology of the
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challenged the teleological viewpoint of Aristotelian ideas about life, teleology (and after the rise of Christianity,
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Aristotle believed that creatures were arranged in a graded scale of perfection rising from plants on up to man—the
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opposes ancient beliefs, offering biologically based approaches to disease instead of magical intervention. The
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Early American Manual Therapy (Version 5.0) - Chapter 1 History and Development of Mechanical Vibration Therapy
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601:) would remain central to biological thought essentially until the 18th and 19th centuries. In the words of
894:(d. c. 207). Study of Hippocratic and Galenic texts, however, all but disappeared in the Latin West in the
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2308:"European Materia Medica in Historical Texts: Longevity of a Tradition and Implications for Future Use"
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712:, as advanced by ancient Greek physicians such as Hippocrates. His theories dominated and influenced
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Bendick, Jeanne. "Galen – And the Gateway to Medicine." Ignatius Press, San Francisco, CA, 2002.
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128:, and the influence became more pronounced after the establishment of a school of Greek medicine in
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and maintenance of health is credited to him, and he is believed to have been one of the tutors of
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continued to study Galen's writings until well into the 19th century. Galen conducted many nerve
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2380:, ed. F. Jamil Ragep and Sally P. Ragep with Steven Livesey (Leiden: Brill, 1996), pp. 369-418.
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technique which relied upon distinguishing different types of pulse. He, and his contemporary,
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Galen saw himself as both a physician and a philosopher, as he wrote in his treatise entitled
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of plants and animals in the world around him, which he devoted considerable attention to
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Cosans, Christopher E. (1997). "Galen's Critique of Rationalist and Empiricist Anatomy".
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that advances in biology can be again found. The first medical teacher at Alexandria was
467:—which survived as the most important contribution of antiquity to botany, even into the
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Greek and Roman Medicine: An Introductory Bibliography for Graduate Students in Classics
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1987:
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is a universal symbol for medicine to this day. However, it is frequently confused with
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Greek Medicine by the History of Medicine Division of the National Library of Medicine.
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A History of Greek Philosophy. Volume I: The earlier Presocratics and the Pythagoreans
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1848:"Galen on the affected parts. Translation from the Greek text with explanatory notes"
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The father of modern medicine: the first research of the physical factor of tetanus
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using beneficial herbs and oils, and his theories are considered the foundation of
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medical science for more than 1,300 years. His anatomical reports, based mainly on
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Greek Rational Medicine: Philosophy and Medicine from Alcmæon to the Alexandrians
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represents a complex middle ground between the extremes of those two viewpoints.
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Surgical tools, 5th century BC. Reconstructions based on descriptions within the
124:. It is clear, however, that the Greeks imported Egyptian substances into their
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2072:"That the best physician is also a philosopher" with a Modern Greek Translation
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experiments that supported the theory, which is still accepted today, that the
199:) not unlike anesthesia, in which they either received guidance from the deity
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422:. In all, Aristotle classified 540 animal species, and dissected at least 50.
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Patients played an important role in their treatment. Stated in the treatise
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until many of their findings eventually became obsolete in the 14th century.
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3904:
3899:
3894:
3859:
3854:
3824:
3771:
3731:
3510:
3376:
3330:
3310:
3117:
2941:
2812:
1334:
1154:
824:
682:
667:
659:
623:
594:
540:
430:
399:
358:
218:
213:
166:
150:
78:, known as the "Father of Modern Medicine", established a medical school at
38:
2341:
2245:
2210:
2110:
1825:
1300:
1125:
336:
217:
to lick open wounds for assistance in their healing. In the Asclepieion of
2647:
496:
Frontispiece to a 1644 version of the expanded and illustrated edition of
5935:
5733:
5632:
5303:
5293:
5283:
5258:
5124:
5056:
5036:
5003:
4965:
4908:
4823:
4808:
4665:
4655:
4572:
4567:
3964:
3959:
3919:
3914:
3889:
3869:
3796:
3751:
3741:
3597:
3495:
3430:
3358:
2966:
2154:
1314:
904:
859:
751:
709:
705:
686:
286:
250:
229:
208:
204:
67:
1466:. Translated by Withington, E.T.; Lonie, I.M.; Chadwick, J.; Mann, W.N.
1387:
1363:
5960:
5883:
5567:
5446:
5436:
5391:
5381:
5376:
5361:
5351:
5336:
5331:
5218:
5106:
5096:
4975:
4950:
4945:
4918:
4913:
4893:
4883:
4873:
4838:
4828:
4818:
4770:
4760:
4735:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4670:
4323:
4105:
3766:
3756:
3515:
3485:
3475:
3470:
3450:
3445:
3325:
3272:
3186:
2981:
2971:
2961:
2956:
2946:
2554:
The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance
2268:
1997:
1437:
1319:. Lilian R. Furst. Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky. 1997.
871:
863:
690:
651:
647:
627:
590:
169:
was espoused as the first physician, and myth placed him as the son of
2202:
1169:
Atlas of Anatomy, ed. Giunti Editorial Group, Taj Books LTD 2002, p. 9
5775:
5627:
5416:
5346:
5326:
5288:
5154:
4960:
4853:
4790:
4780:
4725:
4343:
4328:
3924:
3909:
3884:
3879:
3864:
3525:
3520:
3287:
3267:
3011:
3001:
2996:
2867:
2827:
2817:
2802:
2079:
2075:
1405:
851:
777:
620:
575:
532:
454:
370:
170:
105:
61:
1926:
1421:
2194:
1142:, European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
815:
authored an encyclopedia of medicinal substances commonly known as
5770:
5748:
5426:
5401:
5298:
5238:
5223:
5091:
5051:
4803:
4715:
4710:
4680:
4675:
4650:
4333:
3874:
3829:
3781:
3353:
3305:
3006:
2976:
2923:
2898:
2837:
2807:
2094:
1932:
1404:
Tripolitis, Antonia; Lefkowitz, Mary R.; Fant, Maureen B. (1994).
958:
891:
761:
671:
614:
579:
548:
536:
491:
353:
290:
149:
139:
29:
2658:
2376:, "Liminal Perils: Early Roman Receptions of Greek Medicine", in
1639:
A Short History of Anatomy & Physiology from Greeks to Harvey
471:. Many of Theophrastus' names survive into modern times, such as
5765:
5622:
5431:
5406:
5356:
4843:
4833:
1804:
Nutton Vivian (1973). "The Chronology of Galen's Early Career".
528:
5571:
5471:
4613:
4042:
3546:
2893:
2713:
2662:
1989:
Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus
1406:"Women's Life in Greece and Rome: A Source Book in Translation"
1241:
1239:
729:
362:
159:
79:
27:
Collection of medical theories and practices in ancient Greece
2070:
Claudii Galeni Pergameni (1992). Odysseas Hatzopoulos (ed.).
854:
physician of the 5th century BC, who is considered to be the
2394:
An English Language Bibliography of Classical Greek Medicine
2518:
The Great Chain of Being: A Study of the History of an Idea
1664:
Elizabeth H. Oakes, Encyclopedia of World Scientists, p 321
2431:. In Boardman, John; Griffin, Jasper; Murray, Oswyn (ed.)
2409:. In Boardman, John; Griffin, Jasper; Murray, Oswyn (ed.)
760:, in which he established that blood circulates, with the
402:
was the most influential scholar of the living world from
173:. Temples dedicated to the healer-god Asclepius, known as
2031:, Princeton University Press, and Bylebyl, J (ed), 1979,
708:
was principally influenced by the then-current theory of
1364:"SCIENCE HAS NO GENDER: The History of Women in Science"
1316:
Women healers and physicians : climbing a long hill
1203:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 1-26.
2181:
Lacy, Phillip De (January 1972). "Galen's Platonism".
2082:: Odysseas Hatzopoulos & Company: Kaktos Editions.
2611:
Greek Medicine From the Heroic to the Hellenistic Age
506:(c. 1200), which was originally written around 200 BC
2572:
The Healing Hand: Man and Wound in the Ancient World
2458:
The Healing Hand: Man and Wound in the Ancient World
1219:
Mending Bodies, Saving Souls: A History of Hospitals
5876:
5860:
5829:
5726:
5670:
5605:
5312:
5189:
5178:
5105:
5027:
4984:
4931:
4789:
4641:
4632:
4558:
4473:
4411:
4366:
4316:
4267:
4189:
4066:
4004:
3973:
3815:
3702:
3646:
3568:
3394:
3367:
3339:
3296:
3244:
3086:
3025:
2922:
2788:
2737:
2583:
Herophilus: The Art of Medicine in Early Alexandria
2273:
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A
2269:"The experimental foundations of Galen's teleology"
1201:
Herophilus: The Art of Medicine in Early Alexandria
1754:Life, death, and entertainment in the Roman Empire
1275:"The evolution of the doctor-patient relationship"
936:Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences
488:Herophilus, Erasistratus and ancient Greek anatomy
104:The earliest known Greek medical school opened in
1027:"Ancient Greek medicine: Influences and practice"
1757:". David Stone Potter, D. J. Mattingly (1999).
1450:Vivian Nutton'Ancient Medicine'(Routledge 2004)
162:, the best preserved instance of an Asclepieion
1641:. NEw York: Dover Publications Inc. p. 5.
1211:
1209:
646:, Galen influenced the development of various
5583:
2674:
2655:at Ancient Medicine compiled by Lee T. Pearcy
1888:Introduction. Galen. On the Natural Faculties
1368:Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences
793:That the Best Physician is also a Philosopher
393:
8:
1094:"The Father of Modern Medicine: Hippocrates"
975:
973:
2035:, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press
2000:: Sumptibus Guilielmi Fitzeri. p. 72.
1460:Hippocrates (2005-05-26). Lloyd, G. (ed.).
5590:
5576:
5568:
5468:
5186:
4638:
4629:
4610:
4370:
4273:
4063:
4039:
3556:
3543:
3250:
2919:
2890:
2734:
2710:
2681:
2667:
2659:
1964:, Berkeley: University of California Press
1008:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2631:Ancient Greek Medicine in medicinenet.com
2489:Philosophy and Medicine in Ancient Greece
2433:The Oxford History of the Classical World
2411:The Oxford History of the Classical World
2331:
2169:Three Treatises on the Nature of Science,
2144:
1871:
1290:
394:Aristotle's influence on Greek perception
2133:Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Geneeskunde
638:. Arguably the most accomplished of all
461:, wrote a series of books on botany—the
2524:, 1936. Reprinted by Harper & Row,
2491:, Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 1946.
2451:The Public Physicians of Ancient Greece
2378:Tradition, Transmission, Transformation
1962:Andreas Vesalius of Brussels, 1514–1564
1222:. Oxford University Press. p. 56.
969:
5899:Medicine in the medieval Islamic world
5648:Traditional healers of Southern Africa
2095:"Medical ethics in a writing of Galen"
1399:
1397:
1340:
1001:
807:The first century AD Greek physician,
570:, he claimed that the human system of
56:). Many components were considered in
2126:"Galen on the Ideal of the Physician"
2029:Galen On Respiration and the Arteries
1928:De humani corporis fabrica, Libri VII
1497:. National Geographic Books. p.
870:. He also recommended good diet and
704:Galen's understanding of anatomy and
429:guided all natural processes. Such a
7:
5082:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus
2267:Cosans, Christopher E (March 1998).
1273:Kaba, R.; Sooriakumaran, P. (2007).
1114:Hellenic Journal of Nuclear Medicine
1021:
1019:
5852:Medieval medicine of Western Europe
2501:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2453:, Northampton, Massachusetts, 1956.
811:, botanist, and Roman army surgeon
551:, mapping their courses across the
547:, researched the role of veins and
277:The Hippocratic Corpus and Humorism
5718:Traditional Alaska Native medicine
2560:: Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1982.
2429:Hellenistic Philosophy and Science
1714:Hellenistic Philosophy and Science
1688:Hellenistic Philosophy and Science
25:
2226:Journal of the History of Biology
2183:The American Journal of Philology
1568:, pp 201-202; see also: Lovejoy,
941:Medical community of ancient Rome
5972:
5971:
5661:
5551:
5541:
5532:
5531:
2546:. Collier Books: New York, 1956.
2093:Theodore J. Drizis (Fall 2008).
2027:Furley, D, and J. Wilkie, 1984,
1886:Arthur John Brock (translator),
1727:The Growth of Biological Thought
1621:The Growth of Biological Thought
1566:The Growth of Biological Thought
1549:The Growth of Biological Thought
1279:International Journal of Surgery
776:controls all the motions of the
5931:History of alternative medicine
5816:Traditional Vietnamese medicine
5786:Sri Lankan traditional medicine
5552:
2167:Frede, M. and R. Walzer, 1985,
1729:, pp 90-94; quotation from p 91
858:. The first use of therapeutic
619:Aelius Galenus was a prominent
584:dissected these criminals alive
535:, noting that the latter had a
408:Aristotle's biological writings
245:Women in Ancient Greek Medicine
5806:Traditional Mongolian medicine
5683:Brazilian traditional medicine
2124:Brain, P. (26 November 1977).
1783:". Peter Brain, Galen (1986).
410:demonstrate great concern for
369:(left) and a citizen (right),
318:Corpus contains the treatise,
301:Thessaloniki Technology Museum
34:Physician treating a patient (
1:
6028:European traditional medicine
6013:Ancient Greek science writers
5978:Category:Traditional medicine
3153:
3140:
3121:
3104:
2293:10.1016/s0039-3681(96)00005-2
1608:A History of Greek Philosophy
1260:10.1016/S0531-5131(02)00717-3
1248:International Congress Series
453:Aristotle's successor at the
5811:Traditional Tibetan medicine
5796:Traditional Chinese medicine
5754:Iranian traditional medicine
5688:Chumash traditional medicine
5638:Traditional African medicine
4281:Funeral and burial practices
3466:Military of Mycenaean Greece
2495:Lennox, James (2006-02-15).
2312:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
1759:University of Michigan Press
1096:. 2008-02-28. Archived from
670:, as well as philosophy and
5801:Traditional Korean medicine
93:had a lasting influence on
6049:
5643:Traditional Hausa medicine
4205:Greek Revival architecture
2588:Cambridge University Press
2475:Cambridge University Press
2407:Classical Greek Philosophy
2045:Frampton, Michael (2008).
2033:William Harvey and His Age
1785:Cambridge University Press
1740:Classical Greek Philosophy
1653:Classical Greek Philosophy
1536:Classical Greek Philosophy
1292:10.1016/j.ijsu.2006.01.005
1216:Risse, Guenter B. (1999).
1151:World History Encyclopedia
1075:www.medicinaantiqua.org.uk
987:World History Encyclopedia
786:peripheral nervous systems
735:De humani corporis fabrica
612:
398:Ancient Greek philosopher
382:mentioned in the treatise
377:of Kos, 2nd–3rd century AD
280:
99:medieval European medicine
5969:
5791:Traditional Thai medicine
5659:
5613:Ancient Egyptian medicine
5527:
5478:
5467:
4628:
4609:
4373:
4276:
4062:
4038:
3613:Attalid kings of Pergamon
3559:
3555:
3542:
3421:Antigonid Macedonian army
3253:
2918:
2889:
2733:
2709:
2696:
2544:A History of the Sciences
2324:10.1016/j.jep.2010.05.035
1864:10.1017/s0025727300037935
1818:10.1017/S0009838800036600
1701:A History of the Sciences
1675:A History of the Sciences
1625:A History of the Sciences
1595:A History of the Sciences
1553:A History of the Sciences
1523:A History of the Sciences
1362:Howard, Sethanne (2007).
980:Cartwright, Mark (2013).
921:Ancient Egyptian medicine
856:father of sports medicine
847:
746:endured until 1628, when
196:
184:
118:ancient Egyptian medicine
6008:Ancient Greek physicians
6003:Ancient Greek anatomists
5847:Medicine in ancient Rome
2558:Harvard University Press
2556:. The Belknap Press of
2522:Harvard University Press
2462:Harvard University Press
1637:Singer, Charles (1957).
1570:The Great Chain of Being
1551:, pp 84-90, 135; Mason,
1138:18 November 2011 at the
1071:"medicinaantiqua.org.uk"
1031:www.medicalnewstoday.com
946:Medicine in ancient Rome
562:. He sometimes employed
425:Aristotle believed that
236:Ancient Greek physicians
2437:Oxford University Press
2415:Oxford University Press
2238:10.1023/a:1004266427468
2146:10520/AJA20785135_18319
650:disciplines, including
521:Herophilus of Chalcedon
6018:Ancient Roman medicine
5998:Ancient Greek medicine
5837:Ancient Greek medicine
5744:Georgian folk medicine
3647:Artists & scholars
3562:List of ancient Greeks
3199:Second Athenian League
3048:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
2873:Ancient Greek colonies
2613:. New York, NY, 1998.
1347:: CS1 maint: others (
507:
378:
304:
163:
147:
46:Ancient Greek medicine
42:
4766:Sybaris on the Traeis
3491:Sacred Band of Thebes
3231:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)
2745:Cycladic civilization
2497:"Aristotle's Biology"
2171:Indianapolis: Hacket.
1900:Galen on pharmacology
862:for the treatment of
827:eclipsed that of the
589:Though a few ancient
545:Erasistratus of Chios
525:the father of anatomy
495:
357:
294:
153:
143:
33:
5951:Prehistoric medicine
5889:Alternative medicine
5599:Traditional medicine
4291:mythological figures
4012:Ancient Greek tribes
3137:Peloponnesian League
2099:Acta Med Hist Adriat
2049:. Michael Frampton.
1494:Hippocratic Writings
1463:Hippocratic Writings
955:(Hippocratic Corpus)
813:Pedanius Dioscorides
440:Great Chain of Being
361:(center) arrives in
187:; sing. Ἀσκληπιεῖον
88:, and developed the
4403:Tunnel of Eupalinos
4398:Theatre of Dionysus
4022:Ancient Macedonians
3638:Tyrants of Syracuse
3150:Amphictyonic League
2750:Minoan civilization
2578:Heinrich von Staden
2374:Heinrich von Staden
2285:1998SHPSA..29...63C
1806:Classical Quarterly
1623:, pp 90-91; Mason,
1410:The Classical World
1197:Heinrich von Staden
952:On Ancient Medicine
931:History of medicine
640:medical researchers
205:Temple of Asclepius
122:medical terminology
6023:Byzantine medicine
5842:Byzantine medicine
5077:Menestheus's Limin
4731:Pandosia (Lucania)
4619:Greek colonisation
3981:Athenian statesmen
3742:Diogenes of Sinope
3603:Kings of Macedonia
3593:Kings of Commagene
3461:Macedonian phalanx
3441:Hellenistic armies
3189:(c. 424–c. 395 BC)
3053:Indo-Greek Kingdom
2775:Hellenistic Greece
2636:2013-03-28 at the
2609:Longrigg, James.
2542:Mason, Stephen F.
2532:, 2005 paperback:
2515:Lovejoy, Arthur O.
2511:, Routledge, 1993.
2477:: New York, 1962.
2449:Cohn-Haft, Louis.
2439:: New York, 1986.
2427:Barnes, Jonathan.
2417:: New York, 1986.
2360:2005-03-09 at the
1911:Galen on the brain
926:Byzantine medicine
829:Hippocratic Corpes
764:acting as a pump.
744:circulatory system
574:was controlled by
508:
503:Historia Plantarum
379:
365:and is greeted by
320:the Sacred Disease
315:Hippocratic Corpus
310:Hippocratic Corpus
305:
297:Hippocratic corpus
283:Hippocratic Corpus
164:
148:
85:Hippocratic Corpus
43:
5985:
5984:
5618:Tabernanthe iboga
5565:
5564:
5523:
5522:
5463:
5462:
5459:
5458:
5455:
5454:
5029:Iberian Peninsula
4961:Lipara/Meligounis
4927:
4926:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4578:Cypriot syllabary
4469:
4468:
4378:Athenian Treasury
4362:
4361:
4034:
4033:
4030:
4029:
3623:Ptolemaic dynasty
3583:Archons of Athens
3538:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3409:Athenian military
3390:
3389:
3223:League of Corinth
3205:Thessalian League
3181:Chalcidian League
3163:Acarnanian League
3073:Ptolemaic Kingdom
2885:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2648:greekmedicine.net
2604:978-0-521-23646-1
2574:. Routledge, 2004
2507:Longrigg, James.
2468:Guthrie, W. K. C.
2392:Connor, J. T. H.
2056:978-3-639-08294-4
1994:Frankfurt am Main
1941:Johannes Oporinus
1491:Chadwick (1983).
1477:978-0-14-191486-2
1229:978-0-19-974869-3
1004:cite encyclopedia
896:Early Middle Ages
882:Historical legacy
818:De Materia Medica
724:, especially the
464:History of Plants
16:(Redirected from
6040:
5975:
5974:
5703:Mapuche medicine
5665:
5592:
5585:
5578:
5569:
5555:
5554:
5545:
5535:
5534:
5469:
5187:
4686:Heraclea Lucania
4639:
4630:
4611:
4371:
4303:Twelve Olympians
4274:
4064:
4040:
3628:Seleucid dynasty
3608:Kings of Paionia
3557:
3544:
3414:Scythian archers
3321:Graphe paranomon
3251:
3158:
3155:
3145:
3142:
3126:
3123:
3113:
3109:
3106:
2920:
2891:
2770:Classical Greece
2755:Mycenaean Greece
2735:
2711:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2660:
2504:
2487:Jones, W. H. S.
2381:
2371:
2365:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2335:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2178:
2172:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2148:
2130:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2042:
2036:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1965:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1923:Andreas Vesalius
1919:
1913:
1908:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1890:. Edinburgh 1916
1884:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1858:(2): 212. 1977.
1844:
1838:
1837:
1801:
1795:
1775:
1769:
1749:
1743:
1736:
1730:
1723:
1717:
1710:
1704:
1697:
1691:
1684:
1678:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1656:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1634:
1628:
1617:
1611:
1604:
1598:
1591:
1585:
1578:
1572:
1562:
1556:
1545:
1539:
1532:
1526:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1401:
1392:
1391:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1346:
1338:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1294:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1243:
1234:
1233:
1213:
1204:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1176:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1157:on 16 July 2021.
1153:. Archived from
1129:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1077:. Archived from
1065:
1059:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1023:
1014:
1013:
1007:
999:
997:
995:
982:"Greek Medicine"
977:
849:
780:by means of the
766:Medical students
740:Andreas Vesalius
599:natural theology
226:Rod of Asclepius
198:
186:
145:Rod of Asclepius
95:Islamic medicine
90:Hippocratic Oath
36:Attic red-figure
21:
6048:
6047:
6043:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6038:
6037:
5988:
5987:
5986:
5981:
5965:
5924:herbs and fungi
5919:Herbal medicine
5872:
5856:
5825:
5781:Siddha medicine
5722:
5713:Navajo medicine
5666:
5657:
5653:Yorùbá medicine
5601:
5596:
5566:
5561:
5519:
5474:
5451:
5314:
5308:
5191:
5182:
5174:
5145:Melaina Korkyra
5101:
5023:
4980:
4933:Aeolian Islands
4923:
4785:
4643:
4624:
4623:
4597:
4554:
4465:
4407:
4358:
4312:
4263:
4185:
4176:Wedding customs
4058:
4057:
4026:
4017:Thracian Greeks
4000:
3991:Olympic victors
3969:
3811:
3698:
3642:
3633:Kings of Sparta
3618:Kings of Pontus
3588:Kings of Athens
3564:
3551:
3530:
3426:Army of Macedon
3386:
3363:
3335:
3292:
3240:
3213:(370–c. 230 BC)
3211:Arcadian League
3195:(c. 400–188 BC)
3193:Aetolian League
3187:Boeotian League
3169:Hellenic League
3156:
3143:
3133:(c. 650–404 BC)
3124:
3118:Italiote League
3111:
3107:
3101:Doric Hexapolis
3091:
3082:
3078:Seleucid Empire
3021:
2914:
2913:
2877:
2784:
2760:Greek Dark Ages
2729:
2728:
2705:
2692:
2687:
2638:Wayback Machine
2627:
2494:
2402:
2400:Further reading
2389:
2384:
2372:
2368:
2362:Wayback Machine
2353:
2349:
2306:De Vos (2010).
2305:
2304:
2300:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2166:
2162:
2139:(23): 936–938.
2128:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2026:
2022:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1943:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1894:
1885:
1881:
1846:
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1803:
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1798:
1776:
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1750:
1746:
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1733:
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1711:
1707:
1698:
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1681:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1659:
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1631:
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1605:
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1592:
1588:
1579:
1575:
1563:
1559:
1546:
1542:
1533:
1529:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1422:10.2307/4351609
1403:
1402:
1395:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1339:
1327:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1272:
1271:
1267:
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1237:
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1215:
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1207:
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1191:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1145:
1140:Wayback Machine
1111:
1103:
1101:
1092:
1084:
1082:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1049:
1045:
1036:
1034:
1025:
1024:
1017:
1000:
993:
991:
979:
978:
971:
967:
917:
884:
876:sports medicine
837:
825:herbal medicine
805:
726:Barbary macaque
617:
611:
490:
482:efficient cause
475:for fruit, and
396:
289:
281:Main articles:
279:
247:
238:
138:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6046:
6044:
6036:
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5990:
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5857:
5855:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5833:
5831:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5821:Unani medicine
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5762:
5761:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5730:
5728:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5678:Aztec medicine
5674:
5672:
5668:
5667:
5660:
5658:
5656:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
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5615:
5609:
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5597:
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5507:
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5490:
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5409:
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5399:
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5389:
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5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
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5349:
5344:
5339:
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5329:
5324:
5318:
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5310:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
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5236:
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5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5195:
5193:
5184:
5176:
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5172:
5167:
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5137:
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5127:
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5117:
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5069:
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5016:
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4996:
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4988:
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4979:
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4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4937:
4935:
4929:
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4925:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4879:Megara Hyblaea
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4859:Hybla Gereatis
4856:
4851:
4849:Heraclea Minoa
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4795:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
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4728:
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4713:
4708:
4703:
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4678:
4673:
4668:
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4658:
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4647:
4645:
4636:
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4622:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4607:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4593:Attic numerals
4590:
4588:Greek numerals
4585:
4583:Greek alphabet
4580:
4575:
4570:
4564:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4547:
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4409:
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4374:
4368:
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4360:
4359:
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4320:
4318:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4283:
4277:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4237:Musical system
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4196:
4194:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4183:
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4173:
4168:
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4098:
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4072:
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4056:
4055:
4050:
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4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4008:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3821:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3708:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3669:Mathematicians
3666:
3661:
3656:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3578:Kings of Argos
3574:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3436:Cretan archers
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3406:
3400:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3373:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3345:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3302:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3235:Achaean League
3232:
3229:Euboean League
3226:
3220:
3217:Epirote League
3214:
3208:
3202:
3196:
3190:
3184:
3178:
3172:
3166:
3165:(c. 500–31 BC)
3160:
3147:
3134:
3128:
3115:
3097:
3095:
3093:Confederations
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3017:Lissus (Crete)
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2794:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2765:Archaic Greece
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2739:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2690:Ancient Greece
2688:
2686:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2626:
2625:External links
2623:
2622:
2621:
2607:
2580:(ed. trans.).
2575:
2568:
2547:
2540:
2512:
2505:
2492:
2485:
2465:
2456:Guido, Majno.
2454:
2447:
2425:
2405:Annas, Julia.
2401:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2366:
2347:
2298:
2259:
2216:
2195:10.2307/292898
2173:
2160:
2116:
2105:(2): 333–336.
2085:
2062:
2055:
2037:
2020:
2006:
1984:William Harvey
1975:
1966:
1960:O'Malley, C.,
1953:
1914:
1903:
1892:
1879:
1839:
1812:(1): 158–171.
1796:
1770:
1744:
1731:
1718:
1705:
1692:
1679:
1666:
1657:
1644:
1629:
1612:
1610:Vol. 1 pp. 348
1599:
1586:
1573:
1557:
1540:
1527:
1514:
1507:
1483:
1476:
1452:
1443:
1393:
1354:
1325:
1306:
1265:
1235:
1228:
1205:
1189:
1171:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1143:
1130:
1109:
1090:
1060:
1043:
1015:
968:
966:
963:
962:
961:
956:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
916:
913:
883:
880:
836:
833:
809:pharmacologist
804:
801:
757:De motu cordis
750:published his
748:William Harvey
613:Main article:
610:
607:
489:
486:
395:
392:
324:humoral theory
278:
275:
246:
243:
237:
234:
137:
134:
26:
24:
18:Greek medicine
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6045:
6034:
6033:Pseudoscience
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5980:
5979:
5968:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5925:
5922:
5921:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5909:Ethnomedicine
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5875:
5869:
5868:Bush medicine
5866:
5865:
5863:
5859:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5828:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5725:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5708:Maya medicine
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5669:
5664:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5593:
5588:
5586:
5581:
5579:
5574:
5573:
5570:
5558:
5550:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5538:
5530:
5529:
5526:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5489:
5486:
5485:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5477:
5470:
5466:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5311:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5188:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5108:
5104:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5057:Hemeroscopion
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4792:
4788:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4634:Magna Graecia
4631:
4627:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4557:
4551:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4508:Arcadocypriot
4506:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4462:
4461:Zeus, Olympia
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4446:Hera, Olympia
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4365:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4349:Mount Olympus
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4317:Sacred places
4315:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4188:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4141:Olympic Games
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4131:Homosexuality
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4003:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3501:Seleucid army
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3175:Delian League
3173:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3151:
3148:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3131:Ionian League
3129:
3119:
3116:
3112: 560 BC
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2853:Magna Graecia
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2679:
2677:
2672:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2619:0-415-92087-6
2616:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2596:0-521-23646-0
2593:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:Guido Majno.
2569:
2567:
2566:0-674-36445-7
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2539:
2538:0-674-36153-9
2535:
2531:
2530:0-674-36150-4
2527:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2484:
2483:0-521-29420-7
2480:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2446:
2445:0-19-872112-9
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2424:
2423:0-19-872112-9
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2351:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2009:
2007:0-398-00793-4
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1793:0-521-32085-2
1790:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1767:0-472-08568-9
1764:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1456:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1355:
1350:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1326:0-8131-2011-X
1322:
1318:
1317:
1310:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1147:"Hippocrates"
1144:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1100:on 2008-02-28
1099:
1095:
1091:
1081:on 2008-02-15
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1056:1-883937-75-2
1053:
1047:
1044:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1005:
989:
988:
983:
976:
974:
970:
964:
960:
957:
954:
953:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
918:
914:
912:
908:
906:
901:
897:
893:
887:
881:
879:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
845:
841:
834:
832:
830:
826:
821:
819:
814:
810:
802:
800:
798:
794:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
758:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
736:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
702:
700:
696:
692:
689:(present-day
688:
684:
680:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
622:
616:
608:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
572:blood vessels
569:
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
505:
504:
499:
494:
487:
485:
483:
478:
474:
470:
466:
465:
460:
456:
451:
449:
443:
441:
437:
436:scala naturae
432:
428:
427:formal causes
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
391:
389:
387:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
350:
348:
342:
340:
332:
330:
329:miasma theory
325:
321:
316:
312:
311:
302:
298:
293:
288:
284:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
259:
254:
252:
244:
242:
235:
233:
231:
227:
222:
220:
215:
210:
206:
202:
194:
190:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
161:
157:
152:
146:
142:
135:
133:
131:
127:
126:pharmacopoeia
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
102:
100:
96:
91:
87:
86:
81:
77:
71:
69:
65:
63:
59:
58:ancient Greek
55:
51:
47:
41:, 480–470 BC)
40:
37:
32:
19:
5976:
5941:Mithridatism
5836:
5739:Dhivehi beys
5352:Dionysopolis
5322:Abonoteichos
5274:Pantikapaion
4864:Hybla Heraea
4226:
4200:Architecture
4156:Prostitution
3845:Aristophanes
3704:Philosophers
3674:Philosophers
3506:Spartan army
3237:(280–146 BC)
3225:(338–322 BC)
3219:(370–168 BC)
3207:(374–196 BC)
3201:(378–355 BC)
3183:(430–348 BC)
3177:(478–404 BC)
3171:(499–449 BC)
2858:Peloponnesus
2780:Roman Greece
2610:
2582:
2571:
2553:
2543:
2517:
2508:
2500:
2488:
2470:
2457:
2450:
2432:
2428:
2410:
2406:
2387:Bibliography
2377:
2369:
2350:
2318:(1): 28–47.
2315:
2311:
2301:
2279:(1): 63–80.
2276:
2272:
2262:
2232:(1): 35–54.
2229:
2225:
2219:
2189:(1): 27–39.
2186:
2182:
2176:
2168:
2163:
2136:
2132:
2119:
2102:
2098:
2088:
2071:
2065:
2046:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2011:. Retrieved
1992:(in Latin).
1988:
1978:
1969:
1961:
1956:
1944:. Retrieved
1931:(in Latin).
1927:
1917:
1906:
1895:
1887:
1882:
1855:
1851:
1842:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1778:
1773:
1752:
1747:
1739:
1734:
1726:
1721:
1716:, pp 383-384
1713:
1708:
1700:
1695:
1687:
1682:
1674:
1669:
1660:
1652:
1647:
1638:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1607:
1602:
1594:
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1486:
1462:
1455:
1446:
1413:
1409:
1371:
1367:
1357:
1315:
1309:
1285:(1): 57–65.
1282:
1278:
1268:
1251:
1247:
1218:
1200:
1192:
1183:
1174:
1165:
1155:the original
1150:
1117:
1113:
1102:. Retrieved
1098:the original
1083:. Retrieved
1079:the original
1074:
1063:
1046:
1035:. Retrieved
1033:. 2018-11-09
1030:
992:. Retrieved
985:
950:
909:
888:
885:
855:
839:
838:
828:
816:
806:
792:
790:
755:
733:
703:
681:, a wealthy
679:Aelius Nicon
676:
664:pharmacology
636:Roman Empire
618:
588:
560:intelligence
557:
524:
509:
501:
498:Theophrastus
476:
472:
462:
459:Theophrastus
452:
444:
435:
431:teleological
424:
420:categorizing
397:
385:
380:
346:
338:
333:
314:
308:
306:
271:
267:
263:
255:
248:
239:
223:
188:
174:
165:
155:
154:View of the
103:
83:
72:
66:
49:
45:
44:
5946:Naturopathy
5914:Health care
5500:Place names
5412:Salmydessus
5234:Kalos Limen
5214:Chersonesus
5204:Borysthenes
4909:Tauromenion
4721:Metapontion
4483:Proto-Greek
4436:Erechtheion
4431:Athena Nike
4393:Philippeion
4222:Mathematics
4193:and science
4076:Agriculture
3940:Stesichorus
3850:Bacchylides
3840:Archilochus
3727:Antisthenes
3717:Anaximander
3689:Seven Sages
3679:Playwrights
3659:Geographers
3654:Astronomers
3481:Pezhetairos
3108: 1100
3088:Federations
2987:Megalopolis
2924:City states
2899:City states
2550:Mayr, Ernst
1937:Switzerland
1580:Aristotle,
1374:(1): 1–15.
994:November 9,
868:Hippocrates
803:Dioscorides
797:vivisection
677:The son of
632:philosopher
564:experiments
477:pericarpium
469:Middle Ages
375:Asclepieion
367:Hippocrates
189:Asclepieion
156:Asklepieion
76:Hippocrates
5992:Categories
5894:Apothecary
5402:Polemonion
5279:Phanagoria
5249:Kimmerikon
5244:Kerkinitis
5229:Hermonassa
5219:Dioscurias
5115:Aspalathos
5062:Kalathousa
5037:Akra Leuke
4966:Phoenicusa
4751:Scylletium
4736:Poseidonia
4656:Brentesion
4543:Pamphylian
4538:Macedonian
4456:Samothrace
4441:Hephaestus
4388:Long Walls
4367:Structures
4308:Underworld
4254:Technology
4217:Literature
4151:Philosophy
4116:Euergetism
4005:By culture
3950:Thucydides
3792:Pythagoras
3787:Protagoras
3777:Parmenides
3762:Heraclitus
3747:Empedocles
3737:Democritus
3722:Anaximenes
3712:Anaxagoras
3664:Historians
3157: 595
3144: 550
3125: 800
3110: – c.
3038:Cappadocia
2843:Ionian Sea
2833:Hellespont
2798:Aegean Sea
1508:0140444513
1468:Penguin UK
1416:(6): 534.
1184:Britannica
1180:"Alcmaeon"
1120:(1): 2–4.
1104:2012-04-21
1085:2008-03-08
1037:2021-04-08
965:References
718:dissection
656:physiology
648:scientific
603:Ernst Mayr
568:pneumatics
541:diagnostic
515:under the
513:Alexandria
416:attributes
412:empiricism
347:Prognostic
258:Herophilus
201:in a dream
197:ἐγκοίμησις
185:Ἀσκληπιεῖα
176:Asclepieia
136:Asclepieia
130:Alexandria
5956:Shamanism
5904:Electuary
5698:Kallawaya
5693:Curandero
5488:in Epirus
5437:Trapezous
5382:Mesambria
5367:Eupatoria
5337:Apollonia
5332:Anchialos
5294:Theodosia
5264:Nymphaion
5254:Myrmekion
5224:Gorgippia
5180:Black Sea
5165:Tragurion
5150:Nymphaion
5135:Epidauros
5130:Epidamnos
5120:Apollonia
5097:Zacynthos
5019:Ptolemais
5013:Apollonia
4986:Cyrenaica
4976:Therassía
4971:Strongyle
4951:Ereikousa
4874:Leontinoi
4814:Apollonia
4691:Hipponion
4488:Mycenaean
4451:Parthenon
4383:Lion Gate
4286:Mythology
4249:Sculpture
4212:Astronomy
4146:Pederasty
4121:Festivals
4106:Education
3986:Lawgivers
3955:Timocreon
3935:Sophocles
3930:Simonides
3905:Philocles
3900:Panyassis
3895:Mimnermus
3860:Herodotus
3855:Euripides
3825:Aeschylus
3772:Leucippus
3732:Aristotle
3511:Strategos
3377:Synedrion
3331:Ostracism
3311:Areopagus
3263:Free city
3058:Macedonia
2942:Byzantion
2848:Macedonia
2813:Cyrenaica
2790:Geography
2724:Geography
1761:. p. 63.
1606:Guthrie,
1555:, p 41-44
1430:0009-8418
1380:0043-0439
1343:cite book
1254:: 11–17.
840:Herodicus
835:Herodicus
754:entitled
683:architect
668:neurology
660:pathology
644:antiquity
624:physician
595:Lucretius
517:Ptolemies
404:antiquity
400:Aristotle
386:Epidemics
373:from the
359:Asclepius
339:Aphorisms
219:Epidaurus
214:chamomile
167:Asclepius
39:aryballos
5936:Humorism
5734:Ayurveda
5671:Americas
5633:Saltigue
5537:Category
5515:Theatres
5442:Tripolis
5377:Kerasous
5372:Heraclea
5304:Tyritake
5259:Nikonion
5170:Thronion
5092:Salauris
5047:Emporion
5004:Berenice
4994:Balagrae
4946:Euonymos
4919:Tyndaris
4904:Syracuse
4899:Selinous
4869:Kamarina
4824:Casmenae
4809:Akrillai
4726:Neápolis
4661:Caulonia
4642:Mainland
4573:Linear B
4568:Linear A
4498:Dialects
4475:Language
4269:Religion
4227:Medicine
4161:Religion
4126:Folklore
4111:Emporium
4086:Clothing
4081:Calendar
3965:Xenophon
3960:Tyrtaeus
3945:Theognis
3920:Polybius
3915:Plutarch
3890:Menander
3870:Hipponax
3797:Socrates
3752:Epicurus
3598:Diadochi
3496:Sciritae
3456:Hetairoi
3431:Ballista
3396:Military
3359:Gerousia
3349:Ekklesia
3316:Ecclesia
3298:Athenian
3246:Politics
3159:–279 BC)
3146:–366 BC)
3127:–389 BC)
3063:Pergamon
3033:Bithynia
3026:Kingdoms
2967:Pergamon
2909:Military
2904:Politics
2701:Timeline
2634:Archived
2590:, 1989.
2358:Archived
2342:20561577
2254:35323972
2246:11618979
2211:11616518
2111:20102254
2013:7 August
1986:(1628).
1946:7 August
1925:(1543).
1852:Med Hist
1834:35645790
1826:11624046
1712:Barnes,
1686:Barnes,
1582:De Anima
1388:24536249
1335:35145865
1301:17386916
1136:Archived
1126:18392218
915:See also
905:Avicenna
900:Andalusi
860:exercise
850:) was a
848:Ἡρóδιĸος
770:ligation
752:treatise
710:humorism
706:medicine
699:emperors
687:Pergamon
593:such as
591:atomists
533:arteries
448:Alcmaeon
287:Humorism
251:Agnodice
230:Caduceus
209:Pergamum
114:Alcmaeon
68:Humorism
52:(Greek:
5961:Theriac
5884:Alchemy
5861:Oceania
5759:Ancient
5557:Outline
5510:Temples
5447:Zaliche
5427:Thèrmae
5417:Sesamus
5387:Odessos
5362:Cytorus
5357:Cotyora
5107:Illyria
5072:Mainake
5067:Kypsela
4956:Hycesia
4914:Thermae
4894:Segesta
4884:Messana
4839:Helorus
4819:Calacte
4799:Akragas
4761:Sybaris
4746:Rhegion
4701:Krimisa
4651:Alision
4560:Writing
4533:Locrian
4523:Epirote
4493:Homeric
4426:Artemis
4413:Temples
4354:Olympia
4324:Eleusis
4259:Theatre
4244:Pottery
4171:Warfare
4166:Slavery
4101:Economy
4096:Cuisine
4091:Coinage
4068:Society
4053:Culture
4048:Society
3996:Tyrants
3835:Alcaeus
3817:Authors
3767:Hypatia
3757:Gorgias
3694:Writers
3516:Toxotai
3486:Sarissa
3476:Peltast
3471:Phalanx
3451:Hoplite
3446:Hippeis
3369:Macedon
3341:Spartan
3326:Heliaia
3273:Proxeny
2982:Larissa
2977:Kerkyra
2972:Eretria
2962:Miletus
2957:Ephesus
2952:Corinth
2947:Chalcis
2868:Taurica
2738:Periods
2719:History
2464:, 1975.
2333:2956839
2281:Bibcode
1998:Germany
1873:1081972
1787:. p.1.
1742:, p 252
1738:Annas,
1699:Mason,
1673:Mason,
1651:Annas,
1593:Mason,
1534:Annas,
1521:Mason,
1438:4351609
872:massage
864:disease
782:cranial
778:muscles
722:monkeys
714:Western
691:Bergama
652:anatomy
634:in the
628:surgeon
576:vacuums
108:in 700
54:ἰατρική
50:iatrikē
5830:Europe
5776:Ramuan
5628:Nganga
5606:Africa
5547:Portal
5495:People
5483:Cities
5422:Sinope
5407:Rhizos
5397:Phasis
5347:Bathus
5342:Athina
5327:Amisos
5289:Tanais
5284:Pityus
5209:Charax
5160:Pharos
5155:Orikon
5052:Helike
5042:Alonis
5009:Cyrene
4941:Didyme
4854:Himera
4829:Catana
4791:Sicily
4781:Thurii
4776:Terina
4741:Pixous
4696:Hydrus
4671:Croton
4503:Aeolic
4421:Aphaea
4344:Dodona
4329:Delphi
4298:Temple
3974:Others
3925:Sappho
3910:Pindar
3885:Lucian
3880:Ibycus
3865:Hesiod
3802:Thales
3570:Rulers
3549:People
3526:Xyston
3521:Xiphos
3382:Koinon
3288:Tyrant
3278:Stasis
3268:Koinon
3068:Pontus
3043:Epirus
3012:Sparta
3002:Rhodes
2997:Megara
2992:Thebes
2937:Athens
2863:Pontus
2828:Epirus
2818:Cyprus
2803:Aeolis
2617:
2602:
2594:
2564:
2536:
2528:
2481:
2443:
2421:
2340:
2330:
2252:
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2209:
2203:292898
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2155:339375
2153:
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2080:Greece
2076:Athens
2053:
2004:
1870:
1832:
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1791:
1765:
1725:Mayr,
1703:, p 57
1690:pp 383
1655:pp 252
1627:, p 46
1619:Mayr,
1564:Mayr,
1547:Mayr,
1538:pp 247
1505:
1474:
1436:
1428:
1386:
1378:
1333:
1323:
1299:
1226:
1124:
1054:
728:, and
666:, and
549:nerves
473:carpos
455:Lyceum
371:mosaic
171:Apollo
106:Cnidus
62:humors
5877:Other
5771:Kampo
5749:Hilot
5505:Stoae
5473:Lists
5392:Oinòe
5315:coast
5313:South
5299:Tyras
5269:Olbia
5239:Kepoi
5192:coast
5190:North
5183:basin
5125:Aulon
5087:Rhode
4999:Barca
4889:Naxos
4844:Henna
4804:Akrai
4771:Taras
4756:Siris
4716:Medma
4711:Locri
4676:Cumae
4666:Chone
4644:Italy
4550:Koine
4528:Ionic
4518:Doric
4513:Attic
4334:Delos
4232:Music
3875:Homer
3830:Aesop
3782:Plato
3684:Poets
3354:Ephor
3306:Agora
3283:Tagus
3258:Boule
3007:Samos
2932:Argos
2838:Ionia
2823:Doris
2808:Crete
2250:S2CID
2199:JSTOR
2129:(PDF)
1933:Basel
1830:S2CID
1677:pp 56
1597:pp 45
1525:pp 41
1434:JSTOR
1384:JSTOR
959:Unani
892:Galen
852:Greek
844:Greek
774:brain
762:heart
672:logic
621:Greek
615:Galen
609:Galen
580:brain
537:pulse
529:veins
193:Greek
181:Greek
5766:Jamu
5727:Asia
5623:Muti
5432:Tium
5199:Akra
5140:Issa
4834:Gela
4706:Laüs
4681:Elea
4339:Dion
4191:Arts
4181:Wine
3807:Zeno
3404:Wars
2615:ISBN
2600:ISBN
2592:ISBN
2562:ISBN
2534:ISBN
2526:ISBN
2479:ISBN
2441:ISBN
2419:ISBN
2338:PMID
2242:PMID
2207:PMID
2151:PMID
2107:PMID
2051:ISBN
2015:2010
2002:ISBN
1948:2010
1822:PMID
1789:ISBN
1763:ISBN
1584:II 3
1503:ISBN
1472:ISBN
1426:ISSN
1376:ISSN
1349:link
1331:OCLC
1321:ISBN
1297:PMID
1252:1242
1224:ISBN
1122:PMID
1052:ISBN
1010:link
996:2013
990:. UK
784:and
730:pigs
695:Rome
630:and
553:body
531:and
307:The
285:and
224:The
97:and
4136:Law
2552:.
2520:.
2328:PMC
2320:doi
2316:132
2289:doi
2234:doi
2191:doi
2141:hdl
1868:PMC
1860:doi
1814:doi
1418:doi
1287:doi
1256:doi
738:by
720:of
642:of
500:'s
438:or
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