735:
421:
719:
295:
747:
413:
31:
906:, p. 136: "At the start of the war, the Greeks were a thriving community in Asia Minor, a land they had inhabited since the time of Homer. But things deteriorated quickly. Before the Turkish implementation of a nationalist policy, the Greek population was estimated at around 2.5 million, with 2,300 community schools, 200,000 pupils, 5,000 teachers, 2,000 Greek Orthodox churches, and 3,000 Greek Orthodox priests."
326:. Some prominent Ottoman Greeks served as parliamentary deputies. In the 1908 Parliament, there were twenty-six (26) Ottoman Greek deputies but their number dropped to eighteen (18) by 1914. It is estimated that the Greek population of the Ottoman Empire in Asia Minor had 2,300 community schools, 200,000 students, 5,000 teachers, 2,000 Greek Orthodox churches, and 3,000 Greek Orthodox priests.
954:, pp. 276–277: "The Greeks belonged to the community of the Orthodox subjects of the Sultan. But within that larger unity they formed a self-conscious group marked off from their fellow Orthodox by language and culture and by a tradition of education never entirely interrupted, which maintained their Greek identity."
718:
435:
The Greeks were a self-conscious group within the larger
Christian Orthodox religious community established by the Ottoman Empire. They distinguished themselves from their Orthodox co-religionists by retaining their Greek culture, customs, language, and tradition of education. Throughout the
167:
734:
216:, their houses could not overlook those of Muslims, and their religious practices would have to defer to those of Muslims, in addition to various other legal limitations. Violation of these statutes could result in punishments ranging from the levying of
315:(more commonly called the Young Turks), a political party opposed to the absolute rule of Sultan Abd-ul-Hamid II, had led a rebellion against their ruler. The pro-reform Young Turks deposed the Sultan and replaced him with the ineffective Sultan
1045:
389:. The Patriarchate earned a primary importance and occupied this key role among the Christians of the Ottoman Empire because the Ottomans did not legally distinguish between nationality and religion, and thus regarded all the
746:
310:
On July 24, 1908, Greeks' hopes for equality in the
Ottoman Empire brightened with the removal of Sultan Abd-ul-Hamid II (r. 1876–1909) from power and restored the country back to a constitutional monarchy. The
400:. The Patriarch and those church dignitaries around him constituted the first centre of power for the Greeks inside the Ottoman state, one which succeeded in infiltrating the structures of the
420:
231:
was recognized as the highest religious and political leader (millet-bashi, or ethnarch) of all
Orthodox Christian subjects of the Sultan, though in certain periods some major powers, such as
259:
and Russia (known as the Great Powers), took issue with the
Ottoman Empire's treatment of its Christian population and increasingly pressured the Ottoman government (also known as the
917:
1446:
2020:
149:
were settled in over 70 villages, as part of official
Russian policy to re-populate with Orthodox Christians an area that was traditionally made up of Ottoman Muslims and
1890:
970:
under the
Ottoman Empire they retained their own religion, customs, and language, and the 'Greeks became the most important non-Turkish element in the Ottoman Empire'."
817:
1409:
1316:
1014:– but according to their context the meaning of these words broadens to include or exclude population groups of another language and, at the same time, ethnicity."
338:
2132:
1473:
1920:
2451:
2219:
244:
1483:
294:
2025:
753:
396:
The position of the
Patriarchate in the Ottoman state encouraged projects of Greek renaissance, centered on the resurrection and revitalization of the
2323:
1820:
1493:
792:
356:
2288:
1557:
1026:, "Epistola Theodori Zygomalae", p. 236: "...ησάν ποτε κύριοι Αθηνών, και ενωτίζοντο, ότι η νέων Ρωμαίων είτε Γραικών βασιλεία ασθενείν άρχεται..."
728:
in 1917. Black = Bulgars and Turks. Red = Greeks. Light yellow = Armenians. Blue = Kurds. Orange = Lazes. Dark Yellow = Arabs. Green = Nestorians.
2446:
1629:
1468:
2372:
2164:
2152:
2069:
1751:
1624:
1488:
374:
286:
in
Ottoman Turkish), which was promulgated on November 23, 1876. It established freedom of belief and equality of all citizens before the law.
2283:
1577:
924:
1761:
1736:
1705:
1380:
1547:
1368:
1309:
146:
2417:
2377:
2351:
2305:
2046:
1793:
1441:
1675:
1592:
1582:
1426:
1284:
1263:
1233:
1212:
1170:
1127:
1095:
1054:
2083:
236:
2015:
832:
1180:
Lekka, Anastasia (2007). "Legislative
Provisions of the Ottoman/Turkish Governments Regarding Minorities and Their Properties".
436:
post-Byzantine and
Ottoman periods, Greeks, as members of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, declared themselves as
2313:
2278:
2184:
2142:
1436:
827:
1108:
Modern Greek in Asia Minor: A Study of Dialect of Silly, Cappadocia and Pharasa with Grammar, Texts, Translations and Glossary
2137:
1963:
1904:
1510:
1302:
589:
1478:
2410:
2356:
2206:
2196:
1690:
1333:
812:
273:
promised equality for all Ottoman citizens irrespective of their ethnicity and confession, widening the scope of the 1839
1974:
1756:
1505:
514:
2382:
2346:
2328:
2295:
2266:
1781:
2041:
1346:
1162:
Post-Byzantium: The Greek Renaissance 15th-18th Century Treasures from the Byzantine & Christian Museum, Athens
370:
208:: testimony against Muslims by Christians and Jews was inadmissible in courts of law. They were forbidden to carry
1431:
674:
412:
282:
2189:
1948:
1937:
1419:
691:
240:
559:
267:
reforms to improve the situation of non-Muslims, although these would prove largely ineffective. In 1856, the
2424:
1930:
1773:
797:
601:
547:
502:
385:
303:
2244:
1998:
1599:
1385:
1361:
607:
583:
553:
362:
2090:
982:, p. 29: "All the peoples belonging to the flock of the Ecumenical Patriarchate declared themselves
2005:
1720:
1515:
782:
595:
263:) to extend equal rights to all its citizens. Beginning in 1839, the Ottoman government implemented the
142:
2100:
337:
were subject to a campaign including massacres and internal deportations involving death marches. The
2229:
2214:
1958:
1715:
637:
269:
228:
197:
39:
1390:
1953:
1356:
685:
613:
526:
508:
30:
1255:
Ottoman Greeks in the Age of Nationalism: Politics, Economy, and Society in the Nineteenth Century
2261:
1520:
1397:
1373:
643:
74:
1786:
1204:
Nationalism, Globalization, and Orthodoxy: The Social Origins of Ethnic Conflict in the Balkans
2392:
2234:
1587:
1280:
1259:
1229:
1208:
1166:
1123:
1091:
1050:
807:
703:
652:
631:
577:
179:
2251:
2010:
1808:
1614:
1341:
1189:
772:
697:
619:
489:
470:
397:
58:
17:
1006:
in the Greek language) would not describe themselves as such – they are generally known as
166:
2256:
2110:
2051:
1813:
1572:
670:
366:
138:
118:
114:
110:
78:
565:
1106:
2338:
2271:
1325:
802:
777:
569:
520:
425:
401:
343:
323:
299:
232:
217:
94:
90:
70:
50:
2440:
2239:
2179:
1993:
1876:
1664:
1651:
1619:
1609:
1604:
1084:
822:
787:
658:
538:
457:
274:
260:
196:
were guaranteed limited freedoms (such as the right to worship), but were treated as
134:
129:, including in what, between 1878 and 1917, made up the Russian Caucasus province of
122:
1710:
298:
A 1914 document showing the official figures from the 1914 population census of the
2125:
2095:
1985:
1825:
1803:
1402:
1351:
1065:
679:
625:
175:
171:
1274:
1253:
1223:
1202:
1160:
1149:
1138:
1117:
1072:
1062:
1925:
1634:
1500:
1046:
A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility
1040:
664:
483:
429:
312:
247:, claimed the rights of protection over the Ottoman Empire's Orthodox subjects.
130:
35:
918:"Genocide Scholars Association Officially Recognizes Assyrian, Greek Genocides"
383:) of Greeks and the other ethnicities that were included in the Greek Orthodox
2174:
1798:
1641:
1193:
767:
725:
542:
532:
334:
193:
106:
82:
322:
Before World War I, there were an estimated 1.8 million Greeks living in the
113:, respectively). There were also sizeable Greek communities elsewhere in the
2169:
1942:
1869:
1852:
1646:
390:
221:
150:
1525:
306:) was given at 20,975,345, and the Greek population was given at 1,792,206.
2120:
1968:
1725:
1700:
1414:
379:
316:
264:
126:
98:
2115:
2105:
1885:
1859:
1540:
1535:
572:
646:(1906–1988), Greek-British car designer whose most famous work is the
2387:
1864:
1847:
1695:
330:
256:
209:
205:
188:
102:
66:
916:
International Association of Genocide Scholars (December 16, 2007).
740:
Map depicting the ethnic composition of Ottoman territories in 1911.
1154:. Vol. II. Athens, Greece: Institute for Neohellenic Research.
377:
was recognized by the Sultan as the religious and national leader (
341:(IAGS) recognizes it as genocide and refers to the campaign as the
999:
419:
411:
213:
165:
29:
1294:
1105:
Dawkins, Richard McGillivray; Halliday, William Reginald (1916).
1881:
647:
201:
1298:
280:. The reformist period peaked with the Constitution, (or
1252:
Gondicas, Dimitri; Issawi, Charles Philip, eds. (1999).
1276:
I Kath'imas Anatoli: Studies in Ottoman Greek History
1207:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group.
562:(1494–1536), Grand Vizier to Suleyman the Magnificent
255:
The three major European powers, the United Kingdom,
186:
In the Ottoman Empire, in accordance with the Muslim
2365:
2337:
2304:
2205:
2151:
2068:
2034:
1984:
1912:
1903:
1840:
1772:
1734:
1673:
1662:
1565:
1556:
1457:
1332:
891:
1083:
1002:, p. 8: "The people we have named as Greeks (
404:, while attracting the former Byzantine nobility.
34:Hellenism (yellow) in the Aegean during and after
535:(1909–2003), director, producer, writer and actor
1228:. Huntingdon, United Kingdom: The Eothen Press.
1165:. Athens, Greece: Hellenic Ministry of Culture.
1140:Chroniques Gréco-Romanes Inédites ou peu Connues
963:
855:
694:(1860–1936) – Greek military man and politician
1201:Roudometof, Victor; Robertson, Roland (2001).
756:; Muslim, Greek and Armenian leaders together.
339:International Association of Genocide Scholars
27:Ethnic Greeks living within the Ottoman Empire
1310:
622:(1849–1930), Member of the Ottoman Parliament
8:
1222:Volkan, Vamik D.; Itzkowitz, Norman (1994).
1137:Hopf, Carl Hermann Friedrich Johann (1873).
673:(1900–1971), Greek poet who was awarded the
182:in green with individual villages indicated.
1148:Institute for Neohellenic Research (2005).
1090:. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Runestone Press.
1077:. Paris, France: Librairie Payot & Cie.
818:Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1453–1821)
2157:
1909:
1670:
1562:
1461:
1317:
1303:
1295:
1049:. New York, New York: Metropolitan Books.
947:
945:
879:
640:(1918–1985), Greek light heavyweight boxer
170:Distribution of Anatolian Greeks in 1910:
97:), and western, central, and northeastern
1143:. Berlin, Germany: Librairie de Weidmann.
1086:Daily Life in Ancient and Modern Istanbul
793:Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
357:Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
1225:Turks and Greeks: Neighbours in Conflict
1111:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
951:
293:
73:(1299–1922), much of which is in modern
1258:. Princeton, New Jersey: Darwin Press.
1071:Alaux, Louis-Paul; Puaux, René (1916).
1000:Institute for Neohellenic Research 2005
979:
848:
714:
706:(1855–1921), businessman and politician
302:. The total population (sum of all the
1082:Bator, Robert; Rothero, Chris (2000).
580:, 19th century merchant and benefactor
523:(1850–1936), arms dealer and financier
375:Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
903:
867:
137:, northeastern Anatolian Greeks, and
7:
1279:. Istanbul, Turkey: The Isis Press.
1023:
448:(Greek: Ρωμαίοι/Ρωμηιοί, "Romans").
655:(1748–1833), Greek humanist scholar
2452:Christianity in the Ottoman Empire
1742:(reform and constitutional period)
529:(1820–1896), banker and benefactor
393:of the Empire as a single entity.
25:
1630:List of Ottoman sultans' consorts
1593:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
1122:. New York, New York: Routledge.
966:, p. 85: "While living as a
628:(1810–1884), banker and financier
373:among subjugated Christians, the
1625:List of Ottoman sultans' mothers
833:List of former mosques in Greece
745:
733:
717:
329:From 1914 until 1923, Greeks in
1706:Defterdars/Ministers of Finance
892:Roudometof & Robertson 2001
828:Greek Byzantine Catholic Church
440:(Greek: Γραικοί, "Greeks") and
313:Committee of Union and Progress
2447:Greeks from the Ottoman Empire
1447:Persecution of Ottoman Muslims
590:Prince Alexander Mavrocordatos
351:Patriarchate of Constantinople
204:were not considered equals to
147:Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829
141:who had collaborated with the
1:
813:Phanar Greek Orthodox College
634:(1906–1975), shipping magnate
89:). They were concentrated in
598:(1845–1929), Prince of Samos
592:(1791–1865), Greek statesman
494:
475:
462:
38:by George Soteriadis of the
18:Greeks in the Ottoman Empire
1891:Vassal and tributary states
964:Volkan & Itzkowitz 1994
856:Dawkins & Halliday 1916
416:Greek woman in Turkey, 1710
2468:
700:(1880–1942), famous singer
688:(1913–1972), famous singer
682:(1918–1957), famous singer
667:(1914–1969), famous singer
661:(1890–1980), famous singer
354:
93:(especially in and around
2405:
2160:
1464:
1410:Decline and modernization
1194:10.1215/10474552-2006-038
1116:Harrison, Thomas (2002).
1074:Le Déclin de l'Hellénisme
675:Nobel Prize in Literature
556:(1855–1922), Grand Vizier
541:(1904–1973), writer from
511:(1819–1893), Grand Vizier
79:Greek Orthodox Christians
54:
1938:Six Divisions of Cavalry
1474:Foreign Affairs Ministry
1159:Kakavas, George (2002).
692:Leonidas Paraskevopoulos
237:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
1931:Agha of the Janissaries
1578:List of Ottoman sultans
1273:Clogg, Richard (2004).
1182:Mediterranean Quarterly
798:Millet (Ottoman Empire)
602:Constantine Anthopoulos
369:virtually replaced the
2133:Science and technology
1583:Roman succession claim
880:Alaux & Puaux 1916
608:Konstantinos Mousouros
584:Nicholas Mavrocordatos
548:Evangelinos Misailidis
452:Notable Ottoman Greeks
432:
417:
363:fall of Constantinople
307:
183:
77:. Ottoman Greeks were
62:
43:
2006:Dragoman of the Fleet
1721:Dragoman of the Porte
1511:Armenian Constitution
1398:Stagnation and reform
1151:The Historical Review
1119:Greeks and Barbarians
783:Greek Orthodox Church
596:Alexandros Mavrogenis
568:(1589–1651), wife of
560:Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha
515:Aleksandro Karatodori
423:
415:
297:
198:second-class citizens
169:
143:Russian Imperial Army
33:
1726:Outer Palace Service
1642:Inner Palace Service
638:Anton Christoforidis
503:Hadım Suleiman Pasha
229:Ecumenical Patriarch
174:speakers in yellow,
81:who belonged to the
40:University of Athens
1921:Classic period army
1762:Chamber of Deputies
1737:Imperial Government
752:Declaration of the
686:Giannis Papaioannou
614:Georgios Kourtoglou
554:Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha
527:Christakis Zografos
509:Ibrahim Edhem Pasha
391:Orthodox Christians
1548:Translation Office
1432:2nd Constitutional
1420:1st Constitutional
1374:Sultanate of Women
644:Sir Alec Issigonis
616:(1856–1912), Pasha
610:(1807–1891), Pasha
604:(1835–1902), Pasha
433:
424:Ottoman Greeks in
418:
365:in 1453, when the
308:
184:
44:
2434:
2433:
2401:
2400:
2393:Star and crescent
2064:
2063:
2060:
2059:
1899:
1898:
1836:
1835:
1588:Ottoman Caliphate
1469:Foreign relations
990:(Romans - Rums)."
808:Ottoman Armenians
704:Matthaios Kofidis
653:Adamantios Korais
632:Aristotle Onassis
578:Michael Vasileiou
371:Byzantine emperor
200:. Christians and
180:Cappadocian Greek
69:who lived in the
16:(Redirected from
2459:
2165:Social structure
2158:
2011:Imperial Arsenal
1910:
1744:
1683:
1681:(classic period)
1676:Imperial Council
1671:
1563:
1462:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1296:
1290:
1269:
1239:
1218:
1197:
1176:
1155:
1144:
1133:
1112:
1101:
1089:
1078:
1060:
1027:
1021:
1015:
997:
991:
977:
971:
961:
955:
949:
940:
939:
937:
935:
929:
923:. Archived from
922:
913:
907:
901:
895:
889:
883:
877:
871:
865:
859:
853:
773:Greeks in Turkey
749:
737:
721:
698:Kostas Skarvelis
620:Pavlos Karolidis
498:
496:
490:Rum Mehmed Pasha
479:
477:
466:
464:
398:Byzantine Empire
319:(r. 1908–1918).
125:and the Ottoman
56:
21:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2397:
2361:
2333:
2300:
2201:
2190:Ottoman Turkish
2147:
2056:
2030:
1980:
1975:Modernized army
1959:Sekban-i Djedid
1895:
1832:
1787:Shaykh al-Islām
1768:
1745:
1740:
1739:
1730:
1684:
1679:
1678:
1658:
1573:Ottoman dynasty
1552:
1453:
1328:
1323:
1293:
1287:
1272:
1266:
1251:
1247:
1245:Further reading
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1200:
1179:
1173:
1158:
1147:
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1130:
1115:
1104:
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1081:
1070:
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1039:
1035:
1030:
1022:
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998:
994:
978:
974:
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931:
927:
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902:
898:
890:
886:
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862:
854:
850:
846:
841:
764:
757:
750:
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738:
729:
722:
713:
671:Giorgos Seferis
493:
474:
461:
454:
410:
359:
353:
292:
253:
164:
159:
139:Caucasus Greeks
119:Ottoman Armenia
115:Ottoman Balkans
111:Erzurum vilayet
101:(especially in
63:Osmanlı Rumları
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1990:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1954:Nizam-i Djedid
1945:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1916:
1914:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1879:
1877:Mutasarrifates
1874:
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1716:Reis ül-Küttab
1713:
1708:
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1698:
1693:
1687:
1685:
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1652:Palace Schools
1649:
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1622:
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1612:
1607:
1600:Imperial Harem
1597:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1569:
1567:
1566:House of Osman
1560:
1554:
1553:
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1528:
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1513:
1508:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1465:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1386:Decline thesis
1381:Transformation
1378:
1377:
1376:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1362:Constantinople
1359:
1354:
1344:
1338:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1326:Ottoman Empire
1324:
1322:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1299:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1270:
1264:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1234:
1219:
1213:
1198:
1188:(1): 135–154.
1177:
1171:
1156:
1145:
1134:
1128:
1113:
1102:
1096:
1079:
1068:
1055:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1016:
992:
972:
956:
941:
930:on 1 June 2011
908:
896:
884:
872:
860:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
836:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
803:Ottoman Empire
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
778:Greek genocide
775:
770:
763:
760:
759:
758:
751:
744:
742:
739:
732:
730:
724:Ethnic map of
723:
716:
712:
709:
708:
707:
701:
695:
689:
683:
677:
668:
662:
656:
650:
641:
635:
629:
623:
617:
611:
605:
599:
593:
587:
581:
575:
570:Ottoman sultan
563:
557:
551:
545:
536:
530:
524:
521:Basil Zaharoff
518:
512:
506:
500:
487:
481:
468:
453:
450:
426:Constantinople
409:
406:
402:Ottoman Empire
355:Main article:
352:
349:
344:Greek Genocide
324:Ottoman Empire
300:Ottoman Empire
291:
288:
270:Hatt-ı Hümayun
252:
249:
245:United Kingdom
192:system, Greek
178:in orange and
163:
160:
158:
155:
95:Constantinople
91:eastern Thrace
71:Ottoman Empire
65:) were ethnic
47:Ottoman Greeks
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2464:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2180:Ottoman court
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2021:Naval battles
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1994:Kapudan Pasha
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1949:Reform period
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1661:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1610:Haseki sultan
1608:
1606:
1605:Valide sultan
1603:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1484:United States
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1369:Classical Age
1367:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1342:Osman's Dream
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1288:
1286:9789754282740
1282:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1267:
1265:0-87850-096-0
1261:
1257:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1237:
1235:0-906719-25-9
1231:
1227:
1226:
1220:
1216:
1214:9780313319495
1210:
1206:
1205:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1172:960-214-053-4
1168:
1164:
1163:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1131:
1129:0-415-93958-5
1125:
1121:
1120:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1103:
1099:
1097:0-8225-3217-4
1093:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1058:
1056:0-8050-7932-7
1052:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1025:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
993:
989:
985:
981:
976:
973:
969:
965:
960:
957:
953:
952:Harrison 2002
948:
946:
942:
926:
919:
912:
909:
905:
900:
897:
894:, p. 91.
893:
888:
885:
881:
876:
873:
870:, p. 24.
869:
864:
861:
857:
852:
849:
843:
838:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
823:Pontic Greeks
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
788:Greek Muslims
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
765:
761:
755:
748:
743:
736:
731:
727:
720:
715:
710:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
676:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
659:Roza Eskenazi
657:
654:
651:
649:
645:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
574:
571:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
544:
540:
539:Elias Venezis
537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
491:
488:
485:
482:
472:
471:Nilüfer Hatun
469:
459:
456:
455:
451:
449:
447:
443:
439:
431:
428:, painted by
427:
422:
414:
407:
405:
403:
399:
394:
392:
388:
387:
382:
381:
376:
372:
368:
364:
358:
350:
348:
346:
345:
340:
336:
332:
327:
325:
320:
318:
314:
305:
301:
296:
289:
287:
285:
284:
283:Kanûn-ı Esâsî
279:
277:
272:
271:
266:
262:
261:Sublime Porte
258:
250:
248:
246:
242:
241:Great Britain
238:
234:
230:
225:
223:
219:
215:
212:or ride atop
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
190:
181:
177:
173:
172:Demotic Greek
168:
161:
156:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
135:Pontic Greeks
132:
128:
124:
123:Ottoman Syria
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
52:
48:
41:
37:
32:
19:
2423:
2418:Bibliography
2416:
2409:
2378:Coat of arms
2352:Christianity
2318:
2306:Demographics
2289:of Armenians
2230:Illumination
2215:Architecture
2096:Central bank
2047:Conscription
1973:
1964:Mansure Army
1947:
1919:
1826:Hakham Bashi
1794:Christianity
1741:
1691:Grand Vizier
1680:
1532:Civil codes
1506:Constitution
1352:Ghaza thesis
1275:
1254:
1224:
1203:
1185:
1181:
1161:
1150:
1139:
1118:
1107:
1085:
1073:
1066:Google Books
1044:
1041:Akçam, Taner
1019:
1011:
1007:
1003:
995:
987:
986:(Greeks) or
983:
980:Kakavas 2002
975:
967:
959:
932:. Retrieved
925:the original
911:
899:
887:
875:
863:
851:
754:Constitution
680:Marika Ninou
626:Yorgo Zarifi
566:Kösem Sultan
445:
441:
437:
434:
395:
384:
378:
360:
342:
328:
321:
309:
290:20th century
281:
276:Hatt-ı Şerif
275:
268:
254:
251:19th century
243:, later the
239:of 1774) or
226:
187:
185:
176:Pontic Greek
162:Introduction
87:Millet-i Rum
86:
46:
45:
2245:Shadow play
2091:Agriculture
2084:Reformation
2080:Enlargement
1926:Janissaries
1635:Kizlar Agha
1620:Hanımefendi
1615:Kadınefendi
1427:Dissolution
1357:Interregnum
665:Rita Abatzi
586:(1670–1730)
550:(1820–1890)
517:(1833–1906)
505:(1467–1547)
497: 1470
486:(1443–1501)
484:Mesih Pasha
478: 1363
465: 1340
430:Luigi Mayer
235:(under the
133:, in which
131:Kars Oblast
36:World War I
2441:Categories
2262:Literature
2175:Ottomanism
1870:Sanjakbeys
1853:Beylerbeys
1841:Provincial
1558:Government
1521:Family law
1063:Profile at
904:Lekka 2007
868:Akçam 2006
839:References
768:Asia Minor
726:Asia Minor
533:Elia Kazan
458:Köse Mihal
361:After the
335:Asia Minor
278:of Gülhane
194:Christians
107:Cappadocia
83:Rum Millet
2314:Armenians
2279:Education
2235:Miniature
2185:Languages
2170:Devshirme
2143:Transport
1943:Timariots
1809:Bulgarian
1701:Kazaskers
1663:Central (
1647:Kapi Agha
1516:Electoral
1442:Abolition
1437:Partition
1024:Hopf 1873
934:15 August
844:Citations
222:execution
151:Armenians
2425:Category
2339:Religion
2252:Clothing
2138:Taxation
2101:Currency
2042:Aviation
2016:Admirals
1969:Hamidieh
1905:Military
1886:Kadiluks
1860:Vilayets
1814:Armenian
1752:Assembly
1489:Treaties
1458:Politics
1415:Tanzimat
1043:(2006).
1004:Hellenes
762:See also
408:Identity
380:ethnarch
317:Mehmed V
265:Tanzimat
127:Caucasus
99:Anatolia
2411:Outline
2366:Symbols
2357:Judaism
2284:Schools
2257:Cuisine
2220:Mosques
2207:Culture
2197:Slavery
2153:Society
2116:Sultani
2077:By era
2070:Economy
2052:Weapons
1865:Sanjaks
1848:Eyalets
1821:Judaism
1774:Millets
1711:Nişancı
1696:Viziers
1541:Halakha
1536:Mecelle
1479:Safavid
1391:Köprülü
1334:History
1033:Sources
1012:Graikoi
988:Romaioi
984:Graikoi
711:Gallery
573:Ahmed I
543:Ayvalık
442:Romaioi
438:Graikoi
304:millets
210:weapons
206:Muslims
157:History
145:in the
59:Turkish
2388:Tughra
2373:Anthem
2319:Greeks
2272:Poetry
1757:Senate
1526:Düstur
1283:
1262:
1232:
1211:
1169:
1126:
1094:
1053:
1008:Romioi
968:millet
446:Romioi
386:Millet
367:Sultan
331:Thrace
257:France
233:Russia
214:horses
189:dhimmi
109:, and
103:Smyrna
75:Turkey
67:Greeks
55:Ρωμιοί
2347:Islam
2329:Women
2296:Media
2267:Prose
2240:Music
2121:Kuruş
2035:Other
2026:Ships
1882:Kazas
1804:Ullah
1782:Islam
1665:Porte
1403:Tulip
928:(PDF)
921:(PDF)
218:fines
51:Greek
2383:Flag
2324:Jews
2226:Art
2126:Lira
2111:Para
2106:Akçe
1999:List
1986:Navy
1913:Army
1494:Wars
1347:Rise
1281:ISBN
1260:ISBN
1230:ISBN
1209:ISBN
1167:ISBN
1124:ISBN
1092:ISBN
1051:ISBN
1010:and
936:2011
648:Mini
333:and
227:The
202:Jews
1799:Rūm
1501:Law
1190:doi
444:or
220:to
2443::
1952::
1924::
1186:18
1184:.
1061:-
944:^
495:d.
476:d.
463:d.
347:.
224:.
153:.
121:,
117:,
105:,
61::
57:;
53::
1884:/
1667:)
1318:e
1311:t
1304:v
1289:.
1268:.
1238:.
1217:.
1196:.
1192::
1175:.
1132:.
1100:.
1059:.
938:.
882:.
858:.
499:)
492:(
480:)
473:(
467:)
460:(
85:(
49:(
42:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
