1138:, maintenance costs can be a deciding factor at sites with marginal wind-harnessing capabilities. At low-wind sites, maintenance can consume much of a small wind turbine's revenue. Wind turbines begin operating when winds reach 8 mph, achieve energy production capacity at speeds of 32-37 mph, and shut off to avoid damage at speeds exceeding 55 mph. The energy potential of a wind turbine is proportional to the square of the length of its blades and to the cube of the speed at which its blades spin. Though wind turbines are available that can supplement power for a single building, because of these factors, the efficiency of the wind turbine depends much upon the wind conditions at the building site. For these reasons, for wind turbines to be at all efficient, they must be installed at locations that are known to receive a constant amount of wind (with average wind speeds of more than 15 mph), rather than locations that receive wind sporadically. A small wind turbine can be installed on a roof. Installation issues then include the strength of the roof, vibration, and the turbulence caused by the roof ledge. Small-scale rooftop wind turbines have been known to be able to generate power from 10% to up to 25% of the electricity required of a regular domestic household dwelling. Turbines for residential scale use are usually between 7 feet (2 m) to 25 feet (8 m) in diameter and produce electricity at a rate of 900 watts to 10,000 watts at their tested wind speed.
1431:. Organic or milk-based paints may be used. However, a common fallacy is that "green" materials are always better for the health of occupants or the environment. Many harmful substances (including formaldehyde, arsenic, and asbestos) are naturally occurring and are not without their histories of use with the best of intentions. A study of emissions from materials by the State of California has shown that there are some green materials that have substantial emissions whereas some more "traditional" materials actually were lower emitters. Thus, the subject of emissions must be carefully investigated before concluding that natural materials are always the healthiest alternatives for occupants and for the Earth.
1403:, in which only the outer bark is removed for use, thus preserving the tree. When possible, building materials may be gleaned from the site itself; for example, if a new structure is being constructed in a wooded area, wood from the trees which were cut to make room for the building would be re-used as part of the building itself. For insulation in building envelopes, more experimental materials such as âwaste sheepâs woolâ alongside other waste fibers originating from textile and agri-industrial operations are being researched for use as well, with recent studies suggesting the recycled insulation effective for architectural purposes.
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proven to be also well suited for regions with cold outdoor temperatures, such as
Scandinavia or Alaska. In Norway, Finland and Sweden, the use of heat pumps has grown strongly over the last two decades: in 2019, there were 15â25 heat pumps per 100 inhabitants in these countries, with ASHP the dominant heat pump technology. Similarly, earlier assumptions that ASHP would only work well in fully insulated buildings have proven wrongâeven old, partially insulated buildings can be retrofitted with ASHPs and thereby strongly reduce their energy demand.
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continued to be a part of design training in the 1940s and 1950s, was significant. The increasing rise of interest in history had a profound impact on architectural education. History courses became more typical and regularized. With the demand for professors knowledgeable in the history of architecture, several PhD programs in schools of architecture arose in order to differentiate themselves from art history PhD programs, where architectural historians had previously trained. In the US,
1503:(BIM) is used to help enable sustainable design by allowing architects and engineers to integrate and analyze building performance.. BIM services, including conceptual and topographic modelling, offer a new channel to green building with successive and immediate availability of internally coherent, and trustworthy project information. BIM enables designers to quantify the environmental impacts of systems and materials to support the decisions needed to design sustainable buildings.
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1339:. Regional architectural styles develop over generations, utilizing local materials. This practice reduces transportation and production emissions. Regenerative sources, use of waste material, and the ability to reuse are sustainable qualities of timber, thatching, and stone and clay. Laminated timber products, straw, and stone are low carbon construction materials with major potential for scalability.
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1186:(ASHP) can be thought of as reversible air conditioners. Like an air conditioner, an ASHP can take heat from a relatively cool space (e.g. a house at 70 °F) and dump it into a hot place (e.g. outside at 85 °F). However, unlike an air conditioner, the condenser and evaporator of an ASHP can switch roles and absorb heat from the cool outside air and dump it into a warm house.
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1386:(energy used in the production of materials). Often sustainable architects attempt to retrofit old structures to serve new needs in order to avoid unnecessary development. Architectural salvage and reclaimed materials are used when appropriate. When older buildings are demolished, frequently any good wood is reclaimed, renewed, and sold as flooring. Any good
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traditional wood harvesting, with future developments potentially saving on transportation energy and conserve forests. However, Bengston notes that this breakthrough would change paradigms and raises new economic and environmental questions, such as timber-dependent communitiesâČ jobs or how conservation would impact wildfires.
1256:, daytime radiative cooling surfaces can achieve sub-ambient cooling for indoor and outdoor spaces when applied to roofs, which can significantly lower energy demand and costs devoted to cooling. These cooling surfaces can be applied as sky-facing panels, similar to other renewable energy sources like
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Green products are usually considered to contain fewer VOCs and be better for human and environmental health. A case study conducted by the
Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering at the University of Miami that compared three green products and their non-green counterparts
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type symptoms. This is because many VOCs have been known to cause sensory irritation and central nervous system symptoms characteristic to sick building syndrome, indoor concentrations of VOCs are higher than in the outdoor atmosphere, and when there are many VOCs present, they can cause additive and
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glues and paints. Bamboo flooring can be useful in ecological spaces since they help reduce pollution particles in the air. Vegetative cover or shield over building envelopes also helps in the same. Paper which is fabricated or manufactured out of forest wood is supposedly hundred percent recyclable,
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are very valuable for retaining the cool temperatures of night throughout the day. In addition builders often opt for sprawling single story structures in order to maximize surface area and heat loss. Buildings are often designed to capture and channel existing winds, particularly the especially cool
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Despite the importance of materials to overall building sustainability, quantifying and evaluating the sustainability of building materials has proven difficult. There is little coherence in the measurement and assessment of materials sustainability attributes, resulting in a landscape today that is
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A passive daytime radiative cooling roof application can double the energy savings of a white roof, and when applied as a multilayer surface to 10% of a building's roof, it can replace 35% of air conditioning used during the hottest hours of daytime. Daytime radiative cooling applications for indoor
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In terms of initial cost, the ground-source heat pump system costs about twice as much as a standard air-source heat pump to be installed. However, the up-front costs can be more than offset by the decrease in energy costs. The reduction in energy costs is especially apparent in areas with typically
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The two most common types of collector panels are flat-plate and evacuated-tube. The two work similarly except that evacuated tubes do not convectively lose heat, which greatly improves their efficiency (5%â25% more efficient). With these higher efficiencies, Evacuated-tube solar collectors can also
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Accordingly, designing and fabricating efficient PDRC with sufficiently high solar reflectance (đÂŻsolar) (λâ~â0.3â2.5âÎŒm) to minimize solar heat gain and simultaneously strong LWIR thermal emittance (Δ¯LWIR) to maximize radiative heat loss is highly desirable. When the incoming radiative heat from
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Ground-source (or geothermal) heat pumps provide an efficient alternative. The difference between the two heat pumps is that the ground-source has one of its heat exchangers placed undergroundâusually in a horizontal or vertical arrangement. Ground-source takes advantage of the relatively constant,
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The reliability of wind turbine systems is important to the success of a wind energy project. Unanticipated breakdowns can have a significant impact on a project's profitability due to the logistical and practical difficulties of replacing critical components in a wind turbine. Uncertainty with the
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use many different passive and active techniques to reduce the energy needs of buildings and increase their ability to capture or generate their own energy. To minimize cost and complexity, sustainable architecture prioritizes passive systems to take advantage of building location with incorporated
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region explored the aspect of retrofitting existing apartment buildings (of varying ages) with EAHP systems. Select buildings were chosen in the cities of Kotka and
Kouvola, their projected carbon emissions decreasing by about 590 tCO2 and 944 tCO2 respectively with a 7 - 13 year payoff period. It
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Air-source heat pumps are inexpensive relative to other heat pump systems. As the efficiency of air-source heat pumps decline when the outdoor temperature is very cold or very hot; therefore, they are most efficiently used in temperate climates. However, contrary to earlier expectations, they have
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Roofs are often angled toward the sun to allow photovoltaic panels to collect at maximum efficiency. In the northern hemisphere, a true-south facing orientation maximizes yield for solar panels. If true-south is not possible, solar panels can produce adequate energy if aligned within 30° of south.
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are often planted in front of windows to block excessive sun in summer with their leaves but allow light through in winter when their leaves fall off. Louvers or light shelves are installed to allow the sunlight in during the winter (when the sun is lower in the sky) and keep it out in the summer
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Numerous passive architectural strategies have been developed over time. Examples of such strategies include the arrangement of rooms or the sizing and orientation of windows in a building, and the orientation of facades and streets or the ratio between building heights and street widths for urban
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Radiative cooling is a renewable technology that is promising to meet this goal. It is a passive cooling strategy that dissipates heat through the atmosphere to the universe. Radiative cooling does not consume external energy but rather harvests coldness from outer space as a new renewable energy
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Electric-resistance water heaters that are common in homes today have an electrical demand around 4500 kW·h/year. With the use of solar collectors, the energy use is cut in half. The up-front cost of installing solar collectors is high, but with the annual energy savings, payback periods are
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help to provide sustainable electricity for any use. Electrical output of a solar panel is dependent on orientation, efficiency, latitude, and climateâsolar gain varies even at the same latitude. Typical efficiencies for commercially available PV panels range from 4% to 28%. The low efficiency of
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Global construction accounts for 38% of total global emissions. While sustainable architecture and construction standards have traditionally focused on reducing operational carbon emissions, there are to date few standards or systems in place to track and reduce embodied carbon. While steel and
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Other types of heat pumps are water-source and air-earth. If the building is located near a body of water, the pond or lake could be used as a heat source or sink. Air-earth heat pumps circulate the building's air through underground ducts. With higher fan power requirements and inefficient heat
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There are also two types of circulation, direct circulation systems and indirect circulation systems. Direct circulation systems loop the domestic water through the panels. They should not be used in climates with temperatures below freezing. Indirect circulation loops glycol or some other fluid
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There are two types of solar water systems: active and passive. An active solar collector system can produce about 80 to 100 gallons of hot water per day. A passive system will have a lower capacity. Active solar water system's efficiency is 35-80% while a passive system is 30-50%, making active
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One central and often ignored aspect of sustainable architecture is building placement. Although the ideal environmental home or office structure is often envisioned as an isolated place, this kind of placement is usually detrimental to the environment. First, such structures often serve as the
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is, however, important to note that EAHP systems may not produce favourable results if installed in a building exhibiting incompatible exhaust output rates or electricity consumption. In this case, EAHP systems may increase energy bills without providing reasonable cuts to carbon emissions (see
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Waste takes the form of spent or useless materials generated from households and businesses, construction and demolition processes, and manufacturing and agricultural industries. These materials are loosely categorized as municipal solid waste, construction and demolition (C&D) debris, and
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cells growing into specific characteristics under conditions within their control. These characteristics include the âshape, thickness, stiffness,â as well as mechanical properties that can mimic wood. David N. Bengston from the USDA suggests that this alternative would be more efficient than
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Critics of the reductionism of modernism often noted the abandonment of the teaching of architectural history as a causal factor. The fact that a number of the major players in the deviation from modernism were trained at
Princeton University's School of Architecture, where recourse to history
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Energy use very often depends on whether the building gets its energy on-grid, or off-grid. Off-grid buildings do not use energy provided by utility services and instead have their own independent energy production. They use on-site electricity storage while on-grid sites feed in excessive
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mild temperatures underground, which means their efficiencies can be much greater than that of an air-source heat pump. The in-ground heat exchanger generally needs a considerable amount of area. Designers have placed them in an open area next to the building or underneath a parking lot.
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To maximize efficiency in winter, the collector can be angled above horizontal
Latitude +15°. To maximize efficiency in summer, the angle should be Latitude -15°. However, for an annual maximum production, the angle of the panel above horizontal should be equal to its latitude.
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certain photovoltaic panels can significantly affect the payback period of their installation. This low efficiency does not mean that solar panels are not a viable energy alternative. In
Germany for example, Solar Panels are commonly installed in residential home construction.
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typically have a very low surface area to volume ratio to minimize heat loss. This means that sprawling multi-winged building designs (often thought to look more "organic") are often avoided in favor of more centralized structures. Traditional cold climate buildings such as
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The use of undersized wind turbines in energy production in sustainable structures requires the consideration of many factors. In considering costs, small wind systems are generally more expensive than larger wind turbines relative to the amount of energy they produce. For
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In climates with four seasons, an integrated energy system will increase in efficiency: when the building is well insulated, when it is sited to work with the forces of nature, when heat is recaptured (to be used immediately or stored), when the heat plant relying on
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is similarly reclaimed. Many other parts are reused as well, such as doors, windows, mantels, and hardware, thus reducing the consumption of new goods. When new materials are employed, green designers look for materials that are rapidly replenished, such as
1027:(when the sun is high in the sky). They are slatted like shutters and reflect light and radiation to reduce glare on the interior space. Advanced louver systems are automated to maximize daylight and monitor the interior temperature by adjusting their tilt.
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through improved efficiency and moderation in the use of materials, energy, development space and the ecosystem at large. Sustainable architecture uses a conscious approach to energy and ecological conservation in the design of the built environment.
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that works to prevent heat escape. Low energy designs also requires the use of solar shading, by means of awnings, blinds or shutters, to relieve the solar heat gain in summer and to reduce the need for artificial cooling. In addition,
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found that even though both the green products and the non-green counterparts both emitted levels of VOCs, the amount and intensity of the VOCs emitted from the green products were much safer and comfortable for human exposure.
887:(United States) elected to rebuild to highly stringent LEED Platinum environmental standards. Shown is the town's new art center, which integrates its own solar panels and wind generators for energy self-sufficiency.
68:, is to ensure that use of currently available resources does not end up having detrimental effects to a future society's well-being or making it impossible to obtain resources for other applications in the long run.
1205:, and warming supply air. In colder countries, an EAHP may be able to recover around 2 - 3 times more energy than an air-to-air exchange system. A 2022 study surrounding projected emission decreases within Swedenâs
1574:, in its holistic application, can also greatly help in proper building placement that minimizes energy consumption and works with the surroundings rather than against them, especially in rural and forested zones.
1310:, panels made from paper flakes, baked earth, rammed earth, clay, vermiculite, flax linen, sisal, seagrass, expanded clay grains, coconut, wood fiber plates, calcium sandstone, locally obtained stone and rock, and
1197:) have also been studied within the aforementioned regions displaying promising results. An exhaust air heat pump uses electricity to extract heat from exhaust air leaving a building, redirecting it towards DHW (
755:. Adopting this framework allows tracing a rich history of cultural debates about humanity's relationship to nature and the environment, from the point of view of different historical and geographical contexts.
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this usually involves installing a large number of south-facing windows to collect direct sun and severely restricting the number of north-facing windows. Certain window types, such as double or triple glazed
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Energy Star ground-source heat pumps can be 40% to 60% more efficient than their air-source counterparts. They are also quieter and can also be applied to other functions like domestic hot water heating.
1478:. This discord has led both to confusion among consumers and commercial purchasers and to the incorporation of inconsistent sustainability criteria in larger building certification programs such as
1351:, sequesters carbon while providing a high level of insulation. High thermal performance of natural materials contribute to regulating interior conditions without the use of modern technologies.
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coatings, provide much better insulation than single-pane glass windows. Preventing excess solar gain by means of solar shading devices in the summer months is important to reduce cooling needs.
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hot water and stale air and transfer that energy into incoming fresh cold water or fresh air. Recapture of energy for uses other than gardening from compost leaving buildings requires centralized
747:
The term "sustainability" in relation to architecture has so far been mostly considered through the lens of building technology and its transformations. Going beyond the technical sphere of "
1594:. Green roofs have rooftop vegetation which captures storm drainage water. This function not only collects the water for further uses but also serves as a good insulator that can aid in the
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movement. Careful mixed use zoning can make commercial, residential, and light industrial areas more accessible for those traveling by foot, bicycle, or public transit, as proposed in the
1454:
Commonly used building materials such as wood require deforestation that is, without proper care, unsustainable. As of
October 2022, researchers at MIT have made developments on lab-grown
1159:, also called solar domestic hot water systems, can be a cost-effective way to generate hot water for a home. They can be used in any climate, and the fuel they useâsunshineâis free.
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1437:(VOC) can be found in any indoor environment coming from a variety of different sources. VOCs have a high vapor pressure and low water solubility, and are suspected of causing
1617:, etc. International program that are being supported includes Sustainable Urban Development Network, supported by UN-HABITAT, and Eco2 Cities, supported by the World Bank.
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James, J.P., Yang, X. Indoor and Built
Environment, Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Several Green and Non-Green Building Materials: A Comparison, January 2004.
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1085:(Beddington Zero Energy Development), the UK's largest and first carbon-neutral eco-community: the distinctive roofscape with solar panels and passive ventilation chimneys
961:, versus other metal conductors, helps to improve the electrical energy efficiencies of motors, thereby enhancing the sustainability of electrical building components.
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In colder climates, heating systems are a primary focus for sustainable architecture because they are typically one of the largest single energy drains in buildings.
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Together, the $ 200,000 Driehaus Prize and the $ 50,000 Reed Award represent the most significant recognition for classicism in the contemporary built environment
3209:"Physical, mechanical, and microstructural characterization of novel, 3D-printed, tunable, lab-grown plant materials generated from Zinnia elegans cell cultures"
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58/3 (September 1999), p. 489. See also other articles in that issue by Eve Blau, Stanford
Anderson, Alina Payne, Daniel Bluestone, Jeon-Louis Cohen and others.
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thus it regenerates and saves almost all the forest wood that it takes during its manufacturing process. There is an underutilized potential for systematically
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2575:"Waste heat recovery potential in residential apartment buildings in Finland's Kymenlaakso region by using mechanical exhaust air ventilation and heat pumps"
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is an award that recognizes efforts in New
Urbanism and New Classical architecture, and is endowed with a prize money twice as high as that of the modernist
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that may contain carcinogenic or toxic materials such as formaldehyde. To discourage insect damage, these alternate insulation materials may be treated with
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Faisal Ahmed, Sumair; Khalid, Mohammad; Vaka, Mahesh; Walvekar, Rashmi; Numan, Arshid; Khaliq Rasheed, Abdul; Mujawar Mubarak, Nabisab (1 October 2021).
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required for transportation and lead to unnecessary auto emissions. Ideally, most building should avoid suburban sprawl in favor of the kind of light
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Contreras, Jorge L.; Roth, Hannah; Lewis, Meghan (1 September 2011). "Toward a Rational Framework for Sustainable Building Materials Standards".
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1515:, orientation, glazing and other physical factors, so as to identify a sustainable approach that meets the specific requirements of a project.
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3066:"Sustainable Strategies in Vernacular Architecture Practices in Sarajevo: The Architectural Ensemble of Alija Djerzelez House as a Case Study"
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and testing to meet those benchmarks. It is up to the parties involved in the project to determine the best approach to meet those standards.
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Korpela, Tuija; Kuosa, Maunu; Sarvelainen, Hannu; Tuliniemi, Erja; Kiviranta, Paulus; Tallinen, Kirsi; Koponen, Hanna-Kaisa (February 2022).
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Windows are placed to maximize the input of heat-creating light while minimizing the loss of heat through glass, a poor insulator. In the
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John Randolph and Gilbert M. Masters, 2008. "Energy for Sustainability: Technology, Planning, Policy," Island Press, Washington, DC.
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1482:. Various proposals have been made regarding rationalization of the standardization landscape for sustainable building materials.
931:. A more efficient building requires less heat generating or dissipating power, but may require more ventilation capacity to expel
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The uses of timber, straw, and stone in sustainable architecture were the subject of a major exhibit at the UK's Design Museum.
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as a renewable energy source to achieve daytime cooling. Being high in solar reflectance to reduce solar heat gain and strong in
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long-term component reliability has a direct impact on the amount of confidence associated with cost of energy (COE) estimates.
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can be employed to optimize use of local environmental resources such as daylight and ambient wind for heating and ventilation.
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751:", invention and expertise, some scholars are starting to position architecture within a much broader cultural framework of the
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3453:"Port of Portland Opts for Decentralized, Sustainable Water Architecture with the Living MachineÂź Ecological Wastewater System"
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at the Institute for the History of Architecture in Venice, Stanford Anderson and Henry Millon at MIT, Alexander Tzonis at the
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A sustainable building consultant may be engaged early in the design process, to forecast the sustainability implications of
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2011:
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/07/construction-industry-doesn-t-know-where-it-stands-when-it-comes-to-carbon-emissions/
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2185:"Effects of Fixed and Motorized Window Louvers on the Daylighting and Thermal Performance of Open-Plan Office Buildings"
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takes actions beyond sustainable architecture, and makes a broader view for sustainability. Typical solutions includes
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the Sun is balanced by the outgoing radiative heat emission, the temperature of the Earth can reach its steady state.
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3072:. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems. Vol. 316. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 744â762.
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architectural elements, supplementing with renewable energy sources and then fossil fuel resources only as needed.
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Radiative cooling is a renewable technology that can complement or partially replace current cooling technologies.
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In warmer climates where cooling is a primary concern, passive solar designs can also be very effective. Masonry
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other materials are responsible for large-scale emissions, cement alone is responsible for 8% of all emissions.
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3068:. In AdemoviÄ, Naida; MujÄiÄ, Edin; AkĆĄamija, Zlatan; KevriÄ, Jasmin; AvdakoviÄ, Samir; VoliÄ, Ismar (eds.).
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2824:"Review on passive daytime radiative cooling: Fundamentals, recent researches, challenges and opportunities"
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Low-impact building materials are used wherever feasible: for example, insulation may be made from low VOC (
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Savio, Lorenzo; Pennacchio, Roberto; Patrucco, Alessia; Manni, Valentino; Bosia, Daniela (8 January 2022).
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However, at higher latitudes, winter energy yield will be significantly reduced for non-south orientation.
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3117:"Natural Fibre Insulation Materials: Use of Textile and Agri-food Waste in a Circular Economy Perspective"
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2455:"Even in Frigid Temperatures, Air-Source Heat Pumps Keep Homes Warm From Alaska Coast to U.S. Mass Market"
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Marszal, A.J.; Heiselberg, P.; Bourrelle, J.S.; Musall, E.; Voss, K.; Sartori, I.; Napolitano, A. (2011).
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U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Solar Water Heaters, March 24, 2009
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produce higher-temperature space heating, and even higher temperatures for absorption cooling systems.
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2712:"A new flat-plate radiative cooling and solar collector numerical model: Evaluation and metamodeling"
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2300:"Wind turbine reliability :understanding and minimizing wind turbine operation and maintenance costs"
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856:
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644:
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383:
289:
149:
2784:
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4515:
4400:
4191:
4047:
3919:
3852:
3747:
3663:
1714:
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1610:
1598:
effect. Another strategic water efficient design is treating wastewater so it can be reused again.
1151:
1107:
1010:
1006:
designs provide a good historical model for centralized heat efficiency in a small-scale building.
992:
951:
928:
810:
782:
465:
331:
314:
259:
114:
102:
6330:
1374:
Sustainable architecture often incorporates the use of recycled or second hand materials, such as
6334:
6306:
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5939:
5866:
5812:
5792:
5439:
5434:
5069:
5031:
4988:
4907:
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4429:
4384:
4354:
4197:
4071:
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4023:
3967:
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3847:
3812:
3767:
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3146:
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2604:
2106:
1855:
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1583:
1555:
1531:
1512:
1471:
1246:
1198:
1156:
1135:
987:
932:
920:
894:
over the entire life cycle of a building is the most important goal of sustainable architecture.
884:
848:
346:
174:
84:
1677:
industrial or agricultural by-products. Sustainable architecture focuses on the on-site use of
1537:
As sustainable building consulting is often associated with cost premium, organisations such as
5844:
6264:
6254:
6113:
6108:
6040:
6002:
5829:
5777:
5764:
5648:
5631:
5602:
5397:
5281:
5087:
4840:
4777:
4541:
4418:
3513:"Eco2 Cities â a Guide for Developing Ecologically Sustainable and Economically Viable Cities"
3276:
3272:
3138:
3081:
3035:
2944:
2935:. Springer Series in Materials Science. Vol. 100. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 195â204.
2688:
2547:
2418:
2313:
1991:
1788:
1778:
1686:
1614:
1595:
1538:
1250:
1046:
1042:
1015:
975:
840:
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336:
65:
34:
2273:
2102:
6244:
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5572:
5444:
5419:
5312:
5138:
5112:
5064:
5059:
5041:
4978:
4929:
4850:
4820:
4815:
4772:
4636:
4590:
4557:
4531:
4505:
4455:
4439:
4293:
4288:
4258:
4143:
3727:
3472:
3220:
3163:
Information on low-emitting materials may be found at www.buildingecology.com/iaq_links.php
3128:
3073:
3027:
2988:
2936:
2882:
2843:
2796:
2765:
2723:
2678:
2670:
2635:
2594:
2539:
2410:
2303:
2152:
2098:
1953:
1850:
1810:
1747:
1678:
1375:
1335:
The use of natural building materials for their sustainable qualities is a practice seen in
1285:
1067:
826:
806:
527:
522:
356:
341:
302:
254:
229:
169:
38:
875:
standard combines a variety of techniques and technologies to achieve ultra-low energy use.
6216:
6199:
6174:
6164:
6118:
5834:
5824:
5407:
5317:
5302:
5168:
5133:
4942:
4656:
4631:
4499:
4489:
3297:
3171:
2338:
2071:
M. DeKay & G.Z. Brown, Sun Wind & Light, architectural design strategies, 3rd ed.
1926:
1845:
1694:
1387:
1383:
1340:
1023:
979:
947:
860:
802:
279:
234:
164:
3566:
3468:
2839:
2761:
2590:
2406:
2148:
1362:
6154:
6139:
5934:
5914:
5871:
5332:
5249:
5183:
5178:
4897:
4875:
4810:
4759:
4733:
4580:
4562:
4333:
4313:
4278:
3903:
3827:
3476:
2683:
2658:
2543:
2049:
1825:
1805:
1653:
1587:
1559:
1475:
1456:
1307:
1273:
1019:
964:
Site and building orientation have some major effects on a building's HVAC efficiency.
649:
622:
595:
563:
546:
425:
214:
184:
61:
867:
835:
6379:
6291:
6206:
6066:
6061:
5637:
5362:
5347:
5342:
5327:
5148:
5102:
4860:
4318:
4283:
3777:
3545:
3484:
3452:
3234:
3207:
Beckwith, Ashley L.; Borenstein, Jeffrey T.; VelĂĄsquez-GarcĂa, Luis F. (April 2022).
3150:
3047:
3000:
2958:
2896:
2855:
2808:
2608:
2391:"Recent progress in solar water heaters and solar collectors: A comprehensive review"
2110:
1919:"Sustainable Architecture and Simulation Modelling", Dublin Institute of Technology,
1835:
1820:
1768:
1728:
1399:
or wheat straw, both of which are waste material that can be pressed into panels, or
1253:
1202:
1051:
997:
970:
allows buildings to harness the energy of the sun efficiently without the use of any
900:
814:
661:
627:
534:
517:
398:
388:
239:
3249:
1973:
6296:
6231:
5967:
5929:
5919:
5891:
5881:
5610:
5008:
4767:
4681:
4600:
4119:
4111:
3782:
3692:
3579:
1793:
1693:
composting and off-site recycling, can reduce a house's waste to a small amount of
1657:
1633:
1632:
promote a sustainable approach towards construction, that appreciates and develops
1621:
1571:
1563:
1551:
1527:
1264:
space cooling is growing with an estimated "market size of ~$ 27 billion in 2025."
1257:
1230:
transfer, Air-earth heat pumps are generally not practical for major construction.
1104:
1100:
983:
971:
748:
600:
485:
154:
119:
49:
3031:
3016:"How can carbon be stored in the built environment? A review of potential options"
3014:
Kuittinen, Matti; Zernicke, Caya; Slabik, Simon; Hafner, Annette (11 March 2021).
2931:
Jonkers, Henk M. (23 March 2018). "Self Healing Concrete: A Biological Approach".
2871:"Passive daytime radiative cooling: Principle, application, and economic analysis"
2169:
M. Montavon, Optimization of Urban Form by the Evaluation of the Solar Potential,
2156:
1518:
Norms and standards have been formalized by performance-based rating systems e.g.
1470:
littered with hundreds of competing, inconsistent and often imprecise eco-labels,
1167:
through the solar panels and uses a heat exchanger to heat up the domestic water.
17:
3604:
John Ringel., University of Michigan, Sustainable Architecture, Waste Prevention
3225:
3208:
3077:
2769:
2727:
2639:
1958:
1939:
938:
Significant amounts of energy are flushed out of buildings in the water, air and
6316:
6249:
6025:
5972:
5797:
5193:
5188:
5153:
5016:
4616:
4031:
3951:
3895:
3837:
3822:
3682:
3631:
3015:
2940:
2744:
Ahmed, Salman; Li, Zhenpeng; Javed, Muhammad Shahzad; Ma, Tao (September 2021).
2132:
1895:
1885:
1523:
1315:
1242:
1206:
1078:
1063:
1035:
are often planted to the north of buildings to shield against cold north winds.
697:
605:
480:
430:
393:
376:
361:
179:
3164:
3133:
3116:
2847:
2674:
2599:
2574:
2414:
6189:
5906:
5352:
5337:
5163:
5143:
3887:
3772:
2746:"A review on the integration of radiative cooling and solar energy harvesting"
2622:
Yu, Xinxian; Yao, Fengju; Huang, Wenjie; Xu, Dongyan; Chen, Chun (July 2022).
2133:"Zero Energy Building â A review of definitions and calculation methodologies"
1972:
Doerr Architecture, Definition of Sustainability and the Impacts of Buildings
1704:
1690:
1682:
1591:
1428:
1128:
1028:
872:
852:
794:
615:
440:
435:
403:
366:
351:
134:
3195:
3142:
3039:
2870:
2785:"Heat-shedding with photonic structures: radiative cooling and its potential"
2659:"A structural polymer for highly efficient all-day passive radiative cooling"
2422:
1382:. The reduction in use of new materials creates a corresponding reduction in
6259:
6211:
6158:
6144:
5924:
5621:
5567:
5021:
4686:
4409:
4151:
3787:
3702:
2214:
1773:
1722:
1395:, which can be harvested for commercial use after only six years of growth,
1303:
1281:
1032:
895:
470:
450:
219:
129:
30:
5725:
4208:
3250:"Lab-grown wood: a potential game changer for forestry and forest products"
2992:
2692:
982:. Typically passive solar building designs incorporate materials with high
2710:
Vall, Sergi; Johannes, KĂ©vyn; David, Damien; Castell, Albert (July 2022).
2037:"Concrete must be abandoned by architects in fight against climate change"
6179:
5982:
5787:
5772:
5414:
4015:
3927:
3722:
3677:
2976:
2184:
2086:
1400:
1299:
1095:
610:
495:
490:
144:
139:
109:
4186:
3430:
3414:
3392:
3376:
2887:
1708:
5853:
5387:
4510:
3935:
3687:
2800:
2657:
Wang, Tong; Wu, Yi; Shi, Lan; Hu, Xinhua; Chen, Min; Wu, Limin (2021).
1396:
1003:
939:
778:
632:
590:
326:
309:
3350:"Australian architects offer free design services to bushfire victims"
3311:
2822:
Bijarniya, Jay Prakash; Sarkar, Jahar; Maiti, Pralay (November 2020).
1260:
panels, making them for simple integration into architectural design.
5051:
2317:
1742:
1392:
1311:
1082:
958:
752:
321:
1054:. Many of these valuable strategies are employed in some way by the
2308:
2299:
2285:
2510:"Heat pumps in existing buildings, a blog post series in 12 parts"
1361:
1295:
1291:
1077:
946:, on-site energy recycling technologies can effectively recapture
878:
866:
834:
556:
29:
4702:
1290:
Some examples of sustainable building materials include recycled
1294:
or blown-in fiber glass insulation, sustainably harvested wood,
793:. Among the founders of new architectural history programs were
654:
5729:
4706:
4212:
3635:
3331:
2023:"Reducing embodied carbon in new construction | McKinsey"
774:
3527:
1541:
aim for equity of access to sustainable and resident design.
3569:. American Institute of Architects. Retrieved on 2014-03-23.
2624:"Enhanced radiative cooling paint with broken glass bubbles"
2052:, âThe Disciplinary Dislocations of Architectural History,â
1689:
to reduce sewage. These methods, when combined with on-site
1370:
and Aaron Legendre highlighting recycling items for building
883:
Following its destruction by a tornado in 2007, the town of
3619:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
1058:
of warm regions, such as south-western mission buildings.
2286:"Wind turbine, a powerful investment", Rapid City Journal
2783:
Heo, Se-Yeon; Ju Lee, Gil; Song, Young Min (June 2022).
2274:
The Sunday Times, "Home wind turbines dealt killer blow"
1066:
or electricity is greater than 100% efficient, and when
5592:
UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)
3624:
3567:
Issue Brief: Smart-Growth: Building Livable Communities
3332:"ENERGY STAR - The Simple Choice for Energy Efficiency"
2921:
Duurzaam en Gezond Bouwen en Wonen by Hugo Vanderstadt,
1938:
Ragheb, Amany; El-Shimy, Hisham; Ragheb, Ghada (2016).
3542:"Beauty, Humanism, Continuity between Past and Future"
781:
were the first, created in the mid-1970s, followed by
27:
Architecture designed to minimize environmental impact
2249:
Cool Energy, The Renewable Solution to Global Warming
1314:, which is one of the strongest and fastest growing
6230:
6132:
6054:
6016:
5948:
5905:
5852:
5763:
5581:
5518:
5290:
5217:
5126:
5078:
5050:
5007:
4961:
4928:
4801:
4758:
4572:
4475:
4408:
4246:
3876:
3670:
3499:"UN-HABITAT: Sustainable Urban Development Network"
3070:
Advanced Technologies, Systems, and Applications VI
2235:
G.Z. Brown, Mark DeKay. Sun, Wind & Light. 2001
2192:
International High Performance Buildings Conference
2087:"Green Building â Towards Sustainable Architecture"
2262:Wind Power: Renewable Energy for Farm and Business
1652:architecture, as well as leaning against solitary
911:Heating, ventilation and cooling system efficiency
1940:"Green Architecture: A Concept of Sustainability"
3544:. Traditional Architecture Group. Archived from
3377:"Journal of Architectural and Planning Research"
1990:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 220â237.
1366:Discarded Dreams Competition entry from 2008 by
3184:California Integrated Waste Management web site
5616:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
1347:has a low extraction energy. Straw, including
5741:
4718:
4224:
3647:
2532:"Building Energy Efficiency in Cold Climates"
2243:
2241:
723:
8:
2067:
2065:
2977:"New Horizons for Sustainable Architecture"
5748:
5734:
5726:
5687:
4725:
4711:
4703:
4231:
4217:
4209:
3654:
3640:
3632:
3457:Journal - American Water Works Association
925:heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
813:, and Werner Oechslin and Kurt Forster at
730:
716:
91:
75:
5627:Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)
3224:
3132:
3064:HaliloviÄ, Maida; BerkoviÄ, Adna (2022).
2886:
2682:
2598:
2307:
1957:
1945:Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences
843:, Australia by DesignInc (2006) features
5655:UN Conference on Sustainable Development
4324:Environmentally healthy community design
2828:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
2536:Encyclopedia of Sustainable Technologies
2395:Thermal Science and Engineering Progress
2298:Walford, Christopher A. (1 March 2006).
1802:French standard for green building - HQE
1660:. Both trends started in the 1980s. The
986:that retain heat effectively and strong
3375:Shah, Rajiv; Jay, Kesan (Winter 2007).
2970:
2968:
2811:– via Royal Society of Chemistry.
1912:
1582:Sustainable buildings look for ways to
83:
5225:Corporate environmental responsibility
3627:German institute for passive buildings
3419:New Urbanism - the Movement in Context
3293:
3282:
2903:from the original on 27 September 2022
2483:"Heat pumps are on the rise in Europe"
2334:
2323:
2103:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.824.751
1620:Concurrently, the recent movements of
847:, recycled and sustainable materials,
225:List of low-energy building techniques
3182:Building Emissions Study accessed at
3059:
3057:
2730:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
2642:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
2579:International Journal of Thermofluids
2477:
2475:
2251:; Union of Concerned Scientists, 1990
1343:products can sequester carbon, while
759:Operational carbon vs Embodied carbon
743:Shift from narrow to broader approach
7:
6350:
5598:Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)
2858:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
2772:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
1685:systems for use on garden beds, and
1586:. One strategic water saving design
1554:. Second, they usually increase the
957:HVAC systems are powered by motors.
52:that seeks to minimize the negative
3586:. Notre Dame School of Architecture
2056:Society of Architectural Historians
753:human interrelationship with nature
5240:Environmental full-cost accounting
4461:waste-water treatment technologies
3477:10.1002/j.1551-8833.2010.tb10038.x
2544:10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.10190-3
2183:Yuxiang Chen; et al. (2014).
1871:Sustainable landscape architecture
1568:Principles of Intelligent Urbanism
1465:Materials sustainability standards
25:
5174:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity
4446:agricultural wastewater treatment
3528:"The Charter of the New Urbanism"
2869:Yang, Yuan; Zhang, Yifan (2020).
2508:Miara, Marek (10 February 2021).
1987:Urban Design Ecologies: AD Reader
1241:harvests the extreme coldness of
1239:Passive daytime radiative cooling
1234:Passive daytime radiative cooling
54:environmental impact of buildings
6349:
6340:
6339:
6329:
5897:Traditional ecological knowledge
5843:
5686:
5675:
5674:
5644:UN Millennium Declaration (2000)
4399:
4185:
3102:"How to Build a Low-Carbon Home"
2789:Journal of Materials Chemistry C
2264:; Chelsea Green Publishing, 2004
1721:
1707:
1407:Lower volatile organic compounds
696:
683:
682:
160:Energy efficiency implementation
6195:Science, technology and society
5230:Corporate social responsibility
5159:Ocean thermal energy conversion
5098:Community-supported agriculture
4783:Human impact on the environment
4527:List of energy storage projects
4451:industrial wastewater treatment
4304:Environmental impact assessment
4274:Environmental impact assessment
2875:MRS Energy & Sustainability
2091:Applied Mechanics and Materials
1681:, incorporating things such as
801:, Anthony Vidler at Princeton,
416:Ocean thermal energy conversion
5470:Socially responsible marketing
2538:, Elsevier, pp. 149â157,
2366:. Toolbase.org. Archived from
1800:Haute qualité environnementale
1501:Building information modelling
1496:Building information modelling
1268:Sustainable building materials
1226:hot summers and cold winters.
907:electricity back to the grid.
1:
6036:Religion and environmentalism
5661:Sustainable Development Goals
5465:Socially responsible business
3312:"U.S. Green Building Council"
3032:10.1080/00038628.2021.1896471
2157:10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.12.022
1738:Alternative natural materials
1425:building insulation materials
1415:)-emitting materials such as
1163:solar systems more powerful.
968:Passive solar building design
839:K2 sustainable apartments in
805:at the University of Venice,
245:Passive solar building design
6406:Environmental social science
6099:Environmental interpretation
3620:World Green Building Council
3526:taotiadmin (20 April 2015).
3226:10.1016/j.mattod.2022.02.012
3078:10.1007/978-3-030-90055-7_60
3020:Architectural Science Review
2770:10.1016/j.mtener.2021.100776
2728:10.1016/j.energy.2020.117750
2640:10.1016/j.renene.2022.05.094
1959:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.12.075
1891:World Green Building Council
6072:Environmental communication
5490:Sustainability organization
5275:Standards and certification
4866:Social return on investment
4309:Environmental impact design
3317:U.S. Green Building Council
3248:Bengston, David N. (2021).
2941:10.1007/978-1-4020-6250-6_9
1662:Driehaus Architecture Prize
1486:Sustainable design and plan
1450:Lab-grown organic materials
1074:Renewable energy generation
1018:with gas filled spaces and
703:Renewable energy portal
421:Renewable energy transition
6432:
5887:Environmental anthropology
4915:Systemic change resistance
4667:High-performance buildings
3381:How Architecture Regulates
3134:10.1007/s42824-021-00043-1
3121:Materials Circular Economy
2848:10.1016/j.rser.2020.110263
2675:10.1038/s41467-020-20646-7
2600:10.1016/j.ijft.2021.100127
2415:10.1016/j.tsep.2021.100981
1753:Complementary architecture
1630:complementary architecture
1626:New Classical architecture
1435:Volatile organic compounds
1327:in the built environment.
1271:
1149:
1126:
1093:
824:
6325:
5841:
5670:
5093:Climate-smart agriculture
4740:
4662:Heat recovery ventilation
4647:Environmental remediation
4397:
4264:Climate smart agriculture
4179:
3413:Herbert, Michael (2003).
1881:Sustainable refurbishment
1764:Deconstruction (building)
1413:volatile organic compound
1050:winds coming from nearby
799:Architectural Association
265:Sustainable refurbishment
6386:Sustainable architecture
6302:Sustainable architecture
6240:Arts and Crafts movement
6104:Environmental journalism
5998:Environmental philosophy
5757:Environmental humanities
5235:Environmental accounting
4984:Sustainable architecture
4974:Environmental technology
4652:Glass in green buildings
4596:sustainable architecture
4240:Environmental technology
1876:Sustainable preservation
1550:unknowing frontlines of
1442:multiplicative effects.
1056:traditional architecture
923:element of an efficient
250:Sustainable architecture
205:Glass in green buildings
195:Environmental technology
125:Compact fluorescent lamp
46:Sustainable architecture
6411:Sustainable development
6124:Thematic interpretation
6077:Environmental education
5877:Ecological anthropology
5783:Environmental sculpture
5108:Sustainable agriculture
4192:Architecture portal
2750:Materials Today: Energy
1984:McGrath, Brian (2013).
1861:Sustainable development
1841:Straw-bale construction
1638:architectural tradition
1526:for homes. They define
1368:Ralph Spencer Steenblik
1349:straw-bale construction
1337:vernacular architecture
1278:Green building and wood
929:well-insulated building
571:Human-powered transport
275:Tropical green building
210:Green building and wood
6275:Landscape architecture
6222:Sustainability studies
6031:Environmental theology
5651:(Rio+10, Johannesburg)
5520:Sustainable management
5505:Urban drainage systems
5245:Environmental planning
5209:Water recycling shower
5199:Tidal stream generator
4994:Sustainable industries
4953:Sustainable population
4938:Demographic transition
4920:Tragedy of the commons
4642:Environmental movement
4339:Sustainability science
4329:Public interest design
4254:Appropriate technology
3451:Kirksey, Will (2010).
3292:Cite journal requires
3197:Retrieved: 2008-04-30.
2993:10.3167/nc.2018.130201
2975:Muller, Brook (2018).
2933:Self Healing Materials
2333:Cite journal requires
2085:Bielek, Boris (2016).
1796:: 100% Ecological Home
1758:Cross-laminated timber
1644:. This in contrast to
1530:to be met and provide
1439:sick building syndrome
1371:
1195:exhaust air heat pumps
1086:
1020:low emissivity (low-E)
980:solar hot water panels
888:
876:
864:
821:Sustainable energy use
667:Personal rapid transit
409:Tidal stream generator
270:Thermal energy storage
190:Environmental planning
42:
6094:Environmental history
5993:Environmental justice
5543:Humanistic capitalism
5358:Environmental finance
4999:Sustainable packaging
4521:hydrogen technologies
4435:Solid waste treatment
2663:Nature Communications
2530:Nord, Natasa (2017),
2364:"Solar Water Heaters"
1365:
1184:Air source heat pumps
1081:
882:
870:
838:
511:Sustainable transport
456:Floating wind turbine
285:Zero heating building
200:Fossil fuel phase-out
33:
6396:Sustainable building
6270:Environmental design
6150:Biophilia hypothesis
5988:Environmental ethics
5958:Aesthetics of nature
5510:Urban infrastructure
5204:Water heat recycling
5027:Conservation biology
4871:Steady-state economy
4846:Micro-sustainability
4831:Ecological footprint
4788:Planetary boundaries
4692:Water heat recycling
4622:Efficient energy use
4612:Conservation biology
4549:Sustainable lighting
4485:Efficient energy use
4299:Environmental Design
4269:Environmental design
4136:Critical regionalism
3718:Critical regionalism
2137:Energy and Buildings
2039:. 20 September 2019.
1901:Zero-energy building
1866:Sustainable flooring
1816:Organic architecture
1784:Ecological footprint
1607:Sustainable urbanism
1421:cellulose insulation
1318:, and non-toxic low-
993:low energy buildings
857:rainwater collection
845:passive solar design
831:Zero-energy building
645:Personal transporter
540:Wind-powered vehicle
384:Marine current power
290:Zero-energy building
150:Efficient energy use
6391:Low-energy building
6312:Sustainable fashion
5611:Earth Summit (1992)
5265:Metrics and indices
5118:Sustainable fishery
5037:Holocene extinction
4856:Product stewardship
4826:Earth Overshoot Day
4677:Nature conservation
4672:Land rehabilitation
4627:Energy conservation
4516:carbon-neutral fuel
4424:dispersion modeling
3984:International style
3976:Rationalist-Fascist
3920:Stripped Classicism
3853:Stripped Classicism
3833:Rationalist-Fascist
3758:International style
3664:modern architecture
3625:Passivhaus Institut
3469:2010JAWWA.102b..19K
3415:"Built Environment"
3254:The Forestry Source
2888:10.1557/mre.2020.18
2840:2020RSERv.13310263B
2762:2021MTEne..2100776A
2591:2022IJTf...1300127K
2489:. 16 September 2020
2407:2021TSEP...2500981F
2288:, February 20, 2008
2194:. Purdue University
2149:2011EneBu..43..971M
1715:Architecture portal
1611:eco-industrial park
1562:articulated by the
1157:Solar water heaters
1152:Solar thermal power
1146:Solar water heating
1136:small wind turbines
1011:northern hemisphere
974:mechanisms such as
952:anaerobic digesters
933:polluted indoor air
927:(HVAC) system is a
811:Columbia University
768:Changing pedagogues
332:Carbon-neutral fuel
260:Sustainable habitat
115:Building insulation
103:Energy conservation
79:Part of a series on
6401:Sustainable design
6335:Environment portal
6307:Sustainable design
5940:Outdoor literature
5867:Cultural landscape
5793:Landscape painting
5070:Sustainable energy
5032:Endangered species
4989:Sustainable design
4903:Consumer behaviour
4495:Energy development
4477:Sustainable energy
4466:water purification
4430:Industrial ecology
4067:(1940sâlate 1970s)
4056:Mid-century modern
4024:Postconstructivism
3968:Streamline Moderne
3848:Streamline Moderne
3813:Postconstructivism
3768:Mid-Century modern
3336:www.energystar.gov
3170:2008-06-11 at the
2981:Nature and Culture
2801:10.1039/D2TC00318J
2188:(Conference Paper)
1925:2013-05-06 at the
1856:Sustainable design
1831:Solar architecture
1687:composting toilets
1556:energy consumption
1545:Building placement
1513:building materials
1423:, rather than the
1372:
1358:Recycled materials
1199:domestic hot water
1193:Effects of EAHPs (
1175:relatively short.
1087:
1043:building materials
976:photovoltaic cells
889:
885:Greensburg, Kansas
877:
865:
849:photovoltaic cells
347:Geothermal heating
175:Energy saving lamp
85:Sustainable energy
43:
35:Energy-plus-houses
18:Green architecture
6373:
6372:
6265:Educational trail
6255:Ecological design
6114:Outdoor education
6109:Environmental law
6041:Spiritual ecology
6003:Predation problem
5830:Site-specific art
5778:Environmental art
5723:
5722:
5649:Earth Summit 2002
5632:Lisbon Principles
5604:Our Common Future
5282:Sustainable yield
5088:Civic agriculture
4841:Green consumption
4778:Global governance
4700:
4699:
4537:commercialization
4206:
4205:
3087:978-3-030-90055-7
2950:978-1-4020-6249-0
2795:(27): 9915â9937.
2553:978-0-12-804792-7
2247:Brower, Michael;
1997:978-0-470-97405-6
1789:Energy-plus-house
1779:Ecological design
1615:urban agriculture
1596:urban heat island
1560:urban development
1539:Architects Assist
1251:thermal radiation
1247:longwave infrared
1047:high thermal mass
1016:insulated windows
948:energy from waste
919:An important and
892:Energy efficiency
841:Windsor, Victoria
740:
739:
337:Geothermal energy
66:ecological design
16:(Redirected from
6423:
6353:
6352:
6343:
6342:
6333:
6245:Acoustic ecology
5978:Ecophenomenology
5963:Critical realism
5862:Cultural ecology
5847:
5750:
5743:
5736:
5727:
5690:
5689:
5678:
5677:
5622:Agenda 21 (1992)
5593:
5558:Natural resource
5445:Organic movement
5420:Impact investing
5139:Hydroelectricity
5113:Sustainable diet
5065:Renewable energy
5060:Carbon footprint
5042:Invasive species
4979:Natural building
4930:World population
4891:Marketing myopia
4851:Over-consumption
4821:Circular economy
4816:Anti-consumerism
4773:Environmentalism
4727:
4720:
4713:
4704:
4637:Energy recycling
4558:electric vehicle
4532:Renewable energy
4506:alternative fuel
4456:sewage treatment
4440:Waste management
4403:
4294:Energy recycling
4289:Electric vehicle
4259:Clean technology
4233:
4226:
4219:
4210:
4198:Related articles
4190:
4189:
4172:
4164:
4156:
4148:
4144:Deconstructivism
4140:
4132:
4124:
4116:
4108:
4100:
4092:
4084:
4076:
4068:
4060:
4052:
4044:
4036:
4028:
4020:
4012:
4004:
3996:
3988:
3980:
3972:
3964:
3956:
3948:
3940:
3932:
3924:
3916:
3908:
3900:
3892:
3728:Deconstructivism
3656:
3649:
3642:
3633:
3607:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3580:"Driehaus Prize"
3576:
3570:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3356:. 7 January 2020
3346:
3340:
3339:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3295:
3290:
3288:
3280:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3228:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3136:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3061:
3052:
3051:
3011:
3005:
3004:
2972:
2963:
2962:
2928:
2922:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2890:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2686:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2628:Renewable Energy
2619:
2613:
2612:
2602:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2479:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2427:
2426:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2370:on 15 April 2013
2360:
2354:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2321:
2311:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2276:, April 16, 2006
2271:
2265:
2258:
2252:
2245:
2236:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2215:"Module Pricing"
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2189:
2180:
2174:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2082:
2076:
2069:
2060:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2019:
2013:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1981:
1975:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1935:
1929:
1917:
1851:Sustainable city
1811:Low-energy house
1748:BrightBuilt Barn
1731:
1726:
1725:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1679:waste management
1672:Waste management
1650:globally uniform
1642:classical design
1590:incorporate are
1376:reclaimed lumber
1331:Natural products
1286:Natural building
1103:devices such as
1068:renewable energy
1033:evergreen plants
827:Low-energy house
807:Kenneth Frampton
732:
725:
718:
705:
701:
700:
691:
686:
685:
523:Electric vehicle
372:Run-of-the-river
357:Hydroelectricity
342:Geothermal power
303:Renewable energy
255:Sustainable city
230:Low-energy house
170:Energy recycling
95:
76:
21:
6431:
6430:
6426:
6425:
6424:
6422:
6421:
6420:
6376:
6375:
6374:
6369:
6321:
6226:
6217:Spirit of place
6200:science studies
6184:common property
6180:Property theory
6175:Popular science
6165:Natural history
6128:
6119:Psychogeography
6050:
6012:
5944:
5901:
5848:
5839:
5835:Sustainable art
5825:Sculpture trail
5759:
5754:
5724:
5719:
5666:
5591:
5583:
5582:Agreements and
5577:
5514:
5318:Climate finance
5286:
5213:
5169:Reclaimed water
5122:
5074:
5046:
5003:
4957:
4943:Family planning
4924:
4797:
4754:
4736:
4731:
4701:
4696:
4657:Green computing
4632:Energy recovery
4568:
4500:Energy recovery
4490:Electrification
4471:
4417:Air pollution (
4404:
4395:
4242:
4237:
4207:
4202:
4184:
4175:
4170:
4162:
4154:
4146:
4138:
4130:
4122:
4114:
4106:
4098:
4090:
4082:
4074:
4066:
4058:
4050:
4042:
4034:
4026:
4018:
4010:
4002:
3994:
3986:
3978:
3970:
3962:
3960:New Objectivity
3954:
3946:
3938:
3930:
3922:
3914:
3906:
3898:
3890:
3881:
3879:
3878:By start year /
3872:
3803:New Objectivity
3666:
3660:
3630:
3615:
3610:
3603:
3599:
3589:
3587:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3565:
3561:
3551:
3549:
3548:on 5 March 2018
3540:
3539:
3535:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3435:
3433:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3397:
3395:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3359:
3357:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3291:
3281:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3213:Materials Today
3206:
3205:
3201:
3193:
3189:
3181:
3177:
3172:Wayback Machine
3162:
3158:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3088:
3063:
3062:
3055:
3013:
3012:
3008:
2974:
2973:
2966:
2951:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2920:
2916:
2906:
2904:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2512:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2492:
2490:
2481:
2480:
2473:
2463:
2461:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2430:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2373:
2371:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2346:
2332:
2322:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2284:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2259:
2255:
2246:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2220:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2187:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2168:
2164:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2115:
2113:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2070:
2063:
2054:Journal of the
2048:
2044:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1967:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1927:Wayback Machine
1918:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1846:Superinsulation
1727:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1703:
1695:packaging waste
1674:
1658:suburban sprawl
1654:housing estates
1604:
1588:green buildings
1580:
1570:. The study of
1552:suburban sprawl
1547:
1509:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1467:
1452:
1409:
1388:dimension stone
1384:embodied energy
1380:recycled copper
1360:
1333:
1288:
1270:
1236:
1181:
1154:
1148:
1131:
1125:
1098:
1092:
1076:
1052:bodies of water
1024:Deciduous trees
913:
861:solar hot water
833:
825:Main articles:
823:
803:Manfredo Tafuri
770:
761:
745:
736:
695:
694:
681:
674:
673:
513:
503:
502:
305:
295:
294:
280:Waste-to-energy
235:Microgeneration
165:Energy recovery
105:
74:
39:Freiburg-Vauban
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6429:
6427:
6419:
6418:
6416:Sustainability
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6378:
6377:
6371:
6370:
6368:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6347:
6337:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6320:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6288:
6287:
6282:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6236:
6234:
6228:
6227:
6225:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6203:
6202:
6192:
6187:
6177:
6172:
6162:
6155:Do it yourself
6152:
6147:
6142:
6140:Animal studies
6136:
6134:
6130:
6129:
6127:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6090:
6089:
6084:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6058:
6056:
6052:
6051:
6049:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6022:
6020:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6010:
6008:Social ecology
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5954:
5952:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5942:
5937:
5935:Nature writing
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5915:Ecocomposition
5911:
5909:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5872:Ecolinguistics
5869:
5864:
5858:
5856:
5850:
5849:
5842:
5840:
5838:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5821:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5769:
5767:
5761:
5760:
5755:
5753:
5752:
5745:
5738:
5730:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5717:
5710:
5703:
5696:
5684:
5671:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5658:
5657:(Rio+20, 2012)
5652:
5646:
5641:
5635:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5613:
5608:
5600:
5595:
5587:
5585:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5524:
5522:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5411:
5410:
5405:
5403:Infrastructure
5400:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5333:Eco-capitalism
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5294:
5292:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5284:
5279:
5278:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5250:Sustainability
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5221:
5219:
5218:Accountability
5215:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5130:
5128:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5084:
5082:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5056:
5054:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5013:
5011:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4934:
4932:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4905:
4895:
4894:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4876:Sustainability
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4811:Anthropization
4807:
4805:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4764:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4734:Sustainability
4732:
4730:
4729:
4722:
4715:
4707:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4566:
4563:hybrid vehicle
4560:
4554:Transportation
4551:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4539:
4529:
4524:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4481:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4421:
4414:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4341:
4336:
4334:Sustainability
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4314:Green building
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4279:Eco-innovation
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4228:
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4213:
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4109:
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4093:
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4077:
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4037:
4029:
4021:
4013:
4005:
3997:
3989:
3981:
3973:
3965:
3957:
3949:
3944:Constructivism
3941:
3933:
3925:
3917:
3909:
3904:Prairie School
3901:
3893:
3884:
3882:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3828:Prairie School
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
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3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3708:Constructivism
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3674:
3672:
3671:Alphabetically
3668:
3667:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3636:
3629:
3628:
3622:
3616:
3614:
3613:External links
3611:
3609:
3608:
3597:
3571:
3559:
3533:
3518:
3504:
3490:
3443:
3425:(3): 193â209.
3405:
3387:(4): 350â359.
3367:
3341:
3323:
3303:
3294:|journal=
3263:
3240:
3199:
3187:
3175:
3156:
3107:
3093:
3086:
3053:
3006:
2987:(2): 189â207.
2964:
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2487:Energy Monitor
2471:
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2428:
2381:
2355:
2344:
2335:|journal=
2309:10.2172/882048
2290:
2278:
2266:
2253:
2237:
2228:
2205:
2175:
2162:
2143:(4): 971â979.
2123:
2077:
2061:
2050:Mark Jarzombek
2042:
2028:
2014:
2003:
1996:
1976:
1965:
1930:
1911:
1909:
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1903:
1898:
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1826:Renewable heat
1823:
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1806:Land recycling
1803:
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1666:Pritzker Prize
1603:
1600:
1584:conserve water
1579:
1576:
1546:
1543:
1508:
1505:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1476:certifications
1466:
1463:
1457:Zinnia elegans
1451:
1448:
1417:recycled denim
1408:
1405:
1359:
1356:
1332:
1329:
1325:storing carbon
1308:roman concrete
1302:, sheep wool,
1274:Green building
1269:
1266:
1235:
1232:
1180:
1177:
1150:Main article:
1147:
1144:
1127:Main article:
1124:
1121:
1094:Main article:
1091:
1088:
1075:
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921:cost-effective
912:
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623:Roller skating
620:
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596:Cycle rickshaw
593:
583:
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566:
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552:Human-electric
547:Hybrid vehicle
544:
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426:Renewable heat
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215:Green building
212:
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185:Energy storage
182:
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62:sustainability
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10:
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6:
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3:
2:
6428:
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6292:Nature center
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6067:Ecomusicology
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5638:Earth Charter
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5528:Environmental
5526:
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5461:
5460:Refurbishment
5458:
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5450:Organizations
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5389:
5386:
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5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5363:Green economy
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5348:Eco-socialism
5346:
5344:
5343:Eco-investing
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5328:Disinvestment
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
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5293:
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5283:
5280:
5276:
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5268:
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5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
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5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5149:Marine energy
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5125:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5103:Cultured meat
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
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5083:
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5077:
5071:
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5018:
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5006:
5000:
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4987:
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4909:
4906:
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4899:
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4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4861:Simple living
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
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4812:
4809:
4808:
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4804:
4800:
4794:
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4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4765:
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4761:
4757:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4739:
4735:
4728:
4723:
4721:
4716:
4714:
4709:
4708:
4705:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4607:
4606:New Classical
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4474:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4402:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4380:refurbishment
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:Sustainable (
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4319:Green vehicle
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4284:Ecotechnology
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4234:
4229:
4227:
4222:
4220:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4169:
4166:
4161:
4160:New Classical
4158:
4153:
4150:
4145:
4142:
4137:
4134:
4129:
4126:
4121:
4118:
4113:
4110:
4105:
4104:Postmodernism
4102:
4097:
4094:
4089:
4088:Structuralism
4086:
4081:
4078:
4073:
4070:
4065:
4062:
4057:
4054:
4049:
4046:
4043:(1930sâ1950s)
4041:
4038:
4033:
4030:
4025:
4022:
4017:
4014:
4009:
4006:
4001:
3998:
3995:(1920sâ1970s)
3993:
3992:Functionalism
3990:
3985:
3982:
3979:(1920sâ1930s)
3977:
3974:
3969:
3966:
3961:
3958:
3953:
3950:
3945:
3942:
3937:
3934:
3929:
3926:
3921:
3918:
3913:
3912:Expressionism
3910:
3907:(1890sâ1920s)
3905:
3902:
3897:
3894:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3875:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3858:Structuralism
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3818:Postmodernism
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3793:New Classical
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3778:Monumentalism
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3738:Functionalism
3736:
3734:
3733:Expressionism
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
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3673:
3669:
3665:
3657:
3652:
3650:
3645:
3643:
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3634:
3626:
3623:
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3618:
3617:
3612:
3606:
3601:
3598:
3585:
3581:
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3572:
3568:
3563:
3560:
3547:
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3537:
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3508:
3505:
3500:
3494:
3491:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3447:
3444:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3409:
3406:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3371:
3368:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3324:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3299:
3286:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3264:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3244:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3160:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3111:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3026:(2): 91â107.
3025:
3021:
3017:
3010:
3007:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2924:
2918:
2915:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2566:
2555:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2523:
2511:
2504:
2501:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2382:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2348:
2345:
2340:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2216:
2209:
2206:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2124:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2051:
2046:
2043:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1966:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1913:
1907:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1836:Solar chimney
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1821:Passive house
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1769:Earth embassy
1767:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1729:Energy portal
1724:
1719:
1716:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1369:
1364:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1254:heat transfer
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1203:space heating
1200:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1158:
1153:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1130:
1123:Wind turbines
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1002:
999:
994:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
962:
960:
955:
953:
949:
945:
944:Off the shelf
941:
936:
934:
930:
926:
922:
917:
910:
908:
904:
902:
901:Site analysis
897:
893:
886:
881:
874:
869:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
837:
832:
828:
820:
818:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
767:
765:
758:
756:
754:
750:
742:
733:
728:
726:
721:
719:
714:
713:
711:
710:
704:
699:
693:
690:
680:
679:
678:
677:
668:
665:
664:
663:
662:Rapid transit
660:
656:
653:
652:
651:
648:
646:
643:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
628:Skateboarding
626:
624:
621:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
588:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
573:
572:
569:
565:
562:
558:
555:
554:
553:
550:
549:
548:
545:
541:
538:
536:
535:Solar vehicle
533:
529:
526:
525:
524:
521:
520:
519:
518:Green vehicle
516:
515:
512:
507:
506:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
443:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
399:Tidal barrage
397:
396:
395:
392:
390:
389:Marine energy
387:
385:
382:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
354:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
316:
313:
312:
311:
308:
307:
304:
299:
298:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
240:Passive house
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
107:
104:
99:
98:
94:
90:
89:
86:
82:
78:
77:
71:
69:
67:
63:
58:
55:
51:
47:
40:
36:
32:
19:
6301:
6297:New Urbanism
5968:Deep ecology
5930:Geocriticism
5920:Ecocriticism
5892:Ethnoecology
5882:Ecosemiotics
5803:conservation
5712:
5705:
5698:
5691:
5679:
5603:
5368:Construction
5291:Applications
5009:Biodiversity
4983:
4768:Anthropocene
4682:Permaculture
4601:New Urbanism
4595:
4573:Conservation
4365:food systems
4350:architecture
4349:
4183:
4168:Contemporary
4120:Neo-futurism
4112:Blobitecture
4051:(1930sâ1970)
3862:
3783:Neo-Futurism
3713:Contemporary
3693:Blobitecture
3600:
3588:. Retrieved
3583:
3574:
3562:
3550:. Retrieved
3546:the original
3536:
3521:
3507:
3493:
3463:(2): 19â22.
3460:
3456:
3446:
3434:. Retrieved
3422:
3418:
3408:
3396:. Retrieved
3384:
3380:
3370:
3358:. Retrieved
3353:
3344:
3335:
3326:
3315:
3306:
3285:cite journal
3266:
3257:
3253:
3243:
3216:
3212:
3202:
3190:
3178:
3159:
3124:
3120:
3110:
3096:
3069:
3023:
3019:
3009:
2984:
2980:
2932:
2926:
2917:
2907:27 September
2905:. Retrieved
2878:
2874:
2864:
2831:
2827:
2817:
2792:
2788:
2778:
2753:
2749:
2739:
2731:
2719:
2715:
2705:
2696:
2669:(365): 365.
2666:
2662:
2652:
2643:
2631:
2627:
2617:
2582:
2578:
2568:
2557:, retrieved
2535:
2525:
2513:. Retrieved
2503:
2491:. Retrieved
2486:
2462:. Retrieved
2459:www.nrel.gov
2458:
2449:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2372:. Retrieved
2368:the original
2358:
2347:
2326:cite journal
2293:
2281:
2269:
2261:
2260:Gipe, Paul;
2256:
2248:
2231:
2219:. Retrieved
2208:
2196:. Retrieved
2191:
2178:
2170:
2165:
2140:
2136:
2126:
2114:. Retrieved
2094:
2090:
2080:
2072:
2053:
2045:
2031:
2017:
2006:
1986:
1979:
1968:
1949:
1943:
1933:
1915:
1794:Fab Tree Hab
1675:
1634:smart growth
1622:New Urbanism
1619:
1605:
1602:Urban design
1581:
1572:permaculture
1564:New Urbanist
1548:
1536:
1517:
1510:
1499:
1468:
1455:
1453:
1444:
1433:
1410:
1373:
1353:
1334:
1316:woody plants
1289:
1262:
1258:solar energy
1237:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1140:
1132:
1117:
1113:
1108:solar panels
1105:photovoltaic
1101:Active solar
1099:
1090:Solar panels
1064:fossil fuels
1060:
1040:
1037:
1008:
984:thermal mass
972:active solar
966:
963:
956:
937:
918:
914:
905:
890:
771:
762:
749:green design
746:
601:Kick scooter
586:Land vehicle
249:
155:Energy audit
120:Cogeneration
60:The idea of
59:
50:architecture
45:
44:
6317:Themed walk
6046:Stewardship
6026:Ecotheology
5973:Ecofeminism
5798:Photography
5584:conferences
5455:Procurement
5398:Development
5298:Advertising
5260:Measurement
5194:Tidal power
5189:Small hydro
5154:Micro hydro
5017:Biosecurity
4969:Appropriate
4898:Sustainable
4881:Advertising
4803:Consumption
4793:Development
4617:Ecoforestry
4375:procurement
4360:development
4345:agriculture
4083:(1953â1970)
4059:(1933â1969)
4035:(1933â1944)
4032:PWA Moderne
4019:(1910â1939)
3971:(1925â1950)
3963:(1922â1933)
3955:(1921â1929)
3952:Rondocubism
3947:(1920â1932)
3939:(1919â1933)
3931:(1917â1931)
3899:(1890â1910)
3896:Art Nouveau
3891:(1888â1911)
3863:Sustainable
3838:Rondocubism
3823:PWA Moderne
3683:Art Nouveau
3260:(3): 10â17.
2634:: 129â136.
2515:16 November
2493:16 November
2464:16 November
2217:. Solarbuzz
2213:shamilton.
2097:: 751â760.
1952:: 778â787.
1886:Windcatcher
1592:green roofs
1578:Water Usage
1524:Energy Star
1243:outer space
1207:Kymenlaakso
855:treatment,
606:Quadracycle
461:Forecasting
394:Tidal power
377:Small hydro
362:Micro hydro
315:Sustainable
180:Energy Star
6380:Categories
6280:assessment
6250:Biomimicry
6190:Sexecology
6087:arts-based
5950:Philosophy
5907:Literature
5475:Sanitation
5430:Livelihood
5353:Ecovillage
5338:Eco-cities
5255:Accounting
5164:Pico hydro
5144:Hydropower
4962:Technology
4760:Principles
4586:insulation
4579:Building (
4542:transition
4385:technology
4370:industries
4096:Metabolism
4008:Organicism
3888:Modernisme
3808:Organicism
3773:Modernisme
3763:Metabolism
3662:Genres of
2834:: 110263.
2756:: 100776.
2585:: 100127.
2401:: 100981.
2374:7 November
2221:7 November
1908:References
1691:food waste
1683:grey water
1528:benchmarks
1507:Consulting
1429:boric acid
1272:See also:
1179:Heat pumps
1129:Wind power
1029:Coniferous
988:insulation
916:planning.
896:Architects
873:passivhaus
853:wastewater
815:ETH ZĂŒrich
795:Bruno Zevi
638:Watercraft
616:Velomobile
576:Helicopter
404:Tidal farm
367:Pico hydro
352:Hydropower
135:Eco-cities
72:Background
41:in Germany
6260:Ecomuseum
6212:Slow food
6145:Bioethics
5925:Ecopoetry
5808:landscape
5568:Recycling
5563:Planetary
5553:Materials
5548:Landscape
5533:Fisheries
5500:Transport
5425:Landscape
5408:Marketing
5383:Gardening
5323:Community
5270:Reporting
5134:Footprint
5022:Biosphere
4687:Recycling
4410:Pollution
4390:transport
4152:Neomodern
4128:High-tech
4080:New Khmer
4064:Brutalism
4040:Stalinist
3843:Stalinist
3798:New Khmer
3788:Neomodern
3753:High-tech
3703:Bowellism
3698:Brutalism
3485:116521703
3235:247300299
3219:: 27â41.
3165:IAQ links
3151:245803736
3143:2524-8154
3048:233617364
3040:0003-8628
3001:149793746
2959:133848154
2897:220008145
2856:224874019
2809:249695930
2609:244739642
2423:2451-9049
2111:112027139
1774:Earthship
1646:modernist
1472:standards
1304:hempcrete
1282:Hempcrete
1070:is used.
942:streams.
791:Princeton
581:Hydrofoil
446:Community
220:Heat pump
130:Eco hotel
6360:Journals
6345:Category
6285:planning
6018:Religion
5983:Ecosophy
5818:wildlife
5788:Land art
5773:Crop art
5681:Category
5480:Sourcing
5415:Greening
5308:Business
5184:Security
5179:Scarcity
4171:(2000sâ)
4163:(1990sâ)
4155:(1990sâ)
4147:(1980sâ)
4139:(1980sâ)
4131:(1970sâ)
4123:(1960sâ)
4115:(1960sâ)
4107:(1960sâ)
4072:Tropical
4016:Art Deco
4011:(1920sâ)
4003:(1920sâ)
4000:Futurism
3987:(1920sâ)
3928:De Stijl
3868:Tropical
3743:Futurism
3723:De Stijl
3678:Art Deco
3590:23 March
3552:23 March
3436:20 April
3431:23287649
3398:20 April
3393:43030813
3168:Archived
3127:(1): 6.
2901:Archived
2693:33446648
1923:Archived
1896:YakhchÄl
1701:See also
1491:Building
1401:cork oak
1300:Linoleum
1096:Solar PV
1001:colonial
998:American
787:Berkeley
783:Columbia
689:Category
611:Tricycle
496:Windpump
491:Windbelt
466:Industry
145:Ecolabel
140:Ecohouse
110:Arcology
6365:Degrees
6355:Commons
6232:Applied
6169:museums
6133:Related
5854:Culture
5714:Degrees
5707:Studies
5700:Science
5495:Tourism
5388:Geopark
5378:Finance
5373:Fashion
4948:Control
4836:Ethical
4745:Outline
4591:natural
4511:biofuel
4444:Water (
4419:control
4247:General
4099:(1959â)
4091:(1959â)
4075:(1958â)
4027:(1930s)
3936:Bauhaus
3923:(1913â)
3915:(1910â)
3688:Bauhaus
3465:Bibcode
3360:6 March
3277:1944523
2836:Bibcode
2758:Bibcode
2684:7809060
2645:source.
2587:Bibcode
2559:3 April
2403:Bibcode
2145:Bibcode
1613:(EIP),
1532:metrics
1397:sorghum
1249:(LWIR)
1004:saltbox
940:compost
779:Cornell
633:Walking
591:Bicycle
564:Plug-in
528:Bicycle
486:Turbine
476:Outline
327:Biomass
310:Biofuel
5813:nature
5663:(2015)
5640:(2000)
5634:(1997)
5618:(1992)
5606:(1987)
5538:Forest
5440:Market
5435:Living
5052:Energy
4908:Market
4504:Fuel (
4355:design
4048:Googie
3880:decade
3748:Googie
3483:
3429:
3391:
3354:Dezeen
3275:
3233:
3149:
3141:
3084:
3046:
3038:
2999:
2957:
2947:
2895:
2881:(18).
2854:
2807:
2716:Energy
2691:
2681:
2607:
2550:
2421:
2318:882048
2316:
2198:22 May
2173:, 2010
2116:5 July
2109:
2075:, 2014
1994:
1743:BREEAM
1393:bamboo
1341:Timber
1312:bamboo
1284:, and
1083:BedZED
959:Copper
789:, and
687:
481:Rights
322:Biogas
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