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disease, and overcollection. A reason overcollection, disease, habitat loss and climate change could be such an issue is that Green
Salamanders grow slowly for plethodontids, some studies say that it can take as little as 3 years to reach reproductive maturity, others say from 7–8 yr. to reach reproductive maturity. In
566:, the male will enter the breeding crevices and await the arrival of females. These specialized crevices are considered the basis of a green salamander's territory, as they are defended by an individual throughout the breeding season. Once a male and female meet, the courtship begins. Like some salamanders of genus
576:
begins courtship with the female straddling the base of the male's tail. In this position, and with periodic nudging and encouragement from the male, the two will traverse a small circle within the rock crevice. After some time in this dance, the male will deposit a spermatophore upon the ground and
512:
situations have occurred, most of these instances are in trees either adjacent to rock outcroppings and cliffs, or the specimen in question was located underneath the bark of the tree. Habitat preferences shift seasonally, with trees serving as the primary habitat from May to
September, and research
725:
utilized these trees more or less than its currently preferred habitat, but it is certainly a possibility. When inhabiting arboreal habitats studies have found that green salamanders prefer hardwood trees to conifers. Green salamanders have been negatively impacted by habitat loss, climate change,
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lies on her back within the rock crevice, her ventral surface pressed against the ceiling. Egg-laying often takes a period of 20 to 30 hours, where the female will apply an adhesive substance to the surface of the rock, followed by a single egg. Clutches of eggs average 15-25 eggs. The female will
303:
The green salamanders scientific name is
Aneides aeneus. The name, Aneides, is Greek for “lacking form or shape”, in reference to their flattened, elongated bodies. The species epithet, aeneus, is Latin, meaning bronze or copper, and refers to their dorsal coloration. The green salamander is small
316:
possesses squared toe-tips, large, conspicuous eyes, and a light blue to yellow ventral surface. The square toe-tips, as well as a prehensile tail, are morphological adaptations that help the salamander with climbing. Adults range from 8–12 cm (3 to 5 in) with 14 to 15 costal grooves.
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stay with the eggs, usually wrapping her body around the cluster or at least pressed against it, guarding them for the entirety of development. When presented with a foreign object, be it a wire, stick, or a wandering insect, the female will attack, eating the invader if possible. Female
516:
Males are extremely territorial toward other salamanders and would-be predators when disturbed or presented with any manner of threat. Cupp observed aggressive behavior in 45 of 49 instances where a male was placed within an artificial territory of another. Such a high level of
589:
are not known to feed during brooding. Individuals taken from their eggs had their stomachs and small intestines examined and were all found to be completely empty in Gordon's study in 1971. This guarding period usually lasts 3 months, where the eggs hatch in
1089:
Rossell, C. Reed, Jr., et al. "Nest
Success and Attributes of Brood Crevices Selected by Green Salamanders (Aneides aeneus) on the Blue Ridge Escarpment." The American Midland Naturalist, vol. 181, no. 1, Jan. 2019, pp. 40+. Gale Academic OneFile,
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no longer shows the hyper-aggressiveness expressed during guarding. In fact, it has been observed that the females will do little to stop the collection or otherwise disturbance of her brood after they have hatched from the eggs. Newborn
476:
has not been located since. There may be disjunct populations on Clinch
Mountain, on Bays Mountain and the Appalachian Ridge and Valley, and in the Inner Central Basin of Tennessee (Redmond and Scott, 1996).
1120:
992:"A New Green Salamander in the Southern Appalachians: Evolutionary History of Aneides aeneus and Implications for Management and Conservation with the Description of a Cryptic Microendemic Species"
888:"A New Green Salamander in the Southern Appalachians: Evolutionary History of Aneides aeneus and Implications for Management and Conservation with the Description of a Cryptic Microendemic Species"
541:
will attack would-be invaders with such actions as butting, snapping, biting or snout-pressing, females will often snap at objects placed within the breeding crevice or near the eggs she guards.
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is observed, there is little to no sun light allowed in. This shade may be due to either vegetation outside of the crevice or outcroppings above the crevice. While a number of instances of
887:
876:
Soto, K. M., McKee, R. K., and Newman, J. C. 2021. Conservation Action Plan: Green
Salamander (Aneides aeneus) Species Complex. Southeast Partners in Amphibian and Reptile Conservation
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the female, still straddling the base of the male, eventually makes her way to it and “scoops” it up by lateral undulations and slow movements of the base of the tail of the female.
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emerge from the eggs resembling their parents, and will likely leave the crevice in which they were born within 2 months. Following the hatching of their young, the female
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that is seldom found away from its preferred surroundings: moist, shaded rock crevices. Green salamanders have one of the most specialized niches of any salamander.
1420:
1549:
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Waldron, Jayme L., and Thomas K. Pauley. "Green salamander (Aneides aeneus) growth and age at reproductive maturity." Journal of
Herpetology 41.4 (2007): 638-644.
1472:
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Patton, Austin; Apodaca, Joseph J.; Corser, Jeffrey D.; Wilson, Christopher R.; Williams, Lori A.; Cameron, Alan D.; Wake, David B. (December 2019).
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Patton, Austin; Apodaca, Joseph J.; Corser, Jeffrey D.; Wilson, Christopher R.; Williams, Lori A.; Cameron, Alan D.; Wake, David B. (2019-12-06).
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734:. Green Salamanders are listed as "imperiled" in Georgia and North Carolina as well as "critically imperiled" in South Carolina.
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will disperse from the breeding crevices. It is during this period, throughout the month of
November, that most specimens of
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453:
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underground, beneath logs, within rotten logs, under rocks and under tree bark, but not a single specimen was produced.
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The Green
Salamander Aneides aeneus in Tennessee and Kentucky, With Comments on the Carolina's Blue Ridge Populations.
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link.gale.com/apps/doc/A574177910/AONE?u=clemsonu_main&sid=bookmark-AONE&xid=7654ddff. Accessed 19 Feb. 2024.
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Copeia. American
Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Vol. 1949, No. 3 (September 15, 1949), pp. 173-175.
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destruction, the cliffs and outcroppings it has chosen are relatively safe from harm. It has been speculated that
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Copeia. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists. Vol. 1980, No. 3 (September 6, 1980), pp. 463-468.
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suggest that green salamanders are more abundant in habitat at lower elevations with south-facing slopes.
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can be observed wandering over and between rock crevices. Following this dispersal, it is thought that
612:, which means it does not have a larval stage and develops to its adult phase within the egg. Juvenile
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John, R. R. (2019). "Overnight movements of Green Salamanders (Aneides aeneus) in Northern Alabama".
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prefers the crevices of rocks on the sides of cliffs or other outcroppings. Most crevices in which
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is observed wandering about the rock crevices and outcroppings, often during light rains at night.
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421:
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837:"Decline of disjunct green salamander (Aneides aeneus) populations in the southern Appalachians"
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A Contribution to the Life History and Ecology of the Plethodontid Salamander Aneides aeneus.
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populations to represent distinct taxonomic groups, supporting the presence of a possible
54:
436:. It is also commonly found in South-Central Ohio. Isolated populations are known at the
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ventures deep within the interconnected crevices of the cliffs and rock outcroppings to
1172:"Green Salamander Estimated Abundance and environmental associations in south carolina"
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Herpetologica. Herpetologists' League. Vol. 27, No. 3 (September 1971), pp. 308-310.
425:
284:). Rarely seen in the field, the green salamander is an extremely habitat-specific
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1121:"Arboreal Habitat Use by the Green Salamander, Aneides aeneus, in South Carolina"
529:. This aggressive behavior, although in different forms, can also be observed in
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350:. At least one was found to represent a distinct species in its own right, the
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A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America
452:. The range of the Alleghenies and Cumberland Plateau extends southwest from
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568:
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334:. However, some claimed that there could be up to four different species of
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and notably flat. Green, lichen-like blotches against a darker dorsum make
116:
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is found almost exclusively in an environment following these guild-lines:
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almost always leave the crevice in which they were born and do not return.
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that inhabit any areas in the eastern half of United States (all other
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825:. Third Edition, Expanded. Houghton Mifflin Company, Singapore. 1998.
96:
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American Midland Naturalist. Vol. 47, No. 3 (May 1952), pp. 666-701.
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Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science 66, 1991, pp. 165–169.
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and Blue Ridge Escarpment populations. A 2019 study found several
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1212:"312 IAC 9-5-4: Endangered species of reptiles and amphibians"
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Newman, Jillian C.; Barrett, Kyle; Dillman, James W. (2018).
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Waldron, Jayme L.; Humphries, W. Jeffrey (September 2005).
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Notes on the Life History of the Salamander Aneides aeneus.
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Efforts aimed towards the conservation of such a secretive
472:, and Alabama. The population discovered in 1930 in the
405:, they are almost unmistakable when found in the field.
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Territoriality in the Green Salamander, Aneides aeneus.
798:
Amphibian Species of the World 5.6, an Online Reference
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Fall Courtship of the Green Salamander, Aneides aeneus
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The Amphibians of Great Smoky Mountains National Park.
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with green markings. Due also to their hyper-specific
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is rare in salamanders, and is observed in few other
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University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, TN. 2004.
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872:
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269:) are the only currently-described members of the
558:has been observed to begin its period of sex and
386:lineage between 27.2 and 32.3 million years ago.
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323:was formerly considered the only species of the
580:Eggs are laid soon after courtship. The female
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717:forest that covered a large percentage of the
364:was created to contain all eastern species of
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697:are proving complicated. While the fact that
680:around the month of May. During this period,
525:, though hardly to the degree as observed in
8:
1210:Indiana Legislative Services Agency (2011),
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751:IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2022).
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668:Post-hibernation aggregation and dispersal
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604:hatch throughout the month of September.
1058:Gordon, Robert E. and Smith, Richard L.
1560:Endemic amphibians of the United States
743:
730:, the green salamander is listed as an
1550:IUCN Red List near threatened species
7:
800:. American Museum of Natural History
762:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
719:Great Smoky Mountains National Park
474:Great Smoky Mountains National Park
464:, the extreme western portions of
352:Hickory Nut Gorge green salamander
280:salamanders are found west of the
263:Hickory Nut Gorge green salamander
14:
1570:Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope
721:. It is not known whether or not
705:results in more vulnerability to
1252:
1238:
835:Corser, Jeffrey D (2001-01-01).
635:A period in the annual cycle of
73:
562:in late May to early June. For
537:over her eggs. While the male
1:
853:10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00106-3
659:. Attempts were made to find
424:, reaching from southwestern
416:is known to inhabit both the
1565:Amphibians described in 1881
492:specialist. This species of
454:Fayette County, Pennsylvania
1216:Indiana Administrative Code
701:is such a habitat-specific
641:pre-hibernation aggregation
253:) is a species of lungless
1586:
794:(Cope and Packard, 1881)"
788:Frost, Darrel R. (2013).
595:Dispersal and aggregation
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197:
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70:Scientific classification
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769:: e.T200106367A118971788
292:Description and taxonomy
841:Biological Conservation
608:is a direct developing
409:Geographic distribution
376:member of the complex.
308:the only salamander in
1176:Journal of Herpetology
1126:Journal of Herpetology
1046:Journal of Herpetology
713:inhabited the ancient
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234:Cope and Packard, 1881
821:Conant, Roger et al.
643:takes place in which
438:Blue Ridge Escarpment
330:found in the Eastern
312:with green markings.
299:
1263:at Wikimedia Commons
16:Species of amphibian
440:at the junction of
40:Conservation status
1104:Cupp, Paul V. Jr.
1076:Cupp, Paul V. Jr.
957:Gordon, Robert E.
732:endangered species
422:Cumberland Plateau
380:diverged from the
340:Cumberland Plateau
301:
1537:
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1273:Taxon identifiers
1257:Media related to
1138:10.1670/228-04A.1
1009:10.1643/CH-18-052
973:Dobb, Kenneth C.
905:10.1643/CH-18-052
432:and northeastern
282:Mississippi River
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310:North America
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267:A. caryaensis
264:
261:. It and the
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802:. Retrieved
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771:. Retrieved
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689:Conservation
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481:Life history
428:to northern
426:Pennsylvania
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18:
1512:SeaLifeBase
1460:NatureServe
1408:iNaturalist
1320:AmphibiaWeb
1305:Wikispecies
773:24 December
678:hibernation
639:called the
630:Hibernation
434:Mississippi
418:Alleghenies
395:salamanders
391:Castaneides
389:Members of
378:Castaneides
361:Castaneides
170:Castaneides
143:Subfamily:
1544:Categories
898:(4): 748.
804:26 October
738:References
703:salamander
610:salamander
590:September.
519:aggression
460:, eastern
370:caryaensis
255:salamander
165:Subgenus:
1465:2.1160371
1146:0022-1511
1018:0045-8511
922:208942735
914:0045-8511
861:0006-3207
723:A. aeneus
711:A. aeneus
682:A. aeneus
661:A. aeneus
657:hibernate
653:A. aeneus
649:A. aeneus
645:A. aeneus
623:A. aeneus
618:A. aeneus
614:A. aeneus
587:A. aeneus
582:A. aeneus
574:A. aeneus
569:Plethodon
560:courtship
539:A. aeneus
535:A. aeneus
527:A. aeneus
502:A. aeneus
498:A. aeneus
470:Tennessee
344:A. aeneus
314:A. aeneus
177:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
1426:11222984
1290:Wikidata
1221:28 April
1188:26792546
1154:86170898
715:chestnut
695:organism
600:Eggs of
531:brooding
510:arboreal
466:Virginia
462:Kentucky
222:Synonyms
133:Family:
117:Amphibia
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1555:Aneides
1400:2431719
1296:Q277791
728:Indiana
707:habitat
523:species
494:Aneides
490:habitat
442:Georgia
430:Alabama
403:habitat
368:, with
366:Aneides
336:Aneides
325:Aneides
286:species
278:Aneides
274:Aneides
215:, 1881)
213:Packard
158:Aneides
153:Genus:
127:Urodela
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
1524:uBio:
1491:201637
1478:154577
1439:173699
1387:331354
1371:ECOS:
1333:ARKive
1186:
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996:Copeia
920:
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892:Copeia
859:
321:Aeneus
211:&
1527:25768
1517:61435
1421:IRMNG
1413:27429
1184:JSTOR
1150:S2CID
918:S2CID
374:basal
328:genus
271:genus
1499:ODNR
1473:NCBI
1452:1282
1447:IUCN
1434:ITIS
1395:GBIF
1374:3113
1364:DW55
1325:3934
1223:2012
1142:ISSN
1014:ISSN
910:ISSN
857:ISSN
806:2013
775:2022
767:2022
448:and
420:and
243:The
209:Cope
1382:EoL
1359:CoL
1346:ASW
1134:doi
1004:doi
1000:107
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