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There is some controversy about the native range of the greenback cutthroat trout. It has long been thought that the greenback cutthroat was native to the South Platte and
Arkansas River basins, likely due to the fact that the only surviving genetically pure population was found in a small creek in
513:
The study also cleared up the confusion
Hammond's labeling had created. His samples were tested and found to have been Rio Grandes rather than greenbacks, likely collected in New Mexico. All the sample crates he shipped had been labeled as being from Fort Riley, where his unit was based, and the
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samples both from modern populations and historical samples dating back to the 19th century revealed that the only remaining population of pure greenback cutthroat trout is found in a 4-mile (6.4 km) stretch of
474:, are ongoing. However, it was recently determined that due to insufficient study of the original stock most if not all animals in the reintroduction program were actually the similar
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coloration. Like all cutthroats, it has red coloration in the area of the lower jaw and throat. Historically, it has been reported to grow as large as 4.5 kilograms (9.9 lb).
419:, he sent back crates of specimens that he collected back there for eventual identification and study. The crates with the trout specimens were labeled as having come from "the
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In 2022, Colorado Parks and
Wildlife announced that the greenback cutthroat trout was discovered to be naturally reproducing having been reintroduced in Herman Gulch.
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1806:
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the
Arkansas River basin. However, recent research has speculated that the greenback cutthroat was only native to the South Platte River basin, while the
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The greenback cutthroat's maximum size is 18 inches (46 cm). It has the largest spots of all cutthroats and is reported to have the most brilliant
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462:, a tributary of the South Platte. Additional populations were found in 1965 and 1970, making possible the 1978 reclassification of the subspecies as
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was native to the
Arkansas River basin. Although it was common in the late 19th century, it began to decline when settlers arrived in the area.
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fishing of the greenback cutthroat is currently permitted in parts of both the South Platte and
Arkansas River basins. The
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391:. Other subspecies of cutthroat were introduced to greenback habitat, further damaging populations due to hybridization.
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431:, who first identified them as greenbacks, since the river does not flow through anywhere in Kansas. Two decades later,
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506:. Many of the populations previously identified as greenback cutthroat were actually of the similar Colorado River and
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789:"Recovery History of Greenback Cutthroat Trout: Population Characteristics, Hatchery Involvement, and Bibliography"
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of his day, resolved the apparent impossibility by deciding that
Hammond must have collected them on a trip to
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Although the greenback cutthroat was considered extinct by the 1930s, in 1957 a population was discovered in
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under the 1973 Endangered
Species Act. Recovery efforts for the greenback cutthroat by the
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had originally been listed as endangered under the 1966 Endangered
Species Prevention Act.
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The cutthroat trout is thought to have evolved over the past two million years from other
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247:
231:
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991:
794:. 1.0. Fort Collins, Colorado: United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
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1005:
974:"Efforts To Save Greenback Cutthroat Trout Snagged: Wrong Fish Restocked For Decades",
844:"New CU-Boulder study clarifies diversity, distribution of cutthroat trout in Colorado"
673:
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1432:
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427:". This caused some confusion when the specimens were first examined in the 1870s by
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NatureServe
Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer
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695:"Piecing together the past: using DNA to resolve the heritage of our state fish"
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Young, Michael K.; Harig, Amy L.; Rosenlund, Bruce; Kennedy, Chris (2002).
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river basins. Within the past 20,000 years, a population which crossed the
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South Platte regardless of where the samples within actually originated.
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The species was originally thought to have been recorded in 1857 by
356:, led to the decline of many greenback cutthroat trout populations.
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was a key player in the recovery of the greenback cutthroat trout.
1265:
1247:
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1009:
895:(2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
490:
451:, which would have likely taken him along the South Platte.
403:, an Army surgeon accompanying troops west during the early
348:
in the water. These factors, along with water diversion for
864:
948:(4). American Museum of Fly Fishing: 5–8. Archived from
720:
718:
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of Colorado on March 15, 1994, replacing the unofficial
912:
Colorado Greenback Cutthroat Trout: A Fisherman's Guide
344:
in its native river basins led to sediment and toxic
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1386:
1258:
1161:
1128:
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984:"The Incredible Journey of the Greenback Cutthroat"
250:. The greenback cutthroat, once widespread in the
818:"Nearly extinct cutthroat gets new lease on life"
359:The introduction of non-native species such as
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8:
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407:in 1857. As a corresponding member of the
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29:
20:
990:Water Knowledge Resources. Archived from
760:"Greenback Cutthroat Trout Recovery Plan"
1767:NatureServe critically imperiled species
1138:Snake River fine-spotted cutthroat trout
914:. Portland, OR: Frank Amato Publishers.
616:Environmental Conservation Online System
1792:Fauna of the Northwestern United States
767:Greenback Cutthroat Trout Recovery Team
565:
543:
489:In 2012, a genetic study that compared
769:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1998
653:
651:
635:
633:
602:
600:
332:gave rise to the greenback cutthroat.
1807:Endangered fauna of the United States
910:Rubingh, Jim; Fritz, Richard (2009).
7:
1782:Freshwater fish of the United States
1192:
893:Cutthroat: Native Trout of the West
246:) is the easternmost subspecies of
929:Wickstrom, Gordon M. (Fall 1998).
618:. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
585:. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe
14:
1812:Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope
1787:Fish of the Western United States
1545:
1376:
1369:
1363:
1191:
1115:Whitehorse Basin cutthroat trout
1076:
93:
796:Rocky Mountain Research Station
573:NatureServe (2 February 2024).
1171:Colorado River cutthroat trout
527:Ecology of the Rocky Mountains
484:Bozeman National Fish Hatchery
476:Colorado River cutthroat trout
468:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
308:species which migrated up the
1:
1068:Lake Crescent cutthroat trout
931:"Bringing Back the Greenback:
865:"Colorado Parks and Wildlife"
1576:Oncorhynchus clarkii stomias
891:Trotter, Patrick C. (2008).
610:Oncorhynchus clarkii stomias
608:"Greenback Cutthroat trout (
577:Oncorhynchus clarkii stomias
456:Rocky Mountain National Park
243:Oncorhynchus clarkii stomias
213:Oncorhynchus clarkii stomias
1715:Oncorhynchus clarki stomias
1240:Trout and char of the world
1153:Yellowstone cutthroat trout
933:Oncoryhnchus clarki stomias
869:Colorado Parks and Wildlife
551:Oncorhynchus clarki stomias
409:Academy of Natural Sciences
1828:
1181:Rio Grande cutthroat trout
1148:Yellowfin cutthroat trout†
1100:Bonneville cutthroat trout
229:
24:Greenback cutthroat trout
1543:
1361:
1245:
1189:
1176:Greenback cutthroat trout
1143:Westslope cutthroat trout
1074:
1044:
988:Colorado State University
725:Block, Erin (Fall 2014).
704:. Colorado Outdoors. 2012
676:. Colorado State Archives
532:Yellowfin cutthroat trout
338:yellowfin cutthroat trout
238:greenback cutthroat trout
209:
202:
90:Scientific classification
88:
66:
46:
37:
28:
23:
1110:Lahontan cutthroat trout
1105:Humboldt cutthroat trout
274:. It was adopted as the
1465:Blunt-nosed Irish charr
1408:Coastal cutthroat trout
1315:Lake (lacustrine) trout
1095:Alvord cutthroat trout†
1063:Coastal cutthroat trout
942:The American Fly Fisher
822:Bozeman Daily Chronicle
328:during the most recent
1797:Fish described in 1871
1772:ESA threatened species
1120:Paiute cutthroat trout
447:basin in southwestern
272:Endangered Species Act
435:, one of the leading
365:Salvelinus fontinalis
258:drainages of Eastern
54:Critically Imperiled
1554:at Wikimedia Commons
1428:Mexican golden trout
1259:Trout of Europe and
1202:at Wikimedia Commons
1199:Oncorhynchus clarkii
1039:subspecies and forms
508:Rio Grande cutthroat
316:river basins to the
1802:Symbols of Colorado
1325:Mediterranean trout
978:, September 5, 2007
735:Arlington, Virginia
429:Edward Drinker Cope
40:Conservation status
1530:Small-mouthed char
1515:Lough Melvin charr
1490:Dolly Varden trout
460:Big Thompson River
433:David Starr Jordan
425:Fort Riley, Kansas
421:South Platte River
401:William A. Hammond
387:with it, creating
326:Continental Divide
256:South Platte River
195:O. c. stomias
16:Subspecies of fish
1754:
1753:
1698:Open Tree of Life
1568:Taxon identifiers
1559:
1558:
1550:Media related to
1535:Whitespotted char
1207:
1206:
1196:Media related to
921:978-1-57188-447-3
902:978-0-520-25458-9
824:. August 28, 1981
480:Catch and release
413:Drexel University
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798:. RMRS-GTR-88WWW
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885:Further reading
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298:Natural history
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248:cutthroat trout
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232:Cutthroat trout
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181:O. clarkii
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1500:Kirikuchi char
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1295:Flathead trout
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1275:Adriatic trout
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1261:Atlantic basin
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727:"On Greenback"
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262:and Southeast
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1777:Oncorhynchus
1714:
1575:
1525:Silver trout
1520:Orkney charr
1449:
1423:Golden trout
1403:Apache trout
1394:Oncorhynchus
1392:
1335:Prespa trout
1320:Marble trout
1264:
1197:
1175:
996:. Retrieved
992:the original
975:
957:. Retrieved
950:the original
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846:. Be Boulder
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744:November 14,
742:. Retrieved
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702:Rogers, K. B
701:
689:
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674:"State Fish"
668:
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488:
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417:Philadelphia
398:
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380:
373:Salmo trutta
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305:Oncorhynchus
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189:Subspecies:
179:
168:Oncorhynchus
167:
18:
1672:NatureServe
1623:iNaturalist
1495:Haddy charr
1480:Cole's char
1470:Brook trout
1460:Arctic char
1350:Sevan trout
1340:River trout
1330:Ohrid trout
1290:Ferox trout
1280:Brown trout
1087:Great Basin
445:Green River
405:Indian Wars
369:brown trout
361:brook trout
354:overfishing
350:agriculture
322:Yellowstone
286:Description
58:NatureServe
1761:Categories
1510:Lake trout
1475:Bull trout
1451:Salvelinus
1418:Gila trout
1310:Isli trout
1252:Salmonidae
1047:Salmonidae
998:2006-06-17
959:2014-11-16
874:2022-09-24
850:2014-03-04
802:7 February
773:2014-03-04
708:2021-09-01
680:2015-03-22
622:7 February
589:7 February
561:References
496:Bear Creek
464:threatened
385:hybridized
276:state fish
270:under the
268:threatened
157:Salmonidae
75:Threatened
1730:Q15725792
1591:Q61612359
1505:Lake char
1447:True char
1438:Steelhead
1345:Sea trout
500:tributary
443:, in the
381:O. mykiss
175:Species:
113:Kingdom:
107:Eukaryota
1724:Wikidata
1677:2.100015
1585:Wikidata
1355:Sonaghen
1305:Gillaroo
521:See also
310:Columbia
292:spawning
260:Colorado
252:Arkansas
153:Family:
127:Chordata
123:Phylum:
117:Animalia
103:Domain:
1615:5711988
502:of the
458:in the
449:Wyoming
389:cutbows
375:), and
330:ice age
264:Wyoming
223:, 1871)
163:Genus:
143:Order:
133:Class:
78: (
56: (
1744:914084
1703:135023
1690:453929
1654:201901
1628:196524
1599:ECOS:
918:
899:
828:May 6,
346:runoff
342:Mining
1661:NAS:
1641:71801
1552:Trout
1266:Salmo
1248:Trout
953:(PDF)
938:(PDF)
792:(PDF)
763:(PDF)
731:Trout
698:(PDF)
662:16343
538:Notes
318:Green
314:Snake
1739:ITIS
1685:NCBI
1649:ITIS
1610:GBIF
1602:2775
916:ISBN
897:ISBN
830:2012
804:2024
746:2014
644:4001
624:2024
591:2024
498:, a
352:and
320:and
312:and
254:and
236:The
221:Cope
1664:900
1636:ISC
657:43
639:32
491:DNA
423:at
415:in
411:at
367:),
80:ESA
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