290:
glacial and interglacial periods, and the size and the distribution of continental ice sheets fluctuate dramatically. The fluctuation of the ice sheets results in changes in regional climatic conditions that affect the range and the distribution of many terrestrial and oceanic species. On scales ranging from thousands to hundreds of millions of years, the Earth's climate has transitioned from warm to chilly intervals within life-sustaining ranges. There have been three periods of glaciation in the
Phanerozoic Eon (Ordovician, Carboniferous, and Cenozoic), each lasting tens of millions of years and bringing ice down to sea level at mid-latitudes. During these frigid "icehouse" intervals, sea levels were generally lower, CO
5609:
143:
5633:
158:
5621:
4716:
3754:
3329:
4726:
310:, which occurred between 130,000 and 115,000 years ago, during which evidence of forest in North Cape, Norway, and hippopotamus in the Rhine and Thames Rivers can be observed. Earth is expected to continue to transition between glacial and interglacial periods until the cessation of the Quaternary Ice Age and will then enter another greenhouse state.
601:
atmospheric levels which resulted in cooling temperatures and increasing ice albedo (ice reflectivity of incoming solar radiation), which would further increase global cooling (a positive feedback). That might have been the mechanism of entering
Snowball Earth state. Kirschvink explained that the way
627:
in the atmosphere had accumulated enough to cause temperatures to peak to as much as 60 Ā°C, thrusting the Earth into a brief moist greenhouse state. Around the same geologic period of
Snowball Earth (it is debated if it was the cause or the result of Snowball Earth), the Great Oxygenation Event
648:
Recent studies may have again complicated the idea of a snowball Earth. In
October 2011, a team of French researchers announced that the carbon dioxide during the last speculated "snowball Earth" may have been lower than originally stated, which provides a challenge in finding out how Earth got out
592:
brought up a solution to the paradox in 1992. Since the continents were then huddled at the low and the middle latitudes, there was less ocean water available to absorb the higher amount solar energy hitting the tropics, and there was also an increase in rainfall because more land exposed to higher
515:
hits certain areas of the planet more often on a higher tilt, and a lower tilt creates a more even set of seasons worldwide. The changes can be seen in ice cores, which also contain evidence that during glacial times (at the maximum extension of the ice sheets), the atmosphere had lower levels of
289:
Earth is now in an icehouse state, and ice sheets are present in both poles simultaneously. Climatic proxies indicate that greenhouse gas concentrations tend to lower during an icehouse Earth. Similarly, global temperatures are also lower under
Icehouse conditions. Earth then fluctuates between
622:
reached a threshold, temperature would rise enough for ice sheets to start melting. That would in turn reduce the ice albedo effect, which would in turn further reduce the ice cover and allow an exit from
Snowball Earth. At the end of Snowball Earth, before the equilibrium "thermostat" between
230:
levels are interpreted as an indicator of Earth's climate, rather than as an independent driver. Other phenomena have instead likely played a key role in influencing global climate by altering oceanic and atmospheric currents and increasing the net amount of solar radiation absorbed by Earth's
294:
levels in the atmosphere were lower, net photosynthesis and carbon burial were lower, and oceanic volcanism was lower than during the alternate "greenhouse" intervals. Transitions from
Phanerozoic icehouse to greenhouse intervals coincided with biotic crises or catastrophic extinction events,
305:
and began approximately 2.58 million years ago. However, an ice sheet has existed in
Antarctica for approximately 34 million years. Earth is now in a clement interglacial period that started approximately 11,800 years ago. Earth will likely phase into another interglacial period such as the
329:
Potential drivers of previous icehouse states include the movement of the tectonic plates and the opening and the closing of oceanic gateways. They seem to play a crucial part in driving Earth into an icehouse state, as tectonic shifts result in the transportation of cool, deep water, which
704:
The Eocene-Oligocene transition was the latest and occurred approximately 34 million years ago. It resulted in a rapid global cooling, the glaciation of
Antarctica, and a series of biotic extinction events. The most dramatic species turnover event associated with the time period is the
666:, which occurred between 56.0 and 33.9 million years ago, was Earth's warmest temperature period for 100 million years. However, the "super-greenhouse" period had eventually become an icehouse period by the late Eocene. It is believed that the decline of CO
641:. However, sunlight has been observed to penetrate meters of ice in Antarctica. Most scientists now believe that a "hard" Snowball Earth, one completely covered by ice, is probably impossible. However, a "slushball Earth," with points of opening near the
255:) are higher, trapping solar energy in the atmosphere via the greenhouse effect. Methane, the main component of natural gas, is responsible for more than a quarter of the current global warming. It is a formidable pollutant with an 80-fold higher
915:
mean the next climate state will be a greenhouse Earth period. Permanent ice is actually a rare phenomenon in the history of Earth and occurs only in coincidence with the icehouse effect, which has affected about 20% of Earth's history.
564:
A "snowball Earth" is the complete opposite of greenhouse Earth in which Earth's surface is completely frozen over. However, a snowball Earth technically does not have continental ice sheets like during the icehouse state. "The Great
891:
is more important in explaining the observed
Cenozoic cooling. Scientists have tried to compare the past transitions between icehouse and greenhouse, and vice versa, to understand what type of climate state Earth will have next.
632:
followed and produced the beginnings of populous bilateral organisms, as well as a greater diversity and mobility in multicellular life. However, some biologists claim that a complete snowball Earth could not have happened since
1338:; Richardson, Katherine; Lenton, Timothy M.; Folke, Carl; Liverman, Diana; Summerhayes, Colin P.; Barnosky, Anthony D.; Cornell, Sarah E.; Crucifix, Michel; Donges, Jonathan F.; Fetzer, Ingo; Lade, Steven J.; Scheffer, Marten;
539:. During an icehouse period, only 20% of the time is spent in interglacial, or warmer times. Model simulations suggest that the current interglacial climate state will continue for at least another 100,000 years because of
2547:
2544:"Zhang, Zhongshi & Nisancioglu, Kerim & FlatĆøy, F. & Bentsen, M. & Bethke, I. & Wang, H.. (2009). Did the opening of the Drake Passage play a significant role in Cenozoic cooling?"
1459:"Aspects of the Archean-Proterozoic transition: How the great Huronian Glacial Event was initiated by rift-related uplift and terminated at the rift-drift transition during break-up of Lauroscandia"
263:
in the 20 years after it has been introduced into the atmosphere. An increase in the solar constant increases the net amount of solar energy absorbed into Earth's atmosphere, and changes in Earth's
602:
to get out of Snowball Earth state could be connected again to carbon dioxide. A possible explanation is that during Snowball Earth, volcanic activity would not halt but accumulate atmospheric CO
247:
and methane into the atmosphere when they are active, which can trap enough heat to cause a greenhouse effect. On Earth, atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide (CO
1611:
795:
on the sudden decrease of the carbon isotopic composition of the global inorganic carbon pool by 2.5 parts per million. A hypothesis posed for this drop of isotopes was the increase of
330:
circulates to the ocean surface and assists in ice sheet development at the poles. Examples of oceanic current shifts as a result of tectonic plate dynamics include the opening of the
2628:
1763:
222:
There are several theories as to how a greenhouse Earth can come about. Geologic climate proxies indicate that there is a strong correlation between a greenhouse state and high CO
1565:
1274:
1087:
5658:
1109:
803:, which happens to be a potent but short-lived greenhouse gas, increased the global temperatures by 6 Ā°C with the assistance of the less potent carbon dioxide.
475:" periods that cause ice sheets to build up or to retreat. The main causes for glacial and interglacial periods are variations in the movement of Earth around the
1784:
1888:
1502:
925:
883:
and Antarctica, but climate model simulations suggest that the early opening of the Drake Passage played only a limited role, and the later constriction of the
684:, which occurred around 300 million years ago. A major transition took place 40 million years ago and caused Earth to change from a moist, icy planet in which
298:
The glacial and interglacial periods tend to alternate in accordance with solar and climatic oscillation until Earth eventually returns to a greenhouse state.
5315:
4991:
3299:
2621:
1440:
359:
326:
is a primary driver of a transition to the icehouse state. Rather, it may be an indicator of other solar, geologic, and atmospheric processes at work.
1714:
871:
did not start forming until 2 million years ago. Some processes that may have led to the current icehouse may be connected to the development of the
445:
was eventually transported to the ocean and taken up by plankton, which then died and sank to the bottom of the ocean, which effectively removed CO
4325:
4161:
2337:
507:. The tilt of the axis tends to fluctuate from 21.5Ā° to 24.5Ā° and back every 41,000 years on the vertical axis. The change actually affects the
2614:
912:
775:, which is close to today's levels, up to 2,000 parts per million. Studies on lake sediments suggest that the "hothouse" or "super-greenhouse"
2007:
3790:
1749:
1551:
1268:
1073:
960:
792:
4762:
3304:
2371:
2306:
195:
1126:
Godfrey, Laurie R.; Samonds, Karen E.; Baldwin, Justin W.; Sutherland, Michael R.; Kamilar, Jason M.; Allfisher, Kristen L. (2020-08-08).
720:
is a branch of science that attempts to understand the history of greenhouse and icehouse conditions over geological time. The study of
696:, who has researched the time period, found the climate to be "highly unstable" and to be "marked by dips and rises in carbon dioxide."
231:
atmosphere. Such phenomena may include but are not limited to tectonic shifts that result in the release of greenhouse gases (such as CO
5109:
2048:
5310:
4906:
1605:
4946:
3365:
1041:
2435:
Huber, Matthew; Rodrigo Caballero (7 February 2003). "Eocene El Nino: Evidence for Robust Tropical Dynamics in the "Hothouse"".
358:
approximately 3 to 4 million years ago may also be a contributor to Earth's current icehouse state. One proposed driver of the
4275:
3930:
3034:
2752:
693:
211:
4154:
2863:
709:, a period that saw the replacement of European tree-dwelling and leaf-eating mammal species by migratory species from Asia.
577:(Harland and Rudwick). That became a problem for Harland because of the thought of the "Runaway Snowball Paradox" (a kind of
5356:
1409:
5104:
1128:"Mid-Cenozoic climate change, extinction, and faunal turnover in Madagascar, and their bearing on the evolution of lemurs"
5599:
5099:
4237:
2486:
Higgins, John A.; Daniel P. Schrag (2006). "Beyond Methane: Towards a theory for the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum".
677:
The best available record for a transition from an icehouse to greenhouse period in which plant life existed is for the
362:
was the evolution of land plants. Under that paradigm, the rapid increase in photosynthetic biomass gradually removed CO
1972:
210:
states that "a 'runaway greenhouse effect'āanalogous to Venusāappears to have virtually no chance of being induced by
5289:
5159:
4528:
3456:
3450:
3205:
3127:
2148:
974:
827:ā an icehouse period that ran from 720 to 635 million years ago during which the entire Earth was at times frozen over
581:) that once Earth enters the route of becoming a snowball Earth, it would never be able to leave that state. However,
147:
Timeline of the five known great icehouse periods, shown in blue. The periods in between depict greenhouse conditions.
142:
1313:
4440:
5499:
5479:
3880:
3860:
3132:
1190:"Extinction pulse at EoceneāOligocene boundary drives diversification dynamics of two Australian temperate floras"
5489:
5461:
5073:
4591:
4320:
3870:
3783:
3137:
2524:
Montanez, Isabel; G.S. Soreghan (March 2006). "Earth's Fickle Climate: Lessons Learned from Deep-Time Ice Ages".
833:
199:
190:
78:
5556:
4755:
4290:
2939:
2068:
Smith, Alan G.; Kevin T. Pickering (2003). "Oceanic gateways as a critical factor to initiate icehouse Earth".
256:
178:
5444:
2853:
764:
92:
The main factors involved in changes of the paleoclimate are believed to be the concentration of atmospheric
5494:
5231:
5078:
4546:
4197:
3642:
1633:"Review of "Global mean surface temperature and climate sensitivity of the EECO, PETM and latest Paleocene""
888:
82:
783:
state" after the 10 Ā°C warming of the deep ocean and high latitude surface temperatures shut down the
5394:
5195:
4941:
4840:
3900:
2691:
863:
Currently, Earth is in an icehouse climate state. About 34 million years ago, ice sheets began to form in
284:
182:
66:
5613:
4996:
4361:
4306:
4260:
4245:
3890:
2906:
1650:
851:
302:
86:
5429:
689:
480:
2329:
1678:
373:, which induced global cooling. One proposed driver of the Quaternary Ice age is the collision of the
5370:
5346:
5341:
4612:
4581:
4030:
3925:
3776:
3358:
3067:
3019:
2800:
2495:
2444:
2409:
2271:
2220:
2181:
2124:
2077:
1940:
1864:
1690:
1470:
1355:
788:
492:
355:
268:
5653:
5637:
5456:
5351:
5294:
5269:
5259:
5034:
4931:
4921:
4748:
4486:
3945:
3905:
3569:
3504:
3210:
3167:
3001:
2944:
2795:
2787:
2745:
1679:"The evolution of latitudinal temperature gradients from the latest Cretaceous through the Present"
908:
872:
815:
800:
504:
484:
374:
347:
105:
70:
35:
53:. Both climate states last for millions of years and should not be confused with the much smaller
5581:
5561:
5439:
5424:
5409:
5331:
5130:
5094:
4896:
4435:
4413:
4280:
4104:
4075:
4010:
4003:
3079:
2593:
2468:
2363:
2298:
2244:
2093:
1964:
1778:
1706:
1557:
1494:
1339:
1103:
1033:
767:
and the resulting climate. One study has shown that atmospheric carbon dioxide levels during the
756:
629:
2262:
Maruyama, S.; M. Santosh (2008). "Models on Snowball Earth and Cambrian explosion: A synopsis".
2111:
Lenton, Timothy M.; Crouch, Michael; Johnson, Martin; Pires, Nuno; Dolan, Liam (February 2012).
1543:
1335:
2033:"Quaternary Nannofossil Biostratigraphy from Ocean Drilling Program Leg 189, Tasmanian Gateway"
1533:
688:
covered the tropics to a hot, dry, and windy location in which little could survive. Professor
322:
levels and an icehouse state. However, that does not mean that decreasing atmospheric levels CO
5389:
5185:
5180:
5024:
4860:
4516:
4395:
4295:
4148:
4051:
3955:
3309:
3291:
3195:
3162:
2585:
2460:
2236:
2140:
1956:
1880:
1824:
1755:
1745:
1601:
1547:
1486:
1434:
1391:
1373:
1305:
1264:
1227:
1209:
1167:
1149:
1079:
1069:
1025:
1017:
966:
956:
772:
671:
582:
351:
331:
132:
4729:
17:
5586:
5535:
5451:
5399:
5175:
5153:
5019:
4916:
4634:
4622:
4450:
4418:
4250:
4119:
4035:
4025:
3940:
3557:
3446:
3416:
3222:
3089:
3074:
2951:
2931:
2873:
2777:
2772:
2659:
2577:
2503:
2499:
2452:
2417:
2279:
2228:
2189:
2132:
2085:
2040:
1999:
1948:
1872:
1814:
1698:
1636:
1593:
1539:
1478:
1381:
1363:
1256:
1217:
1201:
1157:
1139:
1009:
725:
717:
570:
521:
181:(SSTs) range from 28 Ā°C (82.4 Ā°F) in the tropics to 0 Ā°C (32 Ā°F) in the
170:
116:
46:
5434:
593:
solar energy might have caused chemical weathering, which would contribute to removal of CO
587:
5519:
5484:
5471:
5381:
5239:
5134:
5068:
5029:
4866:
4696:
4561:
4538:
4506:
4458:
4445:
4408:
4390:
4020:
4015:
3757:
3632:
3587:
3481:
3476:
3466:
3351:
3217:
3200:
3157:
3147:
3039:
1663:
900:
796:
760:
578:
390:
386:
128:
2568:
Berger A, Loutre MF (August 2002). "Climate. An exceptionally long interglacial ahead?".
1995:
The Tasmanian Gateway Between Australia and Antarctica: Paleoclimate and Paleoceanography
334:
36.5 million years ago, which separated Australia and Antarctica, and the opening of the
2448:
2421:
2413:
2275:
2224:
2185:
2128:
2081:
1944:
1868:
1694:
1474:
1359:
623:
volcanic activity and the by then slowly resuming chemical weathering was reinstated, CO
5663:
5625:
5419:
5217:
5205:
5149:
5144:
5138:
5063:
4986:
4911:
4639:
4629:
4428:
4300:
4270:
4255:
4040:
3998:
3993:
3865:
3332:
3250:
3240:
3104:
3099:
2858:
2848:
2738:
2714:
2680:
2668:
2650:
1386:
1343:
1222:
1189:
1162:
1127:
904:
706:
634:
559:
540:
468:
458:
120:
97:
93:
74:
54:
31:
2193:
2032:
5647:
5336:
5254:
5249:
5200:
5190:
4951:
4830:
4719:
4669:
4617:
4551:
4523:
4511:
4501:
4491:
4373:
4217:
4143:
4092:
4045:
3960:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3843:
3441:
3260:
3190:
3142:
3109:
2981:
2971:
2961:
2921:
2916:
2597:
2543:
2394:
2172:
Broecker, Wallace S.; George H. Denton (January 1990). "What Drives Glacial Cycles".
2097:
2044:
1968:
1710:
1561:
1498:
1458:
1037:
880:
876:
842:
784:
681:
606:. At the same time, global ice cover would prevent chemical weathering (particularly
574:
569:
Ice Age" has been claimed to be the host of such a world, and in 1964, the scientist
339:
335:
2472:
2039:, Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, vol. 189, Ocean Drilling Program,
1915:
Oceanic and atmospheric response to climate change over varying geologic timescales.
1702:
1482:
5620:
5414:
5212:
4926:
4901:
4886:
4852:
4812:
4691:
4685:
4351:
4285:
4207:
4138:
4087:
3935:
3875:
3665:
3651:
3314:
3265:
3255:
3245:
3185:
2966:
2820:
2810:
2705:
2700:
2248:
1301:
Oceanic and atmospheric response to climate change over varying geologic timescales
884:
547:
472:
462:
169:
exist anywhere on the planet. Additionally, the levels of carbon dioxide and other
58:
1852:
61:
periods, which occur as alternating phases within an icehouse period (known as an
1876:
1416:
5114:
5011:
4973:
4956:
4891:
4872:
4805:
4785:
4701:
4679:
4586:
4571:
4366:
4346:
4336:
4265:
4222:
4202:
4131:
3950:
3852:
3624:
3499:
3062:
2868:
2805:
2606:
2207:
A. Ganopolski; R. Winkelmann; H. J. Schellnhuber (2016). "Critical insolationāCO
748:
525:
516:
carbon dioxide. That may be caused by the increase or the redistribution of the
508:
2507:
1188:
Nge, Francis J.; Biffin, Ed; Thiele, Kevin R.; Waycott, Michelle (2020-01-22).
1144:
618:
therefore accumulated in the atmosphere. Once the atmosphere accumulation of CO
597:
from the atmosphere. Both conditions might have caused a substantial drop in CO
4881:
4876:
4771:
4596:
4496:
4403:
4378:
4181:
3965:
3716:
3597:
3152:
3119:
3094:
2896:
2815:
1819:
1802:
1759:
1587:
970:
864:
824:
780:
744:
685:
607:
536:
512:
500:
488:
343:
136:
2283:
2144:
1993:
1960:
1928:
1884:
1828:
1597:
1490:
1377:
1309:
1213:
1153:
1083:
1021:
997:
848:
A greenhouse period ran from 260 million years ago to 33.9 million years ago.
271:
increase the net amount of solar radiation absorbed into Earth's atmosphere.
5571:
5551:
5284:
5244:
4981:
4790:
4659:
4576:
4212:
4124:
4099:
4080:
3970:
3675:
3637:
3592:
3582:
3522:
3084:
3029:
3014:
2986:
2956:
2883:
2825:
2581:
2456:
2089:
2003:
1998:. ODP Preliminary Report. Vol. 189. Ocean Drilling Program. June 2000.
1952:
1641:
1632:
1368:
1013:
839:
A greenhouse period ran from 420 million years ago to 360 million years ago.
830:
A greenhouse period ran from 635 million years ago to 450 million years ago.
529:
382:
264:
240:
2589:
2464:
2240:
1739:
1395:
1231:
1205:
1171:
1029:
30:"Climate state" redirects here. For the different levels of climate due to
2112:
1586:
Schmidt, Anja; Fristad, Kirsten E.; Elkins-Tanton, Linda T., eds. (2015).
907:, the next glacial period would begin at least 50,000 years from now (see
5566:
5404:
5048:
4961:
4227:
3988:
3980:
3838:
3828:
3726:
3670:
3602:
3537:
3423:
3411:
3383:
736:
721:
638:
566:
166:
2232:
346:, both of which are believed to have allowed for the development of the
157:
5576:
4800:
4795:
4566:
4556:
4478:
4469:
4454:
4356:
4341:
4186:
4109:
3818:
3721:
3709:
3647:
3577:
3552:
3512:
3491:
3461:
3177:
3054:
3024:
2840:
2830:
2709:
2674:
896:
845:ā an icehouse period that ran from 360 million to 260 million years ago
836:ā an icehouse period that ran from 450 million to 420 million years ago
818:ā an icehouse period that ran from 2.4 billion to 2.1 billion years ago
768:
752:
678:
642:
378:
280:
174:
124:
62:
950:
479:. The astronomical components, discovered by the Serbian geophysicist
318:
It is well established that there is strong correlation between low CO
4664:
3823:
3704:
3697:
3406:
3401:
3375:
3343:
3044:
2911:
2891:
2136:
1299:
1063:
868:
776:
663:
367:
307:
185:. Earth has been in a greenhouse state for about 85% of its history.
1250:
2031:
Stant, S.A.; Lara, J.; McGonigal, K.L.; Ladner, B.C. (2004-04-22),
1260:
895:
Without the human influence on the greenhouse gas concentration, a
649:
of its state and whether a snowball or a slushball Earth occurred.
5001:
4674:
4423:
4114:
4070:
4062:
3734:
3692:
3685:
3680:
3517:
3471:
3433:
3391:
3232:
3009:
2991:
2976:
2761:
1929:"Oceanic gateways as a critical factor to initiate icehouse Earth"
821:
A greenhouse period ran from 2.1 billion to 720 million years ago.
740:
729:
496:
203:
156:
141:
42:
2037:
Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, 189 Scientific Results
854:ā the current icehouse period, which began 33.9 million years ago
4935:
4817:
3813:
3799:
3612:
3547:
3542:
3532:
3527:
3396:
3281:
2901:
1741:
Palaeoclimatology : from snowball earth to the anthropocene
952:
Palaeoclimatology : from snowball earth to the anthropocene
733:
517:
207:
4744:
3772:
3347:
2734:
2610:
131:. Greenhouse and icehouse periods have played key roles in the
4835:
637:
life would not have survived under many meters of ice without
573:
brought forth his discovery of indications of glaciers in the
532:
476:
366:
from the atmosphere and replaced it with increasing levels of
4740:
899:
period would be the next climate state. Predicted changes in
165:
A "greenhouse Earth" is a period during which no continental
2211:
relation for diagnosing past and future glacial inception".
799:, the trigger for which remains a mystery. The increase of
812:
A greenhouse period ran from 4.6 to 2.4 billion years ago.
226:
levels. However, it is important to recognize that high CO
393:
revealed massive quantities of unweathered silicate rock
49:) its climate has fluctuated between two primary states:
2730:
295:
indicating complicated biosphere-hydrosphere feedbacks.
161:
An illustration of ice age Earth at its glacial maximum.
65:) and tend to last less than 1 million years. There are
3768:
1853:"Quaternary climates: a perspective for global warming"
1194:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1065:
Earths evolving climate : a geological perspective
1344:"Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene"
5597:
188:
The state should not be confused with a hypothetical
5544:
5528:
5512:
5470:
5380:
5369:
5324:
5316:
Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)
5303:
5277:
5268:
5230:
5168:
5123:
5087:
5056:
5047:
5010:
4972:
4851:
4826:
4778:
4652:
4605:
4537:
4477:
4467:
4389:
4316:
4236:
4177:
4061:
3979:
3889:
3851:
3837:
3806:
3611:
3568:
3490:
3432:
3382:
3290:
3274:
3231:
3176:
3118:
3053:
3000:
2930:
2882:
2839:
2786:
763:allows scientists to create models of Earth's past
139:
and turnover at various spatial scales across time.
135:on Earth by directly and indirectly forcing biotic
2519:
2517:
2167:
2165:
1927:SMITH, ALAN G.; PICKERING, KEVIN T. (May 2003).
2685:Earth's surface entirely or nearly frozen over
1532:Haigh, Joanna D.; Cargill, Peter (2015-06-23).
1348:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
301:Earth's current icehouse state is known as the
1293:
1291:
4756:
3784:
3359:
2746:
2622:
2402:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
926:List of periods and events in climate history
8:
2364:"A Bumpy Shift from Ice House to Greenhouse"
1913:Woodard, S. C., & Thomas, D. J. (2012).
1108:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
998:"ATMOSPHERE: What Drives the Ice Age Cycle?"
628:(GOE) was occurring. The event known as the
338:32.8 million years ago by the separation of
1803:"The Eemian mammal fauna of central Europe"
1342:; Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim (2018-08-06).
949:Summerhayes, Colin P.. (8 September 2020).
5377:
5274:
5053:
4848:
4763:
4749:
4741:
4474:
3848:
3791:
3777:
3769:
3617:
3366:
3352:
3344:
2753:
2739:
2731:
2629:
2615:
2607:
2357:
2355:
1857:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association
1783:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5659:History of climate variability and change
1818:
1640:
1589:Volcanism and Global Environmental Change
1544:10.23943/princeton/9780691153834.001.0001
1385:
1367:
1221:
1161:
1143:
5311:Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)
2299:"Snowball Earth's hypothesis challenged"
759:and stable isotope analysis), and other
111:
5604:
2395:"The Late Eocene-Oligocene Extinctions"
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1796:
1794:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
936:
807:List of icehouse and greenhouse periods
69:in Earth's climate history, namely the
2664:Tropical temperatures may reach poles
2655:Hypothetical runaway greenhouse state
1776:
1733:
1731:
1659:
1648:
1452:
1450:
1439:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1432:
1101:
913:anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions
903:suggest that in absence of human-made
771:age rocked back and forth between 250
243:, Volcanoes emit massive amounts of CO
2026:
2024:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1183:
1181:
1090:from the original on 21 November 2021
674:may have contributed to the cooling.
670:caused the change, but mechanisms of
389:. Under that paradigm, the resulting
7:
4725:
3305:Geology of solar terrestrial planets
2340:from the original on 14 October 2011
2309:from the original on 19 October 2011
2297:CNRS, Delegation Paris Michel-Ange.
2113:"First plants cooled the Ordovician"
1801:van Kolfschoten, Th. (August 2000).
1245:
1243:
1241:
1121:
1119:
1062:P., Summerhayes, C. (13 July 2015).
944:
942:
940:
2488:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
2422:10.1146/annurev.ea.22.050194.001045
5110:Adoption of the Gregorian calendar
1807:Netherlands Journal of Geosciences
977:from the original on 18 April 2021
546:emissions, including the complete
25:
2374:from the original on 10 June 2013
2194:10.1038/scientificamerican0190-48
2070:Journal of the Geological Society
1933:Journal of the Geological Society
791:. A theory was suggested for the
81:(also known as Early Paleozoic),
5631:
5619:
5607:
4724:
4715:
4714:
3753:
3752:
3328:
3327:
2362:University of California-Davis.
2045:10.2973/odp.proc.sr.189.109.2004
793:PaleoceneāEocene Thermal Maximum
645:, is considered to be possible.
610:), responsible for removal of CO
198:that corresponds to the ongoing
27:Opposing climate states on Earth
4992:English and British regnal year
3035:Human impact on the environment
2550:from the original on 2021-11-21
2151:from the original on 2021-03-20
2051:from the original on 2021-11-21
2010:from the original on 2021-11-21
1975:from the original on 2007-11-30
1891:from the original on 2021-11-21
1766:from the original on 2021-11-21
1717:from the original on 2021-11-21
1703:10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.01.025
1614:from the original on 2021-11-21
1568:from the original on 2021-11-21
1505:from the original on 2021-11-21
1483:10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.12.013
1316:from the original on 2021-04-18
1277:from the original on 2021-11-21
1252:Understanding Earth's Deep Past
1044:from the original on 2021-11-21
694:University of California, Davis
36:Equilibrium climate sensitivity
2864:Climate variability and change
2393:Prothero, D. R. (1994-01-01).
1592:. Cambridge University Press.
1538:. Princeton University Press.
1535:The Sun's Influence on Climate
1457:Young, Grant M. (March 2019).
1:
5105:Old Style and New Style dates
3300:Evolution of the Solar System
2638:Greenhouse and Icehouse Earth
2330:"From Greenhouse to icehouse"
51:greenhouse and icehouse Earth
18:Greenhouse and Icehouse Earth
5057:Pre-Julian / Julian
3040:Evolutionary history of life
1877:10.1016/j.pgeola.2010.07.001
1851:Rose, James (January 2010).
550:of the Northern Hemisphere.
467:Within icehouse states are "
5290:Geological history of Earth
5160:Astronomical year numbering
4529:Geological history of Earth
1744:. Chichester, West Sussex.
1738:Summerhayes, C. P. (2020).
1724:– via Science Direct.
996:Paillard, D. (2006-07-28).
511:on Earth since a change in
194:, which is an irreversible
119:, long-term changes in the
67:five known icehouse periods
5680:
3881:Orders of magnitude (time)
2508:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.03.009
1145:10.1186/s12862-020-01628-1
557:
456:
453:Glacials and interglacials
278:
29:
5462:Thermoluminescence dating
5357:Samariumāneodymium dating
4710:
4592:Time translation symmetry
3748:
3661:
3620:
3323:
2768:
2679:
2673:Global climate during an
2667:
2658:
2649:
2644:
1820:10.1017/s0016774600021752
1298:Stella., Woodard (2012).
1068:. John Wiley & Sons.
955:. John Wiley & Sons.
834:Andean-Saharan glaciation
200:runaway greenhouse effect
191:runaway greenhouse effect
173:(such as water vapor and
5176:Chinese sexagenary cycle
3310:Location in the Universe
3241:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
2940:List of sovereign states
2284:10.1016/j.gr.2008.01.004
1598:10.1017/cbo9781107415683
1132:BMC Evolutionary Biology
889:Central American Seaways
867:; the ice sheets in the
257:global warming potential
179:sea surface temperatures
5390:Amino acid racemisation
4547:Absolute space and time
4198:Astronomical chronology
2582:10.1126/science.1076120
2500:2006E&PSL.245..523H
2457:10.1126/science.1078766
2090:10.1144/0016-764902-115
2004:10.2973/odp.pr.189.2000
1953:10.1144/0016-764902-115
1917:by Stella C. Woodard. .
1677:Zhang, Laiming (2019).
1642:10.5194/cp-2019-167-rc1
1369:10.1073/pnas.1810141115
1014:10.1126/science.1131297
875:and the opening of the
614:from the atmosphere. CO
405:, which reacted with CO
129:tectonic plate dynamics
104:) and less importantly
5395:Archaeomagnetic dating
4907:Era of Caesar (Iberia)
4597:Time reversal symmetry
3901:Italian six-hour clock
1658:Cite journal requires
1206:10.1098/rspb.2019.2546
843:Late Paleozoic Ice Age
285:Timeline of glaciation
162:
149:
5295:Geological time units
4362:Time and fate deities
4307:The Unreality of Time
4246:A series and B series
3020:Biogeochemical cycles
2945:dependent territories
1683:Earth-Science Reviews
1463:Earth-Science Reviews
852:Late Cenozoic Ice Age
449:from the atmosphere.
350:. The closing of the
160:
145:
5347:Law of superposition
5342:Isotope geochemistry
4613:Chronological dating
4582:Theory of relativity
3926:Daylight saving time
3633:Evolutionary history
3068:Computer cartography
2801:Prebiotic atmosphere
2328:Herath, Anuradha K.
789:Southern Oscillation
779:was in a "permanent
493:orbital eccentricity
45:'s climate history (
5480:Fluorine absorption
5457:Luminescence dating
5352:Luminescence dating
5260:Milankovitch cycles
5100:Proleptic Gregorian
4932:Hindu units of time
3906:Thai six-hour clock
3570:Natural environment
3211:Geologic time scale
2932:Culture and society
2796:Atmosphere of Earth
2449:2003Sci...299..877H
2414:1994AREPS..22..145P
2276:2008GondR..14...22M
2233:10.1038/nature16494
2225:2016Natur.529..200G
2186:1990SciAm.262a..49B
2174:Scientific American
2129:2012NatGe...5...86L
2082:2003JGSoc.160..337S
1945:2003JGSoc.160..337S
1869:2010PrGA..121..334R
1695:2019ESRv..189..147Z
1475:2019ESRv..190..171Y
1360:2018PNAS..115.8252S
1340:Winkelmann, Ricarda
911:), but the ongoing
909:Milankovitch cycles
873:Himalayan Mountains
816:Huronian glaciation
801:atmospheric methane
485:Milankovitch cycles
375:Indian Subcontinent
348:Antarctic ice sheet
5582:Terminus post quem
5562:Synchronoptic view
5529:Linguistic methods
5490:Obsidian hydration
5425:Radiometric dating
5410:Incremental dating
5332:Chronostratigraphy
4436:Rosy retrospection
4414:Mental chronometry
4238:Philosophy of time
3206:Geological history
3080:Geodetic astronomy
1200:(1919): 20192546.
757:radiometric dating
755:analysis (such as
690:Isabel P. MontaƱez
630:Cambrian Explosion
481:Milutin MilankoviÄ
391:continental uplift
360:Ordovician Ice Age
303:Quaternary Ice Age
163:
150:
123:, and oceanic and
5595:
5594:
5508:
5507:
5365:
5364:
5226:
5225:
5181:Geologic Calendar
5043:
5042:
4738:
4737:
4648:
4647:
4623:Circadian rhythms
4441:Tenseāaspectāmood
4296:Temporal finitism
4173:
4172:
4149:Grandfather clock
3766:
3765:
3744:
3743:
3417:chemical elements
3341:
3340:
3292:Planetary science
3275:Natural satellite
3196:Extremes on Earth
3163:Signal processing
2728:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2443:(5608): 877ā881.
2264:Gondwana Research
2219:(7585): 200ā203.
2117:Nature Geoscience
1751:978-1-119-59138-2
1553:978-0-691-15383-4
1354:(33): 8252ā8259.
1270:978-0-309-20915-1
1075:978-1-118-89737-9
1008:(5786): 455ā456.
962:978-1-119-59138-2
859:Modern conditions
773:parts per million
672:positive feedback
583:Joseph Kirschvink
495:(or shape of the
483:and now known as
356:Indonesian seaway
352:Isthmus of Panama
332:Tasmanian Gateway
251:) and methane (CH
241:volcanic activity
133:evolution of life
16:(Redirected from
5671:
5636:
5635:
5634:
5624:
5623:
5612:
5611:
5610:
5603:
5587:ASPRO chronology
5536:Glottochronology
5452:Tephrochronology
5400:Dendrochronology
5378:
5275:
5074:Proleptic Julian
5064:Pre-Julian Roman
5054:
4849:
4765:
4758:
4751:
4742:
4728:
4727:
4718:
4717:
4635:Glottochronology
4475:
4391:Human experience
4251:B-theory of time
3849:
3793:
3786:
3779:
3770:
3756:
3755:
3628:
3618:
3558:tropical cyclone
3508:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3345:
3331:
3330:
3223:History of Earth
2874:Paleoclimatology
2755:
2748:
2741:
2732:
2660:Greenhouse Earth
2647:
2646:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2576:(5585): 1287ā8.
2565:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2521:
2512:
2511:
2494:(3ā4): 523ā537.
2483:
2477:
2476:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2399:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2359:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2169:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2137:10.1038/ngeo1390
2108:
2102:
2101:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2028:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1924:
1918:
1911:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1848:
1833:
1832:
1822:
1813:(2ā3): 269ā281.
1798:
1789:
1788:
1782:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1735:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1646:
1644:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1529:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1454:
1445:
1444:
1438:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1421:
1415:. Archived from
1414:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1389:
1371:
1336:Rockstrƶm, Johan
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1295:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1247:
1236:
1235:
1225:
1185:
1176:
1175:
1165:
1147:
1123:
1114:
1113:
1107:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1049:
993:
987:
986:
984:
982:
946:
797:methane hydrates
726:dendrochronology
718:Paleoclimatology
591:
571:W. Brian Harland
535:that deals with
505:Earth's rotation
444:
443:
442:
432:
431:
430:
420:
419:
418:
404:
403:
402:
177:) are high, and
171:greenhouse gases
153:Greenhouse Earth
114:
94:greenhouse gases
21:
5679:
5678:
5674:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5669:
5668:
5644:
5643:
5642:
5632:
5630:
5618:
5608:
5606:
5598:
5596:
5591:
5540:
5524:
5520:Molecular clock
5513:Genetic methods
5504:
5485:Nitrogen dating
5472:Relative dating
5466:
5435:Potassiumāargon
5382:Absolute dating
5372:
5361:
5320:
5299:
5264:
5240:Cosmic Calendar
5232:Astronomic time
5222:
5164:
5119:
5083:
5069:Original Julian
5039:
5006:
4968:
4867:Ab urbe condita
4845:
4822:
4774:
4769:
4739:
4734:
4706:
4697:Time immemorial
4644:
4601:
4562:Coordinate time
4533:
4487:Geological time
4463:
4446:Time management
4409:Generation time
4393:
4385:
4330:
4312:
4232:
4191:
4169:
4057:
3975:
3892:
3885:
3841:
3833:
3802:
3797:
3767:
3762:
3740:
3657:
3626:
3607:
3564:
3506:
3486:
3477:Gaia hypothesis
3467:Plate tectonics
3428:
3378:
3372:
3342:
3337:
3319:
3286:
3270:
3227:
3218:Geologic record
3172:
3158:Plate tectonics
3148:Mineral physics
3128:Earth structure
3114:
3049:
2996:
2926:
2878:
2835:
2782:
2764:
2759:
2729:
2724:
2683:
2671:
2662:
2653:
2640:
2635:
2605:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2553:
2551:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2523:
2522:
2515:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2397:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2377:
2375:
2361:
2360:
2353:
2343:
2341:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2310:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2171:
2170:
2163:
2154:
2152:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2054:
2052:
2030:
2029:
2022:
2013:
2011:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1978:
1976:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1912:
1903:
1894:
1892:
1850:
1849:
1836:
1800:
1799:
1792:
1775:
1769:
1767:
1752:
1737:
1736:
1729:
1720:
1718:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1657:
1647:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1617:
1615:
1608:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1571:
1569:
1554:
1531:
1530:
1517:
1508:
1506:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1431:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1410:"Archived copy"
1408:
1407:
1403:
1334:Steffen, Will;
1333:
1332:
1328:
1319:
1317:
1297:
1296:
1289:
1280:
1278:
1271:
1249:
1248:
1239:
1187:
1186:
1179:
1125:
1124:
1117:
1100:
1093:
1091:
1076:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1047:
1045:
995:
994:
990:
980:
978:
963:
948:
947:
938:
934:
922:
901:orbital forcing
861:
809:
761:climate proxies
715:
702:
669:
660:
655:
626:
621:
617:
613:
605:
600:
596:
585:
579:Snowball effect
562:
556:
544:
513:solar radiation
503:(or wobble) of
465:
457:Main articles:
455:
448:
441:
438:
437:
436:
434:
429:
426:
425:
424:
422:
417:
414:
413:
412:
410:
408:
401:
398:
397:
396:
394:
387:Tibetan Plateau
371:
365:
325:
321:
316:
293:
287:
277:
262:
254:
250:
246:
238:
234:
229:
225:
220:
155:
148:
113:
109:
103:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5677:
5675:
5667:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5646:
5645:
5641:
5640:
5628:
5616:
5614:Earth sciences
5593:
5592:
5590:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5557:New Chronology
5554:
5548:
5546:
5545:Related topics
5542:
5541:
5539:
5538:
5532:
5530:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5522:
5516:
5514:
5510:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5476:
5474:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5448:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5422:
5420:Paleomagnetism
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5386:
5384:
5375:
5367:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5328:
5326:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5318:
5313:
5307:
5305:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5281:
5279:
5272:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5236:
5234:
5228:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5218:New Earth Time
5215:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5203:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5172:
5170:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5157:
5147:
5142:
5127:
5125:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5091:
5089:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5081:
5079:Revised Julian
5076:
5071:
5066:
5060:
5058:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5016:
5014:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5004:
4999:
4997:Lists of kings
4994:
4989:
4987:Canon of Kings
4984:
4978:
4976:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4939:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4912:Before present
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4870:
4863:
4857:
4855:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4775:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4760:
4753:
4745:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4722:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4656:
4654:
4650:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4640:Time geography
4637:
4632:
4630:Clock reaction
4627:
4626:
4625:
4615:
4609:
4607:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4543:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4483:
4481:
4472:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4429:time signature
4426:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4400:
4398:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4323:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4303:
4301:Temporal parts
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4271:Eternal return
4268:
4263:
4258:
4256:Chronocentrism
4253:
4248:
4242:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4067:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4048:
4043:
4041:Hindu Panchang
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3985:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3897:
3895:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3857:
3855:
3846:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3773:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3673:
3668:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3621:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3574:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3444:
3438:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3388:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3348:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3296:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3251:Atlantic Ocean
3248:
3243:
3237:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3182:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3133:Fluid dynamics
3130:
3124:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3105:Geopositioning
3102:
3100:Remote Sensing
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3059:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3006:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2936:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2888:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2859:Climate change
2856:
2854:Energy balance
2851:
2849:Climate system
2845:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2792:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2735:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2712:
2703:
2698:
2695:
2688:
2687:
2681:Snowball Earth
2678:
2669:Icehouse Earth
2666:
2657:
2651:Hothouse Earth
2645:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2611:
2604:
2603:
2560:
2535:
2513:
2478:
2427:
2408:(1): 145ā165.
2385:
2351:
2320:
2289:
2270:(1ā2): 22ā32.
2254:
2208:
2199:
2161:
2103:
2076:(3): 337ā340.
2060:
2020:
1985:
1939:(3): 337ā340.
1919:
1901:
1863:(3): 334ā341.
1834:
1790:
1750:
1727:
1669:
1660:|journal=
1635:. 2020-02-14.
1624:
1606:
1578:
1552:
1515:
1446:
1401:
1326:
1287:
1269:
1261:10.17226/13111
1255:. 2011-08-02.
1237:
1177:
1115:
1074:
1054:
988:
961:
935:
933:
930:
929:
928:
921:
918:
905:global warming
860:
857:
856:
855:
849:
846:
840:
837:
831:
828:
822:
819:
813:
808:
805:
765:energy budgets
714:
711:
707:Grande Coupure
701:
698:
667:
659:
656:
654:
651:
635:photosynthetic
624:
619:
615:
611:
603:
598:
594:
560:Snowball Earth
558:Main article:
555:
554:Snowball Earth
552:
542:
491:of Earth, the
487:, include the
459:Glacial period
454:
451:
446:
439:
433:(silica). The
427:
415:
406:
399:
369:
363:
323:
319:
315:
312:
291:
276:
275:Icehouse Earth
273:
260:
252:
248:
244:
236:
232:
227:
223:
219:
216:
154:
151:
146:
121:solar constant
115:), changes in
101:
98:carbon dioxide
83:Late Paleozoic
79:Andean-Saharan
32:climate change
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5676:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5639:
5629:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5615:
5605:
5601:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5543:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5527:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5511:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5473:
5469:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:Chronological
5368:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5337:Geochronology
5335:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5323:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5302:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5270:Geologic time
5267:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5255:Metonic cycle
5253:
5251:
5250:Galactic year
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5233:
5229:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5191:ISO week date
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5167:
5161:
5158:
5155:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5122:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5086:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5046:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4940:
4937:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4897:Byzantine era
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4868:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4853:Calendar eras
4850:
4847:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4825:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4766:
4761:
4759:
4754:
4752:
4747:
4746:
4743:
4731:
4723:
4721:
4713:
4712:
4709:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4619:
4618:Chronobiology
4616:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4604:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4552:Arrow of time
4550:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4536:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4524:Geochronology
4522:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4466:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4392:
4388:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4374:Wheel of time
4372:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4218:Periodization
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4144:Digital clock
4142:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3921:Relative hour
3919:
3917:
3916:24-hour clock
3914:
3912:
3911:12-hour clock
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3888:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3840:
3836:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3794:
3789:
3787:
3782:
3780:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3759:
3751:
3750:
3747:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3660:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3627:(abiogenesis)
3623:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3442:Earth science
3440:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3369:
3364:
3362:
3357:
3355:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3334:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3261:Pacific Ocean
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3191:Earth science
3189:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3143:Magnetosphere
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3110:Virtual globe
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3075:Earth's orbit
3073:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2982:World history
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2972:World economy
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2922:South America
2920:
2918:
2917:North America
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2756:
2751:
2749:
2744:
2742:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2706:Interstadials
2704:
2702:
2701:Interglacials
2699:
2696:
2693:
2692:Uninhabitably
2690:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2676:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2627:
2625:
2620:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2561:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2431:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2386:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2321:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2258:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2203:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2061:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1986:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1670:
1665:
1652:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1613:
1609:
1607:9781107415683
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1582:
1579:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1436:
1422:on 2018-11-09
1418:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1327:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1105:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1058:
1055:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
992:
989:
976:
972:
968:
964:
958:
954:
953:
945:
943:
941:
937:
931:
927:
924:
923:
919:
917:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
893:
890:
886:
882:
881:South America
878:
877:Drake Passage
874:
870:
866:
858:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
810:
806:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
785:Pacific Ocean
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
712:
710:
708:
699:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
680:
675:
673:
665:
657:
652:
650:
646:
644:
640:
636:
631:
609:
589:
584:
580:
576:
575:low latitudes
572:
568:
561:
553:
551:
549:
545:
538:
534:
531:
527:
524:balance with
523:
519:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
464:
460:
452:
450:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
340:South America
337:
336:Drake Passage
333:
327:
313:
311:
309:
304:
299:
296:
286:
282:
274:
272:
270:
266:
258:
242:
217:
215:
214:activities."
213:
212:anthropogenic
209:
205:
201:
197:
196:tipping point
193:
192:
186:
184:
183:polar regions
180:
176:
172:
168:
159:
152:
144:
140:
138:
134:
130:
127:changes from
126:
122:
118:
117:Earth's orbit
107:
99:
95:
90:
89:glaciations.
88:
87:Late Cenozoic
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
5638:Paleontology
5500:Stratigraphy
5445:Uraniumālead
5415:Lichenometry
5213:Winter count
5196:Mesoamerican
5124:Astronomical
4942:Mesoamerican
4927:Sothic cycle
4902:Seleucid era
4887:Bosporan era
4875: /
4865:
4813:Paleontology
4692:Time capsule
4686:Tempus fugit
4684:
4606:Other fields
4305:
4286:Perdurantism
4208:Calendar era
4160:
4153:
4139:Cuckoo clock
4076:astronomical
4050:
3876:Unit of time
3807:Key concepts
3733:
3666:Biodiversity
3652:astrobiology
3374:Elements of
3315:Solar System
3266:Oceanography
3256:Indian Ocean
3246:Arctic Ocean
3186:Age of Earth
3138:Geomagnetism
2821:Thermosphere
2811:Stratosphere
2719:Cold period
2697:Warm period
2684:
2672:
2663:
2654:
2637:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2552:. Retrieved
2538:
2529:
2525:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2405:
2401:
2388:
2376:. Retrieved
2368:ScienceDaily
2367:
2342:. Retrieved
2333:
2323:
2311:. Retrieved
2303:ScienceDaily
2302:
2292:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2177:
2173:
2153:. Retrieved
2123:(2): 86ā89.
2120:
2116:
2106:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2053:, retrieved
2036:
2012:. Retrieved
1994:
1988:
1977:. Retrieved
1936:
1932:
1922:
1914:
1893:. Retrieved
1860:
1856:
1810:
1806:
1768:. Retrieved
1740:
1719:. Retrieved
1686:
1682:
1672:
1651:cite journal
1627:
1616:. Retrieved
1588:
1581:
1570:. Retrieved
1534:
1507:. Retrieved
1466:
1462:
1424:. Retrieved
1417:the original
1404:
1351:
1347:
1329:
1318:. Retrieved
1300:
1279:. Retrieved
1251:
1197:
1193:
1135:
1131:
1092:. Retrieved
1064:
1057:
1046:. Retrieved
1005:
1001:
991:
979:. Retrieved
951:
894:
862:
716:
703:
676:
661:
647:
563:
548:deglaciation
473:interglacial
466:
463:Interglacial
381:to form the
328:
317:
300:
297:
288:
269:eccentricity
221:
189:
187:
164:
91:
59:interglacial
50:
47:Paleoclimate
40:
5440:Radiocarbon
5115:Dual dating
4974:Regnal year
4952:Short Count
4892:Bostran era
4873:Anno Domini
4806:Big History
4786:Archaeology
4702:Time travel
4680:System time
4587:Time domain
4572:Proper time
4396:use of time
4367:Father Time
4347:Immortality
4337:Ages of Man
4266:Endurantism
4223:Regnal year
4203:Big History
4132:water-based
4031:Solar Hijri
3941:Hexadecimal
3891:Measurement
3853:Chronometry
3839:Measurement
3717:Prokaryotes
3505:Atmosphere
3500:Meteorology
3063:Cartography
3002:Environment
2869:Climatology
2806:Troposphere
2313:24 November
1689:: 147ā158.
1469:: 171ā189.
787:'s El NiƱo-
749:paleobotany
686:rainforests
653:Transitions
586: [
526:bicarbonate
509:seasonality
499:), and the
421:(lime) and
409:to produce
354:and of the
41:Throughout
5654:Glaciology
5648:Categories
5035:Vietnamese
4947:Long Count
4882:Anno Mundi
4877:Common Era
4779:Key topics
4772:Chronology
4404:Chronemics
4379:Kalachakra
4291:Presentism
4276:Eternalism
4182:Chronology
4120:mechanical
4071:Main types
3989:Main types
3598:Wilderness
3451:geological
3168:Tomography
3153:Seismology
3120:Geophysics
3095:Navigation
2987:Time zones
2952:In culture
2897:Antarctica
2884:Continents
2816:Mesosphere
2788:Atmosphere
2554:2020-09-14
2378:4 November
2344:28 October
2155:2021-04-17
2055:2021-04-15
2014:2021-04-17
1979:2021-04-17
1895:2021-04-17
1770:2021-04-17
1760:1145913723
1721:2021-04-17
1618:2021-04-17
1572:2021-04-17
1509:2021-04-17
1426:2018-11-02
1320:2021-04-17
1281:2021-04-17
1048:2021-04-17
971:1236201953
932:References
865:Antarctica
825:Cryogenian
745:palynology
608:hydrolysis
537:alkalinity
501:precession
489:axial tilt
344:Antarctica
279:See also:
137:adaptation
75:Cryogenian
5572:Year zero
5552:Chronicle
5495:Seriation
5430:Leadālead
5304:Standards
5285:Deep time
5245:Ephemeris
5131:Lunisolar
5095:Gregorian
5088:Gregorian
5049:Calendars
5012:Era names
4982:Anka year
4861:Human Era
4791:Astronomy
4660:Leap year
4577:Spacetime
4451:Yesterday
4352:Dreamtime
4326:Mythology
4213:Deep time
4125:stopwatch
4100:hourglass
4081:astrarium
4011:Gregorian
4004:Lunisolar
3981:Calendars
3971:Time zone
3844:standards
3676:Eukaryota
3643:Hierarchy
3638:Biosphere
3603:Wildfires
3593:Radiation
3583:Ecosystem
3523:Moonlight
3457:Structure
3412:particles
3085:Geomatics
3030:Ecosystem
3015:Biosphere
2977:Etymology
2957:Earth Day
2907:Australia
2826:Exosphere
2598:128923481
2180:: 49ā56.
2145:1752-0894
2098:127653725
1969:127653725
1961:0016-7649
1885:0016-7878
1829:0016-7746
1779:cite book
1711:134433505
1562:128666503
1499:134347305
1491:0012-8252
1378:0027-8424
1310:805585971
1214:0962-8452
1154:1471-2148
1138:(1): 97.
1104:cite book
1084:907811494
1038:128379788
1022:0036-8075
737:sediments
722:ice cores
530:carbonate
383:Himalayas
265:obliquity
5567:Timeline
5405:Ice core
5278:Concepts
5025:Japanese
4957:Tzolk'in
4922:Egyptian
4720:Category
4468:Time in
4459:Tomorrow
4321:Religion
4261:Duration
4228:Timeline
4162:Timeline
3961:Sidereal
3829:Eternity
3758:Category
3727:bacteria
3710:protista
3671:Organism
3538:Sunlight
3384:Universe
3333:Category
2715:Glacials
2710:Stadials
2590:12193773
2548:Archived
2532:: 24ā27.
2526:Geotimes
2473:19838005
2465:12574626
2372:Archived
2338:Archived
2334:Astrobio
2307:Archived
2241:26762457
2149:Archived
2049:archived
2008:Archived
1973:Archived
1889:Archived
1764:Archived
1715:Archived
1612:Archived
1566:Archived
1503:Archived
1435:cite web
1396:30082409
1314:Archived
1275:Archived
1232:31964242
1172:32770933
1094:17 April
1088:Archived
1042:Archived
1030:16873636
981:17 April
975:Archived
920:See also
879:between
713:Research
639:sunlight
567:Cambrian
385:and the
167:glaciers
125:orogenic
96:such as
71:Huronian
5626:Geology
5600:Portals
5577:Floruit
5325:Methods
5186:Iranian
5154:Islamic
5020:Chinese
4831:Periods
4801:History
4796:Geology
4730:Commons
4653:Related
4567:Instant
4557:Chronon
4539:Physics
4479:Geology
4470:science
4342:Destiny
4187:History
4155:History
4110:sundial
4093:quantum
4036:Chinese
4026:Islamic
3936:Decimal
3931:Chinese
3893:systems
3819:Present
3735:Viruses
3722:archaea
3698:animals
3650: (
3648:Biology
3625:Origin
3578:Ecology
3553:tornado
3513:Climate
3507:(Earth)
3492:Weather
3462:Geology
3449: (
3447:History
3178:Geology
3090:Gravity
3055:Geodesy
3025:Ecology
2841:Climate
2831:Weather
2778:History
2773:Outline
2675:ice age
2570:Science
2496:Bibcode
2445:Bibcode
2437:Science
2410:Bibcode
2272:Bibcode
2249:4466220
2221:Bibcode
2182:Bibcode
2125:Bibcode
2078:Bibcode
1941:Bibcode
1865:Bibcode
1691:Bibcode
1471:Bibcode
1387:6099852
1356:Bibcode
1223:7015341
1163:7414565
1002:Science
897:glacial
781:El NiƱo
769:Permian
753:isotope
700:Impacts
679:Permian
643:equator
471:" and "
469:glacial
379:Eurasia
281:Ice age
259:than CO
175:methane
106:methane
63:ice age
55:glacial
5373:dating
5169:Others
5135:Hebrew
5030:Korean
4841:Epochs
4670:Moment
4665:Memory
4517:period
4105:marine
4088:atomic
4063:Clocks
4021:Hebrew
4016:Julian
3951:Metric
3824:Future
3686:plants
3518:Clouds
3482:Future
3472:Oceans
3424:Change
3407:Matter
3402:Energy
3376:nature
3233:Oceans
3201:Future
3045:Nature
2967:Symbol
2912:Europe
2892:Africa
2596:
2588:
2471:
2463:
2247:
2239:
2213:Nature
2143:
2096:
1967:
1959:
1883:
1827:
1758:
1748:
1709:
1604:
1560:
1550:
1497:
1489:
1394:
1384:
1376:
1308:
1267:
1230:
1220:
1212:
1170:
1160:
1152:
1082:
1072:
1036:
1028:
1020:
969:
959:
885:Tethys
869:Arctic
777:Eocene
682:period
664:Eocene
658:Causes
565:Infra-
314:Causes
308:Eemian
239:) via
235:and CH
218:Causes
206:. The
34:, see
5664:Earth
5206:Aztec
5150:Lunar
5145:Solar
5139:Hindu
5002:Limmu
4962:Haab'
4917:Hijri
4675:Space
4507:epoch
4497:chron
4455:Today
4424:tempo
4419:Music
4281:Event
4115:watch
3999:Lunar
3994:Solar
3966:Solar
3956:Roman
3946:Hindu
3705:fungi
3693:fauna
3681:flora
3588:Field
3543:Tides
3434:Earth
3392:Space
3010:Biome
2992:World
2762:Earth
2594:S2CID
2469:S2CID
2398:(PDF)
2245:S2CID
2094:S2CID
1965:S2CID
1707:S2CID
1558:S2CID
1495:S2CID
1420:(PDF)
1413:(PDF)
1034:S2CID
741:varve
730:ocean
590:]
497:orbit
395:CaSiO
377:with
204:Venus
43:Earth
5201:Maya
4936:Yuga
4836:Eras
4818:Time
4394:and
4357:KÄla
4052:List
4046:Maya
3842:and
3814:Past
3800:Time
3613:Life
3548:Wind
3533:Snow
3528:Rain
3397:Time
3282:Moon
2962:Flag
2902:Asia
2708:and
2694:hot
2586:PMID
2461:PMID
2380:2011
2346:2011
2315:2011
2237:PMID
2141:ISSN
1957:ISSN
1881:ISSN
1825:ISSN
1785:link
1756:OCLC
1746:ISBN
1664:help
1602:ISBN
1548:ISBN
1487:ISSN
1441:link
1392:PMID
1374:ISSN
1306:OCLC
1304:. .
1265:ISBN
1228:PMID
1210:ISSN
1168:PMID
1150:ISSN
1110:link
1096:2021
1080:OCLC
1070:ISBN
1026:PMID
1018:ISSN
983:2021
967:OCLC
957:ISBN
887:and
734:lake
732:and
662:The
533:ions
528:and
522:base
518:acid
461:and
435:CaCO
411:CaCO
342:and
283:and
267:and
208:IPCC
85:and
57:and
4512:era
4502:eon
4492:age
3871:TAI
3861:UTC
2578:doi
2574:297
2504:doi
2492:245
2453:doi
2441:299
2418:doi
2280:doi
2229:doi
2217:529
2190:doi
2178:262
2133:doi
2086:doi
2074:160
2041:doi
2000:doi
1949:doi
1937:160
1873:doi
1861:121
1815:doi
1699:doi
1687:189
1637:doi
1594:doi
1540:doi
1479:doi
1467:190
1382:PMC
1364:doi
1352:115
1257:doi
1218:PMC
1202:doi
1198:287
1158:PMC
1140:doi
1010:doi
1006:313
751:),
747:, (
743:),
692:of
477:Sun
423:SiO
202:on
100:(CO
5650::
5137:,
4457:ā
4453:ā
3866:UT
2592:.
2584:.
2572:.
2546:.
2530:51
2528:.
2516:^
2502:.
2490:.
2467:.
2459:.
2451:.
2439:.
2416:.
2406:22
2404:.
2400:.
2370:.
2366:.
2354:^
2336:.
2332:.
2305:.
2301:.
2278:.
2268:14
2266:.
2243:.
2235:.
2227:.
2215:.
2188:.
2176:.
2164:^
2147:.
2139:.
2131:.
2119:.
2115:.
2092:.
2084:.
2072:.
2047:,
2035:,
2023:^
2006:.
1971:.
1963:.
1955:.
1947:.
1935:.
1931:.
1904:^
1887:.
1879:.
1871:.
1859:.
1855:.
1837:^
1823:.
1811:79
1809:.
1805:.
1793:^
1781:}}
1777:{{
1762:.
1754:.
1730:^
1713:.
1705:.
1697:.
1685:.
1681:.
1655::
1653:}}
1649:{{
1610:.
1600:.
1564:.
1556:.
1546:.
1518:^
1501:.
1493:.
1485:.
1477:.
1465:.
1461:.
1449:^
1437:}}
1433:{{
1390:.
1380:.
1372:.
1362:.
1350:.
1346:.
1312:.
1290:^
1273:.
1263:.
1240:^
1226:.
1216:.
1208:.
1196:.
1192:.
1180:^
1166:.
1156:.
1148:.
1136:20
1134:.
1130:.
1118:^
1106:}}
1102:{{
1086:.
1078:.
1040:.
1032:.
1024:.
1016:.
1004:.
1000:.
973:.
965:.
939:^
728:,
724:,
588:de
541:CO
110:CH
77:,
73:,
5602::
5156:)
5152:(
5141:)
5133:(
4938:)
4934:(
4764:e
4757:t
4750:v
3792:e
3785:t
3778:v
3654:)
3453:)
3367:e
3360:t
3353:v
2754:e
2747:t
2740:v
2630:e
2623:t
2616:v
2600:.
2580::
2557:.
2510:.
2506::
2498::
2475:.
2455::
2447::
2424:.
2420::
2412::
2382:.
2348:.
2317:.
2286:.
2282::
2274::
2251:.
2231::
2223::
2209:2
2196:.
2192::
2184::
2158:.
2135::
2127::
2121:5
2100:.
2088::
2080::
2043::
2017:.
2002::
1982:.
1951::
1943::
1898:.
1875::
1867::
1831:.
1817::
1787:)
1773:.
1701::
1693::
1666:)
1662:(
1645:.
1639::
1621:.
1596::
1575:.
1542::
1512:.
1481::
1473::
1443:)
1429:.
1398:.
1366::
1358::
1323:.
1284:.
1259::
1234:.
1204::
1174:.
1142::
1112:)
1098:.
1051:.
1012::
985:.
739:(
668:2
625:2
620:2
616:2
612:2
604:2
599:2
595:2
543:2
520:-
447:2
440:3
428:2
416:3
407:2
400:3
370:2
368:O
364:2
324:2
320:2
292:2
261:2
253:4
249:2
245:2
237:4
233:2
228:2
224:2
112:4
108:(
102:2
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
