33:
290:
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production During the same time period in which
Semenza was developing EPO-transgenic mice, Peter Ratcliffe, a physician and kidney specialist, was establishing a laboratory in Oxford University's Nuffield Department of Medicine to study the regulation of
370:
3489:
577:"Nobel Prize in Medicine Awarded for Research on How Cells Manage Oxygen – The prize was awarded to William G. Kaelin Jr., Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg L. Semenza for discoveries about how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability"
3504:
1055:
Zhang, H.; Wong, C. C. L.; Wei, H.; Gilkes, D. M.; Korangath, P.; Chaturvedi, P.; Schito, L.; Chen, J.; Krishnamachary, B.; Winnard, P. T.; Raman, V.; Zhen, L.; Mitzner, W. A.; Sukumar, S.; Semenza, G. L. (May 23, 2023).
344:
on determining the mechanism of oxygen detection in cells, and how EPO production is regulated by HIF and other factors. This has led to the development of drugs that help regulate these processes for patients with
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were found to have malformed blood vessels and decreased EPO levels. These HIF proteins were found across multiple test animals. Semenza further found that
459:
416:
3108:
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381:. This has led to investigations by the journals where these articles appeared, resulting in many corrections, retractions and expressions of concern.
1058:"Retraction Note: HIF-1-dependent expression of angiopoietin-like 4 and L1CAM mediates vascular metastasis of hypoxic breast cancer cells to the lungs"
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281:. Semenza became the founding director of the Vascular Program at the Johns Hopkins Institute for Cell Engineering following his post-doctorate.
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Further support for an oxygen-sensing mechanism was provided by the discovery of erythropoietin (EPO), a glycoprotein hormone that stimulates
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253:. He then attended Sleepy Hollow High School where he was a mid-fielder on the soccer team and graduated in 1974. As an undergraduate at
1254:
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431:
399:
Semenza is married to Laura Kasch-Semenza, whom he had met while at Johns
Hopkins, and who currently operates one of the university's
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201:. He serves as the director of the vascular program at the Institute for Cell Engineering. He is a 2016 recipient of the
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425:
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497:), awarded by the Nobel Prize committee "for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability."
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798:"William Kaelin, Peter Ratcliffe, and Gregg Semenza receive the 2016 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award"
3169:
2464:
278:
1444:"Wiley: The 13th Annual Wiley Prize in Biomedical Sciences Awarded for Advancements in Oxygen Sensing Systems"
377:. As of 2022, concerns about the integrity of images in 52 articles coauthored by Semenza have been raised on
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was further found essential to the EPO production process, as test subjects modified to be deficient in
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992:"Retraction for Lee et al., Acriflavine inhibits HIF-1 dimerization, tumor growth, and vascularization"
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727:"Johns Hopkins geneticist Gregg Semenza wins Lasker Award for insights into how cells sense oxygen"
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Else, Holly (October 21, 2022). "Dozens of papers co-authored by Nobel laureate raise concerns".
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1414:"The 2012 Stanley J. Korsmeyer Award: William G. Kaelin, Jr., MD, and Gregg L. Semenza, MD, PhD"
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As of 2024, Semenza has had 13 of his research papers retracted due to data falsification
309:, or low oxygen levels in the blood. Semenza identified the gene sequences that expressed
274:
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While a post-doctorate researcher at Johns
Hopkins, Semenza evaluated gene expression in
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1981:
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2000: E. Mead
Johnson Award for Research in Pediatrics, Society for Pediatric Research
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209:, which allows cancer cells to adapt to oxygen-poor environments. He shared the 2019
63:
313:(HIF) proteins. Semenza's work showed that the HIF proteins consisted of two parts;
3321:
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Molecular genetic analysis of the silent carrier of beta thalassemia (haplotype)
465:
197:(born July 12, 1956) is a pediatrician and Professor of Genetic Medicine at the
166:
Molecular genetic analysis of the silent carrier of beta thalassemia (haplotype)
1073:
953:
889:
862:
673:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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2010:
1957:
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3128:
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961:
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3004:
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530:"Oxygen sensing – an essential process for survival – The Lasker Foundation"
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969:
898:
839:
712:
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for "discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability" with
1570:
1336:"Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine awarded to 2010 Gairdner Laureates"
2799:
761:
412:
1989: Lucille P. Markey
Scholar Award in Biomedical Science, Markey Trust
257:, he studied medical genetics and mapped genes on chromosome 21. For his
1312:. Association of American Physicians. December 20, 2019. Archived from
378:
346:
221:. Semenza has had ten research papers retracted due to falsified data.
813:
258:
159:
3490:
Perelman School of
Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania alumni
1362:"Two NAM Members Receive Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award"
863:"Biologists who decoded how cells sense oxygen win medicine Nobel"
369:(and other collaborators), and in 2022 retracted four papers from
288:
206:
3505:
Recipients of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic
Medical Research
384:
In 2023, additional papers in PNAS and
Oncogene were retracted.
293:
Illustration of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability
3132:
1589:
1202:
1200:
450:
The
Scientific Grand Prize of the Lefoulon-Delalande Foundation
265:, he sequenced genes linked to the recessive genetic disorder,
305:(EPO), known to be part of the means for the body to react to
1129:"Nobel Prize winner Gregg Semenza tallies tenth retraction"
605:"Nobel Prize winner Gregg Semenza tallies tenth retraction"
321:
that deteriorated when nominal oxygen levels were present.
3475:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
1313:
1180:"Nobel Prize winner Gregg Semenza retracts another study"
301:
animals to determine how this affected the production of
940:(7934). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 19–20.
913:"Nobel Prize winner Gregg Semenza retracts four papers"
333:
overproduction could lead to cancer in other subjects.
1259:
Archived version of American Pediatric Society website
249:
and attended Washington Irving Intermediate School in
233:, New York City; he and his four siblings grew up in
1581:
Hypoxia-Inducible Factors in Physiology and Medicine
1470:"Oxygen sensing – an essential process for survival"
391:
improper manipulation and/or duplication of images.
3301:
3270:
3239:
3219:
3199:
3168:
2786:
2451:
2112:
1848:
1627:
365:from Biochemical Journal one paper coauthored with
176:
158:
148:
121:
113:
103:
75:
42:
23:
861:Ledford, Heidi; Callaway, Ewen (October 7, 2019).
741:
1579:including the Nobel Lecture on 7 December 2019
1517:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2019"
548:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2019"
996:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
575:Kolata, Gina; Specia, Megan (October 7, 2019).
277:before completing a postdoctoral fellowship at
1392:Institut de France. Grands Prix des Fondations
570:
568:
472:Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
203:Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
126:Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
3144:
1601:
1255:"E. Mead Johnson Award in Pediatric Research"
8:
3510:Members of the National Academy of Medicine
1234:American Society for Clinical Investigation
460:American Society for Clinical Investigation
417:American Society for Clinical Investigation
336:Semenza's research overlapped with that of
3151:
3137:
3129:
1608:
1594:
1586:
1574:
31:
20:
3480:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
1496:"How cells sense oxygen wins Nobel prize"
1089:
1031:
888:
829:
702:
692:
796:Hurst, Jillian H. (September 13, 2016).
317:, a stable base to most conditions, and
662:
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
507:
438:Gairdner Foundation International Award
229:Semenza was born on July 12, 1956, in
1621:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
802:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
791:
789:
787:
785:
487:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
269:. Semenza subsequently completed his
211:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
133:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
7:
1494:Gallagher, James (October 7, 2019).
37:Semenza in Stockholm, December, 2019
205:. He is known for his discovery of
1285:"72 New Members Chosen By Academy"
603:Kincaid, Ellie (October 2, 2023).
432:Association of American Physicians
14:
1160:. Center for Scientific Integrity
1127:Ellie Kincaid (October 2, 2023).
667:Ahmed, Farooq (August 17, 2010).
3470:Johns Hopkins University faculty
3445:21st-century American scientists
3440:21st-century American physicians
3435:20th-century American scientists
3430:20th-century American physicians
1545:
1002:(18): e2305537120. May 2, 2023.
199:Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
153:Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
1208:"Gregg L. Semenza, M.D., Ph.D."
1184:Chemical & Engineering News
740:Semenza, Gregg Leonard (1984).
516:"Gregg L. Semenza, M.D., Ph.D."
3186:(United Kingdom/United States)
16:American physician (born 1956)
1:
3500:Scientists from New York City
3495:Physicians from New York City
669:"Profile of Gregg L. Semenza"
3485:People from Flushing, Queens
3450:American medical researchers
430:2008: Elected Member of the
426:National Academy of Sciences
424:2008: Elected Member of the
415:1995: Elected Member of the
247:Westchester County, New York
235:Westchester County, New York
2713:Christiane NĂĽsslein-Volhard
1230:"Gregg L. Semenza, MD, PhD"
1154:"Retraction Watch Database"
1114:"Retraction Watch Database"
3526:
1074:10.1038/s41388-023-02720-8
954:10.1038/d41586-022-03032-9
890:10.1038/d41586-019-02963-0
750:University of Pennsylvania
456:Stanley J. Korsmeyer Award
263:University of Pennsylvania
89:University of Pennsylvania
3465:Harvard University alumni
3337:
1910:Charles Scott Sherrington
1886:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
630:"Gregg L. Semenza: Facts"
311:hypoxia-inducible factors
188:
141:
108:Hypoxia-inducible factors
30:
3455:American Nobel laureates
2900:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
279:Johns Hopkins University
1016:10.1073/pnas.2305537120
694:10.1073/pnas.1009481107
3460:Duke University alumni
3343:Nobel Prize recipients
3324:(France/United States)
3272:Physiology or Medicine
3251:(Canada/United States)
3184:M. Stanley Whittingham
1681:Santiago RamĂłn y Cajal
1310:"2008 Elected Members"
1210:Johns Hopkins Medicine
294:
2182:Dickinson W. Richards
1866:Julius Wagner-Jauregg
1474:The Lasker Foundation
1289:nationalacademies.org
729:. September 13, 2016.
534:The Lasker Foundation
444:Institute of Medicine
442:2012: Elected to the
292:
195:Gregg Leonard Semenza
47:Gregg Leonard Semenza
2605:Rita Levi-Montalcini
1966:Albert Szent-Györgyi
1468:Foundation, Lasker.
1368:. September 15, 2016
1316:on December 20, 2008
1265:on December 15, 2014
921:. September 3, 2022.
528:Foundation, Lasker.
241:Education and career
2997:William C. Campbell
2908:Elizabeth Blackburn
2745:Robert F. Furchgott
2737:Stanley B. Prusiner
2729:Rolf M. Zinkernagel
2629:George H. Hitchings
2593:Joseph L. Goldstein
2553:Bengt I. Samuelsson
2382:Earl Sutherland Jr.
1008:2023PNAS..12005537.
946:2022Natur.611...19E
881:2019Natur.574..161L
685:2010PNAS..10714521A
679:(33): 14521–14523.
251:Tarrytown, New York
245:Semenza grew up in
117:Laura Kasch-Semenza
3292:William Kaelin Jr.
3286:Peter J. Ratcliffe
3178:John B. Goodenough
3057:William Kaelin Jr.
3053:Peter J. Ratcliffe
2796:Leland H. Hartwell
2685:Richard J. Roberts
2565:Barbara McClintock
2509:Godfrey Hounsfield
2410:Nikolaas Tinbergen
2342:Marshall Nirenberg
2310:Charles B. Huggins
2099:Tadeusz Reichstein
2087:AntĂłnio Egas Moniz
1882:Christiaan Eijkman
1573:on Nobelprize.org
1555:has a profile for
1424:on August 15, 2017
1388:"Gregg L. Semenza"
778:. October 7, 2019.
582:The New York Times
495:Peter J. Ratcliffe
480:Peter J. Ratcliffe
342:Peter J. Ratcliffe
295:
255:Harvard University
219:Peter J. Ratcliffe
215:William Kaelin Jr.
80:Harvard University
3407:
3406:
3303:Economic Sciences
3126:
3125:
3091:Ardem Patapoutian
2940:Ralph M. Steinman
2936:Jules A. Hoffmann
2924:Robert G. Edwards
2892:Harald zur Hausen
2816:H. Robert Horvitz
2717:Eric F. Wieschaus
2653:E. Donnall Thomas
2637:J. Michael Bishop
2625:Gertrude B. Elion
2497:Hamilton O. Smith
2422:Christian de Duve
2158:Frederick Robbins
2035:Alexander Fleming
1974:Corneille Heymans
1820:Frederick Banting
1725:Allvar Gullstrand
1561:
1558:Gregg L. Semenza
1342:. October 7, 2019
875:(7777): 161–162.
808:(10): 3628–3638.
192:
191:
178:Doctoral advisors
143:Scientific career
3517:
3345:
3316:Abhijit Banerjee
3288:(United Kingdom)
3280:Gregg L. Semenza
3153:
3146:
3139:
3130:
3119:
3104:
3093:
3078:
3072:Michael Houghton
3059:
3049:Gregg L. Semenza
3043:
3037:James P. Allison
3031:
3029:Michael W. Young
3015:
3013:Yoshinori Ohsumi
3007:
2991:
2975:
2973:Thomas C. SĂĽdhof
2959:
2947:
2926:
2918:
2912:Carol W. Greider
2902:
2886:
2870:
2858:
2846:
2834:
2822:
2806:
2779:
2763:
2755:
2739:
2731:
2725:Peter C. Doherty
2719:
2703:
2697:Alfred G. Gilman
2691:
2679:
2667:
2655:
2643:
2641:Harold E. Varmus
2631:
2615:
2607:
2595:
2583:
2567:
2559:
2543:
2527:
2517:Baruj Benacerraf
2511:
2499:
2483:
2467:
2444:
2428:
2412:
2396:
2384:
2376:
2360:
2344:
2334:Robert W. Holley
2328:
2312:
2300:
2284:
2272:
2256:
2240:
2238:Georg von Békésy
2232:
2220:
2208:
2206:Joshua Lederberg
2192:
2184:
2178:Werner Forssmann
2168:
2160:
2144:
2132:
2124:
2105:
2089:
2077:
2069:
2067:Bernardo Houssay
2053:
2045:
2029:
2017:
2005:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1984:
1976:
1968:
1960:
1948:
1940:
1924:
1916:
1904:
1896:
1894:Karl Landsteiner
1888:
1876:
1868:
1860:
1858:Johannes Fibiger
1841:
1840:
1834:
1832:Willem Einthoven
1826:
1814:
1802:
1801:
1795:
1787:
1779:
1778:
1772:
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1765:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1751:
1743:
1735:
1727:
1719:
1711:
1703:
1697:Élie Metchnikoff
1691:
1689:Alphonse Laveran
1683:
1671:
1663:
1655:
1647:
1639:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1587:
1578:
1571:Gregg L. Semenza
1559:
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1502:
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1440:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1420:. Archived from
1418:www.the-asci.org
1410:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1394:. April 21, 2015
1384:
1378:
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1270:
1261:. Archived from
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1219:
1217:
1215:
1204:
1195:
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1176:
1170:
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1158:Retraction Watch
1150:
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1141:
1139:
1133:Retraction Watch
1124:
1118:
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1110:
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1103:
1093:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1035:
988:
982:
981:
929:
923:
922:
918:Retraction Watch
909:
903:
902:
892:
858:
852:
851:
833:
814:10.1172/JCI90055
793:
780:
779:
776:"Gairdner Award"
772:
766:
765:
748:(Ph.D. thesis).
747:
737:
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730:
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716:
706:
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609:Retraction Watch
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563:
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560:
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544:
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525:
519:
518:
512:
375:Retraction Watch
361:In 2011 Semenza
267:beta-thalassemia
172:
137:
130:
60:
56:
54:
35:
25:Gregg L. Semenza
21:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3410:
3409:
3408:
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3333:
3330:(United States)
3318:(United States)
3297:
3294:(United States)
3282:(United States)
3266:
3235:
3215:
3195:
3180:(United States)
3164:
3157:
3127:
3122:
3107:
3096:
3081:
3076:Charles M. Rice
3068:Harvey J. Alter
3062:
3046:
3034:
3025:Michael Rosbash
3021:Jeffrey C. Hall
3018:
3010:
2994:
2985:May-Britt Moser
2978:
2962:
2957:Shinya Yamanaka
2950:
2929:
2921:
2916:Jack W. Szostak
2905:
2889:
2884:Oliver Smithies
2873:
2861:
2849:
2837:
2832:Peter Mansfield
2825:
2820:John E. Sulston
2809:
2793:
2782:
2766:
2758:
2742:
2734:
2722:
2709:Edward B. Lewis
2706:
2694:
2682:
2670:
2658:
2646:
2634:
2618:
2613:Susumu Tonegawa
2610:
2598:
2586:
2570:
2562:
2546:
2530:
2514:
2502:
2486:
2473:Roger Guillemin
2470:
2465:Daniel Gajdusek
2461:Baruch Blumberg
2458:
2447:
2438:Renato Dulbecco
2434:David Baltimore
2431:
2415:
2402:Karl von Frisch
2399:
2387:
2379:
2363:
2347:
2331:
2322:Haldan Hartline
2315:
2303:
2287:
2275:
2259:
2254:Maurice Wilkins
2243:
2235:
2223:
2218:Arthur Kornberg
2211:
2195:
2187:
2171:
2163:
2147:
2135:
2127:
2119:
2108:
2092:
2080:
2072:
2056:
2048:
2032:
2023:Joseph Erlanger
2020:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1979:
1971:
1963:
1951:
1943:
1927:
1919:
1907:
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1874:Charles Nicolle
1871:
1863:
1855:
1844:
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1754:
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1722:
1717:Albrecht Kossel
1714:
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1125:
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989:
985:
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906:
860:
859:
855:
795:
794:
783:
774:
773:
769:
739:
738:
734:
725:
724:
720:
666:
665:
648:
638:
636:
628:
627:
623:
613:
611:
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601:
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587:
585:
574:
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566:
556:
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546:
545:
541:
527:
526:
522:
514:
513:
509:
504:
409:
397:
359:
287:
275:Duke University
243:
227:
183:
170:
135:
131:
128:
87:
71:
61:
58:
52:
50:
49:
48:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3523:
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3487:
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3437:
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3402:
3401:
3396:
3391:
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3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
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3346:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3328:Michael Kremer
3325:
3319:
3312:
3310:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3289:
3283:
3276:
3274:
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3237:
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3166:
3165:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3133:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3113:Katalin KarikĂł
3105:
3094:
3079:
3060:
3044:
3032:
3016:
3008:
2992:
2976:
2969:Randy Schekman
2960:
2948:
2927:
2919:
2903:
2896:Luc Montagnier
2887:
2876:Mario Capecchi
2871:
2859:
2852:Barry Marshall
2847:
2835:
2828:Paul Lauterbur
2823:
2812:Sydney Brenner
2807:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2773:Paul Greengard
2769:Arvid Carlsson
2764:
2756:
2740:
2732:
2720:
2704:
2701:Martin Rodbell
2692:
2680:
2677:Edwin G. Krebs
2673:Edmond Fischer
2668:
2656:
2644:
2632:
2621:James W. Black
2616:
2608:
2596:
2584:
2581:CĂ©sar Milstein
2577:Georges Köhler
2568:
2560:
2549:Sune Bergström
2544:
2541:Torsten Wiesel
2537:David H. Hubel
2528:
2512:
2500:
2493:Daniel Nathans
2484:
2477:Andrew Schally
2468:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2429:
2413:
2397:
2390:Gerald Edelman
2385:
2377:
2374:Julius Axelrod
2361:
2358:Salvador Luria
2354:Alfred Hershey
2345:
2329:
2313:
2301:
2290:François Jacob
2285:
2273:
2257:
2241:
2233:
2221:
2209:
2193:
2185:
2174:André Cournand
2169:
2161:
2145:
2133:
2130:Selman Waksman
2125:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2095:Edward Kendall
2090:
2078:
2070:
2054:
2051:Hermann Muller
2046:
2030:
2027:Herbert Gasser
2018:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1982:Gerhard Domagk
1977:
1969:
1961:
1949:
1941:
1938:William Murphy
1930:George Whipple
1925:
1917:
1905:
1897:
1889:
1877:
1869:
1861:
1852:
1850:
1846:
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1843:
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1835:
1827:
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1808:Archibald Hill
1803:
1796:
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1780:
1773:
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1741:Charles Richet
1736:
1728:
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1613:
1612:
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1598:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1551:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1539:External links
1537:
1534:
1533:
1521:NobelPrize.org
1508:
1486:
1460:
1435:
1405:
1379:
1353:
1327:
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924:
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781:
767:
732:
718:
646:
634:nobelprize.org
621:
595:
564:
552:NobelPrize.org
539:
520:
506:
505:
503:
500:
499:
498:
491:William Kaelin
483:
476:William Kaelin
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419:
413:
408:
405:
396:
393:
358:
355:
351:kidney failure
338:William Kaelin
303:erythropoietin
286:
283:
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239:
226:
223:
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189:
186:
185:
182:Elias Schwartz
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105:
104:Known for
101:
100:
77:
73:
72:
62:
46:
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
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4:
3:
2:
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3425:Living people
3423:
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3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3263:(Switzerland)
3262:
3261:Didier Queloz
3259:
3257:(Switzerland)
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3226:
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3191:
3190:Akira Yoshino
3188:
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3179:
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3167:
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3154:
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3117:Drew Weissman
3114:
3110:
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3038:
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3002:
3001:Satoshi ĹŚmura
2998:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2965:James Rothman
2961:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2932:Bruce Beutler
2928:
2925:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2845:
2844:Linda B. Buck
2841:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2762:
2761:GĂĽnter Blobel
2757:
2754:
2750:
2749:Louis Ignarro
2746:
2741:
2738:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2690:
2689:Phillip Sharp
2686:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2649:Joseph Murray
2645:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2614:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2601:Stanley Cohen
2597:
2594:
2590:
2589:Michael Brown
2585:
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2578:
2574:
2569:
2566:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2529:
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2513:
2510:
2506:
2505:Allan Cormack
2501:
2498:
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2481:Rosalyn Yalow
2478:
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2466:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2427:
2426:George Palade
2423:
2419:
2418:Albert Claude
2414:
2411:
2407:
2406:Konrad Lorenz
2403:
2398:
2395:
2394:Rodney Porter
2391:
2386:
2383:
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2370:Ulf von Euler
2367:
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2298:Jacques Monod
2295:
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2279:
2274:
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2270:Andrew Huxley
2267:
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2255:
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2246:Francis Crick
2242:
2239:
2234:
2231:
2230:Peter Medawar
2227:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2210:
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2203:
2199:
2198:George Beadle
2194:
2191:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2167:
2166:Hugo Theorell
2162:
2159:
2155:
2154:Thomas Weller
2151:
2146:
2143:
2142:Fritz Lipmann
2139:
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2126:
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2043:Howard Florey
2040:
2036:
2031:
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2019:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1983:
1978:
1975:
1970:
1967:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1939:
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1926:
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1922:Thomas Morgan
1918:
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1911:
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1854:
1853:
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1821:
1816:
1813:
1812:Otto Meyerhof
1809:
1804:
1797:
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1774:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1750:
1749:Róbert Bárány
1745:
1742:
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1734:
1733:Alexis Carrel
1729:
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1721:
1718:
1713:
1710:
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1698:
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1677:Camillo Golgi
1673:
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395:Personal life
394:
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373:according to
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59:(age 68)
57:July 12, 1956
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3322:Esther Duflo
3279:
3255:Michel Mayor
3212:Peter Handke
3102:Svante Pääbo
3087:David Julius
3048:
3041:Tasuku Honjo
2989:Edvard Moser
2981:John O'Keefe
2944:posthumously
2943:
2880:Martin Evans
2856:Robin Warren
2840:Richard Axel
2787:2001–present
2665:Bert Sakmann
2533:Roger Sperry
2525:George Snell
2521:Jean Dausset
2489:Werner Arber
2442:Howard Temin
2366:Bernard Katz
2350:Max DelbrĂĽck
2306:Francis Rous
2282:Feodor Lynen
2278:Konrad Bloch
2266:Alan Hodgkin
2250:James Watson
2226:Frank Burnet
2214:Severo Ochoa
2202:Edward Tatum
2190:Daniel Bovet
2103:Philip Hench
2015:Edward Doisy
1946:Hans Spemann
1934:George Minot
1914:Edgar Adrian
1902:Otto Warburg
1824:John Macleod
1793:August Krogh
1785:Jules Bordet
1701:Paul Ehrlich
1653:Niels Finsen
1637:Emil Behring
1580:
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3249:Jim Peebles
3161:Nobel Prize
2953:John Gurdon
2868:Craig Mello
2864:Andrew Fire
2777:Eric Kandel
2753:Ferid Murad
2661:Erwin Neher
2573:Niels Jerne
2338:Har Khorana
2326:George Wald
2294:André Lwoff
2262:John Eccles
2150:John Enders
2122:Max Theiler
2083:Walter Hess
2075:Paul MĂĽller
2039:Ernst Chain
1709:Emil Kocher
1669:Robert Koch
1661:Ivan Pavlov
1645:Ronald Ross
1189:November 7,
1164:November 7,
1138:October 21,
846:erythrocyte
466:Wiley Prize
357:Retractions
184:Saul Surrey
3414:Categories
3234:(Ethiopia)
3232:Abiy Ahmed
3201:Literature
2804:Paul Nurse
2138:Hans Krebs
2063:Gerty Cori
2011:Henrik Dam
1958:Otto Loewi
1954:Henry Dale
1560:(Q1545025)
1526:October 8,
1501:October 7,
1479:October 7,
1453:October 7,
1428:October 7,
1372:October 7,
1346:October 7,
1320:October 8,
1294:October 7,
1269:October 7,
1239:October 7,
1214:October 8,
758:1049531609
639:October 9,
588:October 8,
557:October 7,
502:References
401:genotyping
367:Naoki Mori
299:transgenic
271:Pediatrics
225:Early life
53:1956-07-12
3214:(Austria)
3170:Chemistry
3163:laureates
3005:Tu Youyou
2557:John Vane
2452:1976–2000
2113:1951–1975
2059:Carl Cori
1849:1926–1950
1628:1901–1925
1617:Laureates
1082:1476-5594
1024:0027-8424
978:253063290
962:0028-0836
822:0021-9738
363:retracted
76:Education
2800:Tim Hunt
1100:37221224
1091:10330742
1062:Oncogene
1042:37099630
1033:10160985
970:36271037
899:31595071
840:27620538
762:ProQuest
713:20679204
285:Research
231:Flushing
68:New York
3241:Physics
3192:(Japan)
1619:of the
1553:Scholia
1366:nam.edu
1004:Bibcode
942:Bibcode
877:Bibcode
831:5096796
704:2930469
681:Bibcode
379:PubPeer
347:anaemia
307:hypoxia
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407:Awards
331:HIF-1α
327:HIF-1α
323:HIF-1α
319:HIF-1α
315:HIF-1β
259:MD-PhD
171:(1984)
169:
160:Thesis
136:(2019)
129:(2016)
122:Awards
114:Spouse
70:, U.S.
3374:2019
3221:Peace
3159:2019
974:S2CID
207:HIF-1
3399:2024
3394:2023
3389:2022
3384:2021
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