797:(DWR), in consultation with the State Department of Health Services, to adopt and submit to the CBSC regulations for a State version of Appendix J (renamed Chapter 16 Part 2) of the Uniform Plumbing Code to provide design standards to safely plumb buildings with both potable and recycled water systems. November 2009 the CBSC unanimously voted to approve the California Dual Plumbing Code that establishes statewide standards for potable and recycled water plumbing systems in commercial, retail and office buildings, theaters, auditoriums, condominiums, schools, hotels, apartments, barracks, dormitories, jails, prisons and reformatories. In addition, the
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135:
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common and least restricted system. In most states with in the United States, this system does not require construction permits. This system is often characterized as
Laundry to Landscape (L2L). The system relies on valves, draining to a mulch basin, or the area of irrigation for certain landscape features (a mulch basin for a tree requires 12.6 ft). The drip system must be calibrated to avoid uneven distribution of grey water or overloading.
749:
jurisdictions, this has commonly meant domestic greywater diversion for landscape irrigation was either not permitted or was discouraged by expensive and complex sewage system approval requirements. Wider legitimate community greywater diversion for landscape irrigation has subsequently been handicapped and resulted in greywater reuse continuing to still be widely undertaken by householders outside of and in preference to the legal avenues.
768:. In the 2009 Legislative Session, the state of Montana passed a bill expanding greywater use into multi-family and commercial buildings. The Department of Environmental Quality has already drafted rules and design guidelines for greywater re-use systems in all these applications. Existing staff would review systems proposed for new subdivisions in conjunction with review of all other wastewater system components.
2502:
31:
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a guideline to use greywater for toilet flushing and
British Columbia's building code includes subsurface irrigation with greywater. In Alberta "Reclaimed wastewater from any source cannot be used domestically unless it is approved and meets water quality testing and monitoring by the local municipality." Saskatchewan also treats greywater as sewage.
658:) is already fairly clean to begin with and/or has not been polluted with non-degradable chemicals such as non-natural soaps (thus using natural cleaning products instead). It is not recommended to use water that has been in the greywater filtration system for more than 24 hours as bacteria builds up, affecting the water that is being reused.
851:
treatment), such as bathing in the bath or simply transferring laundry water to the lawn where children and pets may be exposed directly. The
Department of Health and Community Services (DHCS) focuses on protecting public health and then takes action to control and minimize the public health risks associated with greywater reuse.
695:
device, incoming cold water flows first through a heat exchanger where it is pre-warmed by heat from greywater flowing out from such activities as dish washing or showering. Typical household devices receiving greywater from a shower can recover up to 60% of the heat that would otherwise go to waste.
434:
Demand on conventional water supplies and pressure on sewage treatment systems is reduced by the use of greywater. Re-using greywater also reduces the volume of sewage effluent entering watercourses which can be ecologically beneficial. In times of drought, especially in urban areas, greywater use in
181:
and is therefore not free of pathogens. The excreta come from washing the anal area in the bath and shower or from the laundry (washing underwear and diapers). The quality of greywater can deteriorate rapidly during storage because it is often warm and contains some nutrients and organic matter (e.g.
841:
The
National Plumbing Code, which is adopted in whole or in part by the provinces, indicates that non-potable water systems should only be used to supply toilets and underground irrigation systems, collecting rainwater with roof gutters is included as a form of greywater. Health Canada has published
828:
Greywater from single sewered premises has the potential to be reused on site for ornamental, garden and lawn irrigation, toilet flushing. The reuse options include
Horizontal flow reed bed (HFRB), Vertical flow reed bed (VFRB), Green roof water recycling system (GROW), Membrane bioreactor (MBR) and
664:
A clothes washer grey water system is sized to recycle the grey water of a one or two family home using the reclaimed water of a washing machine (produces 15 gallons per person per day). It relies on either the pump from the washing machine or gravity to irrigate. This particular system is the most
809:
since surface irrigation is not permitted. There are three types of use in
Arizona: up to a quota of 400 gpd per family (close to 1500 L per day) no permission is required for greywater use, between 400 and 3000 gpd (1500 and 11,355 L per day, respectively) permission is required and above 3000 gpd
759:
It is now recognized and accepted by an increasing number of regulators that the microbiological risks of greywater reuse at the single dwelling level where inhabitants already had intimate knowledge of that greywater are in reality an insignificant risk, when properly managed without the need for
518:
has also been studied. A few organic micropollutants including benzene were found in greywater in significant concentrations but most pollutants were in very low concentrations. Fecal contamination, peripheral pathogens (e.g., skin and mucous tissue), and food-derived pathogens are the three major
421:
Global water resource supplies are shrinking. According to a report from the United
Nations, water shortages will affect 2.7 billion people by 2025, which means 1 out of every 3 people in the world will be affected by this problem. Reusing greywater has become a good way to solve this problem, and
837:
Although Canada is a water-rich country, the center of the country freezes in the winter and droughts happen some summers. There are locations where watering outdoors is restricted in the dry season, some water must be transported from an outside source, or on-site costs are high. At present, the
872:
has two main purposes: water conservation and socioeconomic aspects. The Amman
Islamic Water Development and Management Network (INWRDAM) in Jordan promoted research on gray water reuse in Jordan. At present, greywater research in Jordan is funded mainly by the International Development Research
804:
In
Arizona, greywater is defined as water with a BOD5 less than 380 mg/L, TSS<430 and the Fats, Oil, and Grease (FOG) content should be less than 75 mg/L. The Arizona water has issued advice that people should avoid direct contact with greywater. Most greywater use is by underground
229:
In households with conventional flush toilets, greywater makes up about 65% of the total wastewater produced by that household. It may be a good source of water for reuse because there is a close relationship between the production of greywater and the potential demand for toilet flushing water.
850:
Household greywater from a single contaminated site may be reused on-site at the ornamental garden and lawn watering, toilet flushing and laundry uses, depending on the type of greywater and treatment level. Some people wisely re-use the gross weight, but others use it even worse (without any
748:
with greywater. Where greywater is still considered sewage, it is bound by the same regulatory procedures enacted to ensure properly engineered septic tank and effluent disposal systems are installed for long system life and to control spread of disease and pollution. In such regulatory
530:
and bring a potential health risk for people. However, the result of the research shows that the health risk due to reuse of greywater either for garden irrigation or toilet flushing was not significantly higher than the risk associated with using clear water for the same activities.
668:
Recycled grey water from domestic appliances also can be used to flush toilet. Its application is based on standards set by plumbing codes. Indoor grey water reuse requires an efficient cleaning tank for insoluble waste, as well as a well regulated control mechanism.
810:(>11,355 L per day) it is considered as conventional wastewater venture. Other limitations include restrictions on contact, restrictions on use on herbaceous food plants, exclusion of hazardous materials and effective separation from surface water run-off.
335:
directly within the home, garden or company and used either immediately or processed and stored. If stored, it must be used within a very short time or it will begin to putrefy due to the organic solids in the water. Recycled greywater of this kind is never
605:
are safe to use, as plants can use it to obtain nitrogen. A 2010 study of greywater irrigation found no major health effects on plants, and suggests sodium buildup is largely dependent on the degree to which greywater migrates vertically through the soil.
782:). As a large amount of energy (electricity) is used for pumping, treating and transporting potable water within the state, water conservation has been identified as one of several ways California is seeking to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
775:, led to issuance of only one residential graywater permit since 2010. A working group formed to streamline the permitting process, and in 2013, the city created new code that has eased the requirements, resulting in four more permits.
324:, and high loads of organic matter. It should undergo preliminary treatment to remove these substances before discharge into a greywater tank. If this is difficult to apply, it could be directed to the sewage system or to an existing
386:
In constructed wetlands, the plants use contaminants of greywater, such as food particles, as nutrients in their growth. Salt and soap residues can be toxic to microbial and plant life alike, but can be absorbed and degraded through
712:
governing domestic greywater use for landscape irrigation (diversion for reuse) is still a developing area and continues to gain wider support as the actual risks and benefits are considered and put into clearer perspective.
343:
The treatment processes that can be used are in principle the same as those used for sewage treatment, except that they are usually installed on a smaller scale (decentralized level), often at household or building level:
859:
The government of Cyprus has implemented four water-saving subsidies: drilling installations, drilling with lavatories, installation of hot water circulation systems and installation of greywater recycling systems.
513:
Greywater use for irrigation appears to be a safe practice. A 2015 epidemiological study found no additional burden of disease among greywater users irrigating arid regions. The safety of reuse of greywater as
873:
Center (IDRC) in Ottawa, Canada, to install and use greywater systems based on the establishment of small wetland systems in private households. The cost of this system is about 500 US dollars per household.
789:(CBSC) approved the addition of Chapter 16A "Non-potable Water Reuse Systems" to the 2007 California Plumbing Code. Emergency regulations allowing greywater reuse systems were subsequently filed with the
1619:
3584:
661:
Due to the limited treatment technology, the treated greywater still contains some chemicals and bacteria, so some safety issues should be observed when using the treated greywater around the home.
821:
Greywater recycling is relatively uncommon in the UK, largely because the financial cost and environmental impact of mains water is very low. Greywater systems should comply with BS8525 and the
490:
and the Middle East where available water supplies are limited, especially in view of a rapidly growing population, a strong imperative exists for adoption of alternative water technologies.
798:
642:
An intelligent control mechanism that flushes the collected water if it has been stored long enough to be hazardous; this completely avoids the problems of filtration and chemical treatment
331:
Most greywater is easier to treat and recycle than sewage because of lower levels of contaminants. If collected using a separate plumbing system from blackwater, domestic greywater can be
298:
approaches. The main advantage of keeping greywater separate from toilet wastewater is that the pathogen load is greatly reduced, and the greywater is therefore easier to treat and reuse.
1742:
Oron, Gideon; Adel, Mike; Agmon, Vered; Frieder, Eran; Halperin, Rami; Leshem, Ehud; Weinberg, Daniel (14 March 2014). "Grey water use in Israel and worldwide: Standards and prospects".
1661:
Oron, Gideon; Adel, Mike; Agmon, Vered; Frieder, Eran; Halperin, Rami; Leshem, Ehud; Weinberg, Daniel (14 March 2014). "Greywater use in Israel and worldwide: Standards and prospects".
756:
becoming a necessity in a growing number of jurisdictions, business, political and community pressure has made regulators seriously reconsider the actual risks against actual benefits.
716:"Greywater" (by pure legal definition) is considered in some jurisdictions to be "sewage" (all wastewater including greywater and toilet waste), but in the U.S. states that adopt the
624:
Recycled greywater from showers and bathtubs can be used for flushing toilets in most
European and Australian jurisdictions and in United States jurisdictions that have adopted the
1266:
Busgang, A; Friedler, E; Ovadia, O; Gross, A (2015). "Epidemiological study for the assessment of health risks associated with grey water reuse for irrigation in arid regions".
684:
Devices are currently available that capture heat from residential and industrial greywater through a process called drain water heat recovery, greywater heat recovery, or hot
63:
generated in households or office buildings from streams without fecal contamination, i.e., all streams except for the wastewater from toilets. Sources of greywater include
1873:
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from the shower, sink, or washing machine do not pose practical hazards under normal conditions, as long as the greywater is used correctly (for example, percolated from a
501:, and when people reduce the use of fresh water, the cost of domestic water consumption is significantly reduced, while alleviating the pressure of global water resources.
126:, and the wastewater subsystems by reducing the amount of conveyed and treated wastewater. Treated greywater has many uses, such as toilet flushing or irrigation.
822:
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1609:
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allows surface and subsurface irrigation and other non-specific use of greywater under a Department of Environmental Quality policy enacted in March 2010.
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1828:
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The use of non-toxic and low-sodium soap and personal care products is recommended to protect vegetation when reusing greywater for irrigation purposes.
1967:
In the Western Provinces, graywater must be collected by the septic system where it goes through the same treatment and dispersal process as blackwater.
1895:
2391:
1387:
Blanky, Marina; Sharaby, Yehonatan; et al. (14 June 2017). "Grey water reuse – Assessment of the health risk induced by Legionella pneumophila".
1021:
794:
786:
1067:"Nano and microplastics occurrence in wastewater treatment plants: A comprehensive understanding of microplastics fragmentation and their removal"
676:, adopted in some U.S. jurisdictions, prohibits greywater use indoors. However, the California Plumbing Code, derived from the UPC, permits it.
1587:
793:
August 2009 and became effective immediately upon filing. Assembly Bill 371 (Goldberg 2006) and Senate Bill 283 (DeSaulnier 2009) directed the
2100:
1046:
1015:
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In California, a push has been made in recent years to address greywater in connection with the State's greenhouse gas reduction goals (see
589:, inhibit seed germination, and destroy the structure of soils by dispersing clay. Soils watered with greywater systems can be amended with
3544:
1997:
779:
436:
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Government Department of Water and Energy's newly released greywater diversion rules, and the recent passage of greywater legislation in
1635:
1147:
2539:
2386:
1065:
Monira, Sirajum; Roychand, Rajeev; Hai, Faisal Ibney; Bhuiyan, Muhammed; Dhar, Bipro Ranjan; Pramanik, Biplob Kumar (September 2023).
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2316:
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2085:
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Maimon, Adi; Friedler, Eran; Gross, Amit (27 March 2014). "Parameters affecting grey water quality and its safety for reuse".
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and more natural 'backyard' small scale systems, such as small ponds or biodiverse landscapes that naturally purify greywater.
2105:
914:"Advantages of integrated and sustainability based assessment for metabolism based strategic planning of urban water systems"
1309:
Etchepare, R; van der Hoek, J (2015). "Health risk assessment of organic micropollutants in grey water for potable reuse".
2336:
2160:
790:
291:
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Some greywater may be applied directly from the sink to the garden or container field, receiving further treatment from
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1990:
632:
1835:
543:. Greywater should be applied below the surface where possible (e.g., via drip line on top of the soil, under
142:
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Such a system could provide an estimated 30% reduction in water use for the average household. The danger of
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when preserved by the natural purification in the top layers of soil than generated water treatment processes
3140:
3135:
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2786:
2766:
2361:
2301:
2228:
2070:
1010:(2nd ed.). Duebendorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag).
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dead skin cells), as well as pathogens. Stored greywater also leads to odour nuisances for the same reason.
157:
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uses. Greywater may still have some pathogen content from laundering soiled clothing or cleaning the
53:
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1983:
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60:
35:
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2040:
2020:
1704:
1100:"Separating grey- and blackwater in urban water cycles – sensible in the view of misconnections?"
892:
887:
813:
The Uniform Plumbing Code, adopted in some U.S. jurisdictions, prohibits gray water use indoors.
753:
726:, it can be used in underground disposal fields that are akin to shallow sewage disposal fields.
720:, it can be used for subsurface irrigation and for toilet flushing, and in states that adopt the
547:; or in mulch-filled trenches) and not sprayed, as there is a danger of inhaling the water as an
302:
88:
3451:
340:, but a number of treatment steps can be used to provide water for washing or flushing toilets.
1004:
Tilley, Elizabeth; Ulrich, Lukas; Lüthi, Christoph; Reymond, Philippe; Zurbrügg, Chris (2014).
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332:
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1196:"Greywater Reuse System Design and Economic Analysis for Residential Buildings in Taiwan"
1148:"Code of practice – on-site wastewater management, EPA-Victoria, Au, Publication 891 4-1"
238:
Misconnections of pipes can cause greywater tanks to contain a percentage of blackwater.
34:
Left: greywater sample from an office building. Right: Same greywater after treatment in
1674:
1357:
1279:
928:
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for applications where potable water is not required (e.g., garden and land irrigation,
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2110:
2055:
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325:
104:
1443:"Long-Term Study on Landscape Irrigation Using Household Graywater-Experimental Study"
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1066:
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Example of a source of greywater in the household: dirty water from cleaning the floor
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772:
692:
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515:
475:
321:
202:
1682:
1365:
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554:
In any greywater system, it is important to avoid toxic materials such as bleaches,
539:
Most greywater should be assumed to have some blackwater-type components, including
3549:
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2719:
2699:
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2487:
2371:
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2193:
2150:
2090:
504:
Can reduce the amount of wastewater entering the sewer or on-site treatment system.
479:
119:
96:
30:
801:
has greywater standards and DWR has also proposed dual plumbing design standards.
1755:
1400:
1322:
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3471:
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3185:
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3115:
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2955:
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2311:
2208:
2115:
498:
453:
375:
371:
242:
178:
123:
80:
1705:"BS 8525-1:2010 - Grey water systems. Code of practice – BSI British Standards"
3554:
3441:
3421:
3308:
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3235:
3230:
3075:
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2714:
2674:
2442:
2306:
2006:
1924:
1466:
741:
733:
586:
555:
527:
353:
266:
218:
194:
186:
108:
100:
1125:
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3416:
3411:
3350:
2884:
2849:
2812:
2684:
2649:
2614:
2579:
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2223:
1559:
1508:
838:
standards for greywater reuse are not strict compared with other countries.
647:
540:
396:
198:
190:
166:
1763:
1690:
1408:
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1330:
1295:
1133:
954:
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17:
3625:
3313:
2659:
2639:
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2569:
2548:
2203:
2095:
2030:
1950:
1116:
1099:
571:
559:
447:
250:
246:
84:
578:, which is toxic to plants at high levels. Most cleaning agents contain
3564:
3461:
3370:
3258:
3160:
2990:
2894:
2874:
2750:
2130:
945:
765:
729:
602:
548:
523:
337:
301:
When greywater is mixed with toilet wastewater, it is called sewage or
206:
72:
3585:
International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO)
1035:
Gross, Amit; Maimon, Adi; Alfiya, Yuval; Friedler, Eran (2015-03-26).
3651:
3360:
3328:
2834:
2807:
2664:
2654:
2145:
2135:
1786:
1212:
1195:
869:
590:
579:
567:
522:
Greywater reuse in toilet flushing and garden irrigation may produce
392:
309:
plants or an onsite sewage facility, which is often a septic system.
68:
27:
Type of wastewater generated in households without toilet wastewater
654:). It may also be used in dwellings when the greywater (e.g., from
435:
irrigation or toilet systems helps to achieve some of the goals of
3263:
3225:
2869:
2839:
2050:
582:
575:
563:
544:
442:
The potential ecological benefits of greywater recycling include:
271:
260:
214:
156:
141:
133:
92:
64:
29:
3340:
3145:
2734:
2624:
737:
493:
The potential economic benefits of greywater recycling include:
151:
2521:
1979:
290:
The separate treatment of greywater falls under the concept of
1951:"FAQs – Saskatchewan Onsite Wastewater Management Association"
317:
313:
1975:
1903:
British Columbia Health Protection Branch Ministry of Health
1584:"Policy recommendations for Montana | Greywater Action"
1441:
S. Sharvelle; L.A. Roesner; Y. Qian; M. Stromberger (2010).
265:
Greywater "towers" are used to treat and reuse greywater in
2517:
2198:
1194:
Juan, Yi-Kai; Chen, Yi; Lin, Jing-Ming (19 November 2016).
598:
379:
1560:"Gray Water Indoor Reuse, Cascading, Rainwater Harvesting"
799:
California Department of Housing and Community Development
91:, it is generally safer to handle and easier to treat and
1651:
California Air Resources Board. AB 32 Scoping Plan. 2008.
646:
Greywater recycling without treatment is used in certain
1642:
Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts. Retrieved 2/11/14.
1509:"Laundry to Landscape Original Complete Information Hub"
639:
A cleaning tank, to eliminate floating and sinking items
463:
Reduced energy use and chemical pollution from treatment
1777:
Canadian Commission On Building And Fire Codes (2015).
1467:
Water Recycling and Reuse: The Environmental Benefits
760:
onerous approval processes. This is reflected in the
1781:(Tenth ed.). National Research Council Canada.
3639:
3613:
3573:
3518:
3480:
3399:
3244:
2923:
2743:
2555:
2410:
2237:
2159:
2013:
1633:Texas Water Report: Going Deeper for the Solution
1422:Dr. Allen V. Barker; Jean E. English (Sep 2011).
1007:Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies
1955:Alberta Onsite Wastewater Management Association
446:Reduced freshwater extraction from rivers and
2533:
1991:
1448:(Interim Report). Colorado State University.
294:, which is one principle commonly applied in
197:) commonly rinsed into greywater may contain
146:Urban decentralized greywater treatment with
8:
744:and some other states allow true subsurface
422:wastewater reuse is also called recycled or
359:Bioreactors or more compact systems such as
122:subsystem, by reducing the demand for fresh
1534:"Gray water: from the washer to the garden"
118:provides substantial benefits for both the
2540:
2526:
2518:
1998:
1984:
1976:
253:or used correctly in farming irrigation).
177:Greywater usually contains some traces of
1874:"Household Reclaimed Wastewater - Canada"
1211:
1115:
1082:
1060:
1058:
944:
823:Water Supply (Water Fittings) Regulations
367:process and is also used to treat sewage.
165:in the basement of an office building in
1779:"National Plumbing Code of Canada: 2015"
1532:Times, Los Angeles (16 September 2014).
1098:Tolksdorf, J.; Cornel, P. (2017-05-19).
999:
997:
995:
868:The emphasis on the use of greywater in
795:California Department of Water Resources
787:California Building Standards Commission
3595:Plumbing & Drainage Institute (PDI)
1896:"Health Information: Grey Water Re-Use"
1610:"Gray water law is a good step forward"
1430:from the original on September 1, 2012.
1424:"Recycling Gray Water for Home Gardens"
904:
185:Synthetic personal care products (e.g.
1858:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1851:
1810:
1799:
1599:2007 grey water legislation in Montana
312:Greywater from kitchen sinks contains
114:The application of greywater reuse in
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
980:from the original on 13 February 2010
7:
3545:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
691:Rather than flowing directly into a
437:ecologically sustainable development
276:Underground greywater recycling tank
245:that enter the greywater stream via
825:in order to avoid risks to health.
519:sources of pathogens in greywater.
2387:Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
25:
2865:Push-to-pull compression fittings
2257:Agricultural wastewater treatment
1084:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139011
912:Behzadian, k; Kapelan, Z (2015).
829:Membrane chemical reactor (MCR).
585:, which can cause excessive soil
413:Integrated urban water management
2501:
2500:
1876:. Health Canada. August 27, 2007
1663:Science of the Total Environment
1622:from the original on 2016-04-07.
1455:from the original on 2013-04-09.
1346:Science of the Total Environment
1268:Science of the Total Environment
1246:"Sustainable Earth Technologies"
1024:from the original on 2015-05-26.
921:Science of the Total Environment
59:in the United States) refers to
2317:Industrial wastewater treatment
2287:Decentralized wastewater system
1715:from the original on 2017-03-09
1683:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.133
1590:from the original on 2013-01-06
1426:. University of Massachusetts.
1366:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.133
1288:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.009
968:Duttle, Marsha (January 1990).
937:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.097
601:. Cleaning products containing
161:Greywater treatment plant with
1389:Sustainable Earth Technologies
771:Strict permit requirements in
83:. As greywater contains fewer
1:
2337:Rotating biological contactor
791:California Secretary of State
417:Sewage treatment § Reuse
363:which are a variation of the
205:. Greywater originating from
3605:World Plumbing Council (WPC)
3156:Reduced pressure zone device
1756:10.1016/j.watres.2014.03.032
1401:10.1016/j.watres.2017.08.068
1323:10.1016/j.watres.2014.10.048
1104:Water Science and Technology
217:) is also likely to contain
3600:Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC)
3319:Instant hot water dispenser
3121:Piping and plumbing fitting
1183:. Chelsea Green Publishing.
1153:. July 2016. Archived from
974:New Mexico State University
970:"NM State greywater advice"
718:International Plumbing Code
626:International Plumbing Code
391:and aquatic plants such as
348:Biological systems such as
3724:
2946:Backflow prevention device
2931:Atmospheric vacuum breaker
2402:Wastewater treatment plant
2169:Adsorbable organic halides
1476:. Retrieved: 21 July 2015.
574:, and products containing
497:Can reduce the demand for
406:
279:
3206:Thermostatic mixing valve
2496:
2174:Biochemical oxygen demand
562:-based cleansers, strong
305:and should be treated in
2936:Automatic bleeding valve
2575:Compatibility (chemical)
633:biological contamination
471:Reclamation of nutrients
3141:Pressure-balanced valve
3136:Pressure vacuum breaker
2845:Pipe (fluid conveyance)
2787:Drain-waste-vent system
2767:Chemical drain cleaners
2362:Sewage sludge treatment
2302:Fecal sludge management
2262:API oil–water separator
2229:Wastewater surveillance
1179:Hemenway, Toby (2009).
526:. These could transmit
111:in the shower or bath.
3662:Template:Public health
3334:water recycling shower
3304:Hot water storage tank
2635:Onsite sewage facility
2219:Total suspended solids
2214:Total dissolved solids
2179:Chemical oxygen demand
1925:"Reclaimed Wastewater"
1809:Cite journal requires
282:Sewage treatment plant
277:
269:
169:
154:
139:
38:
3647:Fire sprinkler system
3356:Tankless water heater
3299:Garbage disposal unit
3284:Electric water boiler
2756:British Standard Pipe
2086:Industrial wastewater
1228:"Greywater Recycling"
723:Uniform Plumbing Code
710:Government regulation
674:Uniform Plumbing Code
635:is avoided by using:
407:Further information:
378:and systems based on
296:ecological sanitation
280:Further information:
275:
264:
160:
145:
137:
33:
3346:Storage water heater
2915:Water heat recycling
2823:National Pipe Thread
2725:Water supply network
2428:Groundwater recharge
1615:The Montana Standard
1234:on January 30, 2009.
1117:10.2166/wst.2017.293
923:. 527–528: 220–231.
883:Rainwater harvesting
686:water heat recycling
467:Groundwater recharge
389:constructed wetlands
370:Mechanical systems (
361:membrane bioreactors
350:constructed wetlands
241:The small traces of
99:, landscape or crop
3677:Template:Wastewater
3535:Hydrostatic testing
3176:Rooftop water tower
2772:Compression fitting
2342:Secondary treatment
2327:Membrane bioreactor
2282:Constructed wetland
2081:Infiltration/Inflow
1675:2014ScTEn.487...20M
1358:2014ScTEn.487...20M
1280:2015ScTEn.538..230B
929:2015ScTEn.527..220B
558:, artificial dyes,
474:Greater quality of
376:lava filter systems
257:Treatment processes
163:membrane bioreactor
148:constructed wetland
116:urban water systems
61:domestic wastewater
36:membrane bioreactor
3708:Water conservation
3631:Waterborne disease
3530:Hydronic balancing
3289:Evaporative cooler
3254:Accessible bathtub
3151:Radiator (heating)
3131:Pressure regulator
3026:Double check valve
3001:Concentric reducer
2802:Garden Hose Thread
2695:Thermal insulation
2565:Air gap (plumbing)
2507:Category: Sewerage
2468:Septic drain field
2433:Infiltration basin
2377:Stabilization pond
2297:Facultative lagoon
2161:Quality indicators
2041:Blackwater (waste)
2021:Acid mine drainage
1638:2014-02-22 at the
1472:2015-07-29 at the
893:Water purification
888:Water conservation
785:In July 2009, the
754:water conservation
528:legionella disease
278:
270:
170:
155:
140:
39:
3685:
3684:
3667:Template:Sewerage
3614:Health and safety
3590:NSF International
3400:Specialized tools
3279:Drinking fountain
3246:Plumbing fixtures
3126:Plug (sanitation)
3111:Nipple (plumbing)
3031:Eccentric reducer
3011:Coupling (piping)
2976:Chemigation valve
2829:Nominal Pipe Size
2792:Ductile iron pipe
2690:Thermal expansion
2515:
2514:
2292:Extended aeration
2239:Treatment options
2189:Oxygen saturation
2036:Blackwater (coal)
2014:Sources and types
1709:shop.bsigroup.com
1539:Los Angeles Times
1048:978-1-4822-5505-8
1017:978-3-906484-57-0
613:and plant roots.
452:Less impact from
292:source separation
234:Practical aspects
211:synthetic fabrics
16:(Redirected from
3715:
3672:Template:Toilets
3437:Flare-nut wrench
3196:Submersible pump
3021:Dielectric union
2941:Automatic faucet
2900:Thread seal tape
2860:Plastic pipework
2620:Hydrostatic loop
2585:Drain (plumbing)
2542:
2535:
2528:
2519:
2504:
2503:
2423:Evaporation pond
2411:Disposal options
2382:Trickling filter
2367:Sewage treatment
2267:Carbon filtering
2247:Activated sludge
2000:
1993:
1986:
1977:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1905:. September 2017
1900:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1857:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1840:
1834:. Archived from
1833:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1812:
1807:
1805:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1787:10.4224/40002007
1774:
1768:
1767:
1739:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1643:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1606:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1483:
1477:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1447:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1230:. Archived from
1224:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:10.3390/w8110546
1191:
1185:
1184:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1160:on 10 April 2017
1159:
1152:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1119:
1110:(5): 1132–1139.
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1062:
1053:
1052:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1001:
990:
989:
987:
985:
965:
959:
958:
948:
918:
909:
680:Heat reclamation
365:activated sludge
307:sewage treatment
103:, and other non-
77:washing machines
21:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3703:Water pollution
3688:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3635:
3609:
3577:
3575:
3569:
3522:
3520:
3514:
3500:Pressure sensor
3482:
3476:
3452:Plumber's snake
3395:
3376:Water dispenser
3366:Washing machine
3240:
3066:Flushing trough
3016:Diaphragm valve
3006:Condensate pump
2986:Circulator pump
2966:Butterfly valve
2919:
2890:Solvent welding
2782:Crimp (joining)
2739:
2705:Trap (plumbing)
2680:Surface tension
2557:
2551:
2546:
2516:
2511:
2492:
2458:Reclaimed water
2406:
2332:Reverse osmosis
2233:
2155:
2121:Reverse osmosis
2046:Boiler blowdown
2009:
2004:
1974:
1973:
1960:
1958:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1931:. Alberta. 2021
1929:Reclaimed Water
1923:
1922:
1918:
1908:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1850:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1829:"Archived copy"
1827:
1826:
1822:
1808:
1798:
1791:
1789:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1741:
1740:
1727:
1718:
1716:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1640:Wayback Machine
1631:
1627:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1568:
1566:
1564:oasisdesign.net
1558:
1557:
1553:
1544:
1542:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1517:
1515:
1513:oasisdesign.net
1507:
1506:
1502:
1492:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1474:Wayback Machine
1464:
1460:
1452:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1038:Greywater Reuse
1034:
1033:
1029:
1018:
1003:
1002:
993:
983:
981:
967:
966:
962:
916:
911:
910:
906:
901:
879:
866:
857:
848:
835:
819:
807:drip irrigation
762:New South Wales
746:drip irrigation
707:
702:
682:
652:toilet flushing
622:
595:calcium sulfate
537:
511:
458:treatment plant
432:
424:reclaimed water
419:
409:Reclaimed water
405:
399:, and grasses.
372:sand filtration
288:
286:Reclaimed water
259:
236:
227:
207:washing clothes
175:
132:
97:toilet flushing
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3721:
3719:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3690:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3581:
3579:
3576:organizations
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3540:Leak detection
3537:
3532:
3526:
3524:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3510:Water metering
3507:
3505:Water detector
3502:
3497:
3492:
3486:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3457:Plumber wrench
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3391:Water softener
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3221:Vacuum ejector
3218:
3216:Vacuum breaker
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3041:Faucet aerator
3038:
3036:Expansion tank
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2880:Sewage pumping
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2818:Leak detection
2815:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2762:Cast iron pipe
2759:
2753:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2710:Venturi effect
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2645:Sanitary sewer
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2590:Drinking water
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2561:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2522:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2483:Surface runoff
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2463:Sanitary sewer
2460:
2455:
2453:Marine outfall
2450:
2448:Marine dumping
2445:
2440:
2438:Injection well
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2418:Combined sewer
2414:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2357:Settling basin
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2252:Aerated lagoon
2249:
2243:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2184:Coliform index
2181:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2126:Sanitary sewer
2123:
2118:
2113:
2111:Produced water
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2056:Combined sewer
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1980:
1972:
1971:
1942:
1916:
1887:
1865:
1820:
1811:|journal=
1769:
1744:Water Research
1725:
1696:
1653:
1644:
1625:
1618:. 2009-04-01.
1601:
1575:
1551:
1524:
1500:
1478:
1458:
1433:
1414:
1379:
1336:
1311:Water Research
1301:
1258:
1237:
1219:
1186:
1171:
1139:
1090:
1054:
1047:
1027:
1016:
991:
960:
903:
902:
900:
897:
896:
895:
890:
885:
878:
875:
865:
862:
856:
853:
847:
844:
834:
831:
818:
817:United Kingdom
815:
752:However, with
706:
703:
701:
698:
681:
678:
644:
643:
640:
621:
618:
536:
533:
510:
507:
506:
505:
502:
488:U.S. Southwest
484:
483:
472:
469:
464:
461:
460:infrastructure
450:
431:
428:
404:
401:
384:
383:
368:
357:
258:
255:
235:
232:
226:
223:
174:
171:
131:
128:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3720:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3657:Template:HVAC
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3621:Plumbing code
3619:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3578:and standards
3572:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3517:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3490:Control valve
3488:
3487:
3485:
3479:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3427:Drain cleaner
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
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3302:
3300:
3297:
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3290:
3287:
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3277:
3275:
3272:
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3262:
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3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
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3247:
3243:
3237:
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3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
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3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
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3199:
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3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3096:Hose coupling
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
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3037:
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3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2996:Closet flange
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
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2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2905:Threaded pipe
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
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2827:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2797:Flare fitting
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2777:Copper tubing
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
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2718:
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2706:
2703:
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2698:
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2678:
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2671:
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2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2605:Grade (slope)
2603:
2601:
2600:Friction loss
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2554:
2550:
2543:
2538:
2536:
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2524:
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2508:
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2416:
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2400:
2398:
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2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2347:Sedimentation
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
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2310:
2308:
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2303:
2300:
2298:
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2240:
2236:
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2227:
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2222:
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2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
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2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2141:Sewage sludge
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2066:Cooling water
2064:
2062:
2061:Cooling tower
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2026:Ballast water
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1968:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1904:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1841:on 2018-08-23
1837:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1803:
1788:
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1765:
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1576:
1565:
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1555:
1552:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1528:
1525:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1488:
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1444:
1437:
1434:
1429:
1425:
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1380:
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1371:
1367:
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1305:
1302:
1297:
1293:
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1277:
1273:
1269:
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1259:
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1233:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1187:
1182:
1181:Gaia's Garden
1175:
1172:
1156:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1091:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1044:
1041:. CRC Press.
1040:
1039:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1000:
998:
996:
992:
979:
975:
971:
964:
961:
956:
952:
947:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
915:
908:
905:
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894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
880:
876:
874:
871:
863:
861:
854:
852:
845:
843:
839:
832:
830:
826:
824:
816:
814:
811:
808:
802:
800:
796:
792:
788:
783:
781:
776:
774:
773:Austin, Texas
769:
767:
763:
757:
755:
750:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
725:
724:
719:
714:
711:
705:United States
704:
699:
697:
694:
693:water heating
689:
687:
679:
677:
675:
670:
666:
662:
659:
657:
653:
649:
641:
638:
637:
636:
634:
629:
627:
619:
617:
614:
612:
607:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
552:
550:
546:
542:
534:
532:
529:
525:
520:
517:
516:potable water
508:
503:
500:
496:
495:
494:
491:
489:
481:
477:
473:
470:
468:
465:
462:
459:
455:
451:
449:
445:
444:
443:
440:
438:
429:
427:
425:
418:
414:
410:
402:
400:
398:
394:
390:
381:
377:
373:
369:
366:
362:
358:
355:
351:
347:
346:
345:
341:
339:
338:safe to drink
334:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
310:
308:
304:
299:
297:
293:
287:
283:
274:
268:
263:
256:
254:
252:
248:
244:
239:
233:
231:
224:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
203:microplastics
200:
196:
192:
188:
183:
180:
172:
168:
164:
159:
153:
149:
144:
136:
129:
127:
125:
121:
117:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
55:
51:
47:
43:
37:
32:
19:
3698:Water supply
3550:Pipe marking
3523:and services
3519:Professions,
3467:Strap wrench
3407:Basin wrench
3386:Water heater
3381:Water filter
3294:Flush toilet
3269:Dehumidifier
3211:Trench drain
3191:Street elbow
3181:Safety valve
3166:Relief valve
3106:Needle valve
3091:Grinder pump
3061:Flow limiter
3046:Float switch
2981:Chopper pump
2961:Booster pump
2910:Tube bending
2855:Pipe support
2720:Water hammer
2700:Thermosiphon
2630:Neutral axis
2609:
2488:Vacuum sewer
2372:Sewer mining
2322:Ion exchange
2272:Chlorination
2194:Heavy metals
2151:Urban runoff
2091:Ion exchange
2075:
2071:Fecal sludge
1966:
1959:. Retrieved
1954:
1945:
1933:. Retrieved
1928:
1919:
1907:. Retrieved
1902:
1890:
1878:. Retrieved
1868:
1843:. Retrieved
1836:the original
1823:
1802:cite journal
1790:. Retrieved
1772:
1747:
1743:
1717:. Retrieved
1708:
1699:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1647:
1628:
1613:
1604:
1592:. Retrieved
1578:
1567:. Retrieved
1563:
1554:
1543:. Retrieved
1537:
1527:
1516:. Retrieved
1512:
1503:
1491:. Retrieved
1489:. 2014-08-27
1481:
1461:
1436:
1417:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1249:. Retrieved
1240:
1232:the original
1222:
1203:
1199:
1189:
1180:
1174:
1162:. Retrieved
1155:the original
1142:
1107:
1103:
1093:
1074:
1070:
1037:
1030:
1006:
982:. Retrieved
963:
920:
907:
867:
858:
849:
840:
836:
827:
820:
812:
803:
784:
777:
770:
758:
751:
728:
721:
717:
715:
708:
690:
683:
671:
667:
663:
660:
645:
630:
623:
620:Indoor reuse
615:
608:
597:) to reduce
553:
538:
521:
512:
492:
485:
480:ground water
441:
433:
420:
385:
354:living walls
342:
330:
311:
300:
289:
240:
237:
228:
201:, a form of
184:
176:
120:water supply
113:
56:
54:also spelled
49:
45:
41:
40:
3495:Flow sensor
3483:and control
3481:Measurement
3472:Tap and die
3447:Pipe wrench
3432:Driving cap
3324:Laundry tub
3201:Tap (valve)
3186:Sewage pump
3171:Riser clamp
3116:Pinch valve
3086:Grease trap
3081:Globe valve
3071:Flushometer
3056:Floor drain
3051:Float valve
2971:Check valve
2956:Bleed screw
2730:Water table
2670:Storm sewer
2556:Fundamental
2478:Storm drain
2473:Sewage farm
2397:Vermifilter
2352:Septic tank
2312:Imhoff tank
2209:Temperature
2116:Return flow
2106:Papermaking
1493:28 November
1395:: 410–417.
1317:: 186–198.
1274:: 230–239.
1251:28 November
1206:(11): 546.
1164:18 November
1071:Chemosphere
946:10871/17351
700:Regulations
499:fresh water
454:septic tank
219:microfibers
179:human waste
124:clean water
95:onsite for
81:dishwashers
3692:Categories
3555:Pipefitter
3442:Pipecutter
3422:Core drill
3309:Humidifier
3274:Dishwasher
3236:Zone valve
3231:Water tank
3076:Gate valve
2951:Ball valve
2924:Components
2744:Technology
2715:Wastewater
2675:Stormwater
2443:Irrigation
2307:Filtration
2007:Wastewater
1845:2018-08-22
1750:: 92–101.
1719:2017-03-08
1594:2012-01-28
1569:2016-04-28
1545:2016-04-21
1518:2016-04-21
1077:: 139011.
984:23 January
899:References
742:New Mexico
734:California
587:alkalinity
556:bath salts
535:Irrigation
382:radiation)
303:blackwater
267:Arba Minch
209:made from
199:microbeads
195:shower gel
187:toothpaste
101:irrigation
89:blackwater
57:gray water
46:grey water
18:Grey water
3574:Industry
3560:Pipelayer
3417:Borescope
3412:Blowtorch
3351:Sump pump
2885:Soldering
2850:Pipe dope
2813:Hydronics
2685:Tap water
2650:Sewer gas
2615:Heat trap
2610:Greywater
2580:Corrosion
2277:Clarifier
2224:Turbidity
2076:Greywater
1880:24 August
1669:: 20–25.
1352:: 20–25.
1126:0273-1223
846:Australia
656:rainwater
648:dwellings
611:soil life
541:pathogens
191:face wash
167:Frankfurt
109:anal area
85:pathogens
42:Greywater
3640:See also
3626:Scalding
3314:Icemaker
3101:Manifold
2660:Sewerage
2640:Pressure
2595:Fuel gas
2570:Backflow
2558:concepts
2549:Plumbing
2204:Salinity
2096:Leachate
2031:Bathroom
1961:June 25,
1935:June 25,
1909:June 25,
1854:cite web
1792:June 25,
1764:24747140
1713:Archived
1691:24751591
1636:Archived
1620:Archived
1588:Archived
1487:"choice"
1470:Archived
1465:US EPA.
1450:Archived
1428:Archived
1409:28889040
1374:24751591
1331:25472689
1296:26311579
1134:28876254
1022:Archived
978:Archived
955:25965035
877:See also
572:solvents
560:chlorine
524:aerosols
448:aquifers
430:Benefits
333:recycled
251:dry well
247:effluent
225:Quantity
130:Overview
3565:Plumber
3521:trades,
3462:Plunger
3371:Washlet
3259:Bathtub
3161:Reducer
2991:Cistern
2895:Swaging
2875:Sealant
2751:Brazing
2131:Septage
1671:Bibcode
1354:Bibcode
1276:Bibcode
925:Bibcode
766:Montana
730:Wyoming
603:ammonia
549:aerosol
486:In the
476:surface
173:Quality
105:potable
69:showers
50:sullage
3652:Piping
3361:Urinal
3329:Shower
2835:O-ring
2808:Gasket
2665:Siphon
2655:Sewage
2505:
2146:Toilet
2136:Sewage
2101:Manure
1957:. 2021
1762:
1689:
1407:
1372:
1329:
1294:
1132:
1124:
1045:
1014:
953:
870:Jordan
864:Jordan
855:Cyprus
833:Canada
591:gypsum
580:sodium
568:alkali
509:Safety
415:, and
397:rushes
393:sedges
322:grease
213:(e.g.
193:, and
3264:Bidet
3226:Valve
2870:Putty
2840:Oakum
2831:(NPS)
2825:(NPT)
2804:(GHT)
2758:(BSP)
2051:Brine
1899:(PDF)
1839:(PDF)
1832:(PDF)
1453:(PDF)
1446:(PDF)
1200:Water
1158:(PDF)
1151:(PDF)
917:(PDF)
780:AB 32
583:salts
576:boron
564:acids
545:mulch
403:Reuse
326:sewer
243:feces
215:nylon
93:reuse
87:than
73:baths
65:sinks
3341:Sink
3146:Pump
2735:Well
2625:Leak
2392:UASB
1963:2021
1937:2021
1911:2021
1882:2018
1860:link
1815:help
1794:2021
1760:PMID
1687:PMID
1495:2017
1405:PMID
1370:PMID
1327:PMID
1292:PMID
1253:2017
1166:2017
1130:PMID
1122:ISSN
1043:ISBN
1012:ISBN
986:2010
951:PMID
738:Utah
672:The
478:and
456:and
320:and
318:oils
314:fats
284:and
152:Oslo
44:(or
1783:doi
1752:doi
1679:doi
1667:487
1397:doi
1393:125
1362:doi
1350:487
1319:doi
1284:doi
1272:538
1208:doi
1112:doi
1079:doi
1075:334
941:hdl
933:doi
352:or
150:in
79:or
75:,
3694::
2199:pH
1965:.
1953:.
1927:.
1901:.
1856:}}
1852:{{
1806::
1804:}}
1800:{{
1758:.
1748:58
1746:.
1728:^
1711:.
1707:.
1685:.
1677:.
1665:.
1612:.
1586:.
1562:.
1536:.
1511:.
1403:.
1391:.
1368:.
1360:.
1348:.
1325:.
1315:72
1313:.
1290:.
1282:.
1270:.
1202:.
1198:.
1128:.
1120:.
1108:76
1106:.
1102:.
1073:.
1069:.
1057:^
1020:.
994:^
976:.
972:.
949:.
939:.
931:.
919:.
740:,
736:,
688:.
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