Sergo Ordzhonikidze

1410: 1267: 789: 1437:, held in March 1921, there were calls for Ordzhonikidze not to be re-elected; delegates from the North Caucasus stated that Ordzhonikidze, who was unable to attend due to the invasion of Georgia, "yells at everyone, orders everyone around him, ignores the opinions of loyal party members". He was defended by Lenin and Stalin: the former revealed that Ordzhonikidze was deaf in one ear and so had to shout, even at Lenin himself, to hear himself. With this backing, the critiques of Ordzhonikidze's leadership style were downplayed, and he was re-elected as a delegate. 492: 673:(as Saint Petersburg had been named since 1914), reaching there by the end of May. Once in the city, Ordzhonikidze took on an active role in the revolution. He became a member of the Petrograd Bolshevik Committee and would frequently address rallies and visit large factories to conduct party work. In doing this Ordzhonikidze became closely associated with both Lenin and Stalin. He returned briefly to Georgia for a visit but was back in Petrograd by October and was there for the 85: 985:

Soviet Union had improved by 1926. Initially unfamiliar with the field, Ordzhonikidze quickly educated himself on the best means to use Rabkrin and re-oriented its focus towards industry, specifically overseeing the workings of Vesenka. In a speech he gave to Rabkrin officials shortly after taking over, Ordzhonikidze stated they had two main duties: to fight bureaucratization of the state and economic apparatus and to "review the whole complex of the state system".

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industry, diesels, coal, steel, textiles and most of Vesenkha's major industrial trusts, in addition to drafting a radical reform of the structure of industrial administration". Reports would be presented to the highest authorities, and frequently included the Politburo and Central Committee. At the other end Ordzhonikidze was sought out by factory managers, who would present grievances and petitions in hopes of getting help from Rabkrin.

881:. Owing to his years of service as an organizer and theorist Makharadze was well-respected among the Georgian Bolsheviks, while Mdivani was a strong proponent of Georgian national sentiment, which was not as popular with local Bolsheviks. This led to a clash between Ordzhonikidze and the Georgian Bolsheviks, especially as Ordzhonikidze would ignore the advice of the Georgians, who were familiar with the situation within the country. 1287: 957:(known by its Russian acronym Rabkrin), an agency created to oversee implementation of Soviet economic policy at every level. Though initially reluctant to take up the positions, as it meant a move to Moscow, Ordzhonikidze was forced to do so by Stalin, who told him to either accept the post or become First Secretary of the North Caucasus, which would have been a downgrade in status and prestige. Historian 478:. Realizing the need for people experienced in their fields, Ordzhonikidze refused to purge older workers or disassociate himself from individuals deemed anti-Bolshevik. According to some theories, his relationship with Stalin deteriorated and, on the eve of a 1937 meeting where he was expected to denounce workers, Ordzhonikidze shot himself and died at his home, though this has been contested. 616:, which was held in Prague, Austria-Hungary in January 1912. At this meeting the Bolsheviks, the majority faction within the RSDLP, confirmed themselves to be a distinct party and established themselves as a separate party; while they had split from the RSDLP back in 1903 and ceased to work with it, they formally remained part of it until the Prague Conference. Ordzhonikidze was elected to the 4395: 1246:. Papulia was frequently criticized for his work, and in 1932 this criticism was made public, forcing him to take up another position. In November 1936, Papulia was arrested on unspecified charges. Sergo Ordzhonikidze learned of the arrest during a party for his 50th birthday and was so upset at the news that he refused to attend the celebration. 4972: 914:

economically, especially as it would make union with Russia simpler. In April 1921 the railways, post and telegraph, and foreign trade of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia were merged; further economic ties, notably the removal of customs barriers, were made throughout May and June, which caused resentment among the Georgian Bolsheviks.

4630: 4462: 1060:(known by the Russian acronym NKTP); Ordzhonikidze remained as the head of the new commissariat. As head of the NKTP, Ordzhonikidze played an important role in directing the Soviet economy and oversaw the main aspects of defence production; thus, the needs of the NKTP were considered before nearly every other commissariat. 977:, the executive committee of the Communist Party, though technically his position as head of the Central Control Commission should have precluded that, as there was supposed to be a separation between the two offices. He served as a candidate member of the Politburo from 23 July to 3 November 1926, when he was removed. 1373:

instances of wreckers were highly exaggerated. Even to do that would take a massive toll on Ordzhonikidze's health, which was already in a weakened state. That several other Bolsheviks had committed suicide over political affairs previously also gave credence to the idea that Ordzhonikidze killed himself.

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had the technical experience required. He would downplay their previous political affiliations and back them up. While new engineers were being trained within the Soviet Union at this time, Ordzhonikidze felt they were not yet ready to take on senior positions yet, thus the need to keep the older workers.

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in 1931. Throughout the 1930s many factories and plants also asked to take on his name, which is something Fitzpatrick notes may have annoyed Stalin. After Ordzhonikidze's death the process was reversed, so by 1942 nearly every town had changed names again. The only exception was Vladikavkaz: it took

1364:

Immediately after Ordzhonikidze's death was announced, the cause of death was disputed. Exiled Mensheviks publicized the idea that Stalin was the reason behind the death, either directly ordering Ordzhonikidze's death, or forcing him to kill himself. The recent arrests of figures within the NKTP also

1320:

and attend a subsequent Politburo meeting. At the meeting he again repeated his belief that charges of wrecking within his Commissariat were exaggerated and was ordered by Stalin to leave after making these remarks; despite Ordzhonokidze being forced to leave, Khlevniuk has noted that the meeting was

1154:

Though the Stakhanovite movement led to increased production and enthusiasm both at the official and worker level, results fell short of expectations. To prove themselves, workers and managers falsified quotas, and the increased speed led to a significant increase in workplace accidents. Indeed, coal

1047:

It was around this time that Ordzhonikidze's relationship with Stalin began to change; while quite close previously, Ordzhonikidze's favourable opinion of his workers was not in line with what Stalin wanted to see. Despite calls by Stalin to remove senior workers, Ordzhonikidze relied on them as they

992:

has noted that during this period it looked at "the oil industry, the chemical industry (twice), precious metals, capital construction in industry, repair and re-equipment of industry, planning in industry, delivery of imported equipment, use of foreign experts, the design bureau of the metallurgical

847:

By early February 1921 Lenin had relented somewhat and consented to Ordzhonikidze leading the Eleventh Army into Georgia to support a local Bolshevik uprising. Concerned about gaining the support of the Georgian populace, Lenin sent Ordzhonikidze a telegram outlining a policy to be implemented, which

1253:

Beria offered to look into Papulia's arrest, though as he was the dominant figure in the region it is unlikely the arrest was made without his consent; whether Beria ordered the arrest or did so at the behest of Stalin is unknown. Khlevniuk suspected that Beria would not have turned on Ordzhonikidze

544:

Unable to take care of his son, Konstantine sent Grigol to live with his uncle and aunt, David and Eka Ordzhonikidze, who also lived in Ghoresha. Konstantine would later marry Despine Gamtsemlidze and have three more children. Grigol grew up in the household of David and Eka, but as they lived close

1332:

The details of the last few hours of Ordzhonikidze's life are unclear. What is known is that upon arriving back home he discovered the NKVD had searched his house, so he phoned Stalin to complain about this intrusion. The two talked angrily, switching between Russian and Georgian, Stalin explaining

1214:

Though Stalin did not bring up the incident initially, in December 1936 he attacked Ordzhonikidze for having secretly corresponded with Lominadze before his suicide and then failing to disclose this to the Politburo. Stalin was also angry that Ordzhonikidze had been sending a pension to Lominadze's

1043:

Tasked with finding wreckers within Vesenka, Ordzhonikidze initially followed Stalin's view and took a harsh stance on the matter, eagerly trying to clean up the organization. Within a few months, his position had softened, and he came to defend the branch; Fitzpatrick suggested this change was due

913:

Not wanting to allow this dispute to become public, the Central Committee largely stood behind Ordzhonikidze and allowed him to implement policies as he saw fit. This involved uniting the three states of the South Caucasus into one federation, which he argued was the best option both militarily and

872:

After the occupation of the South Caucasus, Ordzhonikidze took an active role in establishing Bolshevik authority over the region, Georgia in particular requiring considerable work due to the strong opposition to the Bolsheviks there. As the head of the Kavbiuro, Ordzhonikdze was the nominal leader

855:

began on 15 February. The Georgians put up a strong fight but were unable to stop the Bolsheviks, and on 25 February the Bolshevik forces occupied the capital Tiflis (now Tbilisi). Ordzhonikidze sent a telegram to Lenin and Stalin with the news, stating, "The proletarian flag flies over Tiflis!" In

1392:

After Ordzhonikidze's death, both his family and those associated with him in the NKTP were targeted for reprisals; Khlevniuk suggests that this was because Stalin was not happy with Ordzhonikidze's criticism on how to handle the wreckers. Papulia was tortured and eventually shot in November 1937,

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for two years before his death, with a serious bout of asthma in November 1936. In 1928 he had spent several weeks in Germany for unspecified medical treatments. Due to his health issues, in January 1936, the Politburo had forced Ordzhonikidze to limit his schedule and take more time off from his

1440:

During the invasions of Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia, Ordzhonikidze also tended to act independently. He would often ignore any advice, including from the leadership in Moscow, and would only listen to those close to him. During the invasion of Georgia, he would make demands of Moscow, rather

1340:

Stalin and other leaders arrived quickly at Ordzhonikidze's apartment, where it was decided to announce the cause of death as heart failure. An official bulletin was released the following day; it detailed Ordzhonikidze's troubled health history, and concluded by stating that "n the morning of 18

1249:

Ordzhonikidze reached out to Beria and asked for his help in freeing Papulia. Beria had been a former protege of Ordzhonikidze, and the two had worked together for years: Ordzhonikidze shielded Beria from attacks from other Bolsheviks, and in return Beria kept him updated on events throughout the

843:

There was serious discussion among the Bolshevik leadership on how to best approach Georgia, the remaining state outside of their control. While Ordzhonikidze wanted to repeat his earlier actions and invade, he was opposed by the rest of the Central Committee, Lenin in particular favouring a more

1425:

Throughout his time in the Caucasus, Ordzhonikidze was known as a difficult man to work with. He was controversial within the regional Bolshevik leadership for being authoritarian and having a preference to promote fellow ethnic Georgians rather than qualified candidates. Near the end of 1920, a

1175:

From the beginning of Ordzhonikidze's time as the head of Vesenka and then the NKTP, there had been efforts to remove so-called wreckers and saboteurs from positions of influence. Ordzhonikidze had long tried to protect those working under him, a characteristic he retained throughout his time in

984:

worked properly, in that it oversaw planning and implementation, budgetary considerations, and administrative policies. Under Kuybyshev, Rabkrin had become rather ineffective and was primarily focused on administrative theory rather than firm action, in part because the economic situation of the

909:

as soon as possible to eliminate any nationalist tendencies, but Lenin was also concerned about moving too quickly: independent Georgia had started to gain support among European states, and with the weak international position of the Bolsheviks, the possibility of an uprising or civil war was a

1218:

Georgy Pyatakov, Ordzhonikidze's deputy at the NKTP, also found himself in trouble. Back in 1921, Ordzhonikidze and Pyatakov had been political enemies, but they soon resolved their differences and established a strong working relationship. Pyatakov followed Ordzhonikidze to Vesenka in 1930 and

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This led to friction between Ordzhonikidze and Stalin. Ordzhonikidze argued against police interference in factory affairs and was successful enough in this to have the Politburo agree to ban prosecutors from investigating factories or even entering them, a policy that Stalin would later regret

1086:

As a result of this, Ordzhonikidze was unable to travel to Leningrad for the funeral of Sergei Kirov, who had been assassinated on 1 December. This had a profound effect on Ordzhonikidze, who had been a close friend of Kirov. In recognition of this relationship Ordzhonikidze was chosen to place

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insisted he was killed, though details from Zinaida and others refuted any plausible explanation for a murder. Khlevniuk has suggested that Ordzhonikidze was reluctant to openly challenge Stalin regarding wrecking in the NKTP, and instead only wanted to change his mind on the subject, and that

1233:

Pyatakov was arrested on 12 September 1936 and charged with being part of a conspiracy to overthrow the Soviet government. Pyatakov gave forced confessions to the charges. While Ordzhonikidze never gave a statement on the matter, Khlevniuk noted that their long association together likely gave

1039:

Much like when he started at Rabkrin, Ordzhonikidze was not an expert on the work of Vesenka, but immediately began to familiarize himself with it. Though he was not educated, Ordzhonikidze compensated by being energetic and assertive in his tasks and worked to deliver results. Devoted to his

1304:

Throughout the end of 1936 and into 1937, there were further efforts to remove so-called wreckers and saboteurs. Ordzhonikidze was now unable to protect those from the NKTP, which was heavily targeted at this time. He was expected to address wrecking and sabotage within the NKTP at a Central

1400:

before being executed, along with his nephew Giorgi Gvakharia, while Zinaida was sentenced to ten years in the camps. Zinaida was released in 1956 and lived a relatively quiet life afterwards. She published a memoir of Ordzhonikidze's life that was first released in 1956, and died in 1960.

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in 1933, which Ordzhonikidze took a leading role in drafting. He argued against Stalin regarding growth targets: Stalin wanted to set unrealistic targets, while Ordzhonikidze eventually got Stalin to agree on a yearly industrial growth of 13–14%, which, while high, was attainable. In this

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Caucasus. Beria had named his son "Sergo" in honour of Ordzhonikidze. Their relationship had changed in the 1930s as Beria rose to become the First Secretary of the Transcaucasus; he grew to resent being treated as a subordinate to Ordzhonikidze and wanted to be respected as an equal.

1031:

On his arrival at Vesenka Ordzhonikidze was mandated to improve the quality of workers. Khlevniuk has also argued that by putting a close ally in charge of Vesenka, Stalin was aiming to strengthen his own position in a field previously neglected. Replacing Ordzhonikidze at Rabkrin was

1219:

remained his top deputy when it became the NKTP. As Khlevniuk notes, Ordzhonikidze valued Pyatakov for his "intelligence and organizational abilities" and "well understood ... that his own success as commissar of heavy industry owed much to his first deputy commissar".

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mine, which had been producing below its quota, decided to have one miner overachieve his quota as a means to encourage all workers. To ensure things went smoothly, the selected miner would secretly be given assistance, though for appearances he would seem to work alone.

569:

began in Russia, and he was given more dangerous assignments. He was arrested for the first time in December 1905 for transporting arms and spent several months in prison. Granted bail, he fled briefly to Germany to avoid trial, though he soon returned to work in

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in the region around Baku, it was of vital importance to the Bolsheviks that they control the area. After Ordzhonikidze consolidated control in the North Caucasus, Lenin issued an order to him on 17 March 1920 to prepare for an invasion of Azerbaijan.

443:(Rabkrin), Ordzhonikidze moved to Moscow and joined the inner circle of top Bolsheviks. Tasked with overseeing Soviet economic production, Ordzhonikidze led a massive overhaul of Rabkrin and its associated bodies, noting inefficiencies within the 1430:(secret police) representative had asked for Ordzhonikidze to be replaced, accusing him of policy errors, specifically his appointing nationalists to positions of authority, which went against Bolshevik policy that frowned upon nationalism. 996:

Ordzhonikidze revitalized Rabkrin; it became a powerful tool within the Soviet Union, and by the end of the 1920s was the centre of state industrial policymaking, usurping that role from Vesenka. This role became more prominent during the

238: 884:

Ordzhonikidze and Stalin, both natives of Georgia, were concerned about the nationalism displayed by the remaining Georgian Mensheviks (most had left in 1921), who were initially allowed to work with the Bolsheviks. They considered

1001:, an economic development plan that began in 1929. While Vesenka was tasked with implementing the high targets of the plan, Rabkrin oversaw everything and ensured that industrial production was increased while keeping costs down. 526:). Named after his maternal grandfather, he was the second child of Konstantine Ordzhonikidze and Eupraxia Tavarashvili; he had an older brother, Papulia. Ordzhonikidze's father Konstantine was a member of an impoverished Georgian 832:, Baku was occupied by the Bolsheviks by 23:00 that night. The ease with which Azerbaijan was occupied emboldened Ordzhonikidze, and he began making preparations to launch similar invasions of Armenia and Georgia and supported a 4762: 4614: 4446: 721:

population and urged them to join, arguing that the soviet system was similar to the Islamic system the Chechens favored. This proved successful, and with Ingush help the Bolsheviks re-conquered Vladikavkaz in mid-August.

1151:, alongside fellow miners who had also set new records in the meantime. Ordzhonikidze praised the work of Stakhanov and encouraged other workers, not just miners, to follow his example and exceed their expected quotas. 921:(TSFSR). This caused an uproar among the Georgians, who protested that such a move was premature; their arguments delayed the formation of the federation until March 1922. This dispute, which later became known as the 1336:

The following day, 18 February, Ordzhonikidze stayed at home in bed for most of the day. In the evening Zinaida heard a gunshot from Ordzhonikidze's room, and found him dead, apparently from a self-inflicted gunshot.

961:

speculated that Ordzhonikidze was not interested in taking over Rabkrin as it meant leaving the quiet of a low-key post in the Caucasus and getting intimately involved in the drama and politics at the highest levels.

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Rabkrin, Vesenka, and the NKTP. This policy was tested throughout the 1930s, as those close to Ordzhonikidze were purged from their positions, forced out as they were perceived to challenge Stalin's authority.

1147:, the official paper of the Party. It was there that Ordzhonikidze first learned of it and decided to make Stakhanov a symbol of a new program. On 6 September Stakhanov's record was made a front-page story in 1028:(Gosplan). Shortly after his new appointment, on 21 December 1930, Ordzhonikidze was also named as a full member of the Politburo, as he had also been removed from his post at the Central Control Commission. 1384:" criticizing Stalinism in 1956, and this helped keep rumours of a targeted killing alive. In the speech, Khrushchev suggested Ordzhonikidze shot himself because of the stress from Stalin's persecutions. 5057: 545:

to his father, Grigol would frequently visit him. The elder Konstantine died when Ordzhonikidze was 10 years old, leaving him with David and Eka. He completed school, had medical training to become an

713:

While in hiding Ordzhonikidze led attempts to convince Cossack soldiers to abandon their officers and join the Bolsheviks, but was not successful. Ordzhonikidze also organized meetings with the local

4952: 5077: 617: 257: 235: 231: 757:", as historian Stephen Blank has noted, were subordinate to him. Ordzhonikidze earned a reputation as a brutal leader and ordered the arrest or execution of many opponents associated with the 1341:

February Ordzhonikidze made no complaint about his health, but at 17:30, while he was having his afternoon rest, he suddenly fell ill and a few minutes later died of paralysis of the heart".

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was made vice-chairman. Ordzhonikidze was also given a position on the Revolutionary Military Council of the Caucasian Front and named Chairman of the North Caucasus Revolutionary Committee.

1344:

The announcement of Ordzhonikidze's death came as a surprise to the public. Seen as the driving force behind the industrialization of the Soviet Union, he was held in high esteem. His body

1434: 1079:, the First Secretary of the TSFSR, in Tbilisi on 7 November 1934, Ordzhonikidze began to have severe stomach pains and internal bleeding. Four days later, on 11 November, he had a major 5037: 1615: 1573: 1242:

Ordzhonikidze's older brother, Papulia (Russified as Pavel), had also been an active revolutionary and Bolshevik. Ordzhonikidze was instrumental in finding Papulia a position with the

5087: 5092: 396:, Ordzhonikidze joined the Bolsheviks at an early age and quickly rose within the ranks to become an important figure within the group. Arrested and imprisoned several times by the 974: 5047: 4957: 918: 425: 5072: 1329:, and was home that night by 19:00, though he left for his Commissariat office at 21:30. He met a deputy there and was home again by 00:20, following a routine schedule. 1040:

workers, he brought many of the senior staff from Rabkrin with him: by 1931 nine of eighteen sector heads in Vesenka were either from Rabkrin or the Control Commission.

792:

Orjonikidze's telegram to Lenin and Stalin: "The Red Flag of Soviet power flies over Tiflis..." This marked the consolidation of Bolshevik control in the South Caucasus.

1211:. A wave of arrests of wreckers in January 1935 made Lominadze realize he would soon be targeted; to avoid this, he shot himself on 18 January, and died the next day. 5102: 5052: 589:. The two became close friends and spent their time playing backgammon and discussing politics. After his fourth arrest, in November 1907, Ordzhonikidze was exiled to 650:. He also was interested in statistics relating to the Russian economy, especially details regarding the production of food and agriculture, as well as the works of 5082: 4937: 1381: 533:

Six weeks after Grigol's birth, his mother died. Konstantine worked the family farm growing grains but this was not enough to live on. Konstantine began working in

1114:

While metallurgical production was starting to improve, coal mining was not. Ordzhonikidze looked for ways to solve the issue, paying particular attention to the

1004:

This caused friction between the two bodies, Vesenka complaining that they could not work with such interference, made worse by Rabkrin investigations of alleged

585:

Imprisoned for a third time in October 1907, Ordzhonikidze shared a cell with a fellow Georgian revolutionary, Iosif Dzhugashvili, who would later adopt the name

812:. Bolshevik activity in the region was limited; only the city of Baku was under control of a small group of local allies at that point. With vast deposits of 906: 612:, which had been set up to train Bolsheviks, though he left after a short time because of party in-fighting. He was sent back to Russia to help prepare the 5062: 4962: 620:, the leadership body of the party, and sent back to Russia to inform other Bolsheviks of the results of the Conference. He also visited Stalin, exiled in 840:, which he did the next day. Already weakened from earlier regional conflicts, Armenia was unable to put up any resistance and surrendered on 2 December. 4947: 1333:

that the NKVD had the power to search anyone's residence, even his own. Ordzhonikidze was then invited to visit Stalin and did so for about 90 minutes.

861: 772:(Kavbiuro) on 8 April 1920. It was tasked with establishing Bolshevik rule over the Caucasus (both the North, which was under Bolshevik control, and the 1057: 448: 99: 1653:

Wreckers and counter-revolutionaries were terms used to describe individuals accused of stopping economic progress or outright damaging the state. See

1036:; with Stalin firmly in control of the Soviet Union, Rabkrin had lost its importance, and it was eventually made subordinate to the Central Committee. 5067: 694:

in 1917 saw Ordzhonikidze appointed as the Bolsheviks' Commissar of Ukraine, South Russia, and the North Caucasus. In this role he saw action at the

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Likely in response to his critique of Kuybyshev, Ordzhonikidze was made the new head of Vesenka on 13 November 1930, and Kuybyshev was moved to the

1159:

article that the Stakhanovite movement had not worked out. Despite this setback, Ordzhonikidze was recognized for his efforts at the NKTP with the

1083:, aggravated by food poisoning. On doctor's orders, Ordzhonikidze remained in Georgia until 26 November and then was limited in what he could do. 5032: 5097: 4967: 3626:

Benvenuti, Francesco (1995), "A Stalinist Victim of Stalinism: 'Sergo' Ordzhonikidze'", in Cooper, Julian; Perrie, Maureen; Rees, E.A. (eds.),

970: 558: 444: 145: 973:(known as Vesenka, after its Russian acronym, VSNKh). At the same time as this appointment, Ordzhonikidze was named a candidate member of the 4334: 4247: 4229: 4204: 4157: 4096: 4078: 4057: 4039: 3975: 3957: 3910: 3759: 3738: 3668: 3635: 1207:

After returning to Georgia, Lominadze was brought back into a leadership role by Ordzhonikidze, who helped him become the Party Secretary in

1111:, which had both seen consistent shortages, despite efforts to increase output, Ordzhonikidze took an active role in improving performance. 4413: 1201: 1254:

without Stalin's instruction. The stress of his brother's arrest had a serious effect on Ordzhonikidze's already frail health, leading to

1441:

than ask for assistance, and ignored calls to work with local Georgian Bolsheviks, which caused tension between them and Ordzhonikidze.

1393:

while Papulia's wife Nina was arrested and sentenced to ten years imprisonment on 29 March 1938, and re-sentenced to death on 14 June.

1064: 452: 358: 1479: 1141:

Stakhanov's achievement, a Union record for a single night of mining, was reported as a small news item in the 2 September edition of

601:

that was launched there in 1910. The Bolsheviks were unable to gain sufficient support in Persia and Ordzhonikidze returned to Baku.

4418: 4399: 4377: 4355: 4287: 4265: 4179: 4017: 3932: 3888: 3863: 3704: 3657: 3617: 3595: 1164: 635:, where he met his future wife Zinaida in September 1916. They were married in 1917 and would adopt a daughter, Eteri (born 1923). 598: 1484:

Several towns and districts in the Soviet Union were renamed after Ordzhonikidze; the largest city was Vladikavkaz, the capital of

788: 1138:

of coal, 14 times his quota (though with the assistance of two helpers it worked out to just over five times his regular output).

929:, which was not proclaimed until December 1922. Ordzhonikidze retained his leadership role in the Caucasus, assuming the title of 624:, and the two traveled back to the Caucasus, then to Saint Petersburg, where Ordzhonikidze was arrested once again in April 1912. 1449:

Throughout his adult life, Ordzhonikidze suffered from severe health issues. After his death, a medical bulletin reported he had

1352:

on 19 February, and over 250,000 people visited the memorial. The funeral was held on 20 February, and his body was subsequently

1226:, Stalin's main rival for leadership of the Bolsheviks throughout the 1920s. Though Pyatakov had been rehabilitated, by 1936 the 813: 475: 1258:. He reached out to Stalin for help but was refused. Stalin's refusal to help further damaged the relationship between the two. 1099:

Ordzhonikidze's concerns about the low productivity within the NKTP and the Soviet economy as a whole led to the launch of the

825: 413: 725:

By late 1918 Ordzhonikidze effectively controlled every Bolshevik body within the North Caucasus and surrounding region: "the

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variant of the name, from 1944 to 1954, before returning to Ordzhonikidze until 1990, when it returned to the original name.

1475: 1192:. Lominadze, a fellow Georgian and an ally of Ordzhonikidze, had been expelled from the Party previously for his role in the 809: 805: 4747: 4599: 4431: 1266: 3722: 981: 776:), and assisting other revolutionary movements in the region. Ordzhonikidze was named the chairman of the Kavbiuro, while 762: 382: 293: 40: 5027: 3768:

Fitzpatrick, Sheila (April 1985), "Ordzhonikidze's Takeover of Vesenkha: A Case Study in Soviet Bureaucratic Politics",

852: 837: 421: 417: 4879: 4731: 4716: 4700: 4477: 4409: 1197: 1033: 988:

Between 1927 and 1930, Rabkrin launched hundreds of investigations into the workings of the Soviet economy. Historian

397: 223: 836:. It was not until 27 November that he was given approval from both Lenin and Stalin to prepare the Eleventh Army to 638:

In exile, Ordzhonikidze mainly spent his time reading; his favourites were Georgian classics as well as authors like

706:

in July 1918, Ordzhonikidze and other Bolsheviks had to flee to the mountains in August as the city was occupied by

578:

parade and was arrested again. He may also have been involved in the assassination of the prominent Georgian writer

4196: 3609: 833: 917:

Tensions remained high until November, when the Kavbiuro announced that the three states would be united into the

4973:

Members of the Central Committee of the 6th Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)

1514: 801: 1485: 768:

To help co-ordinate control over the region, the Central Committee in Petrograd authorized the formation of the

4326: 4296:

Smith, Jeremy (May 1998), "The Georgian Affair of 1922. Policy Failure, Personality Clash or Power Struggle?",

4279: 4126: 3587: 1562: 1502: 1193: 890: 561:(RSDLP) in 1903 when he was 17 and worked for them in an underground printshop distributing leaflets for the 5022: 3696: 1586: 1271: 1155:

production in the Donbas actually declined in 1936, leading to an official acknowledgement in a 7 June 1936

1088: 1005: 902: 857: 800:

of 1917, the South Caucasus had broken away from Russia and by mid-1918 comprised three independent states:

609: 566: 467: 331: 4066: 1507: 1326: 3988:[Sovietization of Transcaucasia in the correspondence of the Bolshevik leadership of 1920–1922], 1044:

to the realization that there was a shortage of trained workers and low morale stemming from the purges.

4343: 3902: 3836: 3606:

Technology and Society under Lenin and Stalin: Origins of the Soviet Technical Intelligentsia, 1917–1941

1243: 1100: 1080: 1016:

in June 1930, where Ordzhonikidze gave a speech outlining Kuybyshev and Vesenka's failures in industry.

1009: 750: 746: 628: 456: 4171: 4168:

State Control in Soviet Russia: The Rise and Fall of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate, 1920–1934

593:, though he fled after several months and came back to work in Baku. The Bolsheviks reassigned him to 470:

and saboteurs that began in the early 1930s, causing friction between himself and his longtime friend

4932: 4927: 1450: 1312:

On 17 February Ordzhonikidze spoke to Stalin privately on the phone. Ordzhonikidze then left for the

998: 886: 33: 1234:

Ordzhonikidze "substantial grounds" to doubt their veracity. Pyatakov was executed in January 1937.

627:

Recognized by the authorities as a revolutionary, Ordzhonikidze was sentenced to three years at the

5008:

Members of the Central Committee of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

5003:

Members of the Central Committee of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

4998:

Members of the Central Committee of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

4993:

Members of the Central Committee of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

4298: 1349: 1189: 695: 662: 401: 84: 4988:

Members of the Central Committee of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

4983:

Members of the Central Committee of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

4978:

Members of the Central Committee of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

4813: 4798: 4675: 4670: 4645: 4512: 4507: 4482: 4318: 3817: 3809: 3747: 3677: 1457:

earlier in his life, which led to the removal of his left kidney in 1929. He had also dealt with

1317: 989: 966: 797: 674: 511: 405: 302: 168: 4869: 4838: 4680: 4563: 873:

of the Bolsheviks in Georgia but had to work with the local leadership, which was split between

412:

he played an active role as the leading Bolshevik in the Caucasus, overseeing the invasions of

4943:

Candidates of the Politburo of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

4864: 4854: 4726: 4588: 4553: 4373: 4351: 4330: 4283: 4261: 4243: 4225: 4200: 4175: 4153: 4130: 4092: 4074: 4053: 4035: 4013: 3971: 3953: 3928: 3906: 3884: 3859: 3840: 3755: 3734: 3700: 3653: 3631: 3613: 3591: 1604: 1551: 1494: 1377: 930: 874: 821: 698:

and the Western Front in Ukraine, but it was in the Caucasus that he was most active. Sent to

691: 647: 613: 579: 523: 500: 433: 409: 3985: 4884: 4803: 4793: 4665: 4650: 4502: 4487: 4307: 4213: 3997: 3828: 3801: 3779: 1577: 1322: 1131: 878: 829: 670: 666: 655: 491: 5018:

Members of the Politburo of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

5013:

Members of the Politburo of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

3919:

Khlevniuk, O. (1997), "The People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry", in Rees, E. A. (ed.),

893:, in that both variants dominated ethnic minorities within their regions (Georgia over the 4894: 4874: 4808: 4721: 4655: 4558: 4548: 4527: 4492: 4141: 3924: 3688: 3649: 1521: 1306: 1076: 1069: 922: 754: 742: 730: 137: 17: 3790:

Fitzpatrick, Sheila (September 1979), "Stalin and the Making of a New Elite, 1928–1939",

1376:

Details of Ordzhonikidze's death were not widely discussed within the Soviet Union until

1068:

Ordzhonikidze was heavily dependent on the technical skills and knowledge of his deputy,

820:

Using the pretext of a local Bolshevik uprising in Azerbaijan, Ordzhonikidze ordered the

4828: 4583: 4573: 4149: 3941: 3872: 3770: 1462: 1345: 1160: 958: 773: 703: 605: 515: 393: 4921: 4823: 4690: 4522: 4348:

Russian Azerbaijan, 1905–1920: The Shaping of National Identity in a Muslim Community

4188: 4118: 4050:

The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939

3949: 3821: 3792: 1414: 1369: 1255: 718: 586: 471: 447:(Vesenkha). In 1930 he was transferred to lead Vesenkha, which was re-formed as the 4889: 4833: 4818: 4685: 4660: 4578: 4497: 3880: 3731:

The Non-Geometric Lenin: Essays on the Development of the Bolshevik Party 1910–1914

1454: 1296: 1223: 1208: 926: 777: 738: 734: 631:. Late in 1915 he was sentenced to permanent exile in the eastern Siberian town of 429: 320: 1365:

gave credence to these rumours, suggesting Ordzhonikidze would be targeted next.

1134:

was chosen for the task, and on the night of 30–31 August he mined a reported 102

4405: 385:

12 October] 1886 – 18 February 1937) was a Georgian-born

4904: 4859: 4736: 4568: 4532: 1125:

Based on Ordzhonikidze's goal of improving coal output, in late August 1935 the

1108: 941: 699: 639: 4311: 3851: 3783: 1396:

Ordzhonikidze's other brother, Konstantine, was also arrested and sent to the

1290: 1104: 953:

of the Communist Party, the body responsible for party discipline, and of the

894: 758: 643: 594: 349: 44: 3986:"Советизация Закавказья в переписке большевистского руководства 1920–1922 гг" 3844: 451:(NKTP) in 1932. While there, Ordzhonikidze oversaw the implementation of the 4394: 4031: 3666:

Bursa, G. R. F. (April 1985), "Political Changes of Names in Soviet Towns",

1353: 898: 651: 562: 538: 466:

Ordzhonikidze was reluctant to take part in the campaigns against so-called

460: 386: 4240:

Familiar Strangers The Georgian Diaspora and the Evolution of Soviet Empire

3646:

The Sorcerer as Apprentice: Stalin as Commissar of Nationalities, 1917–1924

4001: 1200:, he had been accused of "factionalism" in 1930, when the two had opposed 574:, where he had previously been working. There he helped organize the 1907 1188:

Early in Ordzhonikidze's tenure at the NKTP, he witnessed the purging of

769: 714: 707: 534: 507: 496: 298: 828:

on 27 April 1920; with most of the Azerbaijani army fighting Armenia in

4123:

The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917–1923

3813: 3681: 1313: 1119: 1025: 954: 856:

recognition of his work in the Caucasus, Ordzhonikidze was awarded the

632: 621: 590: 575: 546: 527: 519: 440: 190: 52: 4221: 1525: 1458: 1143: 1126: 1115: 726: 4258:

Stakhanovism and the Politics of Productivity in the USSR, 1935–1941

3805: 3752:

On Stalin's Team: The Years of Living Dangerously in Soviet Politics

1321:

not unusual in its discussion. After Ordzhonikidze left, he visited

404:

began in 1917. Returning from exile, Ordzhonikidze took part in the

4111:

The Path of a Bolshevik: Pages from the Life of G. K. Ordzhonikidze

1520:, an ocean liner) were named after Ordzhonikidze. In addition, the 4421:, Narimanov, and Kirov by Azerbaijani artist Alakbar Rezaguliyev, 4089:

Politics and Place-Names: Changing Names in the Late Soviet Period

1528:

currently bears his name, having been attacked by Ukraine in 2023.

1427: 1408: 1397: 1265: 940: 787: 490: 345: 125:

Himself as Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the National Economy

4220:, translated by Livingstone, Rodney, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: 4134: 4113:] (in Russian), Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Politichekoi Literatury 3901:, translated by Seligman Favorov, Nora, New Haven, Connecticut: 1227: 571: 4751: 4603: 4435: 4091:, Birmingham: Department of Russian, University of Birmingham, 459:

of model Soviet workers. At the same time, he was named to the

1230:, the Soviet secret police, was collecting materials on him. 1135: 848:

included seeking a compromise with the Menshevik leadership.

191:

People's Commissar of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate

4779:

14th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

4631:

16th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

4463:

17th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

3584:

The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity under Russian Rule

408:

that brought the Bolsheviks to power. During the subsequent

3921:

Decision Making in the Stalinist Command Economy, 1932–1937

608:, the leader of the Bolsheviks. He attended classes at the 4276:

Industry, State, and Society in Stalin's Russia, 1926–1934

4008:

Löwenhardt, John; Ozinga, James R.; van Ree, Erik (1992),

1103:

in 1935. Concerned about productivity in two key sectors,

4350:, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, 3879:, translated by Nordlander, David J., Aramonk, New York: 1524:

was name after him for a time, and a Russian shipyard in

661:

Ordzhonikidze was still in Yakutsk when news of the 1917

4260:, Cambridge, Cambridgshire: Cambridge University Press, 3628:

Soviet History, 1917–51: Essays in Honour of R.W. Davies

3877:

In Stalin's Shadow: The Career of "Sergo" Ordzhonikidze

3630:, New York City: St. Martin's Press, pp. 134–157, 2553: 2412: 5058:

Politicians from Georgia (country) who died by suicide

3362: 3360: 2447: 2445: 1566: 905:). They wanted to bring Georgia into a union with the 604:

In 1911, Ordzhonikidze traveled to Paris where he met

4953:

Communist Party of Georgia (Soviet Union) politicians

3858:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 3754:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1591: 4107:Путь большевика: Страницы из жизни Г.К. Орджоникидзе 2600: 2598: 1122:

that was the main centre of Soviet coal production.

937:

Rabkrin economic agency and Party Control Commission

183:

Himself as People's Commissar of Heavy Industry

5078:

Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour

4847: 4786: 4709: 4638: 4541: 4470: 1279: 1270:Plaque indicating Ordzhonikidze's interment in the 1091:, in which other leading Bolsheviks were interred. 1063:This was made more apparent with the launch of the 919:

Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic

426:

Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic

338: 327: 309: 284: 279: 255: 229: 217: 207: 189: 174: 162: 143: 131: 116: 98: 64: 2889: 2477: 2475: 2372: 2370: 2184: 1876: 1644:Ivan (1889), Yulia (1890), and Konstantine (1896). 1215:wife and son (who was named Sergo in his honour). 463:, the leading political body in the Soviet Union. 3403: 3401: 3399: 1714: 1712: 1687: 1685: 4193:Stalin and the Struggle for Supremacy in Eurasia 3968:Stalin, Volume II: Waiting for Hitler, 1929–1941 3899:Master of the House: Stalin and His Inner Circle 3418: 3416: 3287: 3285: 3188: 3186: 2837: 2835: 1887: 1885: 1860: 1858: 1794: 1792: 1356:and the ashes interred within the Kremlin Wall. 1222:Earlier in his career, Pyatakov had worked with 1020:Vesenka (Supreme Soviet of the National Economy) 949:In 1926 Ordzhonikidze was named the head of the 665:reached him. He briefly worked with the Yakutsk 5038:People of the Persian Constitutional Revolution 3946:Stalin, Volume I: Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928 1845: 1843: 1743: 1741: 1739: 980:The purpose of Rabkrin was meant to ensure the 965:As the head of Rabkrin, Ordzhonikidze replaced 455:for economic development and helped create the 5088:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members 4125:(Revised ed.), Cambridge, Massachusetts: 4052:, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 3984:Kvashonkin, Aleksandr V. (January–June 1997), 1608: 1555: 1309:that was scheduled to start 20 February 1937. 765:, or any other group fighting the Bolsheviks. 4763: 4615: 4447: 4406:Newspaper clippings about Sergo Ordzhonikidze 3446: 2738: 2736: 2651: 2649: 2462: 2460: 2052: 1718: 1703: 1691: 549:, and worked briefly as a medical assistant. 537:, a mining community, and drove manganese to 8: 2309: 2307: 2258: 2256: 2231: 2229: 1940: 1938: 1936: 251:21 December 1930 – 18 February 1937 3553: 2691: 2679: 2640: 2628: 2616: 2565: 2529: 2505: 2481: 2451: 2376: 1903: 1676: 1654: 203:5 November 1926 – 10 November 1930 4958:Expatriates from Georgia (country) in Iran 4770: 4756: 4748: 4622: 4608: 4600: 4454: 4440: 4432: 3833:The Struggle for Transcaucasia (1917–1921) 3469: 2865: 2841: 2826: 2814: 2667: 2160: 2112: 2064: 2028: 2016: 1783: 1771: 862:Order of Red Banner of the Azerbaijani SSR 158:10 November 1930 – 5 January 1932 112:5 January 1932 – 18 February 1937 83: 61: 5093:Soviet people of the Ukrainian–Soviet War 5073:Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner 4325:(Second ed.), Bloomington, Indiana: 4010:The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Polutburo 3505: 3493: 3407: 3390: 3366: 3351: 3339: 3264: 3240: 3228: 3216: 3204: 3177: 3165: 3153: 3105: 3045: 3021: 3009: 2997: 2973: 2961: 2937: 2913: 2901: 2877: 2853: 2802: 2790: 2766: 2754: 2703: 2604: 2589: 2577: 2541: 2400: 2388: 2004: 1927: 1891: 1849: 1822: 1798: 1747: 1730: 834:failed coup attempt in Georgia on 2–3 May 506:Grigol Ordzhonikidze was born in 1886 in 495:The house where Ordjonikidze was born in 100:People's Commissar of Heavy Industry 4372:] (in Russian), Moscow: OLMA-Press, 3481: 3457: 3422: 3378: 3315: 3303: 3291: 3192: 2196: 2040: 1968: 1956: 1056:In 1932 Vesenka was re-organized as the 618:Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party 359:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 5103:Suicides by firearm in the Soviet Union 5053:Perpetrators of the Red Terror (Russia) 5048:People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry 2925: 2742: 2493: 2466: 1669: 1544: 1058:People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry 1012:. These disputes reached a peak at the 449:People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry 271:23 July 1926 – 3 November 1926 5083:Revolutionaries from Georgia (country) 4938:Burials at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis 3565: 3529: 3327: 3276: 3252: 3141: 3129: 3117: 3093: 3081: 3057: 3033: 2985: 2949: 2778: 2727: 2715: 2655: 2517: 2361: 2286: 2274: 2076: 1834: 1810: 1276: 971:Supreme Soviet of the National Economy 559:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party 445:Supreme Soviet of the National Economy 146:Supreme Soviet of the National Economy 4425:, Vol. 13:4 (Winter 2005), pp. 40-45. 4146:Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia 4012:, New York City: St. Martin's Press, 3669:The Slavonic and East European Review 3541: 3517: 3434: 3069: 2554:Löwenhardt, Ozinga & van Ree 1992 2413:Löwenhardt, Ozinga & van Ree 1992 2349: 2337: 2313: 2298: 2262: 2247: 2235: 2172: 2124: 2100: 2088: 1992: 1980: 1944: 1915: 1864: 1759: 1413:Ordzhonikidze on a 1952 Soviet Union 289:Grigol Konstantines dze Ordzhonikidze 7: 2436: 2424: 2325: 2220: 2208: 2148: 2136: 1621:Григорий Константинович Орджоникидзе 400:, he was in Siberian exile when the 4242:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1593:Sergo Konstantinovich Ordzhonikidze 955:Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate 441:Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate 392:Born and raised in Georgia, in the 379:Grigol Konstantines dze Orjonikidze 375:Sergo Konstantinovich Ordzhonikidze 5063:Prisoners of Shlisselburg fortress 4963:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic 1568:Sergo Konstantines dze Orjonikidze 1480:Ordzhonikidzevsky (disambiguation) 677:when the Bolsheviks seized power. 25: 4948:Communists from Georgia (country) 4323:The Making of the Georgian Nation 1610:გრიგოლ კონსტანტინეს ძე ორჯონიკიძე 1582:Серго Константинович Орджоникидзе 1165:Order of the Red Banner of Labour 933:, and remained there until 1926. 530:, while Eupraxia was a peasant. 424:. He backed their union into the 5068:Recipients of the Order of Lenin 4393: 3970:, New York City: Penguin Press, 3856:Beria: Stalin's First Lieutenant 3693:The Great Terror: A Reassessment 1557:სერგო კონსტანტინეს ძე ორჯონიკიძე 1292:In Memory of Sergo Ordzhonikidze 1285: 565:faction of the party. By 1905 a 5043:People of the Russian Civil War 3713:Dubinskiy-Mukhadze, I. (1963), 1202:collectivization of agriculture 428:(TSFSR), which helped form the 5033:People from Kutais Governorate 4028:The Caucasus Under Soviet Rule 1476:Ordzhonikidze (disambiguation) 925:, delayed the creation of the 1: 5098:Suicides by firearm in Russia 4968:Nobility of Georgia (country) 4419:Linoleum print of Orjonikidze 4256:Siegelbaum, Lewis H. (1988), 4195:, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: 41:Eastern Slavic naming customs 27:Soviet politician (1886–1937) 4366:Самые секретные родственники 3721:] (in Russian), Moscow: 3582:Altstadt, Audrey L. (1992), 629:Shlisselburg Fortress prison 474:, whom he helped during his 4410:20th Century Press Archives 4364:Zenkovich, Nikolai (2005), 4105:Ordzhonikidze, Z. (1967) , 3897:Khlevniuk, Oleg V. (2009), 3604:Bailes, Kendall E. (1978), 1592: 1567: 669:before quickly leaving for 5119: 4274:Shearer, David R. (1996), 4197:Cambridge University Press 3610:Princeton University Press 1473: 951:Central Control Commission 432:in 1922 and served as the 39:In this name that follows 38: 31: 18:Grigol (Sergo) Orjonikidze 4312:10.1080/09668139808412550 4030:, Abington, Oxfordshire: 3923:, Houndmills, Hampshire: 3784:10.1080/09668138508411576 3648:, Westport, Connecticut: 3608:, Princeton, New Jersey: 1620: 1609: 1581: 1556: 1284: 763:Socialist Revolutionaries 557:Ordzhonikidze joined the 436:of the TSFSR until 1926. 368: 296:12 October] 1886 275: 264: 244: 196: 151: 105: 94: 82: 71: 4423:Azerbaijan International 4370:The Most Secret Families 4327:Indiana University Press 4280:Cornell University Press 4127:Harvard University Press 3966:Kotkin, Stephen (2017), 3733:, London: Anthem Press, 3588:Hoover Institution Press 3586:, Stanford, California: 1194:Syrtsov-Lominadze Affair 1026:State Planning Committee 891:Great Russian chauvinism 796:In the aftermath of the 541:, where it was refined. 256:Candidate member of the 32:Not to be confused with 4238:Scott, Erik R. (2016), 4067:Montefiore, Simon Sebag 4026:Marshall, Alex (2010), 3729:Elwood, Carter (2011), 3697:Oxford University Press 3644:Blank, Stephen (1994), 2890:Dubinskiy-Mukhadze 1963 2185:Dubinskiy-Mukhadze 1963 1877:Dubinskiy-Mukhadze 1963 1072:, who led the program. 1010:counter-revolutionaries 907:Russian Soviet Republic 889:as serious a threat as 858:Order of the Red Banner 610:Longjumeau Party School 582:on 12 September 1907. 389:and Soviet politician. 381:; 24 October [ 332:Kremlin Wall Necropolis 4398:Quotations related to 4344:Swietochowski, Tadeusz 4048:Martin, Terry (2001), 3990:Cahiers du Monde russe 1417: 1327:Alexander Poskrebyshev 1274: 1184:Lominadze and Pyatakov 946: 793: 614:Sixth RSDLP Conference 599:revolutionary movement 503: 123:Position established; 4518:Grigory Ordzhonikidze 4087:Murray, John (2000), 4002:10.3406/cmr.1997.2487 3903:Yale University Press 3837:Philosophical Library 1412: 1269: 1244:Transcaucasus Railway 1101:Stakhanovite movement 1095:Stakhanovite movement 1087:Kirov's urn into the 1065:second five-year plan 945:Ordzhonikidze in 1926 944: 903:several ethnic groups 791: 494: 457:Stakhanovite movement 439:Promoted to lead the 305:, Russian Empire 292:24 October [ 89:Ordzhonikidze in 1937 4278:, Ithaca, New York: 4166:Rees, E. A. (1987), 1631:He adopted the name 1493:on Dzaudzhikau, the 1435:Tenth Party Congress 999:first five-year plan 969:, who took over the 887:Georgian nationalism 844:peaceful approach. 690:The outbreak of the 181:Position abolished; 34:Sergei Ordzhonikidze 5028:People from Imereti 4900:Sergo Ordzhonikidze 4696:Sergo Ordzhonikidze 4400:Sergo Ordzhonikidze 4319:Suny, Ronald Grigor 4299:Europe-Asia Studies 4073:, London: Phoenix, 3927:, pp. 94–123, 3748:Fitzpatrick, Sheila 3544:, pp. 171, 190 1657:, pp. 156–157. 1635:as a revolutionary. 1350:House of the Unions 1295:a film directed by 1196:, where along with 1190:Vissarion Lominadze 1171:Purges and downfall 1014:16th Party Congress 853:invasion of Georgia 751:Black Sea Gubernias 696:Battle of Tsaritsyn 663:February Revolution 510:, a village in the 402:February Revolution 323:, Soviet Union 230:Full member of the 66:Sergo Ordzhonikidze 4814:Vyacheslav Molotov 4799:Kliment Voroshilov 4676:Vyacheslav Molotov 4671:Valerian Kuybyshev 4646:Kliment Voroshilov 4513:Vyacheslav Molotov 4508:Valerian Kuybyshev 4483:Kliment Voroshilov 4172:St. Martin's Press 3873:Khlevniuk, Oleg V. 3568:, pp. 110–111 3447:Ordzhonikidze 1967 3393:, pp. 153–154 3381:, pp. 167–168 3354:, pp. 154–156 3342:, pp. 150–151 3318:, pp. 166–167 3306:, pp. 163–166 3279:, pp. 384–385 3207:, pp. 143–145 3180:, pp. 114–115 3168:, pp. 107–109 3156:, pp. 106–107 3036:, pp. 330–331 2718:, pp. 273–275 2706:, pp. 106–107 2682:, pp. 391–392 2631:, pp. 163–164 2532:, pp. 162–163 2508:, pp. 156–157 2454:, pp. 155–156 2211:, pp. 210–212 2199:, pp. 339–340 2151:, pp. 210–211 2115:, pp. 288–290 2067:, pp. 283–284 2053:Swietochowski 1985 1786:, pp. 212–214 1719:Ordzhonikidze 1967 1704:Ordzhonikidze 1967 1692:Ordzhonikidze 1967 1418: 1318:Vyacheslav Molotov 1275: 990:Sheila Fitzpatrick 967:Valerian Kuybyshev 947: 798:Russian Revolution 794: 675:October Revolution 512:Kutais Governorate 504: 406:October Revolution 303:Kutais Governorate 213:Valerian Kuybyshev 169:Valerian Kuybyshev 77:Серго Орджоникидзе 4913: 4912: 4865:Grigory Petrovsky 4855:Felix Dzerzhinsky 4848:Candidate members 4745: 4744: 4727:Grigory Petrovsky 4710:Candidate members 4597: 4596: 4589:Nikita Khrushchev 4554:Grigory Petrovsky 4542:Candidate members 4336:978-0-253-20915-3 4249:978-0-19-939637-5 4231:978-0-7456-5076-0 4206:978-1-107-42644-3 4189:Rieber, Alfred J. 4170:, New York City: 4159:978-1-78023-030-6 4098:978-0-704-42180-6 4080:978-0-297-85068-7 4059:978-0-80-143813-4 4041:978-0-415-62542-5 3977:978-1-59420-380-0 3959:978-1-59420-379-4 3948:, New York City: 3912:978-0-300-11066-1 3835:, New York City: 3829:Kazemzadeh, Firuz 3761:978-0-691-14533-4 3740:978-0-85728-778-6 3695:, New York City: 3637:978-0-312-12615-5 3048:, pp. 99–100 1590: 1378:Nikita Khrushchev 1302: 1301: 875:Filipp Makharadze 692:Russian Civil War 681:Russian Civil War 648:Fyodor Dostoevsky 597:to help with the 580:Ilia Chavchavadze 372: 371: 321:Russian SFSR 16:(Redirected from 5110: 4885:Lazar Kaganovich 4804:Grigory Zinoviev 4794:Nikolai Bukharin 4772: 4765: 4758: 4749: 4666:Stanislav Kosior 4651:Lazar Kaganovich 4624: 4617: 4610: 4601: 4503:Stanislav Kosior 4488:Lazar Kaganovich 4456: 4449: 4442: 4433: 4397: 4382: 4360: 4339: 4314: 4292: 4270: 4252: 4234: 4209: 4184: 4162: 4142:Rayfield, Donald 4137: 4114: 4101: 4083: 4062: 4044: 4022: 4004: 3996:(1/2): 163–194, 3980: 3962: 3937: 3915: 3893: 3868: 3847: 3824: 3786: 3764: 3743: 3725: 3723:Moloday Gvardiya 3709: 3689:Conquest, Robert 3684: 3662: 3640: 3622: 3600: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3554:Fitzpatrick 2015 3551: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3411: 3405: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3280: 3274: 3268: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3238: 3232: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3190: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3103: 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2434: 2428: 2422: 2416: 2410: 2404: 2403:, pp. 23–24 2398: 2392: 2386: 2380: 2377:Fitzpatrick 1985 2374: 2365: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2311: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2251: 2245: 2239: 2233: 2224: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2200: 2194: 2188: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2164: 2158: 2152: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2110: 2104: 2098: 2092: 2086: 2080: 2074: 2068: 2062: 2056: 2050: 2044: 2038: 2032: 2031:, pp. 37–38 2026: 2020: 2014: 2008: 2002: 1996: 1990: 1984: 1978: 1972: 1966: 1960: 1954: 1948: 1942: 1931: 1930:, pp. 11–12 1925: 1919: 1913: 1907: 1904:Fitzpatrick 2015 1901: 1895: 1889: 1880: 1874: 1868: 1862: 1853: 1847: 1838: 1832: 1826: 1825:, pp. 10–11 1820: 1814: 1808: 1802: 1796: 1787: 1781: 1775: 1769: 1763: 1757: 1751: 1745: 1734: 1728: 1722: 1716: 1707: 1701: 1695: 1689: 1680: 1677:Fitzpatrick 2015 1674: 1658: 1655:Fitzpatrick 1985 1651: 1645: 1642: 1636: 1629: 1623: 1622: 1618: 1612: 1611: 1602: 1596: 1595: 1585: 1583: 1576: 1570: 1565: 1559: 1558: 1549: 1323:Lazar Kaganovich 1289: 1288: 1277: 1132:Alexei Stakhanov 910:serious threat. 830:Nagorno-Karabakh 770:Caucasian Bureau 743:Dagestan Oblasts 667:soviet (council) 656:Friedrich Engels 355: 316: 313:18 February 1937 280:Personal details 269: 249: 220: 210: 201: 177: 165: 156: 144:Chairman of the 134: 119: 110: 87: 78: 74: 73:სერგო ორჯონიკიძე 62: 21: 5118: 5117: 5113: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5108: 5107: 4918: 4917: 4914: 4909: 4895:Anastas Mikoyan 4880:Andrey Andreyev 4875:Nikolai Uglanov 4870:Jānis Rudzutaks 4843: 4839:Jānis Rudzutaks 4809:Mikhail Kalinin 4782: 4776: 4746: 4741: 4722:Anastas Mikoyan 4717:Andrey Andreyev 4705: 4701:Andrey Andreyev 4681:Jānis Rudzutaks 4656:Mikhail Kalinin 4634: 4628: 4598: 4593: 4564:Jānis Rudzutaks 4559:Pavel Postyshev 4549:Anastas Mikoyan 4537: 4528:Anastas Mikoyan 4493:Mikhail Kalinin 4478:Andrey Andreyev 4466: 4460: 4429: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4363: 4358: 4342: 4337: 4317: 4295: 4290: 4273: 4268: 4255: 4250: 4237: 4232: 4212: 4207: 4187: 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Secretary 364: 353: 339:Political party 318: 314: 297: 291: 290: 270: 265: 250: 245: 224:Andrey Andreyev 218: 208: 202: 197: 184: 175: 163: 157: 152: 138:Valery Mezhlauk 132: 126: 117: 111: 106: 90: 76: 75: 72: 67: 60: 49:Konstantinovich 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5116: 5114: 5106: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5023:Old Bolsheviks 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4920: 4919: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4851: 4849: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4829:Mikhail Tomsky 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4790: 4788: 4784: 4783: 4777: 4775: 4774: 4767: 4760: 4752: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4739: 4734: 4732:Sergei Syrtsov 4729: 4724: 4719: 4713: 4711: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4642: 4640: 4636: 4635: 4629: 4627: 4626: 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4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4103: 4100: 4094: 4090: 4085: 4082: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4061: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4043: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4024: 4021: 4019:0-312-04784-3 4015: 4011: 4006: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3979: 3973: 3969: 3964: 3961: 3955: 3951: 3950:Penguin Press 3947: 3943: 3939: 3936: 3934:0-333-67757-9 3930: 3926: 3922: 3917: 3914: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3895: 3892: 3890:1-56324-563-9 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3867: 3865:0-691-03257-2 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3794: 3793:Slavic Review 3788: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3772: 3766: 3763: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3742: 3736: 3732: 3727: 3724: 3720: 3719:Ordzhonikidze 3716: 3711: 3708: 3706:0-19-505580-2 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3670: 3664: 3661: 3659:0-313-28683-3 3655: 3651: 3647: 3642: 3639: 3633: 3629: 3624: 3621: 3619:0-691-05265-4 3615: 3611: 3607: 3602: 3599: 3597:0-8179-9182-4 3593: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3579: 3574: 3567: 3562: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3547: 3543: 3538: 3535: 3532:, p. 721 3531: 3526: 3523: 3520:, p. 524 3519: 3514: 3511: 3507: 3502: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3487: 3484:, p. 154 3483: 3482:Marshall 2010 3478: 3475: 3472:, p. 164 3471: 3466: 3463: 3460:, p. 153 3459: 3458:Marshall 2010 3454: 3451: 3448: 3443: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3428: 3425:, p. 172 3424: 3423:Conquest 1990 3419: 3417: 3413: 3410:, p. 173 3409: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3384: 3380: 3379:Schlögel 2012 3375: 3372: 3369:, p. 158 3368: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3333: 3330:, p. 385 3329: 3324: 3321: 3317: 3316:Schlögel 2012 3312: 3309: 3305: 3304:Schlögel 2012 3300: 3297: 3294:, p. 162 3293: 3292:Schlögel 2012 3288: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3273: 3270: 3267:, p. 150 3266: 3261: 3258: 3255:, p. 384 3254: 3249: 3246: 3243:, p. 148 3242: 3237: 3234: 3231:, p. 147 3230: 3225: 3222: 3219:, p. 146 3218: 3213: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3198: 3195:, p. 160 3194: 3193:Schlögel 2012 3189: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3135: 3131: 3126: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3111: 3108:, p. 106 3107: 3102: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3087: 3083: 3078: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3063: 3060:, p. 376 3059: 3054: 3051: 3047: 3042: 3039: 3035: 3030: 3027: 3023: 3018: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2991: 2988:, p. 358 2987: 2982: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2931: 2928:, p. 242 2927: 2922: 2919: 2916:, p. 175 2915: 2910: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2895: 2892:, p. 382 2891: 2886: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2823: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2808: 2804: 2799: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2784: 2781:, p. 209 2780: 2775: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2748: 2744: 2739: 2737: 2733: 2730:, p. 115 2729: 2724: 2721: 2717: 2712: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2697: 2694:, p. 165 2693: 2688: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2661: 2658:, p. 146 2657: 2652: 2650: 2646: 2643:, p. 164 2642: 2637: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2622: 2619:, p. 163 2618: 2613: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2571: 2568:, p. 389 2567: 2562: 2559: 2556:, p. 163 2555: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2538: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2523: 2520:, p. 271 2519: 2514: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2487: 2484:, p. 156 2483: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2439:, p. 140 2438: 2433: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2418: 2415:, p. 162 2414: 2409: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2382: 2379:, p. 155 2378: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2355: 2352:, p. 275 2351: 2346: 2343: 2340:, p. 530 2339: 2334: 2331: 2328:, p. 213 2327: 2322: 2319: 2316:, p. 267 2315: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2301:, p. 531 2300: 2295: 2292: 2289:, p. 397 2288: 2283: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2268: 2265:, p. 526 2264: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2250:, p. 521 2249: 2244: 2241: 2238:, p. 522 2237: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2223:, p. 214 2222: 2217: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2202: 2198: 2197:Rayfield 2012 2193: 2190: 2187:, p. 379 2186: 2181: 2178: 2175:, p. 239 2174: 2169: 2166: 2163:, p. 319 2162: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2142: 2139:, p. 210 2138: 2133: 2130: 2127:, p. 523 2126: 2121: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2106: 2103:, p. 232 2102: 2097: 2094: 2091:, p. 227 2090: 2085: 2082: 2079:, p. 366 2078: 2073: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2058: 2055:, p. 177 2054: 2049: 2046: 2042: 2041:Altstadt 1992 2037: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2022: 2019:, p. 330 2018: 2013: 2010: 2006: 2001: 1998: 1995:, p. 224 1994: 1989: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1974: 1971:, p. 130 1970: 1969:Marshall 2010 1965: 1962: 1958: 1957:Marshall 2010 1953: 1950: 1947:, p. 198 1946: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1909: 1906:, p. 325 1905: 1900: 1897: 1894:, p. 299 1893: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1879:, p. 151 1878: 1873: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1804: 1801:, p. 136 1800: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1777: 1774:, p. 187 1773: 1768: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1700: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1670: 1664: 1656: 1650: 1647: 1641: 1638: 1634: 1628: 1625: 1617: 1606: 1601: 1598: 1594: 1588: 1579: 1575: 1569: 1564: 1553: 1548: 1545: 1538: 1533: 1531: 1530: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1518: 1517:Ordzhonikidze 1512: 1510: 1505: 1504: 1503:Ordzhonikidze 1498: 1496: 1491: 1490:Ordzhonikidze 1487: 1486:North Ossetia 1481: 1477: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1420: 1416: 1415:postage stamp 1411: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1394: 1387: 1385: 1383: 1382:Secret Speech 1379: 1374: 1371: 1366: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1308: 1298: 1294: 1293: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1261: 1259: 1257: 1256:heart failure 1251: 1247: 1245: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1210: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1170: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1145: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1094: 1092: 1090: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1059: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1035: 1029: 1027: 1019: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1002: 1000: 994: 991: 986: 983: 978: 976: 972: 968: 963: 960: 956: 952: 943: 936: 934: 932: 928: 924: 920: 915: 911: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 882: 880: 876: 867: 865: 863: 859: 854: 849: 845: 841: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 822:Eleventh Army 818: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 790: 783: 781: 779: 775: 771: 766: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 723: 720: 716: 711: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 685: 680: 678: 676: 672: 668: 664: 659: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 636: 634: 630: 625: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 602: 600: 596: 592: 588: 587:Joseph Stalin 583: 581: 577: 573: 568: 564: 560: 552: 550: 548: 542: 540: 536: 531: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 502: 498: 493: 486: 481: 479: 477: 476:rise to power 473: 472:Joseph Stalin 469: 464: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 437: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 390: 388: 384: 380: 376: 367: 360: 357: 351: 347: 344: 343: 341: 337: 333: 330: 328:Resting place 326: 322: 312: 308: 304: 300: 295: 287: 283: 278: 274: 268: 263: 259: 254: 248: 243: 240: 237: 233: 228: 225: 222: 216: 212: 206: 200: 195: 192: 188: 185: 179: 173: 170: 167: 161: 155: 150: 147: 142: 139: 136: 130: 127: 121: 115: 109: 104: 101: 97: 93: 86: 81: 70: 63: 58: 57:Ordzhonikidze 54: 51: and the 50: 46: 42: 35: 30: 19: 4915: 4899: 4890:Sergei Kirov 4834:Leon Trotsky 4819:Alexei Rykov 4787:Full members 4695: 4686:Alexei Rykov 4661:Sergei Kirov 4639:Full members 4579:Robert Eikhe 4517: 4498:Sergei Kirov 4471:Full members 4428: 4422: 4402:at Wikiquote 4369: 4365: 4347: 4322: 4303: 4297: 4275: 4257: 4239: 4217: 4192: 4167: 4145: 4122: 4110: 4106: 4088: 4071:Young Stalin 4070: 4049: 4027: 4009: 3993: 3989: 3967: 3945: 3920: 3898: 3881:M. E. Sharpe 3876: 3855: 3832: 3797: 3791: 3775: 3769: 3751: 3730: 3718: 3715:Орджоникидзе 3714: 3692: 3673: 3667: 3645: 3627: 3605: 3583: 3575:Bibliography 3561: 3556:, p. 77 3549: 3537: 3525: 3513: 3508:, p. 15 3501: 3496:, p. 14 3489: 3477: 3465: 3453: 3442: 3437:, p. 82 3430: 3386: 3374: 3347: 3335: 3323: 3311: 3299: 3272: 3260: 3248: 3236: 3224: 3212: 3200: 3173: 3161: 3149: 3144:, p. 50 3137: 3132:, p. 35 3125: 3120:, p. 49 3113: 3101: 3089: 3077: 3072:, p. 67 3065: 3053: 3041: 3029: 3024:, p. 98 3017: 3005: 3000:, p. 93 2993: 2981: 2969: 2957: 2945: 2940:, p. 50 2933: 2926:Shearer 1996 2921: 2909: 2904:, p. 81 2897: 2885: 2880:, p. 84 2873: 2868:, p. 74 2861: 2856:, p. 80 2849: 2844:, p. 72 2822: 2817:, p. 68 2810: 2805:, p. 79 2798: 2793:, p. 78 2786: 2774: 2762: 2757:, p. 65 2750: 2745:, p. 81 2743:Shearer 1996 2723: 2711: 2699: 2687: 2675: 2670:, p. 30 2663: 2636: 2624: 2612: 2607:, p. 94 2592:, p. 42 2585: 2580:, p. 96 2573: 2561: 2549: 2544:, p. 36 2537: 2525: 2513: 2501: 2496:, p. 77 2494:Shearer 1996 2489: 2469:, p. 85 2467:Shearer 1996 2432: 2427:, p. 23 2420: 2408: 2396: 2391:, p. 22 2384: 2364:, p. 19 2357: 2345: 2333: 2321: 2294: 2282: 2270: 2243: 2216: 2204: 2192: 2180: 2168: 2156: 2144: 2132: 2120: 2108: 2096: 2084: 2072: 2060: 2048: 2043:, p. 97 2036: 2024: 2012: 2007:, p. 12 2000: 1988: 1983:, p. 63 1976: 1964: 1959:, p. 77 1952: 1923: 1918:, p. 39 1911: 1899: 1872: 1867:, p. 38 1852:, p. 11 1837:, p. 17 1830: 1818: 1813:, p. 32 1806: 1779: 1767: 1762:, p. 37 1755: 1750:, p. 10 1726: 1699: 1679:, p. 29 1672: 1649: 1640: 1632: 1627: 1600: 1547: 1516: 1515:MS Grigoriy 1508: 1501: 1499: 1489: 1483: 1455:tuberculosis 1448: 1439: 1432: 1424: 1395: 1391: 1375: 1367: 1363: 1346:lay in state 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1311: 1303: 1297:Dziga Vertov 1291: 1272:Kremlin Wall 1252: 1248: 1241: 1232: 1224:Leon Trotsky 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209:Magnitogorsk 1206: 1187: 1178: 1174: 1156: 1153: 1148: 1142: 1140: 1124: 1113: 1098: 1089:Kremlin Wall 1085: 1081:heart attack 1074: 1062: 1055: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1030: 1023: 1003: 995: 987: 979: 964: 948: 927:Soviet Union 916: 912: 883: 879:Budu Mdivani 871: 850: 846: 842: 819: 795: 778:Sergei Kirov 767: 724: 712: 689: 660: 637: 626: 603: 584: 556: 543: 532: 528:noble family 518:(now in the 505: 465: 438: 430:Soviet Union 391: 378: 374: 373: 315:(1937-02-18) 266: 246: 219:Succeeded by 198: 180: 176:Succeeded by 153: 133:Succeeded by 122: 107: 56: 48: 29: 4933:1937 deaths 4928:1886 births 4905:Vlas Chubar 4860:Lev Kamenev 4781:(1926–1927) 4737:Vlas Chubar 4633:(1930–1934) 4569:Vlas Chubar 4533:Vlas Chubar 4465:(1934–1939) 4218:Moscow 1937 3566:Murray 2000 3530:Kotkin 2014 3328:Kotkin 2017 3277:Kotkin 2017 3253:Kotkin 2017 3142:Knight 1993 3130:Knight 1993 3118:Knight 1993 3094:Knight 1993 3082:Knight 1993 3058:Kotkin 2017 3034:Kotkin 2017 2986:Kotkin 2017 2950:Kotkin 2017 2779:Kotkin 2017 2728:Kotkin 2017 2716:Bailes 1978 2656:Bailes 1978 2518:Bailes 1978 2362:Knight 1993 2287:Kotkin 2014 2275:Martin 2001 2077:Kotkin 2014 1835:Elwood 2011 1811:Rieber 2015 1721:, p. 6 1706:, p. 4 1694:, p. 5 1500:Two ships ( 1459:stenocardia 1405:Personality 1180:approving. 1109:coal mining 700:Vladikavkaz 640:Jack London 361:(1918–1937) 354:(1903–1918) 209:Preceded by 164:Preceded by 118:Preceded by 53:family name 4922:Categories 4148:, London: 3542:Bursa 1985 3518:Smith 1998 3435:Scott 2016 3070:Scott 2016 2350:Pipes 1964 2338:Smith 1998 2314:Pipes 1964 2299:Smith 1998 2263:Smith 1998 2248:Smith 1998 2236:Smith 1998 2173:Pipes 1964 2125:Smith 1998 2101:Pipes 1964 2089:Pipes 1964 1993:Pipes 1964 1981:Blank 1994 1945:Pipes 1964 1916:Scott 2016 1865:Scott 2016 1760:Scott 2016 1534:References 1474:See also: 1421:Leadership 1380:gave his " 1305:Committee 1105:metallurgy 895:Abkhazians 860:, and the 806:Azerbaijan 759:Mensheviks 753:, and the 644:Lord Byron 567:revolution 553:Bolsheviks 522:region of 482:Early life 414:Azerbaijan 350:Bolsheviks 45:patronymic 4032:Routledge 3845:459737452 3822:197767739 2437:Rees 1987 2425:Rees 1987 2326:Suny 1994 2221:Suny 1994 2209:Suny 1994 2149:Suny 1994 2137:Suny 1994 1665:Citations 1619:Russian: 1616:‹See Tfd› 1587:romanized 1574:‹See Tfd› 1563:translit. 1451:sclerosis 1388:Aftermath 975:Politburo 899:Ossetians 864:in 1921. 747:Stavropol 671:Petrograd 652:Karl Marx 563:Bolshevik 539:Zestaponi 461:Politburo 410:Civil War 387:Bolshevik 267:In office 260:Politburo 247:In office 239:Politburo 199:In office 154:In office 108:In office 4346:(1985), 4321:(1994), 4216:(2012), 4191:(2015), 4144:(2012), 4135:64021284 4121:(1964), 4069:(2007), 3944:(2014), 3875:(1995), 3854:(1993), 3831:(1951), 3750:(2015), 3691:(1990), 1605:Georgian 1552:Georgian 1509:Sverdlov 1495:Ossetian 1466:duties. 1453:and had 1354:cremated 1006:wreckers 708:Cossacks 535:Chiatura 508:Ghoresha 501:Georgia. 497:Ghoresha 468:wreckers 334:, Moscow 319:Moscow, 299:Ghoresha 4412:of the 4408:in the 3814:2496711 3682:4209080 1589:: 1578:Russian 1433:At the 1348:in the 1316:to see 1314:Kremlin 1238:Papulia 1120:Ukraine 810:Georgia 802:Armenia 715:Chechen 702:in the 633:Yakutsk 622:Vologda 591:Siberia 576:May Day 547:orderly 524:Georgia 520:Imereti 514:of the 422:Georgia 418:Armenia 4376: 4354: 4333: 4286: 4264: 4246: 4228: 4222:Polity 4203: 4178: 4156: 4133: 4095: 4077: 4056: 4038: 4016: 3974: 3956: 3931: 3909: 3887: 3862: 3843: 3820: 3812: 3758: 3737: 3703: 3680: 3656: 3634: 3616: 3594: 1607:: 1554:: 1526:Crimea 1470:Legacy 1445:Health 1307:plenum 1157:Pravda 1149:Pravda 1144:Pravda 1116:Donbas 826:invade 808:, and 749:, and 727:Crimea 719:Ingush 646:, and 595:Persia 420:, and 377:(born 43:, the 4368:[ 4109:[ 3818:S2CID 3810:JSTOR 3717:[ 3678:JSTOR 1633:Sergo 1539:Notes 1428:Cheka 1398:Gulag 1368:Some 1262:Death 739:Terek 735:Kuban 487:Youth 346:RSDLP 4374:ISBN 4352:ISBN 4331:ISBN 4284:ISBN 4262:ISBN 4244:ISBN 4226:ISBN 4201:ISBN 4176:ISBN 4154:ISBN 4131:LCCN 4093:ISBN 4075:ISBN 4054:ISBN 4036:ISBN 4014:ISBN 3972:ISBN 3954:ISBN 3929:ISBN 3907:ISBN 3885:ISBN 3860:ISBN 3841:OCLC 3756:ISBN 3735:ISBN 3701:ISBN 3654:ISBN 3632:ISBN 3614:ISBN 3592:ISBN 1513:and 1506:, a 1478:and 1461:and 1325:and 1228:NKVD 1163:and 1136:tons 1107:and 1008:and 897:and 877:and 851:The 717:and 654:and 572:Baku 383:O.S. 310:Died 294:O.S. 285:Born 258:14th 236:17th 232:16th 4414:ZBW 4308:doi 3998:doi 3802:doi 3780:doi 1204:. 824:to 814:oil 731:Don 710:. 55:is 47:is 4924:: 4329:, 4304:50 4302:, 4282:, 4224:, 4199:, 4174:, 4152:, 4129:, 4034:, 3994:38 3952:, 3905:, 3883:, 3839:, 3816:, 3808:, 3798:38 3796:, 3776:37 3774:, 3699:, 3674:63 3672:, 3652:, 3612:, 3590:, 3415:^ 3398:^ 3359:^ 3284:^ 3185:^ 2834:^ 2735:^ 2648:^ 2597:^ 2474:^ 2459:^ 2444:^ 2369:^ 2306:^ 2255:^ 2228:^ 1935:^ 1884:^ 1857:^ 1842:^ 1791:^ 1738:^ 1711:^ 1684:^ 1613:, 1584:, 1580:: 1571:; 1560:, 1167:. 804:, 761:, 745:, 741:, 737:, 733:, 729:, 658:. 642:, 499:, 416:, 352:) 301:, 234:, 4771:e 4764:t 4757:v 4623:e 4616:t 4609:v 4455:e 4448:t 4441:v 4310:: 4000:: 3804:: 3782:: 348:( 59:. 36:. 20:)

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