Grigory Potemkin - Knowledge (XXG)

1272: 1628: 1611:, debauchery, indecision, extravagance, falsification, military incompetence, and disinformation on a vast scale", but supporters hold that "the sybaritism and extravagance... are truly justified", stressing Potemkin's "intelligence, force of personality, spectacular vision, courage, generosity and great achievements". Although not a military genius, he was "seriously able" in military matters. Potemkin's contemporary Ségur was quick to criticise, writing that "nobody thought out a plan more swiftly , carried it out more slowly and abandoned it more easily". Another contemporary, the Scotsman 857:(1789–1796). Potemkin checked candidates for their suitability; it also appears that he tended to the relationships and "filled in" between favorites. Potemkin also arranged for Catherine to walk in on Rimsky-Korsakov in a compromising position with another woman. During Catherine's (comparatively) long relationship with Lanskoy, Potemkin was particularly able to turn his attentions to other matters. He embarked upon a long series of other romances, including with his own nieces, one of whom may have borne him a child. 980: 1344: 1752: 915: 1440: 694: 1204: 1421: 1117:. The period represented the peak of Russia's naval power relative to other European states. Potemkin also rewarded hundreds of thousands of settlers who moved into his territories. It is estimated that by 1782 the populations of Novorossiya and Azov had doubled during a period of "exceptionally rapid" development. Immigrants included Russians, foreigners, British convicts 91: 686: 1454:, then often known as Jassy in English, although he kept busy, overseeing peace talks, planning his assault on Poland, and preparing the army for renewed war in the south. He fasted briefly and recovered some strength, but refused medicine and began to feast once again, consuming a "ham, a salted goose and three or four chickens". On 13 October [ 1160:). Potemkin had other lovers at this time, including a 'Countess' Sevres and a Naryshkina. Leaving in April, the royal party arrived in Kherson a month later. On visiting Sevastopol, Austria's Joseph II, who was traveling with them, was moved to note that "The Empress is totally ecstatic... Prince Potemkin is at the moment all-powerful". 1582:. His highs and lows, his material and sexual excesses, his impulsive whims, his energy and lethargy, and his depressive spells suggest some kind of bipolar disorder. In a time that was not aware of mental illness, Potemkin, and, it must be said, the people in his life such as Catherine, suffered from this lack of understanding. 1412:

Princess Paskovia Adreevna Golitsyna (née Shuvalova) as his latest mistress. In the end, Potemkin was given the requisite authority to negotiate with the Turks (and, afterwards, to pursue his Polish ambitions), and dispatched by Catherine back to the south. She sent a note after him, reading "Goodbye my friend, I kiss you".

810:, as a lover. On 2 January 1776, Zavadovsky became Adjutant-General to the Empress (he became her official favorite in May) and Potemkin moved to command the St. Petersburg troop division. Signs of a potential "golden adieu" for Potemkin include his 1776 appointment, at Catherine's request, to the title of 1411:

Success on the Turkish front continued, mostly attributable to Potemkin. He now had the opportunity to confront the Turks and dictate a peace, but that would mean leaving Catherine. His procrastination soured Catherine's attitude towards him, a situation compounded by Potemkin's choice of the married

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Potemkin then visited the naval yard at Vitovka, founded Nikolayev, and traveled on to St. Petersburg, arriving in February 1789. In May he left once more for the front, having agreed on contingency plans with Catherine should Russia be forced into war with either Prussia or the upstart Poland, which

581:, then attacked him with their cues "for flirting with Catherine", resulting in Potemkin's eye being damaged during the brawl; the wound then turned septic "after being mistreated by a quack physician". Other sources claim that Potemkin's eye was struck by a ball "during a tennis match". According to 1284:

Potemkin argued with Suvorov and Catherine herself, who were both anxious to assault Ochakov, which the Turks twice managed to supply by sea. Finally, on 6 December, the assault began and four hours later the city was taken, a coup for Potemkin. Nearly ten thousand Turks had been killed at a cost of

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Though the love affair appeared to end, Catherine and Potemkin maintained a particularly close friendship, which continued to dominate their lives. Most of the time this meant a love triangle in the court between the pair and Catherine's latest swain. The favorite had a high-pressure position: after

444:", a ruse involving the construction of painted façades to mimic real villages, full of happy, well-fed people, for visiting officials to see. Potemkin was known for his love of women, gambling and material wealth. He oversaw the construction of many historically significant buildings, including the 1602:

Everything I have ever wanted, I have... I wanted high rank, I have it; I wanted medals, I have them; I loved gambling, I have lost vast sums; I liked giving parties, I've given magnificent ones; I enjoy building houses, I've raised palaces; I liked buying estates, I have many; I adore diamonds and

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noted that Potemkin had "natural abilities an excellent memory". He was interested in history, generally knowledgeable, and loved the classical music of the period, as well as opera. He liked all food, both peasant and fine, his favorites included roast beef and potatoes, and his anglophilia meant

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After two years he returned to St. Petersburg to face the threat of war against an Anglo-Prussian coalition in addition to the war with Turkey. His return was widely celebrated with the "Carnival of Prince Potemkin". The Prince came across as polite and charming though his latest mistress, Princess

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arrived in court in 1775 on the direction of their recently widowed father Vassily. Legend suggests Potemkin soon seduced many of the girls, one of whom was twelve or thirteen at the time. An affair with the third eldest, Varvara, can be verified; after that had subsided, Potemkin formed close—and

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broke out, the second of Potemkin's lifetime. His opponents were anxious to reclaim the lands they had lost in the last war, and they were under pressure from Prussia, Britain and Sweden to take a hostile attitude towards Russia. Potemkin's bluster had probably contributed to the hostility, either

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That Catherine and Potemkin married is "almost certain", according to Simon Sebag Montefiore, although biographer Virginia Rounding has expressed some doubts. In December 1784 Catherine first explicitly referred to Potemkin as her husband in correspondence, though 1775, 1784 and 1791 have all been

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objected to Vasilchikov's dismissal, she wrote back to him, "Why do you reproach me because I dismiss a well-meaning but extremely boring bourgeois in favour of one of the greatest, the most comical and amusing, characters of this iron century?" His uncouth behavior shocked the court, but Potemkin

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Although Catherine had not yet taken Potemkin as a lover, it seems likely that she passively—if not actively—encouraged his flirtatious behaviour, including his regular practice of kissing her hand and declaring his love for her: without encouragement, Potemkin could have expected trouble from the

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to fool Catherine into thinking that the area was far richer than it was. Thousands of peasants were alleged to have been stage-managed for this purpose. Certainly, Potemkin had arranged for Catherine to see the best he had to offer, organizing numerous exotic excursions, and at least two cities'

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The only way I can express my gratitude to Your Majesty is to shed my blood for Your glory. This war provides an excellent opportunity for this and I cannot live in idleness. Allow me now, Merciful Sovereign, to appeal at Your Majesty's feet and request Your Majesty to send me to... the front in

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Back at the front, Potemkin won more military acclaim, but then fell ill; rejecting medicine, he recovered only slowly. After a lull in hostilities in 1772 his movements are unclear, but it seems that he returned to St. Petersburg where he is recorded, perhaps apocryphally, to have been one of

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failed. Plans for a full-scale invasion had previously been cut back and a small unit sent to establish a trading post there was quickly turned away. Potemkin focused instead on Russia's southern provinces, where he was busy founding cities (including Sevastopol) and creating his own personal

1562:, for example. In Ségur's view, onlookers had a tendency to unjustly attribute to Catherine alone the successes of the period and to Potemkin the failures. An eccentric workaholic, Potemkin was vain and a great lover of jewelry (a taste he did not always remember to pay for), but he disliked 1397:

Ekaterina Dolgorukaya, appeared sidelined, and Potemkin found himself embroiled in court intrigue whilst trying to force Zubov out. Catherine and Potemkin fought over military strategy; the Empress wanted no compromise, while Potemkin wanted to buy time by appeasing the Prussians.

1125:. Though the immigrants were not always happy in their new surroundings, on at least one occasion Potemkin intervened directly to ensure families received the cattle to which they were entitled. Outside of Novorossiya he drew up the Azov-Mozdok defense line, constructing forts at 1219:

deliberately or accidentally. Either way, his creation of the new fleet and Catherine's trip to the south had certainly not helped matters. In the center, Potemkin had his own Yekaterinoslav Army, while to the west lay the smaller Ukraine Army under the command of Field-Marshal

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and from an angle which disguised his injury. Potemkin was often noted for his uncouth behavior, most notably his unscrupulous sexual liaisons and biting his nails. Potemkin's nail-biting was so persistent that it was frequently noticed by courtiers and guests, and resulted in

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sauna in the basement of the Winter Palace; Potemkin soon grew so jealous that Catherine had to detail her prior love-life for him. Potemkin also rose in political stature, particularly on the strength of his military advice. In March 1774 he became Lieutenant-Colonel in the

1271: 1253:) and chasing the wives of soldiers under his command. Meanwhile, the Austrians remained on the defensive across central Europe, though they did manage to hold their lines. Despite advice to the contrary, Potemkin pursued an equally defensive strategy, though in the 1557:

described him as "colossal like Russia", "an inconceivable mixture of grandeur and pettiness, laziness and activity, bravery and timidity, ambition and insouciance". The internal contrast was evident throughout his life: he frequented both church and numerous

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Potemkin "exuded both menace and welcome"; he was arrogant, demanding of his courtiers, and very changeable in his moods, but also fascinating, warm, and kind. It was generally agreed among his female companions that he was "amply endowed with 'sex appeal'".

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has suggested that Kizlovsky fathered Potemkin, who became the centre of attention, heir to the village and the only son among six children. As the son of an (albeit petty) noble family, he grew up with the expectation that he would serve the Russian Empire.

1365:, thus ending the threat of invasion. The peace also freed up military resources for the war against the Turks. Potemkin had moved his ever more lavish court to Bender and there were soon more successes against Turkey, including the capture of 966:

of Persia initially looked as though it might also, but eventually declined Russian help. Exhausted, Potemkin collapsed into a fever he barely survived. Catherine rewarded him with one hundred thousand roubles, which he used to construct the

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Orlovs (Catherine's lover Grigory and his four brothers) who dominated court. Potemkin entered Catherine's circle of advisers, and in 1762 took his only foreign assignment, to Sweden, bearing news of the coup. On his return, he was appointed

1336:. His preferred lover at the time—though he had others—was Praskovia Potemkina, an affair which continued into 1790. Potemkin renamed two ships in her honor. As part of the diplomatic machinations, Potemkin was given the new title of "Grand 520:

later that year. The trip seems to have affected Potemkin: afterwards he studied little and was soon expelled. Faced with isolation from his family, he rejoined the Guards, where he excelled. At this time his net worth amounted to 430 souls

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was decorated for his service under Potemkin in the army; their daughter Ekaterina married first into the Raevsky family, and then the wealthy landowner Lev Davydov. She had children with both husbands, including highly decorated General

1230:, news of the loss of Potemkin's beloved fleet during a storm sent him into a deep depression. A week later, and after kind words from Catherine, he was rallied by the news that the fleet was not destroyed, but only damaged. General 481:(1704–1780) was "good-looking, capable and intelligent", though their marriage proved ultimately unhappy. Potemkin received his first name in honour of his father's cousin Grigory Matveevich Kizlovsky, a civil servant who became his 1022:

and the Caucasus) since 1774, repeatedly expanding the domain via military action. He kept his own court, which rivalled Catherine's: by the 1780s he operated a chancellery with fifty or more clerks and had his own minister,

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Potemkin returned to St. Petersburg in November 1783 and was promoted to Field Marshal when Crimea was formally annexed the following February. He also became President of the College of War. The province of

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The frequent letters the pair sent to each other survive, revealing their affair to be one of "laughter, sex, mutually admired intelligence, and power". Many of their trysts seem to have centered around the

4468: 1359:. Despite the damage, the silver lining for the Russians was that the Swedes now felt able to negotiate on an even footing and a peace was soon signed (Treaty of Värälä on 14 August 1790) based on the 1646:

Four of his five sisters lived long enough to bear children, but only the daughters of his sister Marfa Elena (sometimes rendered as 'Helen') received Potemkin's special attention. The five unmarried

374:(1768–1774). He became Catherine's lover, favorite and possibly her consort. After their passion cooled, he remained her lifelong friend and favored statesman. Catherine obtained for him the title of 4518: 1332:, to "winter like a sultan, revel in his mistresses, build his towns, create his regiments—and negotiate peace with ... he was emperor of all he surveyed". Potemkin even established a newspaper, 1289:

had recently successfully demanded the withdrawal of Russian troops from its territory. (Catherine herself was just about to change favorites for the final time, replacing Dmitriev-Mamonov with

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turned eighteen and began to gain his own support. By late January Potemkin had tired of the impasse and effected (perhaps with encouragement from Catherine) a "melodramatic retreat" into the

547:(or possibly hat plumage), which Potemkin quickly supplied. Potemkin's horse then appeared to refuse to leave her side for several minutes before Potemkin and the horse returned to the ranks. 370:

Potemkin was born into a family of middle-income noble landowners. He first attracted Catherine's favor for helping in her 1762 coup, then distinguished himself as a military commander in the

1381:. At Potemkin's request, General Suvorov commanded the assault, which proved to be costly but effective. The victory was commemorated by Russia's first, albeit unofficial, national anthem, " 2022:

Dolgorukaya was soon replaced by a new mistress, Sophie (de) Witte (nicknamed "The Beautiful Greek"), who was renowned in the courts of Europe at that time and had an accommodating husband.

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Potemkin was embalmed, and a funeral was held for him in Iași. Eight days after his death, he was buried. Catherine was distraught and ordered social life in St. Petersburg be put on hold.

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was withdrawn. In this way, the threat of a wider war receded. Though Russia was still at war with the Ottomans, Potemkin's focus was now Poland. Potemkin had conservative allies including

1264:, a Turkish stronghold and the main Russian war aim. Less promising was that St. Petersburg, exposed after Russia's best forces departed for Crimea, was now under threat from Sweden in the 4498: 560:(gentleman of the bedchamber), though he retained his post in the Guards. Potemkin was soon formally presented to the Empress as a talented mimic; his imitation of her was well received. 493:

After Alexander died in 1746, Daria took charge of the family. In order to achieve a career for her son, and aided by Kizlovsky, the family moved to Moscow, where Potemkin enrolled at a

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Catherine's son Paul, who succeeded to the throne in 1796, attempted to undo as many of Potemkin's reforms as possible. The Tauride Palace was turned into a barracks, and the city of

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lamented Potemkin's death. Likewise many in the military establishment had looked upon Potemkin as a father figure and were especially saddened by his demise. Polish contemporary

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October 2], he felt better and dictated a letter to Catherine before collapsing once more. Later, he awoke and dispatched his entourage to Nikolayev. On October 16 [

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Potemkin remained in the south, gradually sinking into depression. His inactivity was problematic, given that he was now Russia's commander-in-chief and, in August 1787, another

665:, third class, and fought well during the rout of the main Turkish force that followed. On leave to St. Petersburg, the Empress invited him to dine with her more than ten times. 4528: 911:. The May 1781 defensive treaty remained secret for almost two years; the Ottomans were said to still have been unaware of it even when they declared war on Russia in 1787. 1590:

that English gardens were prepared wherever he went. A practical politician, his political ideas were "quintessentially Russian", and he believed in the superiority of the

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A number of dates as late as 1742 have been found on record; the veracity of any one is unlikely to be proved. This is his "official" birth-date as given on his tombstone.

677:. It appears that Catherine missed him, and that Potemkin took a December letter from her as a summons. In any case Potemkin returned to St. Petersburg as a war hero. 1226:

Potemkin and Catherine agreed on a primarily defensive strategy until the spring. Though the Turks were repelled in early skirmishes against the Russian fortress at

646: 1285:(only) two-and-a-half thousand Russians. Catherine wrote that "you have shut the mouths of everyone... show magnanimity to your blind and empty-headed critics". 4493: 4473: 1042:, the Cossacks were likely doomed in any case. By the time of Potemkin's death, the Cossacks and their threat of anarchic revolt were well controlled. Among the 614:(chamberlain). Two months later Catherine had his military commission revoked, fully attaching him to court. In the interval, the Ottoman Empire had started the 4438: 4413: 1566:

and was sensitive about his appearance, particularly his lost eye. He only agreed to have portraits made of him twice, in 1784 and again in 1791, both times by

4428: 3987: 1746: 573:, and won a reputation as a lover. Under unclear circumstances, Potemkin then lost his left eye and fell into a depression. According to legend, Grigory and 3927: 4226: 4187: 767:

and as Commander-in-Chief of the Cossacks. These posts made him rich, and he lived lavishly. To improve his social standing he was awarded the prestigious

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After the coup, Catherine singled out Potemkin for reward and ensured his promotion to second lieutenant. Though Potemkin was among those guarding the ex-

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Having graduated from the university school, Potemkin became one of the first students to enroll at the university itself. Talented in both Greek and

505:. He enlisted in the army in 1750 at age eleven, in accordance with the custom of noble children. In 1755 a second inspection placed him in the élite 525:), equivalent to that of the poorer gentry. His time was taken up with "drinking, gambling, and promiscuous lovemaking", and he fell deep in debt. 4443: 2013:

Under the terms of the surrender, the garrison was allowed to leave unharmed, but three hundred guns were captured by the Russians in the process.

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and enthroned Catherine II. Sergeant Potemkin represented his regiment in the revolt. Allegedly, as Catherine reviewed her troops in front of the

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Potemkin had used the state treasury as a personal bank, preventing the resolution of his financial affairs to this day. Catherine purchased the

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beautiful things – no individual in Europe owns rarer or more exquisite stones. In a word, all my passions have been sated. I am entirely happy!

4483: 1444: 1183: 1157: 821:, but, contrary to the expectations of some onlookers (though not Catherine's), he returned a few weeks later. He then snubbed her gift of the 585:, the cause of the damage was most likely just "an infection." His confidence shattered, Potemkin withdrew from court, becoming something of a 333: 4109: 4081: 4059: 4037: 2401: 1527: 907:. The ensuing alliance represented the triumph of Potemkin's approach over courtiers such as Catherine's son Paul, who favored alliance with 3664: 1260:

In early summer 1788, fighting intensified as Potemkin's forces won their naval confrontation with the Turks with few losses, and began the

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Despite attempts by Paul I to play down Potemkin's role in Russian history, his name found its way into numerous items of common parlance:

870: 1408:, whose schemes were so diverse that they have yet to be fully untangled. For example, one idea was for Potemkin to declare himself king. 1223:. On water he had the Black Sea Fleet, and Potemkin was also responsible for coordinating military actions with Russia's Austrian allies. 803:, at least secretly. Potemkin's actions and her treatment of him later in life fit with this: the two at least acted as husband and wife. 701:

Potemkin returned to court in January 1774 expecting to walk into Catherine's arms. The political situation, however, had become complex.

1505:, worried for the fate of Poland after the death of the man who had planned to revitalise the Polish state with himself as its new head. 4217: 1586: 1192: 725: 1567: 1542:

said that his remains were taken from his tomb and transported to Russia. This was the ninth time that Potemkin's remains were moved.

1276: 1208: 605: 1351:(lower left). The ultimate result of the war would be the ceding of the land between the Bug and Dniester rivers (striped) to Russia. 1340:

of the Black Sea and Yekaterinoslav Cossack Hosts" and in March he assumed personal control of the Black Sea fleet as Grand Admiral.

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in the summer of 1786. Potemkin returned to the south, having arranged that Catherine would visit in the summer of 1787. She reached

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he intended to build. Potemkin approved every plan himself, but construction was slow, and the city proved costly and vulnerable to

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In 1775, Potemkin became the governor-general of Russia's new southern provinces. An absolute ruler, he worked to colonize the wild

1554: 673:, another Horse-Guardsman, replaced Orlov as the queen's lover. Potemkin returned to war in 1773 as Lieutenant-General to fight in 1195:, a member of the Austrian delegation, who had explored on his own during the trip, later proclaimed the allegations to be false. 4453: 1144:. When Yermolov attempted to unseat Potemkin (and attracted support from Potemkin's critics), he found himself replaced by Count 874: 756: 375: 1615:, added that Potemkin had "great abilities" but was ultimately a "worthless and dangerous character". Russian opponents such as 1324:

in late September. The massive fortress at Bender surrendered in November without a fight. Potemkin opened up a lavish court at

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had just arisen as a pretender to the throne, and commanded a rebel army thirty thousand strong. In addition, Catherine's son

4167: 1612: 290: 653:, continued its advance. Potemkin fought at the capture of Jurja, a display of courage and skill for which he received the 1459: 1455: 1400:

Fortunately for the Russians, the Anglo-Prussian alliance collapsed and a British ultimatum that Russia should accept the

900: 768: 645:. Potemkin saw action virtually every day, particularly excelling at the Battle of Prashkovsky, after which his commander 348: 344: 38: 2059: 1191:

officials concealed poverty by building false houses. It seems unlikely that the fraud approached the scale alleged. The

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Potemkin's Black Sea Fleet was a massive undertaking for its time. By 1787, the British ambassador reported twenty-seven

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agreed: the Prince had "lots of intelligence, intrigue and credit", but lacked "knowledge, application and virtue".

713:. Catherine relented and had Potemkin brought back in early February 1774, when their relationship became intimate. 592:

Eighteen months later, Potemkin reappeared, probably summoned by Catherine. Upon his return, "the man once known as

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in early October. With winter now approaching, Potemkin was confident the port would be safe until the spring.

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Though he was "bored" with Catherine, the separation was relatively peaceful. The Prince was sent on a tour to

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By late 1775, their relationship was changing, though it is uncertain exactly when Catherine took a secretary,

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in 1775, helped define his rule. However, Montefiore argues that given their location, and in the wake of the

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Catherine's closest advisers. Though Orlov was replaced as her favourite, it was not Potemkin who benefited.

4210: 2098: 1950: 1725: 1502: 1261: 1004:). Potemkin moved south in mid-March, as the "Prince of Taurida" or "Potemkin-Tauricheski". He had been the 943:

had become independent, though effectively under Russian control. In June 1782 it was descending again into

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because his madness made him a liability, but this is rejected by Montefiore, who suggests he succumbed to

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and planned future operations. He assembled an army of forty or fifty thousand, including the newly formed

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and his art collection from his estate, and paid off his debts. Consequently, he left a relative fortune.

1361: 1268:. Potemkin refused to write regularly with news of the war in the south, compounding Catherine's anxiety. 1078:

as the Crimean capital. His biggest failure, however, was his effort to build the city of Yekaterinoslav (

582: 554:, it appears that he had no direct involvement in Peter's murder in July. Catherine promoted him again to 486: 211: 1651:

probably amorous—relationships successively with Alexandra, the second eldest, and Ekaterina, the fifth.

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In 1784 Alexander Lanskoy died and Potemkin was needed at court to console the grieving Catherine. After

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as "a pack of madmen". One evening, at the height of his power, Potemkin declared to his dinner guests:

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Potemkin also had influential relatives. Potemkin's sister Maria, for example, married Russian senator

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and oversaw uniform production. Shortly thereafter, he became a Guardian of Exotic Peoples at the new

4408: 4403: 4311: 4270: 2032: 1608: 1370: 1356: 1305: 1118: 1043: 1035: 959: 838: 498: 173: 1534:. The exact whereabouts of some of his internal organs, including his heart and brain first kept at 516:, he won the university's gold medal in 1757 and became part of a twelve-student delegation sent to 4347: 1751: 1708: 1475: 772: 689:

A probably later portrait of a 35-year-old Potemkin at the height of his love affair with Catherine

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Elsewhere, Potemkin's scheme to develop a Russian presence in the rapidly disintegrating state of

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Potemkin's grave survived a destruction order issued by Paul and was eventually displayed by the

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and Turkish horsemen. He fought in Russia's victory at the Battle of Kamenets and the taking of

4180: 1667:, Potemkin's great-nephew. His wider family included several distant cousins, among them Count 1343: 1106:

after its capture from the Turks; it was to turn out to be his greatest city planning triumph.

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Potemkin then embarked on a period of city-founding. Construction started at his first effort,

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A previous town with the same founded in 1775 but in a badly chosen location was duly renamed

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was installed as the new favorite in 1785, Catherine, Yermolov and Potemkin cruised the upper

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searching for protection against Persia's aim to reestablish its suzerainty over Georgia; the

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Love and Conquest: Personal Correspondence of Catherine the Great and Prince Grigory Potemkin

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Love and Conquest: Personal Correspondence of Catherine the Great and Prince Grigory Potemkin

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Potemkin had no legitimate descendants, though it is probable he had illegitimate issue.

1466:, 60 km from Iași. Picking up on contemporary rumor, historians such as the Polish 637:. He distinguished himself in his first engagement, helping to repulse a band of unruly 4352: 4245: 4047: 4025: 1756: 1668: 1509: 1467: 1390: 1246: 968: 919: 764: 466: 445: 379: 364: 258: 201: 177: 106: 4093:

Calatori straini în Moldova si Muntenia în secolul XVIII : Carra, Bauer si Struve

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The summer and autumn of 1789 saw numerous victories against the Turks, including the

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Appendix: The Inner Family of Prince Potemkin including Favourite Nieces and Nephews

1671:, another decorated military figure, whose brother Mikhail married Potemkin's niece 531:, one of Catherine's lovers, led a palace coup in June 1762 that ousted the Emperor 4331: 1635:(née Engelhardt), one of Potemkin's favourite nieces and at one time also his lover 1290: 1203: 1031: 854: 800: 556: 1607:

Ultimately, Potemkin proved a controversial figure. Criticisms include "laziness,

1377:. By the end of November, only one major target remained: the Turkish fortress of 685: 351:

October 5] 1791) was a Russian military leader, statesman, nobleman, and

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The Grigory Potemkin Republican Cadet Corps is a specialized institution in the

1516: 997: 984: 954:, capitalizing on the fact that Britain and France were fighting elsewhere. The 752: 2394:

Royal Romances: Titillating Tales of Passion and Power in the Palaces of Europe

1420: 1027:, to oversee day-to-day affairs. Another favored associate was Mikhail Faleev. 2031:

The talks, which were continued by Catherine's secretary and foreign minister

1563: 1523: 1426: 1126: 1114: 1075: 1071: 927: 892: 866: 799:

dates. In all, Catherine's phrasing in 22 letters suggested he had become her

610: 593: 544: 426: 42: 3704: 4240: 2102: 2064: 1632: 1366: 1130: 1019: 1006: 950:

By July 1783, Potemkin had engineered the peaceful annexation of Crimea and

717: 674: 601: 578: 482: 352: 90: 1702:

was named in his honour. The ship became famous for its involvement in the

1643:

as the once-alleged daughter of Catherine the Great and Grigory Potemkin.

1187: 1742:

entered common usage in Russia and globally, despite its fictional origin.

1241:

Turning his attention elsewhere, Potemkin established his headquarters in

2039:, in which Russia annexed a significant amount of land from the Ottomans. 1680: 1572: 1355:

In July 1790 the Russian Baltic Fleet was defeated by the Swedish at the

1329: 1321: 1320:(modern-day Odesa); and finally the surrender of the Turkish fortress at 1313: 1298: 1254: 1099: 888: 818: 513: 470: 422: 1293:.) Back on the Turkish front, Potemkin advanced towards the fortress of 1098:. The second most successful city of Potemkin's rule was Nikolayev (now 744:, a post previously held by Alexei Orlov. He also became captain of the 2060:"ПОТЕМКИН-ТАВРИЧЕСКИЙ, ГРИГОРИЙ АЛЕКСАНДРОВИЧ | Энциклопедия Кругосвет" 1531: 1451: 1325: 1153: 1059: 1015: 993: 944: 904: 796: 634: 623:

whatever rank Your Majesty wishes... just for the duration of the war.

597: 418: 193: 50: 1347:

Potemkin's forces succeeded in advancing deep into Ottoman territory,

477:(1675–1746), was a decorated war veteran. His mother Daria Vasilievna 2092: 1471: 1463: 1378: 1374: 1337: 1113:. It put Russia on a naval footing with Spain, though far behind the 1103: 1102:), which he founded in 1789. Potemkin also initiated the redesign of 1095: 586: 501:. The young Potemkin became adept at languages and interested in the 430: 395: 608:, a significant political post. In September 1768, Potemkin became 1750: 1720: 1626: 1438: 1419: 1342: 1317: 1202: 1141: 1133:

and elsewhere and ensured that the whole of the line was settled.

1070:. Next was the port of Akhtiar, annexed with Crimea, which became 978: 951: 913: 692: 684: 638: 440:

His rule in the south is associated with the (probably mythical) "

347:

September 30] 1739 – October 16 [

331: 3039:: Chromolithography and Typography of V.I.Gratsiansky, 1877. 177. 1966:[ɡrʲɪˈɡorʲɪjɐlʲɪkˈsandrəvʲɪtɕpɐˈtʲɵmkʲɪntɐˈvrʲitɕɪskʲɪj] 1559: 1149: 1011: 877:, though the south remained his passion. His plan, known as the 865:

Potemkin's first task during this period was foreign policy. An

551: 522: 4199: 618:

and Potemkin was eager to prove himself, writing to Catherine:

3669: 1257:

Generals Tekeeli and Pavel Potemkin were making some inroads.

1172:, coined in German by critical biographer Georg von Helbig as 1122: 751:

In quick succession he won appointment as Governor-General of

716:

Several weeks later he had usurped Vasilchikov as Catherine's

469:(1617–1700), Grigory was born in the village of Chizhovo near 1913: 1716:, which at one point was named the greatest film of all time. 729:

showed himself capable of suitable formality when necessary.

473:

into a family of middle-income noble landowners. His father,

402:(1787–1792), during which the armed forces under his command 1901: 1889: 1813: 1804: 4509:

Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Second Degree

1858: 1538:

in Iași, remain unknown. Pro-Russian officials during the

4514:

Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Third Degree

4504:

Recipients of the Order of St. George of the First Degree

1922: 1910: 1822: 1519:, which had been named in Potemkin's honor, was renamed. 4227:

Mistresses and minions of Russian emperors and empresses

4095:(in Romanian). Iași: Institutul de Arte Grafice "Bravo". 2156:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

4469:

18th-century military personnel from the Russian Empire

2368:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 210–211. 1010:

of Russia's southern provinces (including Novorossiya,

958:

accepted Russian protection a few days later with the

939:, which had ended the previous Russo-Turkish war, the 3075:. Notes of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. Vol.59. 3053:. Notes of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. Vol.59. 1957:

Knyaz' Grigoriy Aleksandrovich Potyomkin-Tavricheskiy

1955: 1934: 1925: 1919: 1870: 1834: 1825: 1819: 649:

recommended him to Catherine. Potemkin's army, under

390:

forces. Potemkin's achievements include the peaceful

1907: 1898: 1886: 1855: 1810: 1801: 4519:

Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)

4340: 4279: 4233: 4122:(DeKalb, Northern Illinois University Press, 2004). 3072:

Report on the 29th award of the Count Uvarov Prizes

3050:

Report on the 29th award of the Count Uvarov Prizes

1916: 1904: 1892: 1861: 1816: 1807: 1462:October 5] 1791 Potemkin died in the open 869:, he helped negotiate with the English ambassador, 307: 296: 286: 278: 264: 254: 249: 229: 218: 207: 183: 156: 151: 135: 123: 104: 66: 697:The Empress Catherine (45) at around the same time 341:Prince Grigory Aleksandrovich Potemkin-Tauricheski 3874: 3872: 3870: 3857: 3855: 3830: 3828: 3663:Chernova, Anna; Pincheta, Rob (28 October 2022). 3610: 3608: 3499: 3497: 3436: 3434: 3337: 3335: 3035:. Historical Illustrated Monthly. Vol.3, part 2. 2216: 2214: 1945:Князь Григорий Александрович Потёмкин-Таврический 27:Russian military leader and statesman (1739–1791) 4182:"Potemkin, Grigory Aleksandrovich, Prince" 3929:What's the Big Deal?: Battleship Potemkin (1925) 3784:Potemkin: Catherine the Great's Imperial Partner 3757:Potemkin: Catherine the Great's Imperial Partner 3737: 3735: 3733: 3693:"Why Russia Stole Potemkin's Bones From Ukraine" 3106: 3104: 3091: 3089: 3002: 3000: 2939: 2937: 2864: 2862: 2693: 2691: 2666: 2664: 891:. Dismembering the Ottoman Empire would require 2396:. New York: New American Library. p. 199. 2267: 2265: 1600: 620: 433:. Ports in the region became bases for his new 30:"Potemkin" redirects here. For other uses, see 4459:Russian royalty and nobility with disabilities 2651: 2649: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2535: 2533: 1450:Potemkin fell ill in the fever-ridden city of 935:. That kingdom was about to expand: under the 903:. They met in May 1780 in the Russian town of 4211: 3988:"История Республиканского кадетского корпуса" 3917:Appendix: The Wider Family of Prince Potemkin 1943: 1578:It is possible that Potemkin was affected by 1526:. His remains appeared to lie in his tomb at 465:A distant relative of the Muscovite diplomat 8: 4191:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). p. 205. 2307: 2283: 2220: 1747:Ministry of Internal Affairs of Transnistria 1186:. Critics accused Potemkin of using painted 4529:Governors of the Yekaterinoslav Governorate 4499:People of the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) 2356: 2354: 2352: 1987: 1985: 1719:The name of the giant seaside staircase in 1079: 4218: 4204: 4196: 3974: 3914: 3902: 3890: 3878: 3861: 3846: 3834: 3819: 3807: 3741: 3724: 3650: 3638: 3614: 3599: 3563: 3551: 3539: 3527: 3515: 3503: 3476: 3464: 3452: 3440: 3425: 3413: 3401: 3389: 3365: 3341: 3314: 3302: 3290: 3278: 3266: 3254: 3242: 3218: 3206: 3182: 3158: 3146: 3110: 3095: 3006: 2991: 2967: 2943: 2928: 2904: 2892: 2868: 2853: 2841: 2829: 2805: 2781: 2769: 2733: 2709: 2697: 2682: 2670: 2640: 2628: 2616: 2604: 2592: 2580: 2512: 2500: 2488: 2476: 2464: 2452: 2440: 2428: 2416: 2387: 2385: 2343: 2331: 2319: 2295: 2271: 2256: 2244: 2232: 2205: 413:, controversially dealing firmly with the 89: 63: 4030:Empire: The Russian Empire and Its Rivals 2114: 2112: 1207:Potemkin in military attire, c. 1790, by 628:Potemkin, Correspondence, dated May 1769. 596:for his wit and beauty was re-nicknamed ' 417:who lived there. He founded the towns of 386:and the head of all of Russia's land and 3575: 3488: 3377: 3353: 3326: 3230: 3194: 3170: 2979: 2955: 2916: 2880: 2817: 2793: 2757: 2745: 2721: 2655: 2556: 2539: 2524: 1501:, a magnate and prominent leader of the 1497:, a niece of Potemkin's and the wife of 1270: 633:Potemkin served as Major-General of the 4162:"Potemkin, Gregor Alexandrovitch" 4074:Prince of Princes: The Life of Potemkin 2051: 1981: 1771: 1749:that is named after the Russian prince. 577:invited Potemkin to a friendly game of 359:. He died during negotiations over the 3134: 3122: 3018: 1759:of the Potemkin Republican Cadet Corps 1695:A century after Potemkin's death, the 1158:Crimean journey of Catherine the Great 95:1847 portrait, copy of an earlier work 4494:Morganatic spouses of Russian royalty 4474:City founders from the Russian Empire 4076:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 3626: 3587: 1964: 1425:The Death of Grigory Potemkin on the 7: 4439:Field marshals of the Russian Empire 4414:People from Dukhovshchinsky District 4052:Geneza i obalenie Konstytucji 3 Maja 2568: 1152:in late January, to travel down the 895:with Austria (technically still the 303:, Yekaterinoslav Army, Southern Army 4429:Politicians from the Russian Empire 996:(Crimea) was added to the state of 873:, during Catherine's initiative of 726:Friedrich Melchior, Baron von Grimm 1585:Potemkin was an intellectual. The 1277:Monument to the founders of Odessa 1209:Johann Baptist von Lampi the Elder 606:All-Russian Legislative Commission 25: 4419:People from Dukhovshchinsky Uyezd 4018:Catherine: Portrait of an Empress 3691:Santora, Marc (27 October 2022). 1729:, eventually became known as the 1383:Let the thunder of victory sound! 1308:in July; in early September, the 975:Governor-General and city builder 931:kingdom, including his brand new 825:, and took new apartments in the 616:Russo-Turkish War of 1768 to 1774 398:(1783) and the successful second 382:among many others: he was both a 336:Princely arms of Grigory Potemkin 4479:Princes of the Holy Roman Empire 4434:Governors-general of Novorossiya 3781:Montefiore, Simon Sebag (2005). 3754:Montefiore, Simon Sebag (2005). 1882: 1851: 1797: 1706:and subsequent dramatization in 1349:capturing the fortress at Izmail 1443:Potemkin's former grave in the 1369:and, on the second attempt, of 1121:, Cossacks and controversially 1062:, in 1778, as a base for a new 1030:The "criminal" breaking of the 812:Prince of the Holy Roman Empire 647:Aleksandr Mikhailovich Golitsyn 376:Prince of the Holy Roman Empire 4444:Members of the Russian Academy 4168:New International Encyclopedia 4118:Smith, Douglas (ed. and tr.), 3032:Drevni͡ai͡a i novai͡a Rossii͡a 2184:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 1555:Louis Philippe, comte de Ségur 1184:Catherine's visit to the south 1156:after the ice had melted (see 887:around the Turkish capital in 1: 4484:Lovers of Catherine the Great 4126:Soloveytchik, George (1938). 2159:(5th ed.). HarperCollins 769:Order of St. Alexander Nevsky 720:, and was given the title of 363:, which ended a war with the 39:Eastern Slavic naming customs 4054:(in Polish). Wyd.Lubelskie. 3081:Imperial Academy of Sciences 3059:Imperial Academy of Sciences 1266:Russo-Swedish War of 1788–90 380:Prince of the Russian Empire 223:Elizabeth Grigorieva Temkina 4100:Rounding, Virginia (2006). 1956: 1540:Russian invasion of Ukraine 1499:Franciszek Ksawery Branicki 1470:have suggested that he was 987:by Potemkin's death in 1791 789:Royal Order of the Seraphim 763:, as vice-president of the 4545: 4327:Alexander Dmitriev-Mamonov 2125:Collins English Dictionary 1704:Russian Revolution of 1905 1546:Personality and reputation 1146:Alexander Dmitriev-Mamonov 983:The approximate extent of 851:Alexander Dmitriev-Mamonov 724:. When Catherine's friend 711:Alexander Nevsky Monastery 539:before their march to the 378:and gave him the title of 37:In this name that follows 36: 29: 4373:Alexandra S. Albedinskaya 1944: 1528:St. Catherine's Cathedral 1495:Aleksandra von Engelhardt 1433:Mikhail Matveevich Ivanov 883:, aspired to build a new 841:(May 1778 to late 1778), 326: 147: 112: 100: 88: 79: 32:Potemkin (disambiguation) 4524:Russian royal favourites 2392:Carroll, Leslie (2012). 1594:. He once described the 1568:Johann Baptist von Lampi 1312:and the capture of both 937:Treaty of Kuçuk Kainarji 837:(May 1777 to May 1778), 781:Order of the Black Eagle 777:Order of the White Eagle 775:, along with the Polish 681:Favorite of Catherine II 242:Daria Skuratowa (mother) 198:Principality of Moldavia 80: 4454:18th century in Ukraine 4188:Encyclopædia Britannica 4070:Montefiore, Simon Sebag 3955:"Top Films of All-Time" 2362:Montefiore, Simon Sebag 2099:Oxford University Press 1726:The Battleship Potemkin 1503:Targowica Confederation 1334:Le Courrier de Moldavie 1119:diverted from Australia 503:Russian Orthodox Church 4256:Ernst Johann von Biron 4132:. Taylor & Francis 4104:. London: Hutchinson. 4091:Pascu, Giorge (1940). 1760: 1636: 1605: 1596:French revolutionaries 1447: 1436: 1402:status quo ante bellum 1362:status quo ante bellum 1352: 1281: 1211: 1178: 988: 923: 795:suggested as possible 698: 690: 631: 600:'." He became an army 583:Simon Sebag Montefiore 487:Simon Sebag Montefiore 367:that he had overseen. 343:(October 11 [ 337: 212:Catherine II of Russia 167:11 October 1739 (N.S.) 4383:Mathilde Kschessinska 4378:Catherine Dolgorukova 4292:Alexander Vasilchikov 2994:, pp. 258, 264–5 2095:UK English Dictionary 1754: 1630: 1491:Stanisław Małachowski 1442: 1423: 1346: 1274: 1221:Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky 1206: 982: 917: 785:Order of the Elephant 755:, as a member of the 742:Preobrazhensky Guards 696: 688: 671:Alexander Vasilchikov 507:Horse Guards regiment 335: 279:Years of service 273:Imperial Russian Navy 269:Imperial Russian Army 191:(aged 52) (N.S.) 4312:Ivan Rimsky-Korsakov 4271:Elizaveta Vorontsova 2033:Alexander Bezborodko 1712:, a Soviet movie by 1675:. A distant nephew, 1357:Battle of Svensksund 1044:Zaporizhian Cossacks 1036:Zaporozhian Cossacks 960:Treaty of Georgievsk 839:Ivan Rimsky-Korsakov 564:Courtier and general 499:University of Moscow 174:Smolensk Governorate 4489:Catherine the Great 4348:Yekaterina Nelidova 4177:Bain, Robert Nisbet 4102:Catherine the Great 4016:Kaus, Gina (1935). 3936:on 25 November 2010 1709:Battleship Potemkin 1476:bronchial pneumonia 1179:Potemkinsche Dörfer 1094:), now the city of 1034:, particularly the 971:in St. Petersburg. 773:Order of St. Andrew 663:Order of St. George 357:Catherine the Great 69:His Serene Highness 4322:Alexander Yermolov 4261:Aleksey Razumovsky 4072:(4 October 2001). 3977:, pp. 493–498 3905:, pp. 186–190 3744:, pp. 329–347 3697:The New York Times 3653:, pp. 498–502 3317:, pp. 402–403 3305:, pp. 395–396 3293:, pp. 390–395 3257:, pp. 379–383 3245:, pp. 369–374 3233:, pp. 427–431 3149:, pp. 281–287 2631:, pp. 119–121 2583:, pp. 103–105 2515:, pp. 100–102 1761: 1673:Tatiana Engelhardt 1648:Engelhardt sisters 1637: 1448: 1437: 1353: 1282: 1236:victory at Kinburn 1212: 1199:Commander-in-Chief 1168:The notion of the 1164:"Potemkin village" 1138:Alexander Yermolov 1089:glory of Catherine 1040:Pugachev rebellion 989: 956:Kingdom of Georgia 924: 847:Alexander Yermolov 699: 691: 475:Alexander Potemkin 338: 312:Russo-Turkish wars 237:Alexander Potemkin 4449:History of Crimea 4391: 4390: 4317:Alexander Lanskoy 4111:978-0-09-179992-2 4083:978-1-84212-438-3 4061:978-83-222-0313-2 4039:978-0-7126-0546-5 3787:. Vintage Books. 3760:. Vintage Books. 3617:, pp. 487–90 3590:, pp. 180–81 3566:, pp. 485–86 3554:, pp. 482–84 3542:, pp. 478–79 3530:, pp. 476–77 3506:, pp. 464–65 3479:, pp. 461–63 3455:, pp. 443–47 3416:, pp. 432–33 3392:, pp. 425–27 3368:, pp. 420–23 3344:, pp. 405–16 3281:, pp. 386–89 3269:, pp. 384–86 3221:, pp. 355–63 3209:, pp. 324–26 3197:, pp. 416–17 3185:, pp. 316–22 3113:, pp. 279–80 3098:, pp. 270–78 2946:, pp. 241–57 2931:, pp. 233–35 2895:, pp. 223–28 2871:, pp. 219–22 2856:, pp. 206–12 2844:, pp. 185–90 2808:, pp. 167–74 2784:, pp. 165–66 2772:, pp. 160–61 2736:, pp. 155–59 2712:, pp. 147–52 2700:, pp. 135–38 2658:, pp. 282–83 2607:, pp. 111–14 2403:978-0-451-23808-5 2308:Soloveytchik 1938 2284:Soloveytchik 1938 2221:Soloveytchik 1938 2187:. Merriam-Webster 1954: 1714:Sergey Eisenstein 1641:Elizabeth Temkina 1613:Sir John Sinclair 1592:Tsarist autocracy 1445:Kherson Cathedral 1387:Gavrila Derzhavin 1328:, the capital of 1306:Battle of Focşani 1280:in Odesa, Ukraine 1234:won an important 1232:Alexander Suvorov 1216:Russo-Turkish war 1111:ships of the line 922:in St. Petersburg 899:), and its ruler 897:Habsburg monarchy 843:Alexander Lanskoy 746:Chevaliers-Gardes 703:Yemelyan Pugachev 655:Order of St. Anna 400:Russo-Turkish War 372:Russo-Turkish War 330: 329: 130:Zakhar Chernyshev 105:President of the 82:Григорий Потёмкин 18:Grigory Potyomkin 16:(Redirected from 4536: 4464:Polish indigenes 4368:Varvara Nelidova 4363:Maria Naryshkina 4358:Louise Chevalier 4302:Pyotr Zavadovsky 4297:Grigory Potemkin 4220: 4213: 4206: 4197: 4192: 4184: 4172: 4164: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4115: 4096: 4087: 4065: 4043: 4021: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3990:. 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Then he built 1046:he was known as 964:Karabakh Khanate 885:Byzantine Empire 875:Armed Neutrality 871:Sir James Harris 853:(1786–1789) and 833:Zavadovsky came 808:Pyotr Zavadovsky 787:and the Swedish 761:General-in-Chief 722:Adjutant General 651:Pyotr Rumyantsev 629: 518:Saint Petersburg 497:attached to the 495:gymnasium school 450:Saint Petersburg 442:Potemkin village 404:besieged Ochakov 250:Military service 190: 166: 164: 152:Personal details 142:Nikolay Saltykov 138: 126: 117: 93: 83: 74:Grigory Potemkin 64: 21: 4544: 4543: 4539: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4534: 4533: 4424:Potemkin family 4394: 4393: 4392: 4387: 4336: 4275: 4229: 4224: 4175: 4159: 4152:Douglas Smith, 4148: 4135: 4133: 4125: 4112: 4099: 4090: 4084: 4068: 4062: 4046: 4040: 4026:Lieven, Dominic 4024: 4015: 4012: 4007: 3997: 3995: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3975:Montefiore 2001 3973: 3969: 3959: 3957: 3953: 3952: 3948: 3939: 3937: 3926: 3925: 3921: 3915:Montefiore 2001 3913: 3909: 3903:Montefiore 2001 3901: 3897: 3891:Montefiore 2001 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3390:Montefiore 2001 3388: 3384: 3376: 3372: 3366:Montefiore 2001 3364: 3360: 3352: 3348: 3342:Montefiore 2001 3340: 3333: 3325: 3321: 3315:Montefiore 2001 3313: 3309: 3303:Montefiore 2001 3301: 3297: 3291:Montefiore 2001 3289: 3285: 3279:Montefiore 2001 3277: 3273: 3267:Montefiore 2001 3265: 3261: 3255:Montefiore 2001 3253: 3249: 3243:Montefiore 2001 3241: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3219:Montefiore 2001 3217: 3213: 3207:Montefiore 2001 3205: 3201: 3193: 3189: 3183:Montefiore 2001 3181: 3177: 3169: 3165: 3159:Montefiore 2001 3157: 3153: 3147:Montefiore 2001 3145: 3141: 3133: 3129: 3121: 3117: 3111:Montefiore 2001 3109: 3102: 3096:Montefiore 2001 3094: 3087: 3069: 3065: 3047: 3043: 3029: 3025: 3017: 3013: 3007:Montefiore 2001 3005: 2998: 2992:Montefiore 2001 2990: 2986: 2978: 2974: 2968:Montefiore 2001 2966: 2962: 2954: 2950: 2944:Montefiore 2001 2942: 2935: 2929:Montefiore 2001 2927: 2923: 2915: 2911: 2905:Montefiore 2001 2903: 2899: 2893:Montefiore 2001 2891: 2887: 2879: 2875: 2869:Montefiore 2001 2867: 2860: 2854:Montefiore 2001 2852: 2848: 2842:Montefiore 2001 2840: 2836: 2830:Montefiore 2001 2828: 2824: 2816: 2812: 2806:Montefiore 2001 2804: 2800: 2792: 2788: 2782:Montefiore 2001 2780: 2776: 2770:Montefiore 2001 2768: 2764: 2756: 2752: 2744: 2740: 2734:Montefiore 2001 2732: 2728: 2720: 2716: 2710:Montefiore 2001 2708: 2704: 2698:Montefiore 2001 2696: 2689: 2683:Montefiore 2001 2681: 2677: 2671:Montefiore 2001 2669: 2662: 2654: 2647: 2641:Montefiore 2001 2639: 2635: 2629:Montefiore 2001 2627: 2623: 2617:Montefiore 2001 2615: 2611: 2605:Montefiore 2001 2603: 2599: 2593:Montefiore 2001 2591: 2587: 2581:Montefiore 2001 2579: 2575: 2567: 2563: 2555: 2546: 2538: 2531: 2523: 2519: 2513:Montefiore 2001 2511: 2507: 2501:Montefiore 2001 2499: 2495: 2489:Montefiore 2001 2487: 2483: 2477:Montefiore 2001 2475: 2471: 2465:Montefiore 2001 2463: 2459: 2453:Montefiore 2001 2451: 2447: 2441:Montefiore 2001 2439: 2435: 2429:Montefiore 2001 2427: 2423: 2417:Montefiore 2001 2415: 2411: 2404: 2391: 2390: 2383: 2376: 2360: 2359: 2350: 2344:Montefiore 2001 2342: 2338: 2332:Montefiore 2001 2330: 2326: 2320:Montefiore 2001 2318: 2314: 2306: 2302: 2296:Montefiore 2001 2294: 2290: 2282: 2278: 2272:Montefiore 2001 2270: 2263: 2257:Montefiore 2001 2255: 2251: 2245:Montefiore 2001 2243: 2239: 2233:Montefiore 2001 2231: 2227: 2219: 2212: 2206:Montefiore 2001 2204: 2200: 2190: 2188: 2177: 2176: 2172: 2162: 2160: 2149: 2148: 2144: 2134: 2132: 2118: 2117: 2110: 2105:on 26 May 2021. 2086: 2085: 2081: 2071: 2069: 2058: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2043: 2037:Treaty of Jassy 2030: 2026: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2008: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1972: 1961: 1942:; Russian: 1936: 1897: 1885: 1876: 1875: 1854: 1844: 1843: 1836: 1800: 1796: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1731:Potemkin Stairs 1689: 1665:Nikolay Raevsky 1625: 1587:Prince of Ligne 1548: 1536:Golia Monastery 1418: 1201: 1193:Prince of Ligne 1166: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1064:Black Sea Fleet 1056: 1048:Hrytsko Nechesa 977: 941:Crimean Khanate 933:Black Sea Fleet 863: 823:Anichkov Palace 779:, the Prussian 683: 659:Battle of Larga 630: 627: 566: 543:, she lacked a 463: 458: 435:Black Sea Fleet 361:Treaty of Jassy 301:Black Sea Fleet 271: 245: 192: 188: 187:16 October 1791 168: 162: 160: 136: 124: 118: 113: 96: 84: 81: 75: 72: 60: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4542: 4540: 4532: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4396: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4353:Anna Lopukhina 4350: 4344: 4342: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4246:Maria Cantemir 4243: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4230: 4225: 4223: 4222: 4215: 4208: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4173: 4157: 4147: 4146:External links 4144: 4143: 4142: 4123: 4116: 4110: 4097: 4088: 4082: 4066: 4060: 4044: 4038: 4022: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4005: 3979: 3967: 3946: 3919: 3907: 3895: 3883: 3866: 3851: 3839: 3824: 3812: 3800: 3793: 3773: 3766: 3746: 3729: 3717: 3683: 3655: 3643: 3631: 3619: 3604: 3592: 3580: 3578:, pp. 463 3568: 3556: 3544: 3532: 3520: 3508: 3493: 3491:, pp. 458 3481: 3469: 3457: 3445: 3430: 3418: 3406: 3394: 3382: 3370: 3358: 3346: 3331: 3319: 3307: 3295: 3283: 3271: 3259: 3247: 3235: 3223: 3211: 3199: 3187: 3175: 3163: 3151: 3139: 3127: 3115: 3100: 3085: 3063: 3041: 3023: 3011: 2996: 2984: 2972: 2960: 2948: 2933: 2921: 2909: 2897: 2885: 2873: 2858: 2846: 2834: 2822: 2810: 2798: 2786: 2774: 2762: 2750: 2738: 2726: 2714: 2702: 2687: 2675: 2660: 2645: 2633: 2621: 2609: 2597: 2585: 2573: 2561: 2544: 2529: 2517: 2505: 2493: 2481: 2469: 2457: 2445: 2433: 2421: 2409: 2402: 2381: 2374: 2348: 2336: 2324: 2312: 2300: 2288: 2276: 2261: 2249: 2237: 2225: 2210: 2198: 2170: 2142: 2108: 2079: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2024: 2015: 2006: 1993: 1980: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1970: 1789: 1780: 1770: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1762: 1757:corps of drums 1743: 1734: 1723:, featured in 1717: 1688: 1685: 1669:Pavel Potemkin 1624: 1621: 1547: 1544: 1510:Tauride Palace 1417: 1414: 1391:Osip Kozlovsky 1385:", written by 1247:Kuban Cossacks 1200: 1197: 1165: 1162: 1055: 1052: 976: 973: 969:Tauride Palace 920:Tauride Palace 889:Constantinople 862: 859: 765:College of War 682: 679: 625: 565: 562: 467:Pyotr Potemkin 462: 459: 457: 454: 446:Tauride Palace 431:Yekaterinoslav 365:Ottoman Empire 328: 327: 324: 323: 309: 305: 304: 298: 294: 293: 288: 284: 283: 280: 276: 275: 266: 265:Branch/service 262: 261: 256: 252: 251: 247: 246: 244: 243: 240: 233: 231: 227: 226: 220: 216: 215: 209: 205: 204: 202:Ottoman Empire 185: 181: 180: 178:Russian Empire 158: 154: 153: 149: 148: 145: 144: 139: 133: 132: 127: 121: 120: 110: 109: 107:College of War 102: 101: 98: 97: 94: 86: 85: 77: 76: 73: 67: 47:Aleksandrovich 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4541: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4401: 4399: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4339: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4307:Semyon Zorich 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4287:Grigory Orlov 4285: 4284: 4282: 4278: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4266:Ivan Shuvalov 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4251:Mary Hamilton 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4221: 4216: 4214: 4209: 4207: 4202: 4201: 4198: 4190: 4189: 4183: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4169: 4163: 4158: 4156: 4155: 4150: 4149: 4145: 4131: 4130: 4124: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4107: 4103: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4085: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4013: 4009: 3994:on 6 May 2021 3993: 3989: 3983: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3968: 3956: 3950: 3947: 3935: 3931: 3930: 3923: 3920: 3916: 3911: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3896: 3893:, p. 149 3892: 3887: 3884: 3880: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3867: 3864:, p. 343 3863: 3858: 3856: 3852: 3849:, p. 334 3848: 3843: 3840: 3836: 3831: 3829: 3825: 3822:, p. 340 3821: 3816: 3813: 3810:, p. 344 3809: 3804: 3801: 3796: 3794:9781400077175 3790: 3786: 3785: 3777: 3774: 3769: 3767:9781400077175 3763: 3759: 3758: 3750: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3730: 3727:, p. 329 3726: 3721: 3718: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3687: 3684: 3672: 3671: 3666: 3659: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3644: 3641:, p. 495 3640: 3635: 3632: 3629:, p. 127 3628: 3623: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3609: 3605: 3602:, p. 487 3601: 3596: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3581: 3577: 3576:Rounding 2006 3572: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3557: 3553: 3548: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3533: 3529: 3524: 3521: 3518:, p. 473 3517: 3512: 3509: 3505: 3500: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3489:Rounding 2006 3485: 3482: 3478: 3473: 3470: 3467:, p. 454 3466: 3461: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3446: 3443:, p. 441 3442: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3428:, p. 439 3427: 3422: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3407: 3404:, p. 429 3403: 3398: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3383: 3380:, p. 452 3379: 3378:Rounding 2006 3374: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3359: 3356:, p. 446 3355: 3354:Rounding 2006 3350: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3336: 3332: 3329:, p. 444 3328: 3327:Rounding 2006 3323: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3260: 3256: 3251: 3248: 3244: 3239: 3236: 3232: 3231:Rounding 2006 3227: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3200: 3196: 3195:Rounding 2006 3191: 3188: 3184: 3179: 3176: 3173:, p. 404 3172: 3171:Rounding 2006 3167: 3164: 3161:, p. 291 3160: 3155: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3140: 3137:, p. 212 3136: 3131: 3128: 3125:, p. 269 3124: 3119: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3073: 3067: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3051: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3033: 3027: 3024: 3021:, p. 271 3020: 3015: 3012: 3008: 3003: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2985: 2982:, p. 398 2981: 2980:Rounding 2006 2976: 2973: 2970:, p. 258 2969: 2964: 2961: 2958:, p. 395 2957: 2956:Rounding 2006 2952: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2922: 2919:, p. 366 2918: 2917:Rounding 2006 2913: 2910: 2907:, p. 235 2906: 2901: 2898: 2894: 2889: 2886: 2883:, p. 387 2882: 2881:Rounding 2006 2877: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2835: 2832:, p. 175 2831: 2826: 2823: 2820:, p. 347 2819: 2818:Rounding 2006 2814: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2799: 2796:, p. 299 2795: 2794:Rounding 2006 2790: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2763: 2760:, p. 309 2759: 2758:Rounding 2006 2754: 2751: 2748:, p. 298 2747: 2746:Rounding 2006 2742: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2727: 2724:, p. 297 2723: 2722:Rounding 2006 2718: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2685:, p. 137 2684: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2656:Rounding 2006 2652: 2650: 2646: 2643:, p. 124 2642: 2637: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2622: 2619:, p. 116 2618: 2613: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2598: 2595:, p. 113 2594: 2589: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2574: 2571:, p. 316 2570: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2557:Rounding 2006 2553: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2542:, p. 272 2541: 2540:Rounding 2006 2536: 2534: 2530: 2527:, p. 270 2526: 2525:Rounding 2006 2521: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2446: 2443:, pp. 76 2442: 2437: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2422: 2418: 2413: 2410: 2405: 2399: 2395: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2337: 2333: 2328: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2313: 2309: 2304: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2250: 2246: 2241: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2226: 2222: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2199: 2186: 2185: 2180: 2174: 2171: 2158: 2157: 2152: 2146: 2143: 2131: 2130:HarperCollins 2127: 2126: 2121: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2094: 2089: 2083: 2080: 2067: 2066: 2061: 2055: 2052: 2046: 2038: 2035:, led to the 2034: 2028: 2025: 2019: 2016: 2010: 2007: 2003: 1997: 1994: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1975: 1967: 1958: 1952: 1941: 1940: 1930: 1879: 1873: 1872: 1866: 1848: 1841: 1840: 1830: 1793: 1790: 1784: 1781: 1775: 1772: 1765: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1735: 1732: 1728: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1715: 1711: 1710: 1705: 1701: 1700: 1694: 1693: 1692: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1677:Felix Yusupov 1674: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1657: 1652: 1649: 1644: 1642: 1634: 1629: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1604: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1576: 1574: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1556: 1552: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1520: 1518: 1513: 1511: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1493:claimed that 1492: 1488: 1484: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1446: 1441: 1434: 1430: 1428: 1422: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1407: 1406:Felix Potocki 1403: 1398: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1363: 1358: 1350: 1345: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1286: 1279: 1278: 1273: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1243:Elisabethgrad 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1222: 1217: 1210: 1205: 1198: 1196: 1194: 1189: 1185: 1182:, arose from 1181: 1180: 1176: 1171: 1163: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1053: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1032:Cossack hosts 1028: 1026: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1008: 1003: 999: 995: 986: 981: 974: 972: 970: 965: 961: 957: 953: 948: 946: 942: 938: 934: 929: 921: 916: 912: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 881: 880:Greek Project 876: 872: 868: 860: 858: 856: 852: 849:(1785–1786), 848: 845:(1780–1784), 844: 840: 836: 835:Semyon Zorich 830: 828: 827:Winter Palace 824: 820: 815: 813: 809: 804: 802: 798: 792: 790: 786: 783:, the Danish 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 757:State Council 754: 749: 747: 743: 738: 737: 730: 727: 723: 719: 714: 712: 708: 704: 695: 687: 680: 678: 676: 672: 666: 664: 661:, he won the 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 624: 619: 617: 613: 612: 607: 603: 599: 595: 590: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 563: 561: 559: 558: 553: 548: 546: 542: 538: 537:Winter Palace 534: 530: 529:Grigory Orlov 526: 524: 519: 515: 510: 508: 504: 500: 496: 491: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 460: 455: 453: 451: 447: 443: 438: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 407: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 384:Grand Admiral 381: 377: 373: 368: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 334: 325: 321: 317: 313: 310: 306: 302: 299: 295: 292: 291:Field marshal 289: 285: 281: 277: 274: 270: 267: 263: 260: 257: 253: 248: 241: 238: 235: 234: 232: 228: 224: 221: 217: 213: 210: 206: 203: 199: 195: 186: 182: 179: 175: 171: 159: 155: 150: 146: 143: 140: 134: 131: 128: 122: 116: 111: 108: 103: 99: 92: 87: 78: 70: 65: 62: 58: 57: 52: 49: and the 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 4332:Platon Zubov 4296: 4186: 4166: 4153: 4134:. Retrieved 4128: 4119: 4101: 4092: 4073: 4051: 4048:Łojek, Jerzy 4029: 4017: 3996:. Retrieved 3992:the original 3982: 3970: 3958:. Retrieved 3949: 3938:, retrieved 3934:the original 3928: 3922: 3910: 3898: 3886: 3842: 3815: 3803: 3783: 3776: 3756: 3749: 3720: 3710:20 September 3708:. Retrieved 3696: 3686: 3674:. 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Retrieved 2068:(in Russian) 2063: 2054: 2027: 2018: 2009: 1996: 1792: 1783: 1774: 1737: 1724: 1707: 1698: 1690: 1658:: their son 1653: 1645: 1638: 1606: 1601: 1584: 1577: 1553: 1549: 1521: 1514: 1507: 1486: 1480: 1449: 1424: 1410: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1360: 1354: 1333: 1303: 1291:Platon Zubov 1287: 1283: 1275: 1259: 1240: 1225: 1213: 1173: 1167: 1135: 1108: 1057: 1047: 1029: 1025:Vasili Popov 1005: 1001: 990: 949: 925: 878: 864: 855:Platon Zubov 831: 816: 805: 793: 750: 735: 731: 715: 700: 667: 632: 621: 609: 591: 575:Alexei Orlov 567: 557:Kammerjunker 555: 549: 527: 511: 492: 485:. Historian 464: 439: 408: 369: 340: 339: 308:Battles/wars 189:(1791-10-16) 137:Succeeded by 114: 61: 54: 46: 4409:1791 deaths 4404:1739 births 4032:. 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