132:
418:, according to the original description, was approximately 40 cm (15.7 in), with the head shield having a very broad marginal plate and narrow pineal plate, with the nuchal relatively narrow, being approximately half as broad as it is long. The trunk shield of this species was characterized as having an anterior lateral plate which is almost as broad as long with a relatively straight anterior margin; the median dorsal plate is low with an apex that is posteriorly directed; its posterior dorsolateral plate is very narrow with inflexion of the main lateral line canal situated very close to posterior margin. This species has ornamentation of widely spaced, coarse tubercles.
2724:
2729:
153:
1971:
1959:
1945:
1952:
2719:
1965:
115:
402:, reached almost a meter in length. It lived in coastal and fluvial waters, where it is thought to have fed on either very small prey, or detritus; the small dental plates in its mouth strongly suggest that it was incapable of tackling large prey. The possibility that the plates may have been used to, at times, feed on bivalves has also been muted.
516:
608:
GESS, R. W. & HILLER, N. A. (1995b). Preliminary catalogue of fossil algal, plant,arthropod, and fish remains from a Late
Devonian black shale near Grahamstown,South Africa. In Annals of the Cape Provincial Museums (Natural History) (Volume 19),pp. 225–304. Cape Provincial Museums, Grahamstown,
544:
appears to have spent its entire life cycle within the
Waterloo Farm estuary as it is represented by a full ontogenetic series. Evidence from other Late Devonian localities with similar placoderm taxa which suggest that while many larvae or small juveniles stayed in the littoral zone close to adult
413:
fish. The presence of crushing tooth plates in the form of flat, noded infragnathals and superagnathals suggest that the species' diet may have included prey with hard external shells such as molluscs, crustaceans or arthropods. The armor length of
688:
Gess, Robert W. and
Whitfield Alan K. (2020). "Estuarine fish and tetrapod evolution: Insights from a Late Devonian (Famennian) Gondwanan estuarine lake and a southern African Holocene equivalent". Biological Reviews. doi:10.1111/brv.12590.
549:
represents the most frequently preserved fish taxon from the
Waterloo Farm site, and may have been the most common vertebrate within the palaeoenvironment, though its frequent preservation may be influenced by preservational bias.
394:, allowing for its head to be thrown back, increasing its gape. However, as its head is somewhat compressed in comparison with many other arthrodires, and as the dorsal side came to a low, pyramid-like peak, it is believed that
618:
Olive, S., Prestianni, C. & Dupret, V., 2015: A new species of
Groenlandaspis Heintz, 1932 (Placodermi, Arthrodira), from the Famennian (Late Devonian) of Belgium. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 35 (4): e935389. doi:
378:. Fossils of the different species are found in late Devonian strata in all continents except eastern Asia. The generic name commemorates the fact that the first specimens of the type species were found in Greenland.
747:
GESS, R. W. & TRINAJSTIC, K. M. (2017). New morphological information on, and species of placoderm fish
Africanaspis (Arthrodira, Placodermi) from the Late Devonian of South Africa. PLoS One 12(4),
628:
Janvier, P. and A. Ritchie. 1977. Le genre
Groenlandaspis Heintz (Pisces,Placodermi, Arthrodira) dans le D6vonien d'Asie. Colloques Researches Academie des Sciences de Paris, series D, 284:1385-1388.
587:
Daeschler, E. B., Frumes, A. C. & Mullison, C. F., 2003: Groenlandaspidid
Placoderm Fishes from the Late Devonian of North America. Records of the Australian Museum, 55 (1): 45–60.
424:
is unusual among placoderms in that it is known what color it was; preserved pigment cells in its fossils indicate that its posterior was red and its anterior was silvery-white in a
708:
LONG, J.A., ANDERSON, M. E., GESS, R. W. & HILLER, N. (1997). New placoderm fishes from the Late
Devonian of South Africa. Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology 17, 253–268.)
738:
LONG, J.A., ANDERSON, M. E., GESS, R. W. & HILLER, N. (1997). New placoderm fishes from the Late
Devonian of South Africa. Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology 17, 253–268.
523:
trunk armour plates at the Waterloo Farm lagerstätte (anteriolateral at left, posterior dorsolateral at right (both upside down) and large elongate spinal towards the bottom).
540:’ derived from Rini or Rhini, the traditional isiXhosa name for Makhanda/Grahamstown, making it the first ever vertebrate fossil to have an isiXhosa derived scientific name.
398:
could not crane its head back very far. It was a relatively small fish, only 7.5 centimetres (3.0 in) in length on average, though one unusually large species,
2818:
729:
GESS, R. W. & HILLER, N. (1995a). Late Devonian charophytes from the Witteberg Group, South Africa. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 89, 417–428.
131:
2805:
2723:
2912:
776:
2887:
662:
2902:
2922:
640:
Heintz, A., 1932: Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Devonischen Fischfaunen Ost-Grönlands. Skrifter om Svalbard og Ishavet, 42: 1–27.
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2907:
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2728:
152:
533:
2892:
2882:
769:
567:
1970:
1219:
2748:
1958:
1951:
859:
2844:
2718:
1536:
2110:
2501:
2508:
1667:
1597:
2786:
2459:
2193:
1944:
1762:
1552:
1308:
886:
762:
2034:
1883:
1413:
1233:
2027:
1755:
1748:
1483:
1467:
1343:
147:
2347:
2295:
2169:
1897:
1681:
1653:
1632:
2849:
2494:
2154:
2062:
1964:
1702:
1660:
1646:
1511:
1054:
2831:
2823:
1545:
1240:
1160:
1040:
1026:
690:
658:
2859:
2836:
2282:
1876:
1100:
599:
Ritchie, A., 1975: Groenlandaspis in Antarctica, Australia and Europe. Nature, 254: 569–573.
536:
in South Africa, with a third species having been subsequently described. The species name ‘
2487:
2418:
2368:
2313:
2141:
2076:
2000:
1988:
1908:
1841:
1611:
1385:
1256:
1151:
720:. Science. 15 Aug 1997: Vol. 277, Issue 5328, pp. 905. DOI: 10.1126/science.277.5328.905b.
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2533:
2431:
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2340:
2219:
1862:
1818:
1789:
1773:
1733:
1639:
1424:
1285:
1167:
1109:
1033:
428:
pattern, camouflaging it in the murky, silty waters of the rivers in which it dwelled.
425:
2876:
2660:
2632:
2618:
2604:
2576:
2567:
2466:
2438:
2380:
2354:
2333:
2177:
2162:
2094:
2009:
1869:
1623:
1568:
1455:
1406:
1371:
1274:
1210:
1089:
844:
821:
72:
2695:
2590:
2542:
2522:
2326:
2302:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2208:
2185:
2125:
2083:
2069:
2018:
1890:
1834:
1782:
1726:
1695:
1582:
1490:
1476:
1440:
1399:
1350:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1226:
1127:
1061:
1047:
1005:
991:
984:
249:
17:
2780:
2681:
2653:
2639:
2597:
2583:
2556:
2515:
2396:
2249:
2118:
1848:
1827:
1713:
1525:
1504:
1392:
1181:
998:
47:
2771:
2688:
2674:
2667:
2646:
2611:
2473:
2452:
2445:
2256:
2103:
2055:
2048:
2041:
1803:
1447:
1433:
1378:
1357:
1336:
1294:
1188:
1174:
1140:
1116:
1082:
1068:
1019:
952:
939:
898:
815:
785:
371:
312:
210:
92:
57:
2549:
2480:
2403:
2389:
2263:
2201:
1855:
1796:
1740:
1688:
1589:
1518:
1364:
1301:
1012:
977:
970:
871:
827:
197:
164:
114:
97:
2797:
694:
655:
The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals
2765:
1674:
1604:
1195:
1075:
809:
375:
184:
87:
82:
67:
62:
52:
2810:
410:
102:
77:
803:
391:
174:
2742:
515:
583:
581:
514:
2746:
1986:
937:
796:
758:
532:
is one of two arthrodire placoderms described in 1999 from the
754:
545:
habitats, others may have moved upriver to avoid predation.
684:
682:
680:
678:
676:
674:
2755:
2566:
2532:
2417:
2379:
2312:
2281:
2218:
2140:
2093:
2017:
2008:
1999:
1907:
1817:
1772:
1712:
1622:
1566:
1535:
1466:
1423:
1284:
1254:
1209:
1150:
1126:
1099:
950:
897:
870:
843:
704:
702:
770:
390:had a joint in the back of its head with its
8:
636:
634:
2743:
2423:
2318:
2287:
2146:
2014:
2005:
1996:
1983:
1718:
1574:
1266:
1262:
1132:
962:
958:
947:
934:
876:
849:
840:
793:
777:
763:
755:
130:
113:
31:
657:. London: Marshall Editions. p. 32.
595:
593:
559:
648:
646:
405:The body shape of the largest species
7:
409:suggests that it was most likely a
519:A scatter of dissassociated adult
25:
2727:
2722:
2717:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1950:
1943:
348:Janvier, P. and A. Ritchie. 1977
151:
386:As with all other arthrodires,
1:
568:"Fossilworks: Groenlandaspis"
619:10.1080/02724634.2014.935389
2913:Placoderms of North America
122:Artist's reconstruction of
2939:
2715:
2426:
2321:
2290:
2149:
1995:
1982:
1941:
1721:
1577:
1269:
1265:
1135:
965:
961:
946:
933:
879:
852:
839:
792:
534:Waterloo Farm lagerstätte
501:Janvier and Ritchie, 1977
273:
268:
255:
248:
148:Scientific classification
146:
138:
129:
121:
112:
34:
2888:Placoderms of Antarctica
653:Palmer, D., ed. (1999).
529:Groenlandaspis riniensis
521:Groenlandaspis riniensis
258:Groenlandaspis mirabilis
27:Genus of fishes (fossil)
2903:Placoderms of Australia
370:is an extinct genus of
300:(Gess and Hiller, 1995)
524:
483:Daeschler et al., 2003
2923:Late Devonian animals
2845:Paleobiology Database
518:
460:Gess and Hiller, 1995
2918:Fossils of Greenland
2908:Placoderms of Europe
2898:Placoderms of Africa
473:Coccosteus disjectus
139:Hatchling fossil of
2893:Placoderms of Asia
1468:Groenlandaspididae
525:
492:Olive et al., 2015
224:Groenlandaspididae
18:Groenlandaspididae
2883:Arthrodire genera
2870:
2869:
2832:Open Tree of Life
2749:Taxon identifiers
2740:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2413:
2412:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2136:
2135:
1978:
1977:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1813:
1812:
1562:
1561:
1537:Williamsaspididae
1250:
1249:
1205:
1204:
1161:Austrophyllolepis
1027:Heightingtonaspis
929:
928:
925:
924:
921:
920:
917:
916:
511:
502:
493:
484:
470:
461:
452:
443:
363:
362:
357:
349:
341:
329:
309:
301:
293:
285:
244:
16:(Redirected from
2930:
2863:
2862:
2853:
2852:
2840:
2839:
2827:
2826:
2814:
2813:
2801:
2800:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2744:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2424:
2319:
2288:
2283:Pachyosteomorphi
2147:
2111:Kimberleyichthys
2015:
2006:
1997:
1984:
1973:
1967:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1947:
1877:Parabuchanosteus
1719:
1575:
1267:
1263:
1133:
1101:Wuttagoonaspidae
963:
959:
948:
935:
877:
850:
841:
834:
833:
794:
779:
772:
765:
756:
749:
745:
739:
736:
730:
727:
721:
718:Coloring Fossils
715:
709:
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697:
686:
669:
668:
650:
641:
638:
629:
626:
620:
616:
610:
606:
600:
597:
588:
585:
576:
575:
564:
509:
500:
491:
482:
480:G. pennsylvanica
468:
459:
450:
441:
355:
347:
335:
323:
308:(Woodward, 1891)
307:
299:
291:
279:
277:G. pennsylvanica
242:
235:
222:
209:
196:
156:
155:
134:
117:
107:
44:
40:Temporal range:
32:
21:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2858:
2856:
2848:
2843:
2835:
2830:
2822:
2817:
2809:
2804:
2796:
2794:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2751:
2741:
2732:
2701:
2562:
2528:
2502:Squamatognathus
2488:Kendrickichthys
2419:Aspinothoracidi
2409:
2375:
2369:Xiangshuiosteus
2314:Dunkleosteoidea
2308:
2269:
2214:
2142:Incisoscutoidea
2132:
2089:
2077:Protitanichthys
2001:Coccosteomorphi
1991:
1989:Eubrachythoraci
1974:
1956:
1949:
1923:
1909:Eubrachythoraci
1903:
1842:Burrinjucosteus
1809:
1768:
1708:
1618:
1612:Xiangshuiosteus
1571:
1558:
1531:
1462:
1419:
1386:Neophlyctaenius
1280:
1259:
1257:Phlyctaenioidei
1246:
1201:
1152:Phyllolepididae
1146:
1122:
1095:
955:
942:
913:
893:
866:
835:
799:
798:
788:
783:
753:
752:
746:
742:
737:
733:
728:
724:
716:
712:
707:
700:
687:
672:
665:
652:
651:
644:
639:
632:
627:
623:
617:
613:
607:
603:
598:
591:
586:
579:
572:fossilworks.org
566:
565:
561:
556:
434:
384:
264:
261:
241:
233:
220:
207:
194:
150:
108:
106:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
42:
41:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2936:
2934:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2875:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2854:
2841:
2828:
2815:
2802:
2792:
2787:Groenlandaspis
2777:
2761:
2759:
2757:Groenlandaspis
2753:
2752:
2747:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2626:Gymnotrachelus
2622:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2572:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2538:
2536:
2534:Brachydeiridae
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2509:Tafilalichthys
2505:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2432:Bruntonichthys
2427:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2385:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2365:
2362:Westralichthys
2358:
2351:
2344:
2341:Golshanichthys
2337:
2330:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2299:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2224:
2222:
2220:Camuropiscidae
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2190:
2182:
2174:
2166:
2159:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2122:
2115:
2107:
2099:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2023:
2021:
2012:
2003:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1863:Goodradigbeeon
1859:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1823:
1821:
1819:Buchanosteidae
1815:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1790:Atlantidosteus
1786:
1778:
1776:
1774:Migmatocephala
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1737:
1734:Cathlesichthys
1730:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1668:Gyroplacosteus
1664:
1657:
1650:
1643:
1640:Belemnacanthus
1636:
1628:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1608:
1601:
1598:Gemuendenaspis
1594:
1586:
1578:
1572:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1549:
1541:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1498:Groenlandaspis
1494:
1487:
1480:
1472:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1452:
1444:
1437:
1429:
1427:
1425:Arctolepididae
1421:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1410:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1298:
1290:
1288:
1286:Phlyctaeniidae
1282:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1270:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1215:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1168:Cobandrahlepis
1164:
1156:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1113:
1110:Wuttagoonaspis
1105:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1044:
1037:
1034:Kujdanowiaspis
1030:
1023:
1016:
1009:
1002:
995:
988:
981:
974:
966:
956:
951:
944:
943:
938:
931:
930:
927:
926:
923:
922:
919:
918:
915:
914:
912:
911:
910:
909:
903:
901:
895:
894:
892:
891:
890:
889:
880:
874:
868:
867:
865:
864:
863:
862:
853:
847:
837:
836:
832:
831:
824:
818:
812:
806:
797:
790:
789:
784:
782:
781:
774:
767:
759:
751:
750:
740:
731:
722:
710:
698:
670:
663:
642:
630:
621:
611:
601:
589:
577:
558:
557:
555:
552:
513:
512:
503:
494:
485:
476:
469:Woodward, 1891
462:
453:
444:
433:
430:
422:Groenlandaspis
396:Groenlandaspis
392:thoracic armor
388:Groenlandaspis
383:
380:
374:from the Late
367:Groenlandaspis
361:
360:
359:
358:
350:
342:
330:
318:
302:
294:
286:
271:
270:
269:Other species
266:
265:
262:
253:
252:
246:
245:
238:Groenlandaspis
231:
227:
226:
218:
214:
213:
205:
201:
200:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
144:
143:
136:
135:
127:
126:
119:
118:
110:
109:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
45:
39:
36:Groenlandaspis
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2935:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2861:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2788:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2661:Paramylostoma
2658:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2633:Heintzichthys
2630:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2619:Gorgonichthys
2616:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2605:Draconichthys
2602:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2577:Alienacanthus
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2568:Selenosteidae
2565:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2467:Erromenosteus
2464:
2462:
2461:
2460:Dinomylostoma
2457:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2439:Bullerichthys
2436:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2381:Heterosteidae
2378:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2355:Kiangyousteus
2352:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2334:Eastmanosteus
2331:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2194:Parabelosteus
2191:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2178:Harrytoombsia
2175:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2163:Compagopiscis
2160:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2095:Panxiosteidae
2092:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2010:Coccosteoidea
2007:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1972:
1968:
1966:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1870:Narrominaspis
1867:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1763:Luetkeichthys
1760:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1624:Holonematidae
1621:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1569:Brachythoraci
1565:
1555:
1554:
1553:Williamsaspis
1550:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1457:
1456:Kueichowlepis
1453:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1407:Prosphymaspis
1404:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1372:Kueichowlepis
1369:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1309:Barwickosteus
1306:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1275:Dicksonosteus
1272:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1253:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1211:Actinolepidae
1208:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1090:Yujiangolepis
1087:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1001:
1000:
996:
994:
993:
989:
987:
986:
982:
980:
979:
975:
973:
972:
968:
967:
964:
960:
957:
954:
949:
945:
941:
936:
932:
907:
906:
905:
904:
902:
900:
896:
888:
884:
883:
882:
881:
878:
875:
873:
869:
861:
860:Gnathostomata
857:
856:
855:
854:
851:
848:
846:
845:Gnathostomata
842:
838:
829:
825:
823:
822:Gnathostomata
820:Infraphylum:
819:
817:
813:
811:
807:
805:
801:
800:
795:
791:
787:
780:
775:
773:
768:
766:
761:
760:
757:
744:
741:
735:
732:
726:
723:
719:
714:
711:
705:
703:
699:
696:
692:
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
675:
671:
666:
664:1-84028-152-9
660:
656:
649:
647:
643:
637:
635:
631:
625:
622:
615:
612:
609:South Africa.
605:
602:
596:
594:
590:
584:
582:
578:
573:
569:
563:
560:
553:
551:
548:
543:
539:
535:
531:
530:
522:
517:
508:
504:
499:
495:
490:
486:
481:
477:
474:
467:
463:
458:
454:
451:Ritchie, 1975
449:
448:G. antarctica
445:
440:
436:
435:
431:
429:
427:
426:countershaded
423:
419:
417:
412:
408:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
381:
379:
377:
373:
369:
368:
354:
351:
346:
343:
339:
334:
331:
327:
322:
319:
316:
314:
306:
303:
298:
295:
292:Ritchie, 1975
290:
289:G. antarctica
287:
283:
278:
275:
274:
272:
267:
260:
259:
254:
251:
247:
240:
239:
232:
229:
228:
225:
219:
216:
215:
212:
206:
203:
202:
199:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
154:
149:
145:
142:
137:
133:
128:
125:
124:G. antarctica
120:
116:
111:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
43:Late Devonian
37:
33:
30:
19:
2756:
2696:Walterosteus
2694:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2591:Brachyosteus
2589:
2582:
2575:
2555:
2548:
2543:Brachydeirus
2541:
2523:Titanichthys
2521:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2327:Dunkleosteus
2325:
2303:Rhachiosteus
2301:
2294:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2243:Incisoscutum
2241:
2236:Fallacosteus
2234:
2229:Camuropiscis
2227:
2209:Trematosteus
2207:
2200:
2192:
2186:Mcnamaraspis
2184:
2176:
2168:
2161:
2153:
2126:Plourdosteus
2124:
2117:
2109:
2102:
2084:Watsonosteus
2082:
2075:
2070:Millerosteus
2068:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2035:Clarkeosteus
2033:
2026:
2019:Coccosteidae
1948:
1896:
1891:Taemasosteus
1889:
1884:Toombsosteus
1882:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1835:Buchanosteus
1833:
1826:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1783:Antineosteus
1781:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1739:
1732:
1727:Angarichthys
1725:
1701:
1696:Tropidosteus
1694:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1588:
1583:Antineosteus
1581:
1551:
1544:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1491:Cosmacanthus
1489:
1482:
1477:Africanaspis
1475:
1454:
1446:
1441:Heintzosteus
1439:
1432:
1414:Stipatosteus
1412:
1405:
1400:Phlyctaenius
1398:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1351:Heterogaspis
1349:
1342:
1335:
1330:Elegantaspis
1328:
1323:Diadsomaspis
1321:
1316:Cartieraspis
1314:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1273:
1239:
1234:Bollandaspis
1232:
1227:Ailuracantha
1225:
1218:
1194:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1159:
1139:
1128:Phyllolepida
1115:
1108:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1062:Proaethaspis
1060:
1053:
1048:Lehmanosteus
1046:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1006:Bryantolepis
1004:
997:
992:Antarctaspis
990:
985:Anarthraspis
983:
976:
969:
743:
734:
725:
717:
713:
654:
624:
614:
604:
571:
562:
547:G. riniensis
546:
542:G. riniensis
541:
537:
528:
527:
526:
520:
510:Heintz, 1932
506:
497:
488:
479:
472:
471:(originally
466:G. disjectus
465:
457:G. riniensis
456:
447:
442:Heintz, 1932
439:G. mirabilis
438:
421:
420:
416:G. riniensis
415:
407:G. riniensis
406:
404:
400:G. riniensis
399:
395:
387:
385:
366:
365:
364:
356:Heintz, 1932
352:
344:
337:
332:
325:
320:
311:
310:(originally
305:G. disjectus
304:
297:G. riniensis
296:
288:
281:
276:
263:Heintz, 1932
257:
256:
250:Type species
243:Heintz, 1932
237:
236:
223:
141:G. riniensis
140:
123:
35:
29:
2781:Wikispecies
2682:Selenosteus
2654:Pachyosteus
2640:Melanosteus
2598:Braunosteus
2584:Amazichthys
2557:Synauchenia
2516:Tapinosteus
2397:Heterosteus
2250:Latocamurus
2119:Panxiosteus
2028:Belgiosteus
1849:Errolosteus
1828:Arenipiscis
1756:Euleptaspis
1749:Euleptaspis
1714:Homostiidae
1526:Turrisaspis
1505:Mithakaspis
1484:Boomeraspis
1393:Pageauaspis
1344:Grifftaylor
1220:Actinolepis
1182:Phyllolepis
999:Baringaspis
814:Subphylum:
382:Description
2877:Categories
2689:Stenosteus
2675:Rhinosteus
2668:Phymosteus
2647:Microsteus
2612:Enseosteus
2474:Hadrosteus
2453:Dinichthys
2446:Bungartius
2348:Hussakofia
2296:Leptosteus
2257:Rolfosteus
2170:Cyrtosteus
2104:Janiosteus
2056:Jiuchengia
2049:Dickosteus
2042:Coccosteus
1918:see below↓
1898:Uralosteus
1804:Tityosteus
1682:Megaloplax
1654:Deirosteus
1633:Artesonema
1448:Huginaspis
1434:Arctolepis
1379:Lyhoalepis
1358:Huginaspis
1337:Gaspeaspis
1295:Aggeraspis
1189:Placolepis
1175:Cowralepis
1141:Gavinaspis
1117:Yiminaspis
1083:Simblaspis
1069:Qataraspis
1020:Eskimaspis
953:Arthrodira
940:Arthrodira
908:see below↓
899:Arthrodira
887:Placodermi
872:Placodermi
828:Placodermi
816:Vertebrata
786:Arthrodira
554:References
507:G. thorezi
372:arthrodire
353:G. thorezi
336:(Chaloner
333:G. theroni
313:Coccosteus
280:Daeschler
211:Arthrodira
198:Placodermi
2550:Oxyosteus
2495:Mylostoma
2481:Holdenius
2404:Yinostius
2390:Herasmius
2264:Tubonasus
2202:Torosteus
2155:Belosteus
2063:Livosteus
1856:Exutaspis
1797:Homosteus
1741:Dhanguura
1703:Tropinema
1689:Rhenonema
1661:Deveonema
1647:Bimbianga
1590:Dhanguura
1519:Tiaraspis
1512:Mulgaspis
1365:Kolpaspis
1302:Arctaspis
1055:Mediaspis
1013:Erikaspis
978:Aleosteus
971:Aethaspis
802:Kingdom:
748:e0173169.
538:riniensis
315:disjectus
171:Kingdom:
165:Eukaryota
2795:BioLib:
2772:Q2200315
2766:Wikidata
1675:Holonema
1605:Maideria
1546:Elvaspis
1241:Szelepis
1196:Yurammia
1076:Sigaspis
1041:Lataspis
826:Class: "
810:Chordata
808:Phylum:
804:Animalia
695:32059074
489:G. potyi
376:Devonian
321:G. potyi
217:Family:
185:Chordata
181:Phylum:
175:Animalia
161:Domain:
2860:4182106
2837:4949940
2824:1074786
2811:4852965
2798:1212660
498:G. seni
432:Species
411:benthic
345:G. seni
340:, 1980)
230:Genus:
204:Order:
191:Class:
2857:uBio:
693:
661:
338:et al.
328:, 2015
326:et al.
324:Olive
284:, 2003
282:et al.
2850:34341
2819:IRMNG
2806:GBIF
885:see
858:see
691:PMID
659:ISBN
48:PreꞒ
2879::
2847::
2834::
2821::
2808::
2783::
2768::
701:^
673:^
645:^
633:^
592:^
580:^
570:.
98:Pg
2372:?
2197:?
2189:?
2181:?
2173:?
2158:?
2129:?
2114:?
1744:?
1615:?
1593:?
1459:?
1451:?
830:"
778:e
771:t
764:v
667:.
574:.
505:†
496:†
487:†
478:†
475:)
464:†
455:†
446:†
437:†
317:)
234:†
221:†
208:†
195:†
103:N
93:K
88:J
83:T
78:P
73:C
68:D
63:S
58:O
53:Ꞓ
20:)
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