121:
407:, according to the original description, was approximately 40 cm (15.7 in), with the head shield having a very broad marginal plate and narrow pineal plate, with the nuchal relatively narrow, being approximately half as broad as it is long. The trunk shield of this species was characterized as having an anterior lateral plate which is almost as broad as long with a relatively straight anterior margin; the median dorsal plate is low with an apex that is posteriorly directed; its posterior dorsolateral plate is very narrow with inflexion of the main lateral line canal situated very close to posterior margin. This species has ornamentation of widely spaced, coarse tubercles.
2713:
2718:
142:
1960:
1948:
1934:
1941:
2708:
1954:
104:
391:, reached almost a meter in length. It lived in coastal and fluvial waters, where it is thought to have fed on either very small prey, or detritus; the small dental plates in its mouth strongly suggest that it was incapable of tackling large prey. The possibility that the plates may have been used to, at times, feed on bivalves has also been muted.
505:
597:
GESS, R. W. & HILLER, N. A. (1995b). Preliminary catalogue of fossil algal, plant,arthropod, and fish remains from a Late
Devonian black shale near Grahamstown,South Africa. In Annals of the Cape Provincial Museums (Natural History) (Volume 19),pp. 225–304. Cape Provincial Museums, Grahamstown,
533:
appears to have spent its entire life cycle within the
Waterloo Farm estuary as it is represented by a full ontogenetic series. Evidence from other Late Devonian localities with similar placoderm taxa which suggest that while many larvae or small juveniles stayed in the littoral zone close to adult
402:
fish. The presence of crushing tooth plates in the form of flat, noded infragnathals and superagnathals suggest that the species' diet may have included prey with hard external shells such as molluscs, crustaceans or arthropods. The armor length of
677:
Gess, Robert W. and
Whitfield Alan K. (2020). "Estuarine fish and tetrapod evolution: Insights from a Late Devonian (Famennian) Gondwanan estuarine lake and a southern African Holocene equivalent". Biological Reviews. doi:10.1111/brv.12590.
538:
represents the most frequently preserved fish taxon from the
Waterloo Farm site, and may have been the most common vertebrate within the palaeoenvironment, though its frequent preservation may be influenced by preservational bias.
383:, allowing for its head to be thrown back, increasing its gape. However, as its head is somewhat compressed in comparison with many other arthrodires, and as the dorsal side came to a low, pyramid-like peak, it is believed that
607:
Olive, S., Prestianni, C. & Dupret, V., 2015: A new species of
Groenlandaspis Heintz, 1932 (Placodermi, Arthrodira), from the Famennian (Late Devonian) of Belgium. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 35 (4): e935389. doi:
367:. Fossils of the different species are found in late Devonian strata in all continents except eastern Asia. The generic name commemorates the fact that the first specimens of the type species were found in Greenland.
736:
GESS, R. W. & TRINAJSTIC, K. M. (2017). New morphological information on, and species of placoderm fish
Africanaspis (Arthrodira, Placodermi) from the Late Devonian of South Africa. PLoS One 12(4),
617:
Janvier, P. and A. Ritchie. 1977. Le genre
Groenlandaspis Heintz (Pisces,Placodermi, Arthrodira) dans le D6vonien d'Asie. Colloques Researches Academie des Sciences de Paris, series D, 284:1385-1388.
576:
Daeschler, E. B., Frumes, A. C. & Mullison, C. F., 2003: Groenlandaspidid
Placoderm Fishes from the Late Devonian of North America. Records of the Australian Museum, 55 (1): 45–60.
413:
is unusual among placoderms in that it is known what color it was; preserved pigment cells in its fossils indicate that its posterior was red and its anterior was silvery-white in a
697:
LONG, J.A., ANDERSON, M. E., GESS, R. W. & HILLER, N. (1997). New placoderm fishes from the Late
Devonian of South Africa. Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology 17, 253–268.)
727:
LONG, J.A., ANDERSON, M. E., GESS, R. W. & HILLER, N. (1997). New placoderm fishes from the Late
Devonian of South Africa. Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology 17, 253–268.
512:
trunk armour plates at the Waterloo Farm lagerstätte (anteriolateral at left, posterior dorsolateral at right (both upside down) and large elongate spinal towards the bottom).
529:’ derived from Rini or Rhini, the traditional isiXhosa name for Makhanda/Grahamstown, making it the first ever vertebrate fossil to have an isiXhosa derived scientific name.
387:
could not crane its head back very far. It was a relatively small fish, only 7.5 centimetres (3.0 in) in length on average, though one unusually large species,
2807:
718:
GESS, R. W. & HILLER, N. (1995a). Late Devonian charophytes from the Witteberg Group, South Africa. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 89, 417–428.
120:
2794:
2712:
2901:
765:
2876:
651:
2891:
2911:
629:
Heintz, A., 1932: Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Devonischen Fischfaunen Ost-Grönlands. Skrifter om Svalbard og Ishavet, 42: 1–27.
2906:
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141:
522:
2881:
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758:
556:
1959:
1208:
2737:
1947:
1940:
848:
2833:
2707:
1525:
2099:
2490:
2497:
1656:
1586:
2775:
2448:
2182:
1933:
1751:
1541:
1297:
875:
751:
2023:
1872:
1402:
1222:
2016:
1744:
1737:
1472:
1456:
1332:
136:
2336:
2284:
2158:
1886:
1670:
1642:
1621:
2838:
2483:
2143:
2051:
1953:
1691:
1649:
1635:
1500:
1043:
2820:
2812:
1534:
1229:
1149:
1029:
1015:
679:
647:
2848:
2825:
2271:
1865:
1089:
588:
Ritchie, A., 1975: Groenlandaspis in Antarctica, Australia and Europe. Nature, 254: 569–573.
525:
in South Africa, with a third species having been subsequently described. The species name ‘
2476:
2407:
2357:
2302:
2130:
2065:
1989:
1977:
1897:
1830:
1600:
1374:
1245:
1140:
709:. Science. 15 Aug 1997: Vol. 277, Issue 5328, pp. 905. DOI: 10.1126/science.277.5328.905b.
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1807:
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1762:
1722:
1628:
1413:
1274:
1156:
1098:
1022:
417:
pattern, camouflaging it in the murky, silty waters of the rivers in which it dwelled.
414:
2865:
2649:
2621:
2607:
2593:
2565:
2556:
2455:
2427:
2369:
2343:
2322:
2166:
2151:
2083:
1998:
1858:
1612:
1557:
1444:
1395:
1360:
1263:
1199:
1078:
833:
810:
61:
2684:
2579:
2531:
2511:
2315:
2291:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2197:
2174:
2114:
2072:
2058:
2007:
1879:
1823:
1771:
1715:
1684:
1571:
1479:
1465:
1429:
1388:
1339:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1215:
1116:
1050:
1036:
994:
980:
973:
238:
2769:
2670:
2642:
2628:
2586:
2572:
2545:
2504:
2385:
2238:
2107:
1837:
1816:
1702:
1514:
1493:
1381:
1170:
987:
36:
2760:
2677:
2663:
2656:
2635:
2600:
2462:
2441:
2434:
2245:
2092:
2044:
2037:
2030:
1792:
1436:
1422:
1367:
1346:
1325:
1283:
1177:
1163:
1129:
1105:
1071:
1057:
1008:
941:
928:
887:
804:
774:
360:
301:
199:
81:
46:
2538:
2469:
2392:
2378:
2252:
2190:
1844:
1785:
1729:
1677:
1578:
1507:
1353:
1290:
1001:
966:
959:
860:
816:
186:
153:
103:
86:
2786:
683:
644:
The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals
2754:
1663:
1593:
1184:
1064:
798:
364:
173:
76:
71:
56:
51:
41:
2799:
399:
91:
66:
792:
380:
163:
2731:
504:
572:
570:
503:
2735:
1975:
926:
785:
747:
521:
is one of two arthrodire placoderms described in 1999 from the
743:
534:
habitats, others may have moved upriver to avoid predation.
673:
671:
669:
667:
665:
663:
2744:
2555:
2521:
2406:
2368:
2301:
2270:
2207:
2129:
2082:
2006:
1997:
1988:
1896:
1806:
1761:
1701:
1611:
1555:
1524:
1455:
1412:
1273:
1243:
1198:
1139:
1115:
1088:
939:
886:
859:
832:
693:
691:
759:
379:had a joint in the back of its head with its
8:
625:
623:
2732:
2412:
2307:
2276:
2135:
2003:
1994:
1985:
1972:
1707:
1563:
1255:
1251:
1121:
951:
947:
936:
923:
865:
838:
829:
782:
766:
752:
744:
119:
102:
20:
646:. London: Marshall Editions. p. 32.
584:
582:
548:
637:
635:
394:The body shape of the largest species
7:
398:suggests that it was most likely a
508:A scatter of dissassociated adult
14:
2716:
2711:
2706:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1939:
1932:
337:Janvier, P. and A. Ritchie. 1977
140:
375:As with all other arthrodires,
1:
557:"Fossilworks: Groenlandaspis"
608:10.1080/02724634.2014.935389
2902:Placoderms of North America
111:Artist's reconstruction of
2928:
2704:
2415:
2310:
2279:
2138:
1984:
1971:
1930:
1710:
1566:
1258:
1254:
1124:
954:
950:
935:
922:
868:
841:
828:
781:
523:Waterloo Farm lagerstätte
490:Janvier and Ritchie, 1977
262:
257:
244:
237:
137:Scientific classification
135:
127:
118:
110:
101:
23:
2877:Placoderms of Antarctica
642:Palmer, D., ed. (1999).
518:Groenlandaspis riniensis
510:Groenlandaspis riniensis
247:Groenlandaspis mirabilis
16:Genus of fishes (fossil)
2892:Placoderms of Australia
359:is an extinct genus of
289:(Gess and Hiller, 1995)
513:
472:Daeschler et al., 2003
2912:Late Devonian animals
2834:Paleobiology Database
507:
449:Gess and Hiller, 1995
2907:Fossils of Greenland
2897:Placoderms of Europe
2887:Placoderms of Africa
462:Coccosteus disjectus
128:Hatchling fossil of
2882:Placoderms of Asia
1457:Groenlandaspididae
514:
481:Olive et al., 2015
213:Groenlandaspididae
2872:Arthrodire genera
2859:
2858:
2821:Open Tree of Life
2738:Taxon identifiers
2729:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2402:
2401:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2125:
2124:
1967:
1966:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1802:
1801:
1551:
1550:
1526:Williamsaspididae
1239:
1238:
1194:
1193:
1150:Austrophyllolepis
1016:Heightingtonaspis
918:
917:
914:
913:
910:
909:
906:
905:
500:
491:
482:
473:
459:
450:
441:
432:
352:
351:
346:
338:
330:
318:
298:
290:
282:
274:
233:
2919:
2852:
2851:
2842:
2841:
2829:
2828:
2816:
2815:
2803:
2802:
2790:
2789:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2733:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2413:
2308:
2277:
2272:Pachyosteomorphi
2136:
2100:Kimberleyichthys
2004:
1995:
1986:
1973:
1962:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1936:
1866:Parabuchanosteus
1708:
1564:
1256:
1252:
1122:
1090:Wuttagoonaspidae
952:
948:
937:
924:
866:
839:
830:
823:
822:
783:
768:
761:
754:
745:
738:
734:
728:
725:
719:
716:
710:
707:Coloring Fossils
704:
698:
695:
686:
675:
658:
657:
639:
630:
627:
618:
615:
609:
605:
599:
595:
589:
586:
577:
574:
565:
564:
553:
498:
489:
480:
471:
469:G. pennsylvanica
457:
448:
439:
430:
344:
336:
324:
312:
297:(Woodward, 1891)
296:
288:
280:
268:
266:G. pennsylvanica
231:
224:
211:
198:
185:
145:
144:
123:
106:
96:
33:
29:Temporal range:
21:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2847:
2845:
2837:
2832:
2824:
2819:
2811:
2806:
2798:
2793:
2785:
2783:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2740:
2730:
2721:
2690:
2551:
2517:
2491:Squamatognathus
2477:Kendrickichthys
2408:Aspinothoracidi
2398:
2364:
2358:Xiangshuiosteus
2303:Dunkleosteoidea
2297:
2258:
2203:
2131:Incisoscutoidea
2121:
2078:
2066:Protitanichthys
1990:Coccosteomorphi
1980:
1978:Eubrachythoraci
1963:
1945:
1938:
1912:
1898:Eubrachythoraci
1892:
1831:Burrinjucosteus
1798:
1757:
1697:
1607:
1601:Xiangshuiosteus
1560:
1547:
1520:
1451:
1408:
1375:Neophlyctaenius
1269:
1248:
1246:Phlyctaenioidei
1235:
1190:
1141:Phyllolepididae
1135:
1111:
1084:
944:
931:
902:
882:
855:
824:
788:
787:
777:
772:
742:
741:
735:
731:
726:
722:
717:
713:
705:
701:
696:
689:
676:
661:
654:
641:
640:
633:
628:
621:
616:
612:
606:
602:
596:
592:
587:
580:
575:
568:
561:fossilworks.org
555:
554:
550:
545:
423:
373:
253:
250:
230:
222:
209:
196:
183:
139:
97:
95:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
31:
30:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2925:
2923:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2864:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2843:
2830:
2817:
2804:
2791:
2781:
2776:Groenlandaspis
2766:
2750:
2748:
2746:Groenlandaspis
2742:
2741:
2736:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2615:Gymnotrachelus
2611:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2561:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2527:
2525:
2523:Brachydeiridae
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2498:Tafilalichthys
2494:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2421:Bruntonichthys
2416:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2374:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2354:
2351:Westralichthys
2347:
2340:
2333:
2330:Golshanichthys
2326:
2319:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2288:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2213:
2211:
2209:Camuropiscidae
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2179:
2171:
2163:
2155:
2148:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2111:
2104:
2096:
2088:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2012:
2010:
2001:
1992:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1902:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1852:Goodradigbeeon
1848:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1812:
1810:
1808:Buchanosteidae
1804:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1779:Atlantidosteus
1775:
1767:
1765:
1763:Migmatocephala
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1726:
1723:Cathlesichthys
1719:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1657:Gyroplacosteus
1653:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1629:Belemnacanthus
1625:
1617:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1597:
1590:
1587:Gemuendenaspis
1583:
1575:
1567:
1561:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1538:
1530:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1487:Groenlandaspis
1483:
1476:
1469:
1461:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1441:
1433:
1426:
1418:
1416:
1414:Arctolepididae
1410:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1279:
1277:
1275:Phlyctaeniidae
1271:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1259:
1249:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1204:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1157:Cobandrahlepis
1153:
1145:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1102:
1099:Wuttagoonaspis
1094:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1054:
1047:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1023:Kujdanowiaspis
1019:
1012:
1005:
998:
991:
984:
977:
970:
963:
955:
945:
940:
933:
932:
927:
920:
919:
916:
915:
912:
911:
908:
907:
904:
903:
901:
900:
899:
898:
892:
890:
884:
883:
881:
880:
879:
878:
869:
863:
857:
856:
854:
853:
852:
851:
842:
836:
826:
825:
821:
820:
813:
807:
801:
795:
786:
779:
778:
773:
771:
770:
763:
756:
748:
740:
739:
729:
720:
711:
699:
687:
659:
652:
631:
619:
610:
600:
590:
578:
566:
547:
546:
544:
541:
502:
501:
492:
483:
474:
465:
458:Woodward, 1891
451:
442:
433:
422:
419:
411:Groenlandaspis
385:Groenlandaspis
381:thoracic armor
377:Groenlandaspis
372:
369:
363:from the Late
356:Groenlandaspis
350:
349:
348:
347:
339:
331:
319:
307:
291:
283:
275:
260:
259:
258:Other species
255:
254:
251:
242:
241:
235:
234:
227:Groenlandaspis
220:
216:
215:
207:
203:
202:
194:
190:
189:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
133:
132:
125:
124:
116:
115:
108:
107:
99:
98:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
35:
34:
28:
25:Groenlandaspis
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2924:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2850:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2777:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2650:Paramylostoma
2647:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2622:Heintzichthys
2619:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2608:Gorgonichthys
2605:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2594:Draconichthys
2591:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2566:Alienacanthus
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2557:Selenosteidae
2554:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2456:Erromenosteus
2453:
2451:
2450:
2449:Dinomylostoma
2446:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2428:Bullerichthys
2425:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2370:Heterosteidae
2367:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2344:Kiangyousteus
2341:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2323:Eastmanosteus
2320:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2183:Parabelosteus
2180:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2167:Harrytoombsia
2164:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2152:Compagopiscis
2149:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2084:Panxiosteidae
2081:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1999:Coccosteoidea
1996:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1961:
1957:
1955:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1859:Narrominaspis
1856:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1752:Luetkeichthys
1749:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1613:Holonematidae
1610:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1558:Brachythoraci
1554:
1544:
1543:
1542:Williamsaspis
1539:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1446:
1445:Kueichowlepis
1442:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1396:Prosphymaspis
1393:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1361:Kueichowlepis
1358:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1298:Barwickosteus
1295:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1264:Dicksonosteus
1261:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1242:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1200:Actinolepidae
1197:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1079:Yujiangolepis
1076:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1004:
1003:
999:
997:
996:
992:
990:
989:
985:
983:
982:
978:
976:
975:
971:
969:
968:
964:
962:
961:
957:
956:
953:
949:
946:
943:
938:
934:
930:
925:
921:
896:
895:
894:
893:
891:
889:
885:
877:
873:
872:
871:
870:
867:
864:
862:
858:
850:
849:Gnathostomata
846:
845:
844:
843:
840:
837:
835:
834:Gnathostomata
831:
827:
818:
814:
812:
811:Gnathostomata
809:Infraphylum:
808:
806:
802:
800:
796:
794:
790:
789:
784:
780:
776:
769:
764:
762:
757:
755:
750:
749:
746:
733:
730:
724:
721:
715:
712:
708:
703:
700:
694:
692:
688:
685:
681:
674:
672:
670:
668:
666:
664:
660:
655:
653:1-84028-152-9
649:
645:
638:
636:
632:
626:
624:
620:
614:
611:
604:
601:
598:South Africa.
594:
591:
585:
583:
579:
573:
571:
567:
562:
558:
552:
549:
542:
540:
537:
532:
528:
524:
520:
519:
511:
506:
497:
493:
488:
484:
479:
475:
470:
466:
463:
456:
452:
447:
443:
440:Ritchie, 1975
438:
437:G. antarctica
434:
429:
425:
424:
420:
418:
416:
415:countershaded
412:
408:
406:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
370:
368:
366:
362:
358:
357:
343:
340:
335:
332:
328:
323:
320:
316:
311:
308:
305:
303:
295:
292:
287:
284:
281:Ritchie, 1975
279:
278:G. antarctica
276:
272:
267:
264:
263:
261:
256:
249:
248:
243:
240:
236:
229:
228:
221:
218:
217:
214:
208:
205:
204:
201:
195:
192:
191:
188:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
143:
138:
134:
131:
126:
122:
117:
114:
113:G. antarctica
109:
105:
100:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
32:Late Devonian
26:
22:
19:
2745:
2685:Walterosteus
2683:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2580:Brachyosteus
2578:
2571:
2564:
2544:
2537:
2532:Brachydeirus
2530:
2512:Titanichthys
2510:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2316:Dunkleosteus
2314:
2292:Rhachiosteus
2290:
2283:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2232:Incisoscutum
2230:
2225:Fallacosteus
2223:
2218:Camuropiscis
2216:
2198:Trematosteus
2196:
2189:
2181:
2175:Mcnamaraspis
2173:
2165:
2157:
2150:
2142:
2115:Plourdosteus
2113:
2106:
2098:
2091:
2073:Watsonosteus
2071:
2064:
2059:Millerosteus
2057:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2024:Clarkeosteus
2022:
2015:
2008:Coccosteidae
1937:
1885:
1880:Taemasosteus
1878:
1873:Toombsosteus
1871:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1824:Buchanosteus
1822:
1815:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1772:Antineosteus
1770:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1728:
1721:
1716:Angarichthys
1714:
1690:
1685:Tropidosteus
1683:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1577:
1572:Antineosteus
1570:
1540:
1533:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1480:Cosmacanthus
1478:
1471:
1466:Africanaspis
1464:
1443:
1435:
1430:Heintzosteus
1428:
1421:
1403:Stipatosteus
1401:
1394:
1389:Phlyctaenius
1387:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1340:Heterogaspis
1338:
1331:
1324:
1319:Elegantaspis
1317:
1312:Diadsomaspis
1310:
1305:Cartieraspis
1303:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1262:
1228:
1223:Bollandaspis
1221:
1216:Ailuracantha
1214:
1207:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1128:
1117:Phyllolepida
1104:
1097:
1077:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1051:Proaethaspis
1049:
1042:
1037:Lehmanosteus
1035:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1007:
1000:
995:Bryantolepis
993:
986:
981:Antarctaspis
979:
974:Anarthraspis
972:
965:
958:
732:
723:
714:
706:
702:
643:
613:
603:
593:
560:
551:
536:G. riniensis
535:
531:G. riniensis
530:
526:
517:
516:
515:
509:
499:Heintz, 1932
495:
486:
477:
468:
461:
460:(originally
455:G. disjectus
454:
446:G. riniensis
445:
436:
431:Heintz, 1932
428:G. mirabilis
427:
410:
409:
405:G. riniensis
404:
396:G. riniensis
395:
393:
389:G. riniensis
388:
384:
376:
374:
355:
354:
353:
345:Heintz, 1932
341:
333:
326:
321:
314:
309:
300:
299:(originally
294:G. disjectus
293:
286:G. riniensis
285:
277:
270:
265:
252:Heintz, 1932
246:
245:
239:Type species
232:Heintz, 1932
226:
225:
212:
130:G. riniensis
129:
112:
24:
18:
2770:Wikispecies
2671:Selenosteus
2643:Pachyosteus
2629:Melanosteus
2587:Braunosteus
2573:Amazichthys
2546:Synauchenia
2505:Tapinosteus
2386:Heterosteus
2239:Latocamurus
2108:Panxiosteus
2017:Belgiosteus
1838:Errolosteus
1817:Arenipiscis
1745:Euleptaspis
1738:Euleptaspis
1703:Homostiidae
1515:Turrisaspis
1494:Mithakaspis
1473:Boomeraspis
1382:Pageauaspis
1333:Grifftaylor
1209:Actinolepis
1171:Phyllolepis
988:Baringaspis
803:Subphylum:
371:Description
2866:Categories
2678:Stenosteus
2664:Rhinosteus
2657:Phymosteus
2636:Microsteus
2601:Enseosteus
2463:Hadrosteus
2442:Dinichthys
2435:Bungartius
2337:Hussakofia
2285:Leptosteus
2246:Rolfosteus
2159:Cyrtosteus
2093:Janiosteus
2045:Jiuchengia
2038:Dickosteus
2031:Coccosteus
1907:see below↓
1887:Uralosteus
1793:Tityosteus
1671:Megaloplax
1643:Deirosteus
1622:Artesonema
1437:Huginaspis
1423:Arctolepis
1368:Lyhoalepis
1347:Huginaspis
1326:Gaspeaspis
1284:Aggeraspis
1178:Placolepis
1164:Cowralepis
1130:Gavinaspis
1106:Yiminaspis
1072:Simblaspis
1058:Qataraspis
1009:Eskimaspis
942:Arthrodira
929:Arthrodira
897:see below↓
888:Arthrodira
876:Placodermi
861:Placodermi
817:Placodermi
805:Vertebrata
775:Arthrodira
543:References
496:G. thorezi
361:arthrodire
342:G. thorezi
325:(Chaloner
322:G. theroni
302:Coccosteus
269:Daeschler
200:Arthrodira
187:Placodermi
2539:Oxyosteus
2484:Mylostoma
2470:Holdenius
2393:Yinostius
2379:Herasmius
2253:Tubonasus
2191:Torosteus
2144:Belosteus
2052:Livosteus
1845:Exutaspis
1786:Homosteus
1730:Dhanguura
1692:Tropinema
1678:Rhenonema
1650:Deveonema
1636:Bimbianga
1579:Dhanguura
1508:Tiaraspis
1501:Mulgaspis
1354:Kolpaspis
1291:Arctaspis
1044:Mediaspis
1002:Erikaspis
967:Aleosteus
960:Aethaspis
791:Kingdom:
737:e0173169.
527:riniensis
304:disjectus
160:Kingdom:
154:Eukaryota
2784:BioLib:
2761:Q2200315
2755:Wikidata
1664:Holonema
1594:Maideria
1535:Elvaspis
1230:Szelepis
1185:Yurammia
1065:Sigaspis
1030:Lataspis
815:Class: "
799:Chordata
797:Phylum:
793:Animalia
684:32059074
478:G. potyi
365:Devonian
310:G. potyi
206:Family:
174:Chordata
170:Phylum:
164:Animalia
150:Domain:
2849:4182106
2826:4949940
2813:1074786
2800:4852965
2787:1212660
487:G. seni
421:Species
400:benthic
334:G. seni
329:, 1980)
219:Genus:
193:Order:
180:Class:
2846:uBio:
682:
650:
327:et al.
317:, 2015
315:et al.
313:Olive
273:, 2003
271:et al.
2839:34341
2808:IRMNG
2795:GBIF
874:see
847:see
680:PMID
648:ISBN
37:PreꞒ
2868::
2836::
2823::
2810::
2797::
2772::
2757::
690:^
662:^
634:^
622:^
581:^
569:^
559:.
87:Pg
2361:?
2186:?
2178:?
2170:?
2162:?
2147:?
2118:?
2103:?
1733:?
1604:?
1582:?
1448:?
1440:?
819:"
767:e
760:t
753:v
656:.
563:.
494:†
485:†
476:†
467:†
464:)
453:†
444:†
435:†
426:†
306:)
223:†
210:†
197:†
184:†
92:N
82:K
77:J
72:T
67:P
62:C
57:D
52:S
47:O
42:Ꞓ
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