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1249:. The romantic grotesque is far more terrible and sombre than the medieval grotesque, which celebrated laughter and fertility. It is at this point that a grotesque creature such as Frankenstein's monster begins to be presented more sympathetically as the outsider who is the victim of society. But the novel also makes the issue of sympathy problematic in an unkind society. This means that society becomes the generator of the grotesque, by a process of alienation. In fact, the grotesque monster in
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522:"Grotesques are a type of extremely licentious and absurd painting done by the ancients ... without any logic, so that a weight is attached to a thin thread which could not support it, a horse is given legs made of leaves, a man has crane's legs, with countless other impossible absurdities; and the bizarrer the painter's imagination, the higher he was rated".
650:, in natural history writings and in cabinets of curiosities. The last vestiges of romance, such as the marvellous also provide opportunities for the presentation of the grotesque in, for instance, operatic spectacle. The mixed form of the novel was commonly described as grotesque – see for instance Fielding's "comic epic poem in prose" (
831:
1338:, the Misfit, a serial killer, is clearly a maimed soul, utterly callous to human life, but driven to seek the truth. The less obvious grotesque is the polite, doting grandmother who is unaware of her own astonishing selfishness. Another oft-cited example of the grotesque from O'Connor's work is her short story entitled
781:
1163:.) Obvious examples would include the physically deformed and the mentally deficient, but people with cringe-worthy social traits are also included. The reader becomes piqued by the grotesque's positive side, and continues reading to see if the character can conquer their darker side. In Shakespeare's
486:
the main hand involved. Because of the relative unimportance of the space, and a desire to copy the Domus Aurea style, no large paintings were used, and the surfaces were mostly covered with grotesque designs on a white background, with paintings imitating sculptures in niches, and small figurative
108:
and metamorphosis. Beyond the current understanding of the grotesque as an aesthetic category, he demonstrated how the grotesque functions as a fundamental existential experience. Moreover, Astruc identifies the grotesque as a crucial, and potentially universal, anthropological device that societies
261:
but had not guessed till then that in their private houses the Romans had often disregarded those rules and had adopted instead a more fanciful and informal style that was all lightness, elegance and grace." In these grotesque decorations a tablet or candelabrum might provide a focus; frames were
994:: "In nature there are no grotesques". By extension backwards in time, the term became also used for the medieval originals, and in modern terminology medieval drolleries, half-human thumbnail vignettes drawn in the margins, and carved figures on buildings (that are not also waterspouts, and so
1908:"Dilettossi il Bacchiacca di far grottesche; onde al Sig. duca Cosimo fece uno studiolo pieno d'animali e d'erbe rare ritratte dalle naturali, che sono tenute bellissime": quoted in Francesco Vossilla, "Cosimo I, lo scrittoio del Bachiacca, una carcassa di capodoglio e la filosofia naturale",
1087:
also provides a formal introduction to classical values and to the dangers of grotesque or mixed form. Indeed, the departure from classical models of order, reason, harmony, balance and form opens up the risk of entry into grotesque worlds. Accordingly, British literature abounds with native
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For example, reeds are substituted for columns, fluted appendages with curly leaves and volutes take the place of pediments, candelabra support representations of shrines, and on top of their roofs grow slender stalks and volutes with human figures senselessly seated upon
1286:
has argued that "The sight of horrendously shattered bodies of veterans returned to the home front became commonplace. The accompanying growth in the prosthetic industry struck contemporaries as creating a race of half-mechanical men and became an important theme in
1531:, but the distinction is that gargoyles are figures that contain a water spout through the mouth, while grotesques do not. Without a water spout, this type of sculpture is also known as a chimera when it depicts fantastical creatures. In the Middle Ages, the term
804:
1277:
During the nineteenth-century category of grotesque body was increasingly displaced by the notion of congenital deformity or medical anomaly. Building on this context, the grotesque begins to be understood more as deformity and disability, especially after the
428:
304:
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extended into scrolls that formed part of the surrounding designs as a kind of scaffold, as Peter Ward-Jackson noted. Light scrolling grotesques could be ordered by confining them within the framing of a pilaster to give them more structure.
364:
683:
336:
1484:. Characterized by ironic and macabre themes of daily life in the World War 1 era. Theatre of the Grotesque was named after the play 'The Mask and the Face' by Luigi Chiarelli, which was described as 'a grotesque in three acts.'
494:
Giovanni da Udine composed during 1532–1533 "most beautiful sprays of foliage, rosettes and other ornaments in stucco and gold" in the coffers and "sprays of foliage, birds, masks and figures", with a result that did not please
41:
has come to be used as a general adjective for the strange, mysterious, magnificent, fantastic, hideous, ugly, incongruous, unpleasant, or disgusting, and thus is often used to describe weird shapes and distorted forms such as
175:, was rediscovered by chance in the late 15th century, buried in fifteen hundred years of land fill. Access into the palace's remains was from above, requiring visitors to be lowered into it using ropes as in a cave, or
934:
918:
902:
289:"this insatiable desire of man sometimes prefers to an ordinary building, with its pillars and doors, one falsely constructed in grotesque style, with pillars formed of children growing out of stalks of flowers, with
388:
92:
in AD 64, which had become overgrown and buried, until they were broken into again, mostly from above. Spreading from
Italian to the other European languages, the term was long used largely interchangeably with
882:
76:
rediscovered at Rome at the end of the fifteenth century and subsequently imitated. The word was first used of paintings found on the walls of basements of ruins in Rome that were called at that time
1581:—the first sans-serif typeface containing actual lowercase letters. An alternate etymology is possibly based on the original reaction of other typographers to such a strikingly featureless typeface.
297:
of branches of myrtle and doorways of reeds and other things, all seeming impossible and contrary to reason, yet it may be really great work if it is performed by a skillful artist."
1245:
600:
versions, especially in engraving, tended to lose that initial lightness and be much more densely filled than the airy well-spaced style used by the Romans and
Raphael.
1831:
An example, the vaulted arcade in the
Palazzo del Governatore, Assisi, which was frescoed with grotesques in 1556, has been examined in the monograph by Ezio Genovesi,
1703:
RĂ©mi Astruc, Le
Renouveau du grotesque dans le roman du xxe siècle. Essai d'anthropologie littéraire, Paris, Classiques Garnier, 2010, 280 p. (ISBN 978-2-8124-0170-1).
1043:
Some of the earliest written texts describe grotesque happenings and monstrous creatures. The literature of myth has been a rich source of monsters; from the one-eyed
588:
the grotesque mode of surface ornament passed into the
European artistic repertory of the 16th century, from Spain to Poland. A classic suite was that attributed to
1449:
1325:
wrote, "Whenever I'm asked why
Southern writers particularly have a penchant for writing about freaks, I say it is because we are still able to recognize one" (
411:
1573:", and "geometric") to describe a particular style or subset of sans-serif typefaces. The origin of this association can be traced back to English typefounder
535:
2607:
1115:
often have grotesque components in terms of character, style and location. In other cases, the environment described may be grotesque – whether urban (
1303:
combined images of beauty with shocking brutality and violence in order to produce a sense of the grotesque clash of opposites. In a similar fashion,
487:
subjects in a revival of
Ancient Roman style. This large array provided a repertoire of elements that were the basis for later artists across Europe.
2585:
1334:
73:
2445:
Lee Byron
Jennings (1963) The ludicrous demon: aspects of the grotesque in German post-Romantic prose, Berkeley, University of California Press
104:
RĂ©mi Astruc has argued that although there is an immense variety of motifs and figures, the three main tropes of the grotesque are doubleness,
1274:. Humorous, or festive nonsense of this kind has its roots in the seventeenth century traditions of fustian, bombastic and satirical writing.
677:
period, when designs often became as densely packed as in 16th-century engravings, and the elegance and fancy of the style tended to be lost.
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2534:
2497:
2294:
1999:
1816:
1783:
1148:
provides a variety of approaches to grotesque representation. Corporeal hybridity is an essential marker in Swift. In poetry, the works of
1266:, when a girl meets fantastic grotesque figures in her fantasy world. Carroll manages to make the figures seem less frightful and fit for
2637:
1556:
1258:
2468:
2377:
Astruc, RĂ©mi (2010) Le
Renouveau du grotesque dans le roman du XXe siècle, essai d'anthropologie littéraire, Paris, Classiques Garnier
1123:". Sometimes the grotesque in literature has been explored in terms of social and cultural formations such as the carnival(-esque) in
2524:
2429:
2327:
2343:
1846:
Metamorphosed
Margins: The Case for a Visual Rhetoric of the Renaissance 'Grottesche' under the Influence of Ovid's Metamorphoses
1219:
861:
154:, especially as fresco wall decoration and floor mosaic. Stylized versions, common in Imperial Roman decoration, were decried by
1965:
1005:. In contemporary illustration art, the "grotesque" figures, in the ordinary conversational sense, commonly appear in the genre
1214:
2419:
572:
150:
pattern around some form of architectural framework, though this may be very flimsy. Such designs were fashionable in ancient
2193:
2231:
1925:
All mentioned by Ezio Genovesi 1995, in providing explanation of the genre in the context of the painted vaulting at Assisi.
838:
2465:(1982, 2006), On the Grotesque: Strategies of Contradiction in Art and Literature (Princeton: Princeton University Press)
1429:
1740:
Peter Ward-Jackson, "The Grotesque" in "Some main streams and tributaries in European ornament from 1500 to 1750: part 1"
1295:
displays a poetic and realistic sense of the grotesque horror of war and the human cost of brutal conflict. Poems such as
1270:, but still utterly strange. Another comic grotesque writer who played on the relationship between sense and nonsense was
456:(1522) offered ready-made iconographic shorthand for vignettes. More familiar material for grotesques could be drawn from
2410:
2251:
Sanzaro, Francis. The Infantile Grotesque: Pathology, Sexuality, and a Theory of Religion. Davies Group Publishers, 2016.
2682:
2487:
491:
442:
artists and their patrons in arcane iconographic programs available only to the erudite could be embodied in schemes of
2963:
1195:
708:
620:
1311:(1924) which used grotesque photographs of mutilated victims of the First World War in order to campaign for peace.
50:
may also refer to something that simultaneously invokes an audience feeling of uncomfortable bizarreness as well as
26:
1437:
1381:
1345:
1340:
846:
327:
20:
2260:
257:, Rome. "The decorations astonished and charmed a generation of artists that was familiar with the grammar of the
2978:
1200:
814:
736:
2973:
2856:
2826:
1635:
1499:
1473:
1036:. It is an effective artistic means to convey grief and pain to the audience, and for this has been labeled by
642:(science of monsters) and artistic experimentation. The monstrous, for instance, often occurs as the notion of
143:
94:
60:
The English word first appears in the 1560s as a noun borrowed from French, itself originally from the Italian
1267:
1098:
to the tragi-comic modes of 16th-century drama. (Grotesque comic elements can be found in major works such as
1433:
661:
Grotesque ornament received a further impetus from new discoveries of original Roman frescoes and stucchi at
2816:
2630:
1487:
1413:
818:
791:
646:. The sportiveness of the grotesque category can be seen in the notion of the preternatural category of the
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2453:
1509:
1159:
if they induce both empathy and disgust. (A character who inspires disgust alone is simply a villain or a
1111:
genre are occasionally termed grotesque, as are "low" or non-literary genres such as pantomime and farce.
983:
674:
294:
432:
2462:
1775:
1481:
1179:
2583:
Video tour of the most vivid examples of medieval Parisian stone carving - the grotesques of Notre Dame
1144:
1480:
school of Italian dramatists, writing in the 1910s and 1920s, who are often seen as precursors of the
1187:
may be considered to have both disgusting and empathetic qualities, which fit the grotesque template.
1001:
A boom in the production of works of art in the grotesque genre characterized the 1920–1933 period of
311:
197:
2836:
1477:
1322:
1225:
1124:
1083:
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704:
630:, the portrayal of leather straps in plaster or wood moldings, which forms an element in grotesques.
527:
274:
158:(c. 30 BC) who, in dismissing them as meaningless and illogical, offered the following description:
2983:
2938:
2903:
2742:
2657:
2275:"Hybrid Creatures and Monstrous Reproduction: The Multifunctional Grotesque in Alien: Resurrection"
1712:
Astruc R. (2010), Le Renouveau du grotesque dans le roman du XXe siècle, Paris, Classiques Garnier.
1513:
1409:
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504:
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202:
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2958:
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to have "grotesque images" in its rating description, mainly due to its depiction of the Newborn
1444:
1397:
1373:
1022:
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and his team enriched the vocabulary of grotesques by combining them with the decorative form of
561:
89:
2442:
Kayser, Wolfgang (1957) The grotesque in Art and Literature, New York, Columbia University Press
2274:
1307:(1894–1967), founder of the Berlin Peace Museum, an anarchist and a pacifist, was the author of
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with interlaced garlands and small and fantastic human and animal figures, usually set out in a
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1995:
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2015:
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990:, and the modern sense began to develop. It is first recorded in English in 1646 from Sir
798:, France, decorated with arabesques in the Pompeiian Style, by the Rousseau brothers, 1785
787:
772:
553:
545:
467:
371:
206:
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has written on the relationship between metamorphosis, literary writings and masquerade.
669:
from the middle of the century. It continued in use, becoming increasingly heavy, in the
402:
2173:
Literature and Medicine in Nineteenth-Century Britain: from Mary Shelley to George Eliot
2913:
2646:
2350:
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The word "grotesque", or "Grotesk" in German, is also frequently used as a synonym for
1361:
1283:
1149:
1139:
1089:
666:
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In the 16th century, such artistic license and irrationality was controversial matter.
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Artists began to give the tiny faces of the figures in grotesque decorations strange
810:
795:
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580:: the elaborate acanthus leaf and candelabra type design and the hideous mask or face
557:
457:
394:
1138:
Another major source of the grotesque is in satirical writings of the 18th century.
2898:
2873:
2786:
2732:
2435:
1457:
1292:
1209:
1204:
1132:
1077:
is another rich source for grotesque transformations and hybrid creatures of myth.
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670:
375:
278:
267:
214:
31:
2781:
2402:(Unity in the Plenitude. Henri Michaux and the Grotesque), Lund: Ellerström, 2005.
1724:
1535:
was used to refer to both gargoyles and grotesques. This word is derived from the
427:
2381:
986:. From this the term began to be applied to larger caricatures, such as those of
596:, "Light and extemporaneous pictures that are vulgarly called grotesques". Later
2672:
2526:
Ornament and the Grotesque: Fantastical Decoration from Antiquity to Art Nouveau
2286:
1597:
1589:
1377:
1330:
1279:
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from the late 1520s, then in book illustration and in other decorative uses. At
172:
147:
122:
81:
2480:
La découverte de la Domus Aurea et la formation des grotesques à la Renaissance
2158:
See Jeanne M. Britton, 'Novelistic Sympathy in Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein" '
2831:
2747:
2712:
2687:
1793:
1640:
1566:
1562:
1428:
Other contemporary writers who have explored the grotesque in pop-culture are
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1058:
1002:
979:
975:
639:
290:
2595:
The Grotesque: Bloom's Literary Themes edited by Harold Bloom and Blake Hobby
2503:
2411:
Le Grotesque dans l’œuvre d’Henri Michaux. Qui cache son fou, meurt sans voix
1729:. Translated by Morgan, Morris Hicky. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.
1021:
One of the first uses of the term grotesque to denote a literary genre is in
2908:
2771:
2727:
2692:
2667:
1835:(Assisi, 1995): Genovesi explores the role of the local Accademia del Monte.
1656:
1609:
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has inspired more nuanced reactions than simple scorn and disgust. Also, in
1119:), or the literature of the American south which has sometimes been termed "
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Since at least the 18th century (in French and German, as well as English),
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is another author associated with the literary tradition of the grotesque.
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117:
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In the 17th and 18th centuries the grotesque encompasses a wide field of
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347:
323:
98:
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expressions, in a direct continuation of the medieval traditions of the
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Neoclassical – vase with scenes of storm on land and grotesques, by the
2928:
2888:
2811:
2791:
2737:
2662:
2561:. Edizioni Quasar. pp. 476, 9"1/2 x 11", 400 color illustrations.
2529:. Thames and Hudson. pp. 320, 11" x 13", 250 color illustrations.
1630:
1613:
1569:. At other times, it is used (along with "neo-grotesque", "humanist", "
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246:
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1029:
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343:
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80:('the caves'). These 'caves' were in fact rooms and corridors of the
69:
2421:
Irony, satire, parody and the grotesque in the music of Shostakovich
1229:. Other instances of the romantic grotesque are also to be found in
1213:
can also be considered a grotesque, as well as the title character,
2878:
2766:
1605:
1524:
In architecture the term "grotesque" means a carved stone figure.
1503:
234:
230:
210:
196:
116:
25:
2066:"Immeuble en bordure du Palais-Royal, restaurant Le Grand VĂ©four"
2041:"Immeuble en bordure du Palais-Royal, restaurant Le Grand VĂ©four"
2016:"Immeuble en bordure du Palais-Royal, restaurant Le Grand VĂ©four"
1871:
bellissimi fogliami, rosoni ed altri ornamenti di stuccho e d'oro
715:, France, unknown architect, sculptor and painter, 17th century (
548:"full of animals and rare plants". Other 16th-century writers on
101:
for types of decorative patterns using curving foliage elements.
2600:
2558:
The Art of Transformation. Grotesques in Sixteenth-Century Italy
1916:.2/3 (1993:381–395) p. 383; only fragments survive of the decor.
1645:
1288:
1068:
594:
Leviores et extemporaneae picturae quas grotteschas vulgo vocant
478:
open to the elements on one side, were decorated around 1519 by
168:
151:
126:
85:
54:
2619:
960:
Apartments of the Louvre Palace, unknown painted and designer,
2089:
592:, published in 1540–41 under an evocative explanatory title,
2615:
2232:"What is Domestic Grotesque Fiction and Why Do I Write It?"
1577:, who introduced the term "grotesque" and in 1835 produced
1440:, who discusses its relation to childbirth and obscenity.
1356:
Contemporary writers of literary grotesque fiction include
1490:
is a major author of contemporary grotesque comedy plays.
518:
Vasari, echoing Vitruvius, described the style as follows:
2489:
Comic Grotesque: Wit And Mockery In German Art, 1870–1940
1753:
Quoted in David Summers, "Michelangelo on Architecture",
1601:
1910:
Mitteilungen des Kunsthistorischen Institutes in Florenz
1199:
is one of the most celebrated grotesques in literature.
576:
Decorative panel showing the two separable elements of
1604:"G"), whereas popular neo-grotesque typefaces include
2221:, National Gallery of Art, Washington, 2005, pp. 3–4.
2175:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 42.
1317:
is a genre frequently identified with grotesques and
888:
Renaissance Revival – cast iron door window grill of
46:
masks. In art, performance, and literature, however,
1966:"LAMBRIS DU CABINET DE L'HÔTEL COLBERT DE VILLACERF"
568:
Engravings, woodwork, book illustration, decorations
692:– grotesque on a saddle pad, 1600–1650, gold thread
241:and his team of decorative painters, who developed
2400:Enhet i mĂĄngfalden. Henri Michaux och det groteska
2311:
743:, Paris, unknown architect, sculptor and painter,
431:Grotesque engraving on paper, about 1500–1512, by
266:took up the theme of grotesques in decorating the
142:In art, grotesques are ornamental arrangements of
1327:Some Aspects of the Grotesque in Southern Fiction
109:have used to conceptualize alterity and change.
417:Renaissance grotesque motifs in assorted formats
270:, the most influential of the new Roman villas.
2383:The modern satiric grotesque and its traditions
503:, who whitewashed the grotesque decor in 1556.
1856:
1854:
1155:In fiction, characters are usually considered
2631:
2314:Holy Terrors: Gargoyles on Medieval Buildings
2263:Film Ratings.com. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
2112:
2110:
1888:Discorso intorno alle imagini sacre e profane
1282:, 1914–18. In these terms, the art historian
181:in Italian. The palace's wall decorations in
8:
1950:Lorraine Daston and Katharine Park (1998).
1833:Le grottesche della 'Volta Pinta' in Assisi
84:, the unfinished palace complex started by
2638:
2624:
2616:
1877:", quoted by Summers 1972:151 and note 30.
1460:, who all featured grotesque human–alien (
1329:, 1960). In O'Connor's often-anthologized
370:Ceilings decorated with grotesques in the
350:, Italy, by various architects, including
245:into a complete system of ornament in the
2349:. Rabbit Moon Press. 2009. Archived from
2204:See George M. Gould and Walter M. Pyle's
1412:(who writes domestic grotesque fiction),
1253:tends to be described as "the creature".
1088:grotesquerie, from the strange worlds of
982:in the border decorations or initials in
342:Ceiling decorated with arabesques in the
2458:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
2162:Vol. 48, No. 1 (Spring, 2009)3–22, p. 3.
1321:is often cited as the leading exponent.
1256:The grotesque received a new shape with
1152:provide many examples of the grotesque.
571:
426:
64:(literally "of a cave" from the Italian
1742:The Victoria and Albert Museum Bulletin
1675:
1210:Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus
868:door window grill of a building on the
679:
584:In the meantime, through the medium of
528:Francesco Ubertini, called "Bacchiacca"
300:
2475:, Methuen Critical Idiom Series, 1972.
2318:. New York: Abbeville Press. pp.
1040:as the "genuine antibourgeois style".
759:Baroque – grotesques on a door in the
507:writers on the arts, notably Cardinal
225:appears in a contract of 1502 for the
2206:Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine
1448:(1997) is the only film rated by the
1028:. The Grotesque is often linked with
7:
1994:. Thames & Hudson. p. 147.
1875:fogliami, uccelli, maschere e figure
1809:The World's Most Beautiful Libraries
1584:Popular grotesque typefaces include
534:, and (about 1545) painted for Duke
1557:Grotesque (typeface classification)
1527:Grotesques are often confused with
1432:, in the context of postmodernism;
956:Eclectic – grotesques panel in the
839:Duc d'AngoulĂŞme's porcelain factory
790:– the Boudoir of Marie-Antoinette,
322:1560–1570, tin glazed earthenware (
2273:Huunan-Seppälä, Henriikka (2019).
1416:and many authors who write in the
892:no. 34, Paris, unknown architect,
872:no. 42, Paris, unknown architect,
14:
2133:. US: Princeton University Press.
845:1797–1798, hard-paste porcelain,
665:and the other buried sites round
511:, bishop of Bologna, turned upon
221:The first appearance of the word
2937:
2555:Hansen, Maria Fabricius (2018).
1723:Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (1914).
1259:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
998:) are also called "grotesques".
949:
933:
917:
901:
881:
854:
830:
803:
780:
752:
724:
697:
682:
410:
387:
363:
335:
303:
138:Early examples in Roman ornament
2186:The Origins of English Nonsense
1952:Wonders and the Order of Nature
1600:(although the latter lacks the
709:Palais du Parlement de Bretagne
482:'s large team of artists, with
277:puts a defense in the mouth of
249:that are part of the series of
2523:Zamperini, Alessandra (2008).
2513:"Modern art and the grotesque"
2418:Sheinberg, Esti (2000-12-29).
2310:Janetta Rebold Benton (1997).
2129:Harham, Geoffrey Galt (1982).
1772:Ceramic - Art and Civilization
1760:.2 (June 1972:146–157) p. 151.
1436:, who analyzes celebrity; and
707:– grotesques on a door in the
1:
2103:Ce discours est bien grotesue
970:Extensions of the term in art
961:
944:, Paris, by M.L. Viguet, 1852
928:, Paris, by M.L. Viguet, 1852
912:, Paris, by M.L. Viguet, 1852
893:
873:
842:
744:
634:From Baroque to Victorian era
355:
319:
217:and his assistants, 1502–1503
130:
2424:. UK: Ashgate. p. 378.
2234:. Calebjross.com. 2012-01-21
1992:Yves Saint Laurent & Art
1954:. USA: New York: Zone Books.
1660:, an opera by Giuseppe Verdi
1520:, because he died at age 56.
731:Baroque – grotesques on the
515:with a righteous vengeance.
74:ancient Roman decorative art
2486:Kort, Pamela (2004-10-30).
2414:, Paris: L’Harmattan, 2007.
2287:10.1007/978-3-030-21828-7_9
2146:Masquerade and Civilization
1744:(June 1967, pp 58–70) p 75.
1196:The Hunchback of Notre-Dame
940:Neoclassical – interior of
924:Neoclassical – interior of
908:Neoclassical – interior of
401:in this fresco detail from
72:), an extravagant style of
3000:
2279:Art, Excess, and Education
1899:Noted by Summers 1972:152.
1890:(printed at Bologna, 1582)
1554:
1497:
1341:A Temple of the Holy Ghost
1335:A Good Man Is Hard to Find
1243:literature or in Sterne's
1201:Dr. Frankenstein's monster
847:Metropolitan Museum of Art
737:HĂ´tel Colbert de Villacerf
328:Victoria and Albert Museum
237:. They were introduced by
21:Grotesque (disambiguation)
18:
2935:
2653:
1935:Mauries, Patrick (2002).
1770:Greenhalgh, Paul (2019).
1726:Ten Books on Architecture
1684:"OED-Grotesque etymology"
1456:and the failed clones of
530:, delighted in inventing
281:in his third dialogue of
2492:. PRESTEL. p. 208.
2171:Hanis McLaren Caldwell,
1807:Listri, Massimo (2020).
1636:Grotesque (architecture)
1500:Grotesque (architecture)
1474:Theatre of the Grotesque
1468:Theatre of the Grotesque
1418:bizarro genre of fiction
1344:. The American novelist
1220:The Phantom of the Opera
193:Etymology in Renaissance
121:Roman frescos in Nero's
2608:Encyclopædia Britannica
2518:. Assets.cambridge.org.
1937:Cabinets of Curiosities
1811:. Taschen. p. 52.
984:illuminated manuscripts
819:Cleveland Museum of Art
817:, 1790s, oil on panel,
792:Palace of Fontainebleau
497:Pope Clement VII Medici
310:Pilgrim bottle, by the
171:'s palace in Rome, the
2611:(11th ed.). 1911.
2463:Harpham, Geoffrey Galt
2455:Rabelais and His World
2380:Clark, John R. (1991)
2160:Studies in Romanticism
2144:Castle, Terry (1986).
1990:Sharman, Ruth (2022).
1521:
615:produced above all at
581:
544:in a mezzanine at the
524:
474:corridor space in the
435:
299:
218:
165:
134:
34:
2469:Selected bibliography
1776:Bloomsbury Publishing
1579:7-line pica grotesque
1507:
1482:Theatre of the Absurd
1291:work.' The poetry of
1268:children's literature
1180:The Lord of the Rings
575:
526:Vasari recorded that
520:
430:
287:
200:
160:
120:
29:
2511:FS Connelly (2003).
2344:"Linéale Grotesques"
2281:. pp. 147–160.
1939:. Thames and Hudson.
1516:. The text reads ...
1488:Friedrich DĂĽrrenmatt
1476:" refers to an anti-
1352:Contemporary writers
1226:Beauty and the Beast
611:(fine woodwork), in
275:Francisco de Holanda
19:For other uses, see
2471:by Philip Thomson,
2070:pop.culture.gouv.fr
2045:pop.culture.gouv.fr
2020:pop.culture.gouv.fr
1970:carnavalet.paris.fr
1848:(Hildesheim, 2008).
1514:Greyfriars Kirkyard
1510:John Mylne Monument
1464:) characteristics.
1183:, the character of
870:Boulevard du Temple
862:Renaissance Revival
735:of a room from the
505:Counter Reformation
433:Nicoletto da Modena
227:Piccolomini Library
203:Piccolomini Library
189:were a revelation.
129:, unknown painter,
30:Grotesque studies,
2964:Visual arts genres
2588:2007-03-11 at the
2356:on January 2, 2014
2261:Alien Resurrection
2184:See Noel Malcolm,
2101:Kayser (1957) I.2
1844:Victor Kommerell,
1575:William Thorowgood
1522:
1445:Alien Resurrection
1374:Jeanette Winterson
1145:Gulliver's Travels
1107:Literary works of
582:
562:Gian Paolo Lomazzo
490:In Michelangelo's
436:
219:
135:
90:Great Fire of Rome
35:
2946:
2945:
2602:"Grotesque"
2568:978-88-7140-864-4
2536:978-0-500-23856-1
2499:978-3-7913-3195-9
2296:978-3-030-21827-0
2188:(Fontana, 1997).
2001:978-0-500-02544-4
1818:978-3-8365-3524-3
1785:978-1-4742-3970-7
1721:Vitruvius 7.5.3 (
1323:Flannery O'Connor
1235:E. T. A. Hoffmann
1223:and the Beast in
1125:François Rabelais
1095:The Faerie Queene
988:Leonardo da Vinci
761:Galerie d'Apollon
536:Cosimo de' Medici
509:Gabriele Paleotti
484:Giovanni da Udine
397:is surrounded by
283:Da Pintura Antiga
264:Giovanni da Udine
2991:
2979:Stock characters
2941:
2923:Vitruvian scroll
2640:
2633:
2626:
2617:
2612:
2604:
2572:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2539:. Archived from
2519:
2517:
2507:
2502:. Archived from
2459:
2450:Bakhtin, Mikhail
2439:
2434:. Archived from
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2355:
2348:
2340:
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2333:
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2222:
2217:Leah Dickerman,
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2196:
2182:
2176:
2169:
2163:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2131:On the Grotesque
2126:
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2114:
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1797:
1767:
1761:
1755:The Art Bulletin
1751:
1745:
1738:
1732:
1730:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1686:. Etymonline.com
1680:
1594:Haettenschweiler
1508:Detail from the
1319:William Faulkner
1297:Spring Offensive
1175:J. R. R. Tolkien
1169:, the figure of
1009:, also known as
963:
953:
937:
921:
905:
895:
885:
875:
858:
844:
834:
807:
784:
756:
746:
741:Musée Carnavalet
728:
701:
686:
673:and then in the
624:Rosso Fiorentino
476:Apostolic Palace
414:
391:
380:Domenico Fontana
367:
357:
339:
321:
312:Fontana workshop
307:
259:classical orders
229:attached to the
132:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2974:Literary genres
2949:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2933:
2762:Garland bearers
2649:
2644:
2599:
2590:Wayback Machine
2579:
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2546:
2544:
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2522:
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2392:
2390:Further reading
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1778:. p. 189.
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1586:Franklin Gothic
1559:
1553:
1543:, which means "
1518:Aetatis Suae 56
1502:
1496:
1494:In architecture
1470:
1438:Francis Sanzaro
1426:
1402:Chuck Palahniuk
1386:Jessica Anthony
1382:Patrick McGrath
1354:
1346:Raymond Kennedy
1315:Southern Gothic
1309:War Against War
1305:Ernst Friedrich
1280:First World War
1246:Tristram Shandy
1240:Sturm und Drang
1231:Edgar Allan Poe
1129:Mikhail Bakhtin
1121:Southern Gothic
1117:Charles Dickens
1113:Gothic writings
1092:'s allegory in
1019:
972:
965:
954:
945:
942:Le Grand VĂ©four
938:
929:
926:Le Grand VĂ©four
922:
913:
910:Le Grand VĂ©four
906:
897:
886:
877:
859:
850:
835:
826:
815:Pierre Rousseau
808:
799:
788:Louis XVI style
785:
776:
773:Charles Le Brun
757:
748:
729:
720:
702:
693:
687:
636:
570:
554:Daniele Barbaro
546:Palazzo Vecchio
499:, however, nor
468:Vatican loggias
438:The delight of
425:
418:
415:
406:
392:
383:
372:Vatican Library
368:
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251:Raphael's Rooms
207:Siena Cathedral
201:Ceiling of the
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2577:External links
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2506:on 2008-03-04.
2498:
2483:
2482:(London) 1969.
2476:
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2438:on 2007-10-17.
2430:
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2406:Bäckström, Per
2403:
2396:Bäckström, Per
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1555:Main article:
1552:
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1498:Main article:
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1469:
1466:
1425:
1422:
1414:Richard Thomas
1362:Katherine Dunn
1353:
1350:
1284:Leah Dickerman
1207:'s 1818 novel
1150:Alexander Pope
1140:Jonathan Swift
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239:Raphael Sanzio
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68:, 'cave'; see
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2543:on 2012-02-27
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2474:
2473:The Grotesque
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2329:0-7892-0182-8
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2116:Clark (1991)
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2092:, "Grotesque"
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2884:Rais-de-cœur
2874:Puer mingens
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2733:Egg-and-dart
2606:
2557:
2545:. Retrieved
2541:the original
2525:
2504:the original
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2436:the original
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1478:naturalistic
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1301:Greater Love
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1023:Montaigne's
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958:Napoleon III
811:Neoclassical
775:, after 1661
769:Louis Le Vau
767:, Paris, by
671:Empire Style
660:
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607:appeared in
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376:Vatican City
288:
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279:Michelangelo
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268:Villa Madama
242:
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215:Pinturicchio
213:, Italy, by
176:
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103:
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65:
61:
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47:
38:
36:
32:Michelangelo
2673:Ball flower
1860:Wilson, 152
1598:Lucida Sans
1590:News Gothic
1430:John Docker
1424:Pop culture
1378:Umberto Eco
1331:short story
1272:Edward Lear
1191:Victor Hugo
1166:The Tempest
1057:to Homer's
1038:Thomas Mann
1034:tragicomedy
976:caricatured
813:– door, by
382:, 1587–1588
291:architraves
173:Domus Aurea
148:symmetrical
123:Domus Aurea
82:Domus Aurea
52:sympathetic
2984:Grotesques
2953:Categories
2832:Millefleur
2748:Gadrooning
2713:Cornucopia
2688:Branchwork
2683:Blackamoor
2547:2010-02-02
2478:Dacos, N.
2372:References
2360:2010-09-08
2238:2013-03-06
2194:0006388442
2148:. Methuen.
2075:15 October
2050:15 October
2025:15 October
1886:Paleotti,
1794:1154118123
1690:2014-12-15
1641:Hunky punk
1567:typography
1563:sans-serif
1472:The term "
1358:Ian McEwan
1059:Polyphemus
1003:German art
980:drolleries
890:Rue du Bac
849:, New York
640:teratology
605:grottesche
586:engravings
550:grottesche
532:grotteschi
513:grottesche
444:grottesche
399:grottesche
243:grottesche
223:grottesche
144:arabesques
88:after the
2959:Grotesque
2909:Strapwork
2827:Medallion
2802:Interlace
2782:Guilloché
2777:Grotesque
2772:Green Man
2728:Dog-tooth
2708:Christmas
2703:Cartouche
2693:Bucranium
2668:Arabesque
2647:Ornaments
1975:31 August
1657:Rigoletto
1610:Helvetica
1529:gargoyles
1454:xenomorph
1398:Matt Bell
1157:grotesque
1101:King Lear
996:gargoyles
866:cast iron
823:Cleveland
717:Louis XIV
675:Victorian
656:Tom Jones
628:strapwork
609:marquetry
598:Mannerist
590:Enea Vico
578:Grotesque
552:included
453:Emblemata
440:Mannerist
423:Mannerism
358:1560–1581
346:Gallery,
318:, Italy,
156:Vitruvius
106:hybridity
95:arabesque
78:le Grotte
62:grottesca
48:grotesque
44:Halloween
39:grotesque
16:Art style
2969:Folklore
2847:Palmette
2842:Moresque
2817:Mascaron
2718:Curlicue
2658:Acanthus
2586:Archived
2452:(1941).
2118:pp. 20–1
1626:Ero guro
1620:See also
1541:babbuino
1054:Theogony
733:boiserie
613:maiolica
541:studiolo
348:Florence
330:, London
324:majolica
295:cornices
285:, 1548:
167:Emperor
133:64–68 AD
99:moresque
2929:Zellige
2894:Rosette
2889:Rinceau
2857:Bulbous
2837:Molding
2822:Meander
2812:Margent
2792:Hilarri
2738:Festoon
2663:Antefix
2208:(1896).
1873:" and "
1631:Fractal
1614:Verdana
1602:spurred
1537:Italian
1533:babewyn
1289:dadaist
1171:Caliban
1161:monster
1090:Spenser
1064:Odyssey
1061:in the
1045:Cyclops
705:Baroque
690:Baroque
663:Pompeii
480:Raphael
458:Ovid's
253:in the
247:Loggias
113:History
2919:Volute
2899:Scroll
2807:Lintel
2753:Garden
2723:Dentil
2565:
2533:
2496:
2428:
2326:
2293:
2192:
1998:
1815:
1792:
1782:
1612:, and
1596:, and
1571:lineal
1545:baboon
1462:hybrid
1185:Gollum
1079:Horace
1049:Hesiod
1030:satire
1025:Essays
713:Rennes
617:Urbino
472:loggia
344:Uffizi
316:Urbino
187:stucco
183:fresco
178:grotte
70:grotto
66:grotta
2879:Putto
2862:Grass
2852:Plant
2767:Girih
2516:(PDF)
2354:(PDF)
2347:(PDF)
1670:Notes
1606:Arial
1539:word
1237:, in
1203:from
1109:mixed
1047:from
603:Soon
378:, by
314:from
235:Siena
231:duomo
211:Siena
163:them.
2904:Spur
2869:Peak
2797:Hood
2757:Lawn
2743:Foil
2698:Buta
2563:ISBN
2531:ISBN
2494:ISBN
2426:ISBN
2324:ISBN
2320:8–10
2291:ISBN
2219:Dada
2190:ISBN
2077:2023
2052:2023
2027:2023
1996:ISBN
1977:2023
1813:ISBN
1790:OCLC
1780:ISBN
1646:Mask
1450:MPAA
1299:and
1215:Erik
1127:and
1069:Ovid
1032:and
964:1860
896:1850
876:1850
825:, US
771:and
747:1650
719:era)
654:and
644:play
560:and
470:, a
466:The
293:and
169:Nero
152:Rome
127:Rome
97:and
86:Nero
55:pity
2787:Gul
2283:doi
2090:OED
1914:37.
1565:in
1547:".
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1262:by
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