386:. If instead water puddles in low-lying areas, the same water volume concentrated over a smaller area may exceed field capacity resulting in water that percolates down to recharge groundwater. The larger the relative contributing runoff area is, the more focused infiltration is. The recurring process of water that falls relatively uniformly over an area, flowing to groundwater selectively under surface depressions is
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surface water from percolating into the soil, resulting in most surface runoff entering storm drains for local water supply. As urban development continues to spread across various regions, rates of groundwater recharge will increase relative to the existing rates of the previous rural region. A consequence of sudden influxes in groundwater recharge includes
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which in turn affect groundwater in several ways: There can be a decline in groundwater storage, and reduction in groundwater recharge and water quality deterioration due to extreme weather events. In the tropics intense precipitation and flooding events appear to lead to more groundwater recharge.
666:
This is explained through the vast water supply and sewage networks supported in urban regions in which rural areas are not likely to obtain. Recharge in rural areas is heavily supported by precipitation and this is opposite for urban areas. Road networks and infrastructure within cities prevents
201:
Groundwater recharge can occur through diffuse or focused mechanisms. Diffuse recharge occurs when precipitation infiltrates through the soil to the water table, and is by definition distributed over large areas. Focused recharge occurs where water leaks from surface water sources (rivers, lakes,
635:
However, the exact impacts of climate change on groundwater are still under investigation. This is because scientific data derived from groundwater monitoring is still missing, such as changes in space and time, abstraction data and "numerical representations of groundwater recharge processes".
483:
The most common methods to estimate recharge rates are: chloride mass balance (CMB); soil physics methods; environmental and isotopic tracers; groundwater-level fluctuation methods; water balance (WB) methods (including groundwater models (GMs)); and the estimation of baseflow (BF) to rivers.
343:(a dug-well is a wide, shallow well, often lined with concrete) in 100 districts within seven states where water stored in hard-rock aquifers had been over-exploited. Another environmental issue is the disposal of waste through the water flux such as dairy farms, industrial, and urban runoff.
187:
The most common methods to estimate recharge rates are: chloride mass balance (CMB); soil physics methods; environmental and isotopic tracers; groundwater-level fluctuation methods; water balance (WB) methods (including groundwater models (GMs)); and the estimation of baseflow (BF) to rivers.
511:
physical methods rely on the measurement or estimation of soil physical parameters, which along with soil physical principles, can be used to estimate the potential or actual recharge. After months without rain the level of the rivers under humid climate is low and represents solely drained
675:
compared to soil, resulting in higher amounts of surface runoff. Therefore, urbanization increases the rate of groundwater recharge and reduces infiltration, resulting in flash floods as the local ecosystem accommodates changes to the surrounding environment.
1468:. In Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S.L.; Péan, C.; Berger, S.; Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L.; Gomis, M.I.; Huang, M.; Leitzell, K.; Lonnoy, E.; Matthews, J.B.R.; Maycock, T.K.; Waterfield, T.; Yelekçi, O.; Yu, R.; Zhou, B. (eds.).
304:
found primarily aro. The soil under most wetlands is relatively impermeable. A high perimeter to volume ratio, such as in small wetlands, means that the surface area through which water can infiltrate into the groundwater typical in small wetlands such as
881:
MacDonald, Alan M; Lark, R Murray; Taylor, Richard G; Abiye, Tamiru; Fallas, Helen C; Favreau, Guillaume; Goni, Ibrahim B; Kebede, Seifu; Scanlon, Bridget; Sorensen, James P R; Tijani, Moshood; Upton, Kirsty A; West, Charles (2021-03-01).
479:
processes must first be measured or estimated to determine the balance. There are no widely applicable method available that can directly and accurately quantify the volume of rainwater that reaches the water table.
1460:
Douville, H.; Raghavan, K.; Renwick, J.; Allan, R.P.; Arias, P.A.; Barlow, M.; Cerezo-Mota, R.; Cherchi, A.; Gan, T.Y.; Gergis, J.; Jiang, D.; Khan, A.; Pokam Mba, W.; Rosenfeld, D.; Tierney, J.; Zolina, O. (2021).
291:
help maintain the level of the water table he hydraulic head. This provides force for groundwater recharge and discharge to other waters as well. The extent of groundwater recharge by a wetland is dependent upon
2011:
612:. There is an observed declined in groundwater storage in many parts of the world. This is due to more groundwater being used for irrigation activities in agriculture, particularly in
1639:
309:, which can contribute significantly to recharge of regional groundwater resources. Researchers have discovered groundwater recharge of up to 20% of wetland volume per season.
214:
Natural processes of groundwater recharge. Adjustments affecting the water table will drastically enhance or diminish the quality of groundwater recharge in a specific region.
1517:. In Pörtner, H.-O.; Roberts, D.C.; Tignor, M.; Poloczanska, E.S.; Mintenbeck, K.; AlegrĂa, A.; Craig, M.; Langsdorf, S.; Löschke, S.; Möller, V.; Okem, A.; Rama, B. (eds.).
1510:
Caretta, M.A.; Mukherji, A.; Arfanuzzaman, M.; Betts, R.A.; Gelfan, A.; Hirabayashi, Y.; Lissner, T.K.; Liu, J.; Lopez Gunn, E.; Morgan, R.; Mwanga, S.; Supratid, S. (2022).
1520:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and
Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
176:
surface. Groundwater recharge also encompasses water moving away from the water table farther into the saturated zone. Recharge occurs both naturally (through the
1471:
Climate Change 2021: The
Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
549:
621:
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1918:
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melt and to a smaller extent by surface water (rivers and lakes). Recharge may be impeded somewhat by human activities including paving, development, or
3411:
624:. Direct redistribution of water by human activities amounting to ~24,000 km per year is about double the global groundwater recharge each year.
257:
Recharge can help move excess salts that accumulate in the root zone to deeper soil layers, or into the groundwater system. Tree roots increase water
325:
671:. The ecosystem will have to adjust to the elevated groundwater surplus due to groundwater recharge rates. Additionally, road networks are less
1952:
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that forces water into the ground faster. Faster flow dislodges contaminants otherwise adsorbed on soil and carries them along. This can carry
854:
3120:
1536:
1487:
1101:
1069:
835:
42:
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1405:
Allison, G.B.; Hughes, M.W. (1978). "The use of environmental chloride and tritium to estimate total recharge to an unconfined aquifer".
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groundwater recharge in many environments. But more intense drought periods could result in soil drying-out and compaction which would
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Reilly, Thomas E.; LaBaugh, James W.; Healy, Richard W.; Alley, William M. (2002-06-14). "Flow and
Storage in Groundwater Systems".
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The impacts of climate change on groundwater may be greatest through its indirect effects on irrigation water demand via increased
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61:
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3336:
3306:
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could have different impacts on groundwater storage: The expected more intense (but fewer) major rainfall events could lead to
412:, or otherwise disconnected streams. This extreme form of preferential flow, accelerates the transport of contaminants and the
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46:
68:
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728:
340:
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Winter, T.C. (1988). "A conceptual framework for assessing cumulative impacts on the hydrology of nontidal wetlands".
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75:
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of groundwater by farmers has led to underground resources becoming depleted. In 2007, on the recommendations of the
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662:. Research shows that the recharge rate can be up to ten times higher in urban areas compared to rural regions
512:
groundwater. Thus, the recharge can be calculated from this base flow if the catchment area is already known.
1352:"Isotopic variation in groundwater across the conterminous United States – Insight into hydrologic processes"
507:
physical methods are those that attempt to actually measure the volume of water passing below the root zone.
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Rates of groundwater recharge are difficult to quantify. This is because other related processes, such as
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Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) strategies to augment freshwater availability include streambed. channel
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1858:
1853:
1682:
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180:) and through anthropogenic processes (i.e., "artificial groundwater recharge"), where rainwater and/or
1052:
Carter, V.; Novitzki, R.P. (1988). "Some
Comments on the Relation between Ground Water and Wetlands".
978:
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884:"Mapping groundwater recharge in Africa from ground observations and implications for water security"
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1965:
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The United
Nations World Water Development Report 2022: Groundwater: Making the invisible visible
1387:
1332:
1230:
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The United
Nations World Water Development Report 2022: Groundwater: Making the invisible visible
1157:
1034:
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804:
690:
609:
541:
488:
472:
452:
300:, site, perimeter to volume ratio, and water table gradient. Groundwater recharge occurs through
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wadis, wetlands) or land surface depressions, and generally becomes more dominant with aridity.
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2006:
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water—before it flows to vulnerable water resources—can connect underground over time.
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468:
149:
1234:
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in the long term should be less than or equal to the volume-rate that is recharged.
242:, may also lower the water tables. Groundwater recharge is an important process for
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2389:
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2085:
1827:
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720:
659:
500:
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Regional, continental and global estimates of recharge commonly derive from global
408:
geological formations because water can eventually dissolve tunnels all the way to
358:. However, where and when water tables are high this affects appropriate design of
321:
320:
Artificial groundwater recharge is becoming increasingly important in India, where
121:
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3135:
2800:
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24:
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297:
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2033:
1218:
1127:"Waterborne nutrient flow through an upland-peatland watershed in Minnesota"
714:
552:, UNSAT-H, SHAW (short form of Simultaneous Heat and Water Transfer model),
440:
301:
293:
141:
1226:
339:
54 billion or US$ 650 million in 2023) to fund dug-well
3223:
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2205:
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2169:
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1320:
748:
733:
685:
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1030:
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565:
429:
413:
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251:
231:
227:
157:
1518:
1469:
1418:
1375:
397:. More rain events are capable of contributing to groundwater supply.
280:
by moving clay soils downstream, and this increases aquifer recharge.
3165:
3155:
2634:
2599:
2423:
2379:
2227:
2025:
955:. The American Society of Agronomy. November 17, 2008. Archived from
417:
404:
transport into groundwater. This is of great concern in regions with
1896:
1594:
1153:
3070:
2667:
2507:
2433:
2220:
1705:
658:
Further implications of groundwater recharge are a consequence of
405:
209:
145:
120:
1455:
1453:
393:
Depression focused groundwater recharge can be very important in
382:
of the soil is not exceeded, then negligible water percolates to
2612:
2468:
2463:
2443:
2317:
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2112:
1505:
1503:
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1499:
852:
http://hydrogeologistswithoutborders.org/wordpress/1979-english/
569:
553:
400:
Depression focused groundwater recharge also profoundly effects
258:
223:
219:
169:
165:
2999:
1900:
1621:
156:. Recharge is the primary method through which water enters an
2571:
2215:
1350:
Stahl, Mason O.; Gehring, Jaclyn; Jameel, Yusuf (2020-07-30).
238:
and reduction in recharge. Use of groundwater, especially for
18:
2995:
1444:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
1184:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
935:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
3218:
1430:
1428:
354:. Concentrating degradable contaminants can accelerate
1446:
Creative
Commons Attribution 3.0 International License
1250:"Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotopes in the Hydrologic Cycle"
1186:
Creative
Commons Attribution 3.0 International License
937:
Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
616:. Some of this increase in irrigation can be due to
532:, moving through the soil, as deep drainage occurs.
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1994:
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1093:
Freshwater
Marshes: Ecology and Wildlife Management
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1474:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1055–1210.
572:data to arrive at a recharge estimate and use the
234:resulting in reduced water infiltration, enhanced
1523:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 551–712.
520:Chemical methods use the presence of relatively
451:supply. Thus the quality of water collecting in
378:If water falls uniformly over a field such that
1096:(3rd ed.). University of Minnesota Press.
428:of surfaces above into the tunnels, results in
1580:. United States Geological Survey. 2016-12-09.
576:in some form to model groundwater flow in the
246:groundwater management, since the volume-rate
3011:
1912:
1633:
1554:"Climate-Change Adaptation & Groundwater"
1254:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
564:is available online. The codes generally use
550:Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance
8:
622:effects of climate change on the water cycle
595:Effects of climate change on the water cycle
390:. Water tables rise under such depressions.
420:. In this way depressions intended to trap
3018:
3004:
2996:
2778:
2512:
1940:
1919:
1905:
1897:
1640:
1626:
1618:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1871:: Saltmod coupled to a groundwater model
1056:. Vol. 1. Springer. pp. 68–86.
907:
230:. These activities can result in loss of
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1595:"Effects of Urban Development on Floods"
949:"Urban Trees Enhance Water Infiltration"
326:International Water Management Institute
816:
499:Physical methods use the principles of
1054:The Ecology and Management of Wetlands
584:Factors affecting groundwater recharge
1589:
1587:
1568:
1566:
1174:="WWDR2022">United Nations (2022)
627:Climate change causes changes to the
524:water-soluble substances, such as an
160:. This process usually occurs in the
16:Groundwater that recharges an aquifer
7:
1297:"Global Isotope Hydrogeology―Review"
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
1407:Australian Journal of Soil Research
824:Freeze, R.A.; Cherry, J.A. (1979).
3407:Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
1295:Jasechko, Scott (September 2019).
764:Groundwater recharge in California
328:, the Indian government allocated
14:
3277:Agricultural wastewater treatment
981:. University of. January 24, 2011
278:Permeability (earth scieeability)
3521:
3520:
2980:
2979:
1688:Irrigation environmental impacts
1439:
1179:
979:"Major floods recharge aquifers"
930:
713:
600:This section is an excerpt from
540:Recharge can be estimated using
218:Water is recharged naturally by
23:
3337:Industrial wastewater treatment
3307:Decentralized wastewater system
313:Artificial groundwater recharge
34:needs additional citations for
1274:10.1146/annurev.earth.24.1.225
888:Environmental Research Letters
197:Diffused or focused mechanisms
1:
3357:Rotating biological contactor
1721:Drainage system (agriculture)
1648:Agricultural water management
779:International trade and water
184:is routed to the subsurface.
1945:Pollution / quality
1764:Hydrological transport model
1559:. Strategic Overview Series.
729:Aquifer storage and recovery
649:infiltration to groundwater.
602:Groundwater § Climate change
168:and is often expressed as a
1062:10.1007/978-1-4684-8378-9_7
744:Depression focused recharge
388:depression focused recharge
374:Depression-focused recharge
3629:
3608:Water resources management
3422:Wastewater treatment plant
3189:Adsorbable organic halides
1792:Groundwater energy balance
599:
592:
503:to estimate recharge. The
3598:Water and the environment
3516:
3194:Biochemical oxygen demand
2975:
2781:
2516:Types / location
1842:Agro-hydro-salinity group
1578:USGS Water Science School
1529:10.1017/9781009325844.006
1480:10.1017/9781009157896.010
639:Effects of climate change
3593:Sustainable technologies
1869:SahysMod polygonal model
1864:SaltMod integrated model
1769:Runoff model (reservoir)
1011:Environmental Management
909:10.1088/1748-9326/abd661
774:Infiltration (hydrology)
346:Pollution in stormwater
3382:Sewage sludge treatment
3322:Fecal sludge management
3282:API oil–water separator
3249:Wastewater surveillance
1849:Hydrology (agriculture)
1574:"Groundwater depletion"
1463:"8 Water Cycle Changes"
1248:Gat, J. R. (May 1996).
1219:10.1126/science.1067123
1140:(5): 1456–67 /1938872.
769:Hydrology (agriculture)
759:Groundwater remediation
455:is of special concern.
443:directly to the raised
3239:Total suspended solids
3234:Total dissolved solids
3199:Chemical oxygen demand
1802:Hydraulic conductivity
1434:United Nations (2022)
1356:Hydrological Processes
1090:Weller, M.W. (1994) .
796:by subsurface drainage
435:Deeper ponding exerts
273:temporarily increases
215:
126:
58:"Groundwater recharge"
3588:Sustainable gardening
3558:Hydraulic engineering
3106:Industrial wastewater
1859:Leaching model (soil)
1854:Soil salinity control
1683:Irrigation management
1678:Irrigation statistics
1301:Reviews of Geophysics
794:Soil salinity control
701:Groundwater pollution
620:issues made worse by
213:
124:
3448:Groundwater recharge
2891:remnant natural area
2528:storage and recovery
2194:habitat conservation
2012:Deforestation (REDD)
1746:Surface water/runoff
1321:10.1029/2018RG000627
1125:Verry, D.R. (1982).
789:Rainwater harvesting
148:moves downward from
130:Groundwater recharge
43:improve this article
3362:Secondary treatment
3347:Membrane bioreactor
3302:Constructed wetland
3101:Infiltration/Inflow
2845:Earth Overshoot Day
2419:Marine conservation
2400:non-timber products
1823:Acid sulphate soils
1698:Subsurface drainage
1368:2020HyPr...34.3506S
1313:2019RvGeo..57..835J
1266:1996AREPS..24..225G
1211:2002Sci...296.1985A
1146:1982Ecol...63.1456V
1023:1988EnMan..12..605W
900:2021ERL....16c4012M
691:Impervious surfaces
489:hydrological models
453:infiltration basins
447:below and into the
3603:Water conservation
3583:Sustainable design
3527:Category: Sewerage
3488:Septic drain field
3453:Infiltration basin
3397:Stabilization pond
3317:Facultative lagoon
3181:Quality indicators
3061:Blackwater (waste)
3041:Acid mine drainage
2830:Ecosystem services
1953:Ambient standards
1759:Hydrological model
1726:Watertable control
1663:Surface irrigation
1031:10.1007/BF01867539
857:2020-04-06 at the
805:Watertable control
610:evapotranspiration
473:evapotranspiration
459:Estimation methods
216:
127:
3535:
3534:
3312:Extended aeration
3259:Treatment options
3209:Oxygen saturation
3056:Blackwater (coal)
3034:Sources and types
2993:
2992:
2971:
2970:
2770:
2769:
2449:genetic resources
2385:genetic resources
2020:
2019:
1928:Natural resources
1894:
1893:
1797:Groundwater model
1754:Contour trenching
1736:Drainage by wells
1731:Drainage research
1716:Drainage equation
1538:978-1-009-32584-4
1489:978-1-009-15789-6
1419:10.1071/SR9780181
1376:10.1002/hyp.13832
1362:(16): 3506–3523.
1205:(5575): 1985–90.
1103:978-0-8166-8574-5
1071:978-1-4684-8378-9
837:978-0-13-365312-0
830:. Prentice-Hall.
754:Groundwater model
739:Contour trenching
574:Richards equation
560:. The 1D-program
542:numerical methods
341:recharge projects
119:
118:
111:
93:
3620:
3524:
3523:
3443:Evaporation pond
3431:Disposal options
3402:Trickling filter
3387:Sewage treatment
3287:Carbon filtering
3267:Activated sludge
3020:
3013:
3006:
2997:
2983:
2982:
2934:
2881:Natural heritage
2840:overexploitation
2779:
2513:
2459:herbal medicines
2439:FAO Plant Treaty
1979:
1956:
1941:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1898:
1787:Groundwater flow
1673:Tidal irrigation
1642:
1635:
1628:
1619:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1591:
1582:
1581:
1570:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1516:
1507:
1494:
1493:
1467:
1457:
1448:
1443:
1438:. UNESCO, Paris
1432:
1423:
1422:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1194:
1188:
1183:
1178:. UNESCO, Paris
1172:
1166:
1165:
1131:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1087:
1076:
1075:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1006:
1000:
997:
991:
990:
988:
986:
975:
969:
968:
966:
964:
953:Fisher, Madeline
945:
939:
934:
929:
911:
878:
861:
849:
821:
723:
718:
717:
536:Numerical models
352:retention basins
338:
334:
332:
307:prairie potholes
206:Natural recharge
138:deep percolation
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3568:Land management
3538:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3512:
3478:Reclaimed water
3426:
3352:Reverse osmosis
3253:
3175:
3141:Reverse osmosis
3066:Boiler blowdown
3029:
3024:
2994:
2989:
2967:
2932:
2912:
2898:Systems ecology
2864:Natural capital
2766:
2651:
2640:reclaimed water
2502:
2464:UPOV Convention
2312:
2107:
2016:
1990:
1986:Ozone depletion
1977:
1954:
1930:
1925:
1895:
1890:
1874:
1837:
1811:
1773:
1740:
1692:
1668:Drip irrigation
1649:
1646:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1603:
1601:
1593:
1592:
1585:
1572:
1571:
1564:
1556:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1514:
1509:
1508:
1497:
1490:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1451:
1433:
1426:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1173:
1169:
1154:10.2307/1938872
1129:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1104:
1089:
1088:
1079:
1072:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1008:
1007:
1003:
998:
994:
984:
982:
977:
976:
972:
962:
960:
959:on June 2, 2013
947:
946:
942:
880:
879:
864:
859:Wayback Machine
850:Accessed from:
838:
823:
822:
818:
813:
800:Subsurface dyke
719:
712:
709:
696:Soil compaction
682:
680:Adverse factors
656:
651:
650:
605:
597:
591:
586:
538:
526:isotopic tracer
518:
497:
461:
376:
364:retention ponds
360:detention ponds
336:
335:(equivalent to
330:
329:
315:
286:
265:reducing water
208:
199:
194:
182:reclaimed water
144:process, where
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3626:
3624:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3553:Soil mechanics
3550:
3540:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3503:Surface runoff
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3483:Sanitary sewer
3480:
3475:
3473:Marine outfall
3470:
3468:Marine dumping
3465:
3460:
3458:Injection well
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3438:Combined sewer
3434:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3377:Settling basin
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3272:Aerated lagoon
3269:
3263:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3204:Coliform index
3201:
3196:
3191:
3185:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3146:Sanitary sewer
3143:
3138:
3133:
3131:Produced water
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3076:Combined sewer
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3000:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2933:(perpetuation)
2928:
2922:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2886:Nature reserve
2883:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2832:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2782:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2610:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2569:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2519:
2517:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2363:climate change
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2331:Bioprospecting
2328:
2322:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2213:
2208:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2117:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1976:Clean Air Act
1968:
1963:
1958:
1949:
1947:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1901:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1882:
1880:
1879:Related topics
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1783:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1750:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1702:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1659:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1622:
1611:
1610:
1583:
1562:
1544:
1537:
1495:
1488:
1449:
1424:
1413:(2): 181–195.
1397:
1342:
1307:(3): 835–965.
1287:
1260:(1): 225–262.
1240:
1189:
1167:
1117:
1102:
1077:
1070:
1044:
1017:(5): 605–620.
1001:
992:
970:
940:
862:
836:
815:
814:
812:
809:
808:
807:
802:
797:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
725:
724:
708:
705:
704:
703:
698:
693:
688:
681:
678:
669:flash flooding
655:
652:
618:water scarcity
606:
598:
590:
589:Climate change
587:
585:
582:
537:
534:
517:
514:
496:
493:
460:
457:
380:field capacity
375:
372:
356:biodegradation
314:
311:
285:
282:
236:surface runoff
207:
204:
198:
195:
193:
190:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3625:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3528:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3367:Sedimentation
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3161:Sewage sludge
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3086:Cooling water
3084:
3082:
3081:Cooling tower
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3046:Ballast water
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3016:
3014:
3009:
3007:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2986:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2964:
2963:Non-renewable
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2903:Urban ecology
2901:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2735:Privatization
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2630:Surface water
2628:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2132:
2131:peak farmland
2129:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1910:
1908:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
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894:(3): 034012.
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150:surface water
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134:deep drainage
131:
125:Water balance
123:
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102:
99:November 2008
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3578:Soil physics
3573:Liquid water
3508:Vacuum sewer
3447:
3392:Sewer mining
3342:Ion exchange
3292:Chlorination
3214:Heavy metals
3171:Urban runoff
3111:Ion exchange
3091:Fecal sludge
2961: /
2835:Exploitation
2720:Conservation
2663:Desalination
2598:
2554:
2491:conservation
2326:Biodiversity
2274:conservation
2121:Agricultural
2049:Fossil fuels
1833:Saline soils
1828:Alkali soils
1614:
1602:. Retrieved
1598:
1577:
1552:IAH (2019).
1547:
1519:
1470:
1410:
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1133:
1120:
1092:
1053:
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1014:
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1004:
999:O'Brien 1988
995:
983:. Retrieved
973:
961:. Retrieved
957:the original
952:
943:
891:
887:
826:
819:
721:Water portal
663:
660:urbanization
657:
654:Urbanization
646:
642:
634:
626:
607:
539:
519:
508:
504:
501:soil physics
498:
486:
482:
477:infiltration
462:
434:
399:
395:arid regions
392:
387:
377:
368:rain gardens
350:collects in
345:
322:over-pumping
319:
316:
287:
256:
217:
200:
186:
164:below plant
137:
133:
129:
128:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3498:Storm drain
3493:Sewage farm
3417:Vermifilter
3372:Septic tank
3332:Imhoff tank
3229:Temperature
3136:Return flow
3126:Papermaking
2954:Nationalism
2926:Common-pool
2567:Hydrosphere
2560:remediation
2545:Groundwater
2140:Degradation
1779:Groundwater
985:October 31,
963:October 31,
827:Groundwater
629:water cycle
578:vadose zone
465:evaporation
449:groundwater
445:water table
402:contaminant
384:groundwater
333:1,800 crore
263:groundwater
244:sustainable
178:water cycle
174:water table
162:vadose zone
154:groundwater
3542:Categories
3463:Irrigation
3327:Filtration
3027:Wastewater
2949:Extraction
2908:Wilderness
2869:accounting
2852:Management
2818:ecological
2806:tragedy of
2725:Peak water
2710:Efficiency
2683:Sanitation
2625:Stormwater
2618:harvesting
2594:Irrigation
2496:management
2454:gene banks
2395:management
2373:management
2289:resilience
2255:phosphorus
2211:industrial
2189:Management
2165:soundscape
2071:Geothermal
1807:Watertable
1655:Irrigation
1604:2019-03-22
1512:"4. Water"
811:References
784:Peak water
593:See also:
432:or caves.
426:Cavitation
298:vegetation
259:saturation
248:abstracted
240:irrigation
142:hydrologic
69:newspapers
3563:Hydrology
3297:Clarifier
3244:Turbidity
3096:Greywater
2959:Renewable
2944:Depletion
2931:Conflict
2813:Economics
2791:enclosure
2750:Resources
2730:Pollution
2647:Watershed
2550:pollution
2481:Seed bank
2476:Rangeland
2358:Fisheries
2343:Biosphere
2336:biopiracy
2279:fertility
2155:cityscape
2150:Landscape
2057:peak coal
2044:Resources
1995:Emissions
1392:219743798
1384:0885-6087
1337:155563380
1329:8755-1209
1282:0084-6597
1112:476093538
926:233941479
918:1748-9326
846:643719314
673:permeable
643:increased
441:pollution
275:river bed
192:Processes
3548:Aquifers
3224:Salinity
3116:Leachate
3051:Bathroom
2985:Category
2918:Resource
2857:adaptive
2755:improved
2715:Conflict
2700:Security
2695:Scarcity
2688:improved
2678:Leaching
2555:recharge
2535:Drinking
2486:Wildlife
2353:Bushmeat
2348:Bushfood
2301:planning
2206:gemstone
2201:Minerals
2182:property
2170:viewshed
2160:seascape
2091:sunlight
2065:peak oil
2061:peak gas
1886:Sand dam
1235:39943677
1227:12065826
1039:10248985
855:Archived
749:Dry well
734:Bioswale
707:See also
686:Drainage
614:drylands
562:HYDRUS1D
558:MIKE SHE
530:chloride
516:Chemical
509:Indirect
495:Physical
437:pressure
430:potholes
416:of such
410:aquifers
289:Wetlands
284:Wetlands
271:Flooding
250:from an
3151:Septage
2786:Commons
2775:Related
2740:Quality
2656:Aspects
2582:glacial
2523:Aquifer
2429:Pasture
2380:Forests
2306:reserve
2081:Nuclear
2051: (
2007:Trading
2002:Airshed
1364:Bibcode
1309:Bibcode
1262:Bibcode
1207:Bibcode
1199:Science
1162:1938872
1142:Bibcode
1134:Ecology
1019:Bibcode
896:Bibcode
566:climate
418:tunnels
414:erosion
348:run-off
252:aquifer
232:topsoil
228:logging
172:to the
158:aquifer
83:scholar
3525:
3166:Toilet
3156:Sewage
3121:Manure
2796:global
2760:policy
2705:Supply
2668:Floods
2635:Sewage
2608:Marine
2600:huerta
2434:Plants
2424:Meadow
2284:health
2262:rights
2250:copper
2228:mining
2126:arable
2026:Energy
1966:Indoor
1535:
1486:
1390:
1382:
1335:
1327:
1280:
1233:
1225:
1160:
1110:
1100:
1068:
1037:
924:
916:
844:
834:
647:reduce
556:, and
505:direct
475:) and
422:runoff
267:runoff
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3613:Water
3071:Brine
2939:Curse
2745:Right
2587:polar
2577:bergs
2540:Fresh
2508:Water
2221:metal
2145:Field
2096:shade
2086:Solar
2076:Hydro
1961:Index
1706:Ditch
1557:(PDF)
1515:(PDF)
1466:(PDF)
1388:S2CID
1333:S2CID
1231:S2CID
1158:JSTOR
1130:(PDF)
1035:S2CID
922:S2CID
546:codes
522:inert
406:karst
261:into
166:roots
146:water
140:is a
90:JSTOR
76:books
3412:UASB
2874:good
2823:land
2801:land
2613:Rain
2469:wood
2444:food
2407:Game
2318:Life
2269:Soil
2245:peak
2238:sand
2113:Land
2103:Wind
1978:(US)
1955:(US)
1533:ISBN
1484:ISBN
1380:ISSN
1325:ISSN
1278:ISSN
1223:PMID
1108:OCLC
1098:ISBN
1066:ISBN
987:2012
965:2012
914:ISSN
842:OCLC
832:ISBN
570:soil
568:and
554:WEAP
471:(or
366:and
294:soil
224:snow
222:and
220:rain
170:flux
62:news
2673:Law
2572:Ice
2412:law
2390:law
2368:law
2296:Use
2233:law
2216:ore
2177:Law
2053:gas
2039:Law
2034:Bio
1971:Law
1936:Air
1525:doi
1476:doi
1415:doi
1372:doi
1317:doi
1270:doi
1215:doi
1203:296
1150:doi
1058:doi
1027:doi
904:doi
548:as
528:or
152:to
136:or
132:or
45:by
3544::
3219:pH
2063:,
2059:,
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