930:, the latter which is one of the most common terms describing community living opportunities in mental health in the 1970s' medical and psychiatric literatures. Specialized halfway houses, as halfway between the institution and a regular home, may serve individuals with addictions or who may now be convicted of crimes, though very uncommon in the 1970s. Residents are usually encouraged or required to take an active role in the maintenance of the household, such as performing chores or helping to manage a budget. In 1984, New York's state office in intellectual and developmental disabilities described its service provision in 338 group homes serving 3,249 individuals. Some of these homes were certified as intermediate care facilities (ICF-MRs) and must respond to stricter facility-based standards.
839:, chronic or long-term mental/psychiatric disorder, or physical or multiple disabilities because those are the non-profit and state-regional organizations which began and operated the homes. Some group homes were funded as transitional homes to prepare for independent living (in an apartment or return to family or marriage and employment), and others were viewed as permanent community homes. Society may prevent people with significant needs from living in local communities with social acceptance key to community development. The residents sometimes need continual or supported assistance in order to complete daily tasks, such as taking medication or bathing, making dinners, having conversations, making appointments, and getting to work or an adult
887:(e.g., who may have attended a youth drug court hosted by the judicial system), abused or neglected youths, youths with behavioral or emotional problems, and/or youths with criminal records (e.g., a person in need of supervision). Group homes or group facilities may also provide residential treatment for youth for a time-limited period, and then involve return of the youth to the family environment. Similarly, drug, addictions and alcohol programs may be time-limited, and involve residential treatment (e.g., Afrocentric model for 24 women and children, as part of Boston Consortium of Services).
1088:
Accountability Office (GAO) in the United States and have been the subject of major reform efforts. Today, a Red Cross ombudsman may be available in the homes, special needs units may be available to assist in areas such as bathing and eating, and in some cities, short term rehabilitation is provided for seniors at those sites instead of at community locations. Nursing facilities, unlike the small size standard of the
Centers for Disease Control (CDC) for homes for individuals with intellectual disabilities, may have over 100 "institutional clients" on site and is reporting 2–3% restraint use.
1141:
Life skills ranged from health and hygiene, parenting/child care, home maintenance, money management, activities of daily living, community awareness and mobility, legal awareness, social/interpersonal skills, and family involvement (Condeluci, Cooperman, & Self, 1987). These services may be called post-acute services, and involve other personnel models, such as life coaches (Jones, Patrick, Evans, & Wuff, 1991). Independent living training has also proved effective in addressing the needs and expectations of individuals who have sensory impairments (e.g., hearing or blindness).
851:
or supervision; government may require a finding of involuntary care (i.e. dangerous to themselves or others) which is a hotly contested and disputed arena. Individuals who move from psychiatric hospitals (and intellectual disability institutions) also may need medications reduced, with psychiatric symptoms often only moderately addressed ("modest efficacy") in this manner with known side effects of long-term use. The community living movement has been very successful in the United States and other countries, and is supported in 2015 by the
863:
acceptance, self-determination, functional home and community skills) and another, positive behavioral supports (which may be considered overly structured for homes and home life). Positive behavioral supports were developed, in part, to assist with "management problems" of the residential facilities. Group home residents may be found in workplaces, day services, parks and recreation programs, schools, shopping centers, travel locations, and with family, neighbors, community workers, co-workers, schoolmates and friends.
1015:
categories by state governments and now have the new assisted living growing in the United States. Group facilities (e.g., funded as large as 100 individuals in a nursing facility or on old-style campus of over 12 wards on the outskirts of cities) or homes for seniors (e.g., room and board) are designed for seniors who cannot live on their own due to physical or mental disabilities. Group facilities, which may involve over half of the allotted beds or more (80%) funded by
Medicaid, might also be found under
918:, to blend into neighborhoods, to have access to shopping, banks, and transportation, and sometimes, universal access and design. Group homes may be part of residential services "models" offered by a service provider together with apartment programs, and other types of "followalong" services. However, in 2015, the homes and personnel continue to meet the challenges of a changing multicultural society, and changing and norms in areas such as gender expectations.
1062:, later revised in 2008. Human rights laws, still operational in states, govern employment applications for employment, and the employer is restricted from asking pre-employment questions on criminal arrests or discriminating on this basis (See, Human Rights Laws of the state of New York). However, unbeknownst to many communities and organizations, management rights, instead of human rights, have been inserted in contracts in the United States.
668:
110:
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for reversing actions by personnel, including professional and medical malpractice, and the most successful programs are viewed as those that result in high compliance. High medication usage is required, often against the law, and the situation worsens during any police-enforced confinement. Group homes in the non-profit sector are often operated by other than the providers involved in state or private, for-profit involuntary care.
973:, which are required to have eyes-on every so often due to behavioral and intellectual disabilities of the children and youth they serve. There are also less restrictive forms of group homes, which often use the house parent model. Those organizations are due to their visual comparability to several foster families within a certain area as well as their connectedness to each other, the community and internally best described as
32:
1075:. The authors held that only 12 of 3,068 individuals should be living independently (p. 199) based on their model predictions. In contrast, the continuum model has been critiqued as restrictive of rights, facility-based, and restrictive of community participation resulting in a US Supreme Court decision recognizing the most integrated setting (Consortium of Citizens with Disabilities, 2012).
1194:
coordinators in some locations), and so forth are often available. Senior programs may also involve joint integration initiatives by aging and disability agencies resulting in leading programs such as social model day programs in Oneida County, New York, Rhode Island's
Apartment Residence, Madison County Integration Program, and supported retirement programs in the state of Utah.
1214:(Robert Hudson, 2005/2010) calls for the government entertaining care credits or generous minimum benefits to assist United States families to juggle paid and unpaid work in today's modernized world. In addition, as parents age, adults with disabilities who may be living at home will also need assistance that might not have been needed earlier (e.g., siblings, new home).
746:
Typically, there are no more than six residents, and there is at least one trained caregiver there 24 hours a day. In some early "model programs", a house manager, night manager, weekend activity coordinator, and four part-time skill teachers were reported. Originally, the term group home referred to homes of 8 to 16 individuals, which was a state-mandated size during
1150:
in larger facilities, may be higher in reimbursement rates to the provider so treatment billings will be found for higher-cost professional services (e.g., behavioral health). Surprisingly, except for very small sizes, the larger, medicalized facilities bill the highest costs per individual (e.g., intermediate care facilities over 16 in the state of New York).
811:
characteristics. Prior residential facility classifications were described by
Scheerenberger until the modern day classification by David Braddock on a state-by-state basis which includes individuals in residential settings of six or fewer, one categorical group. In 2014, models of residential services in intellectual disabilities include new categories of
1198:
for Older Adults representing response to long-term criticism of a facility-based service industry. However, a recent nursing industry schema, reflecting a provider network, for levels of care states: "Assisted Living with No
Assistance" (the most common use of "assisted living" involves little or no assistance, living at home with minimal amounts of
997:, individual and family supports, or early on, "individualized supportive living arrangements" (e.g., apartment programs). These developments often followed analyses of homes as homes, ordinary housing and support services, versus group treatment or facilities, an important critique during the 1980s and 1990s reform period.
798:
rules. Any disorderly conduct by group home residents, including fighting with other residents, damaging group home property, or another resident's personal property, or an inability to follow house rules or follow instructions from group home staff members can lead to a resident being kicked out of the group home.
1172:. These homes, operated often by the nursing care industry, are based on increasing need for assistance and decreasing independence. Unlike the proposals for upgraded community services in homes and communities for seniors with substantial needs, assisted living was primarily developed as facility types only;
1159:
of payment plans. New options called family-directed and user-directed involve transfer of funds to homes and families, and continue to be in process in states. Early organizations provided information on their management and financing to help local communities replicate or begin their own homes and programs.
1158:
In relationship to the individual or family, residential services are expensive for low or middle-class families, and federal, state and local government often contribute to these costs. Medicaid-funded options may require use of assets, and Social
Security Disability or Social Security are also part
1014:
Perhaps the largest group of group homes (now termed community residential services or residential care by other managements) fall under the heading of residential care homes for seniors, or both seniors and individuals with disabilities. Residential care categories include over 43 separate regulated
1001:
continued to be a primary framework representing another emblem of community living more often associated with personal assistance and live-in attendants, home health services, and the now termed allied health services of physical and occupational therapy, speech, cognitive therapy, and psychological
960:
Unrelated children or sibling groups live in a home-like setting with either a set of house parents or a rotating staff of trained caregivers. Specialized therapeutic or treatment group homes are available to meet the needs of children with emotional, intellectual, physical, medical and/or behavioral
900:
for children in mental health systems similar to international initiatives in "individualized family support program". Residential treatment is one part of an array of community services which include therapeutic foster care, family support, case management, crisis-emergency services, outpatient and
846:
Group homes were revolutionary in that they offered individuals life opportunities to learn to cook and prepare meals (e.g., individuals with severe and even profound disabilities), budget their personal allowance, select photos for their room or album, meet neighbors and "carry out civic duties", go
1197:
Assisted living is a modernization effort (e.g., more choices or menus of services) in the nursing care fields which primarily resulted in modernization, to some extent, of the large facility (i.e., nursing homes) or campus models. Large state initiatives can be found in
Linking Housing and Services
1149:
Residential services costs have been studied in depth in areas that relate to group homes, family care homes or community residential services, especially on deinstitutionalization, Medicaid home and community-based waiver development, and community development. Residential treatment, often provided
1140:
from long-term care institutions (e.g., acute care facilities, long-term rehabilitation facilities, skilled nursing or intermediate care facilities, community re-entry facilities) often involved changing from forced dependency to controlling and deciding one's own destiny called self-determination.
938:
that it will lead to a rise in crime and/or a drop in property values. However, repeated reviews since the 1970s indicate such views are unfounded, and the homes contribute to the neighborhoods. In the late 1970s, local hearings were conducted in states such as New York, and parents of children with
866:
In addition, new laws required that schools serve disabled children (often obfuscated as "special needs" or "exceptional children") adapting school and afterschool programs to meet the needs of the previously excluded population groups. Douglas Biklen in his award-winning "Regular Lives" highlighted
850:
Some residents may also have behavioral problems that require a better daily routine, medical assessment for possible health care needs (e.g., pituitary problem, medication adjustment), environmental changes (e.g., different roommates), mental health counseling, specialist or physician consultation,
806:
A group home in a local community is what the government and universities term a "small group home". Group homes always have trained personnel, and administration located both for the home and outside the home at office locations. Larger homes often are termed residential facilities, as are campuses
1189:
services; local governments have been reluctant to pay for other than limited services in the homes (one study stated up to 20 hours maximum, others 3–4 hours per week), in spite of a nationwide decades press toward our own governments. This position is similar to a governmental position to pay not
1087:
The nursing facility industry holds the position, often with its affiliated hospitals, that it decides on involuntary treatment of elders, which involves issues such as visitations. Nursing homes have had a very long history of reviews and complaints including to the federal level of the
Government
1078:
Increasingly, concern has been voiced over the rise in community treatment orders, medical homes, invasive supervision in homes, in addition to decades of outcry over involuntary procedures in psychiatry in the United States and restrictions on human rights. In this field, no viable recourse exists
862:
until long-term services and supports, including group homes were developed in the United States. The primary frameworks in the United States underlying group homes are often termed social and functional competency-based (e.g., community participation, social role valorization, social and community
745:
and medical care for those with complex health needs. Traditionally, the model has been used for children or young people who cannot live with their families or afford their own homes, people with chronic disabilities who may be adults or seniors, or people with dementia and related aged illnesses.
1114:
By the 1990s, greater emphasis was placed on community participation and belonging, in addition to welcoming support of the community and community members. In fact, several national research centers in the United States were funded, in part, on the basis of community research studies in community
1105:
Foundational in all helping professions are what are called "critical skill domains", which are congruent with a community support approach (e.g., values clarification, general fluency and flexibility of thought, perception and response, competence in academic content, verbal communications) (Cole
1096:
Group home personnel are considered in 2015 to be Direct
Support Professionals though paramount in this approach are maintaining a home atmosphere, routines, and community life. An abundance of literature in the 1980s and 1990s described the training needs of personnel, and today new expectations
810:
K.C. Lakin of the
University of Minnesota, a deinstitutionalization researcher, has indicated that a taxonomy of residential facilities for individuals with intellectual disabilities includes program model, size and operator, and facilities also then vary by disability and age, among other primary
1622:
Amaro, H., McGraw, S., Larson, M., Lopez, L., & Nieves, R. (2004). Boston Consortium of Services for Families in Recovery: A trauma-informed intervention model for women's alcohol and drug addiction treatment. In: B. Veysey & C. Clark, Responding to Physical and Sexual Abuse in Women with
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However, the call nationwide is for caregiving services in the homes where aging parents often move to live with their adult children and their families. The provider sector desired are those that respect the wishes of the individual and the family, including for care at home through hospice. The
1193:
However, senior services of other kinds, including the senior centers, low cost meals, transportation, Veteran's health services and independent clubs, specialized day care (e.g., day care for older adult policies in Great Britain), local case managers, local Offices of the Aging (with Disability
1184:
There are various levels of residential care homes for seniors, which is the traditional medical system of assessments, which differs from developing person-centered plans and support services for persons who may have substantial health care needs and also from new managed Medicaid care plans. In
1167:
Residential care homes, run by the government or by the for-profit and non-profit industries, need not be low cost and/or low quality as many might initially guess, though traditional room and boards may be based primarily on a Social Security Disability payment and limited governmental personnel
943:
on June 7, 1979), research experts, agency directors (e.g., Guy Caruso of the Onondaga County Arc, now at Temple University) and community-disability planners (late Bernice Schultz, county planner) spoke with community members to respond to their inquiries. The late Josephine Scro later became a
913:
Group homes have a good community image, and were developed in the intellectual disability and mental health fields as a desirable middle class option located in good neighborhoods after a faulty start in poorer neighborhoods in the United States. Group homes were often built in accordance with
797:
system. There is a considerable variety of different models, sizes and kinds of organizations caring for children and youth who cannot stay with their birth families. Residents of group homes are responsible for their own conduct and are bound by an agreement to follow an expected list of house
785:
The group homes highlighted in news articles in the late 1970s and 1980s, and by the late 2000s, have been cited internationally as a symbol or emblem of the community movement. Group homes were opened in local communities, often with site selection hearings, by state government and non-profit
1057:
Employment opportunities, where available, are encouraged for group home residents, depending on the home, operator, and characteristics of the residents. Since the 1970s, people with cognitive or mental health disabilities have been involved in community employment of all kinds and also have
1048:
may vary depending on the distance from the group home to the library. While 93% of the Canadian population has easy access to a public library, it is uncertain about the percentage of Canadian group home residents who actually have unrestricted access to a public library in lieu of watching
895:
Residential treatment centers and other organized mental health care for children with emotional needs, among our highest health and human service efforts, was reported at 440 organizations nationally in 1988, representing 9% of mental health organizations. Residential treatment centers were
980:
Group homes and foster homes have been compared and studied in national samples. Group homes were studied as part of a national sample of community living for individuals with severe disabilities, and small group homes six or under were among the recommended options, often for adults.
968:
to the birth, adoptive, and foster families are often first recommended. Several sources state that, in comparison to other placement alternatives, this form of care is the most restrictive for youth in the foster care system. The term group home is often confused with lock-down
1023:
for the Elderly, or Assisted Living Facility. Alternative community options for these seniors are home health care, hospice care, specialized care (e.g., Alzheimer's), day care at senior centers, meals on wheels, transportation drivers, and other aging and disability options.
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Lutfiyya, Z.M. (1995). Baking bread together: A study of membership and inclusion. (pp. 117–139). In: S.J. Taylor, R. Bogdan, & Z.M. Lutfiyya, "The Variety of Community Experience: Qualitative Studies of Family and Community Life". Baltimore, MD: Paul H.
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system are placed, sometimes until foster families are found for them, sometimes for long-term care. Homes which are termed group foster care operate under other standards than those termed group homes, including different management systems and departments.
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Ford, A., Brown, L., Pumpian, I., Baumgart, D., Nisbet, J., Schroeder, J. & Loomis, R. (nd). Strategies for developing individualized recreation and leisure programs for severely handicapped students. Adapted from Brown et al, (1980).
1446:. Denver, CO: Department of Psychiatry and Colemand Institute, University of Colorado, Department of Disability and Human Development, University of Illinois-Chicago, and American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.
1106:& Lacefield, 1978). In addition, with the multicultural workforce, cultural awareness, even skills like using chopsticks, are desired in the adaptive skill domains and comparisons between fast food and sit down restaurants.
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Residents may have their own room or share rooms, and share facilities such as laundry, bathroom, kitchen, and common living areas. The opening of group homes in neighborhoods is occasionally opposed by residents due to
2142:
Hill, M., Wehman, P., Kregel, J., Banks, P. D., & Metzler, H. (1987). Employment outcomes for people with moderate and severe disabilities: An eight-year longitudinal analysis of supported competitive employment.
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In the United States, it has been the position of state mental health commissioners that many people who are living independently should be placed in intensive treatment, as described in a mid-1980s article in the
1632:
US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Mental Health. (1991, July). Residential treatment centers and other organized mental health care for children and youth: United States, 1988.
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Van Den Pol, R., Iwata, B., Ivanic, M., Page, T., Neef, N., & Whitley, F. Paul. (1981). Teaching the handicapped to eat in public places: Acquisition, generalization and maintenance of restaurant skills.
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Education also occurs for special population groups or particular issues or needs; an example are the challenges gay men face in living with chronic illness including HIV-AIDS which may be addressed in
758:
disabilities. Depending on the severity of the condition requiring one to need to live in a group home, some clients are able to attend day programs and most clients are able to live normal lifestyles.
2390:
Rogers, E.S., Danley, K., Anthony, W.A., Martin, R., & Walsh, D. (1994). The residential needs and preferences of persons with serious mental illness: A comparison of consumers and family members.
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Lakin, K.C., Bruininks, R., Chen, T., Hill, B. & Andersen, D. (1993). Personal characteristics and competence of people with intellectual disability living in foster homes and small group homes.
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Force, L. & O'Malley, M. (1998). Adult day services. (pp. 294–315). In: M Janicki, A. J. Dalton, "Dementia, Aging and Intellectual Disabilities: A Handbook." Castleton, JY: Hamilton Printing Co.
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Slot NW, Jagers HD, Dangel RF. Cross-cultural replication and evaluation of the Teaching Family Model of community-based residential treatment. Behavioral Residential Treatment. 1992;7(5):341–354.
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Pynoos, J., Liebig, P., Alley, D., & Nishita, C. (2004). Homes of choice: Towards more effective linkages between housing and support. In: J. Pynoos, P. Hollander Feldman, & J. Ahrens,
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Pynoos, J., Feldman Hollander, P., & Ahrens, J. (2004). "Linking Housing and Services for Older Adults: Obstacles, Options and Opportunities". (pp. 5–39). Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press.
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Gage, M., Fredericks, B., Johnson-Dorn, N. & Linley-Southard, B. (1982). Inservice training for staffs of group homes and work activity centers serving developmentally disabled adults.
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Shern, D.L., Wilson, N., Ellis, R., Bartsch, D. & Coen, A. (1986, Fall). Planning a continuum of residential service settings for the chronically mentally ill: The Colorado experience.
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Thompson RW, Smith GL, Osgood DW, Dowd TP, Friman PC, Daly DL. Residential care: A study of short- and long-term educational effects. Children and Youth Services Review. 1996;18(3):221–242.
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Pace, S. & Turkel, W. (1990, April). Participants, community volunteers and staff: A collaborative approach to housing and support. "Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal", 13(4): 81–84.
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director of a new family support agency in Syracuse, New York, to assist other families with children with disabilities with family supports in their own homes and local communities, too.
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organizations including the international in a broader array, spectrum, continuum, or services systems plan for residential community services or Long-Term Services and Supports (LTSS).
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considered largely inappropriate for many of the children who needed better community support services. Restructuring of these systems was proposed to promote better prevention and
2336:
Marholin, D., O'Toole, K., Touchette, P., Berger, P. & Doyle, D. (1979). "I'll have a Big Mac, Large Fries, Large Coke, and Apple Pie"...or Teaching Adaptive Community Skills.
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Larzelere RE, Daly EL, Davis JL, Chmelka MB, Handwerk ML. Outcome evaluation of Girls and Boys Town s Family Home Program. Education and Treatment of Children. 2004;27(2):130–149.
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Fields, S. (1990, April). The relationship between residential treatment and supported housing in a comimunity system of services. "Psychosocial Rehabilitation", 13(4): 105–114.
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Schrader, Alvin M. and Brundin, Michael R. 2002. "National Core Library Statistics Program Statistical Report, 1999: Cultural and Economic Impact of Libraries on Canada." p.15
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Baker, B.L., Seltzer, G.B. & Seltzer, M.M. (1977). Ch. 3: Small group home. As Close as Possible: Community Residences for Retarded Adults. Boston: Little, Brown & Co.
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Nietupski, J., Welch, J. & Wacker, D. (1983). Acquisition, maintenance, and transfer of grocery item purchasing skills by moderately and severely handicapped students.
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addition, in some fields, the plan is for the individual to age in place in their group home setting. Personal care assistance is often associated with aging in place and
2084:
Harp, H. T. (1990, April). Independent living with support services: The goal and future for mental health consumers. "Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal", 13(4): 85–90.
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Taylor, S.J., Bogdan, R. & Lutfiyya, Z. (1995). "The Variety of Community Experience: Qualitative Studies of Family and Community Life". London: Paul H. Brookes.
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Rizzolo, M., Friedman, C., Lulinski-Norris, A. & Braddock, D. (2013). HCBS waivers: A nationwide study of states: Intellectual and developmental disabilities.
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Smith, T., Parker, T., Taubman, M. & Lovaas, O.I. (1992). Transfer of staff training from workshops to group homes: A failure to generalize across settings.
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Janicki, M. & Keefe, R. (1992). "Casebook: Integration Experiences." Albany, NY: New York State Office of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities.
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Kutash, K. & Rivera, V. (1996). "What Works in Children's Mental health Services? Uncovering Answers to Critical Questions." Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.
750:. Residential nursing facilities, also included in this article, may be as large as 100 individuals in 2015, which is no longer the case in fields such as
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assistance. More expensive residential care homes now exist to offer a family-style, high quality, care option to the next class of senior care which is
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options. Attention is also paid to developing residential services which meet the preferences of persons with serious mental illness and their families.
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developed freestanding affirmative industries and supported employment services in conjunction with the government. These rights are protected under the
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2249:
Demchak, M.A. & Browder, D. (1990, June). An evaluation of the pyramid model of staff training in group homes for adults with severe handicaps.
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Condeluci, A., Cooperman, S. .& Self, B.A. (1987). Independent living: Settings and supports. (pp. 301–347). In: M. Ylivasker & E. Gobble,
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Zane, T., Sulzer-Azaroff, B., Handen, B., & Fox, C.J. (1982). Validation of a competency-based training program in developmental disabilities.
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Condeluci, A., Cooperman, S. & Self, B.A. (1987). Independent living: Settings and supports. (pp. 301-347). In: M. Ylivasker & E. Gobble,
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Gothelf, C. (1987). The availability of community resources to group homes in New York City. (pp. 146–164). In: R.F. Antonak & J. A. Mullick,
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Lewis, D. & Johnson, D. (2005). Costs of family care for individuals with developmental disabilities. In: R. Stancliffe & K. C. Lakin,
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Babic, B., & Pluto, L. (2007). Participation in residential child care in Germany. Scottish Journal of Residential Child Care, 6(2), 32.
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Carling, P. (1992). Homes or group homes? Future approaches to housing, support, and integration of persons with psychiatric disabilities.
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Jones, M., Patrick, P. D., Evans, R.W. & Wuff, J.J. (1991). The life coach model of community re-entry. In: B. McMahon & L. Shaw,
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Schleien, S., Ash, T., Kiernan, J. & Wehman, P. (1981, Summer). Developing independent cooking skills in a profoundly retarded woman.
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Racino, J. (1989). Individualized supportive living arrangements: Pride, North Dakota. In: S. Taylor, R. Bogdan & J. Racino (Eds.),
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Curricular Strategies for Teaching Severely Handicapped Student Functional and Nonfunctional Skills in School and NonSchool Environments
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Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2011). Sef-directed services: Communities and long-term supports. Washington, DC: Author.
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day services, and home-based services. During this period, residential treatment was also compared to supported housing, also called
76:
778:, modified for handicap access and care, the bathrooms in homes are typically shared. In bigger houses, there is typically a group
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Larson, S., Sedelzky, L., Hewitt, A., & Blakeway, C., (2014). Community Support Services Workforce in the US. In: J. Racino,
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Wellis, K. (1991, July). Placement of emotionally disturbed children in residential treatment: A review of placement criteria.
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Racino, J. & Whittico, P. (1998). The promise of self-advocacy and community employment. In: Wehman, P. & Kregel, J.,
2049:. Boston, MA: Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Sargent College of Health and Rehabilitation Services, Boston University.
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Hill, B. & Lakin, K.C. (1986, April). Classification of residential facilities for individuals with mental retardation.
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Bruininks, R., Kudle, M., Wieck, C. & Hauber, F. (198, June). Management problems in community residential facilities.
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continue to occur as the homes become increasingly health care financed and more self-direction options become available.
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for its role in comprehensive service system developments, though often for adults who may need or desire services.
1984:. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University, Center on Human Policy, Research and Training Center on Community Integration.
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Shaw, K. & Garfat, T. (2003). From front line to family home: A youth care approach to working with families.
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Slackman, M. (1988, February 27). Immediate increase sought in group homes. Gannett Westchester Newspapers, p. 7.
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Nutter, D. & Reid, D. (1978). Teaching retarded women a clothing selection skill using community norms.
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Jacobson, J., Silver, E. & Schwartz, A.(1984, October). Service provision in New York's group homes.
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Risley, R. & Cuvo, A.J. (1980). Training mentally retarded adults to make emergency telephone calls.
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3 schools in Syracuse, New York integrating severely disabled children in conjunction with his new book,
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Iceman, D. & Dunlop, W. (1984). Independent living skills training: A survey of current practices.
2010:. Washington, DC: Information from the National Information Center for Handicapped Children and Youth.
1363:
Close, D.W. (1977). Community living for severely and profoundly retarded adults: A group home study.
2949:
2899:
1782:
1244:
1233:
884:
820:
641:
626:
346:
301:
291:
3137:
3091:
3025:
2678:
371:
2979:
2944:
2929:
2787:
2777:
2297:
Cole, H. & Lacefield, W. (1978, October). Skill domains critical to the helping professions.
1378:
1274:
1186:
1137:
1003:
1002:
counseling. However, leading psychiatric survivors examined independent living in the context of
998:
902:
847:
grocery shopping, eat in restaurants, make emergency calls or inquiries, and exercise regularly.
730:
651:
466:
446:
406:
386:
351:
271:
1442:
Braddock, D., Hemp, R., Rizzolo, M.C., Tanis, E., Haffer, L., Lulinski, A. & Wu, J. (2013).
1402:. Syracuse, NY via Syracuse University's Center on Human Policy 1971–1989 newspaper collection.
2842:
2757:
2737:
2695:
2663:
1740:
Personnel Preparation in Disability and Community Life: Toward Universal Approaches to Support
1596:
Geddes, D.J. (1988, September 1). Award-winning "Regular Lives" to be seen nationally on PBS.
1306:
1173:
1125:
994:
970:
1672:
Friedman, R. M. (1994). Restructuring of systems to emphasize prevention and family support.
1444:
State of the States in Developmental Disabilities 2013: The Great Recession and its Aftermath
2969:
2884:
2837:
2802:
2197:
The Nonrestrictive Environment: On Community Integration of Persons with Severe Disabilities
1311:
1289:
1037:
990:
812:
656:
631:
606:
586:
491:
456:
411:
381:
366:
361:
321:
93:
3101:
3045:
3015:
2864:
2767:
2727:
1223:
1169:
1020:
742:
726:
646:
596:
536:
496:
486:
356:
54:
1623:
Alcohol and Other Drug and Mental Disorders. (pp. 95–119). Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press.
1995:
Life in the Community: Case Studies of Organizations Supporting People with Disabilities
1685:
Lord, J. & Ochoka, J. (1995). Outcomes of an individualized family support program.
1523:
1343:
109:
3086:
3035:
2939:
2934:
2904:
2852:
2752:
2722:
2702:
1254:
1045:
965:
897:
858:
Prior to the 1970s, this function was served by institutions, asylums, poorhouses, and
816:
672:
566:
511:
391:
341:
331:
281:
221:
169:
139:
1556:
Brown, S. (2014). International Agenda on Disability and Human Rights. In: J. Racino,
1398:
Cain, K. (1982, May 12). Small group setting best for severely retarded, experts say.
3116:
3030:
2964:
2792:
2747:
2742:
1269:
1249:
927:
775:
576:
546:
506:
441:
416:
174:
134:
1044:
usage in group homes may be severely limited (if not prohibited outright). Trips to
3081:
3040:
3010:
2762:
2509:
Linking Housing and Services for Older Adults: Obstacles, Opportunities and Options
2325:
Culture in Special Education: Building Reciprocal Family-Professional Relationships
1279:
1016:
964:
Group homes for children provide an alternative to traditional foster care, though
611:
326:
2457:
Costs and Outcomes of Community Services for People with Intellectual Disabilities
2550:. Aberdeen, UK: Robert Gordon University and London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
2225:
Public Administration and Disability: Community Services Administration in the US
2122:
Public Administration and Disability: Community Services Administration in the US
1558:
Public Administration and Disability: Community Services Administration in the US
3060:
2974:
2959:
2924:
2909:
2889:
2857:
2772:
2717:
2685:
2668:
2099:
1259:
1006:
and necessary support services which did not need to be congregated in housing.
953:
794:
561:
501:
246:
194:
2379:
Gay Men Living with Chronic Illness and Disabilities: From Crisis to Crossroads
2045:
Anthony, W., Cohen, M., Farkas, M. & Gagnes, C. (2002). Supported housing.
1880:
952:
A group home can also refer to family homes in which children and youth of the
2954:
2919:
2812:
2807:
1718:
Transitions in Mental Retardation Volume 3: The Community Imperative Revisited
556:
551:
164:
20:
2208:
Burns, T. (2010, April). The rise and fall of assertive community treatment.
789:
Another context in which the expression "group home" is used is referring to
3096:
2984:
2879:
2869:
2832:
2827:
2817:
2712:
2673:
2520:
McGowan, K. (2002). Beyond getting sick. In: J. O'Brien & C.L. O'Brien,
2498:. Eugene, OR: University of Oregon, Center on Human Development, Cost:$ 5.00
2006:
Alternatives for Community Living, Family Support, and Group Homes. (1986).
1738:
Racino, J. (2000). Ch. 3: From residential services to housing and support.
1284:
1199:
859:
616:
601:
481:
231:
226:
144:
2021:
More than Just a New Address: Images of Organizations for Supportive Living
1915:
1815:
Racino, J. A. (1998). Innovations in family support: What are we learning?
3065:
3055:
2797:
2690:
2649:
2171:
More than a Job: Securing Satisfying Careers for People with Disabilities
1833:
1203:
1041:
1033:
793:
and similar organizations, providing residential services as part of the
768:
591:
541:
421:
311:
189:
159:
149:
3050:
2894:
2874:
2822:
2732:
1661:
Children's Mental Health: Creating System of Care in a Changing Society
935:
840:
779:
376:
179:
154:
101:
2914:
2707:
869:
Achieving the Complete School: Strategies for Effective Mainstreaming
832:
771:
621:
216:
210:
2468:
Bradley, V.J. & Conroy, J. W. (1983). X. Client-Specific Costs.
2496:
Neighborhood Living Project Management and Finance Training Package
2470:
Third Year Comprehensive Report of the Pennhurst Longitudinal Study
2994:
2782:
738:
451:
251:
236:
205:
184:
125:
2195:
Taylor, S.J., Racino, J., Knoll, J. & Lutfiyya, Z.M. (1987).
879:
People who live in a group home offering support services may be
2618:
241:
2622:
2588:
2444:
American Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
2058:
Racino, J., Walker, P., O'Connor, S. & Taylor, S. (1993).
2483:
Across the States: Profiles of Long-Term Services and Supports
2310:
Raskin, N. (1975, Spring). Learning through human encounters.
25:
1742:. (pp. 47–72). Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publishers.
41:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
1587:. Vol. X. Madison, WI: Madison Metropolitan School District.
831:
Residents of group homes usually have a disability, such as
2277:
Journal of the Association of Persons with Severe Handicaps
1470:
Journal of the Association of Persons with Severe Handicaps
891:
Residential treatment for children with mental health needs
1802:"Retarded adult" home proposed for DeWitt.(1979, June 1).
985:
Supportive community options for adults with disabilities
2485:.(9th Edition). Washington, DC: Public Policy Institute.
1545:
UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
1455:
Dever, R (1989). A taxonomy of community living skills.
853:
UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
1190:
for ordinary goods, but only for specialized services.
50:
1379:"Community & disability: Deinstitutionalization"
1163:
Residential care, assisted living, supported housing
3074:
3003:
2656:
2535:Senior Centers: Opportunities for Successful Aging
2524:. (pp. 215–230). Toronto, Canada: Inclusion Press.
2481:American Association for Retired Persons. (2012).
1053:Employment and the Americans with Disabilities Act
807:with homes located throughout a campus structure.
1132:Independent living and brain/head injury services
2019:O'Brien, J. & O'Brien, C.L. (1991, August).
989:Newer options of group living were often termed
1483:Education and Training of the Mentally Retarded
1365:Education and Training of the Mentally Retarded
922:Halfway houses and intermediate care facilities
815:, personal assistance services, individual and
2459:. (pp. 63-89). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.
2173:. (pp. 47–69). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.
2160:. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.
2634:
2023:. Lithonia, GA: Responsive Systems Associate.
694:
39:The examples and perspective in this article
16:Residence for those with complex health needs
8:
2612:(2nd edition). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins.
2511:. (pp. 5–39). Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press.
2251:Education and Training in Mental Retardation
1381:. American Society for Public Administration
2392:The Journal of Mental Health Administration
1176:also was a new model as state initiatives.
1010:Group options for seniors with disabilities
948:Foster care and family support for children
2641:
2627:
2619:
2405:Community Re-Entry for Head Injured Adults
2073:Community Re-Entry for Head Injured Adults
1832:. Troubled Teen Ministries. Archived from
939:disabilities (e.g., Josephine Scro in the
701:
687:
88:
2533:Beisgen, B. & Kroitchman, M. (2003).
2312:Improving University and College Teaching
767:Because group homes are usually ordinary
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
1101:Cultural and professional helping skills
916:normalization (people with disabilities)
2548:Adult Day Services and Social Inclusion
1334:
1154:Individual and family costs of services
1060:Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
737:, etc., is a structured and supervised
100:
2472:. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University.
2407:. Boston, MA: Little, Brown, & Co.
2323:Kaylanpur, M. & Harry, B. (1999).
2264:Research in Developmental Disabilities
2096:"Find a Group Home Facility Near You!"
1942:American Journal of Mental Retardation
1635:Mental Health Statistical Note No. 198
1497:Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis
1110:Community volunteers and participation
2522:Implementing Person-Centered Planning
2075:. Boston, MA: Little, Brown & Co.
909:Community resources and neighborhoods
7:
1753:Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
1674:Journal of Clinical Child Psychology
1032:In most countries, people can still
2199:. Syracuse, NY: Human Policy Press.
1817:Journal of Child and Family Studies
1648:American Journal of Orthopsychiatry
1560:. (pp. 279–296). London: CRC Press.
2610:The New Politics of Old Age Policy
2211:International Review of Psychiatry
1779:"Southeast Queens Press - Feature"
1522:Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders.
1342:Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders.
975:residential child care communities
791:residential child care communities
277:Affordability in the United States
14:
2537:. NY, NY: Springer Publishing Co.
2327:. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.
2062:. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.
1997:. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.
1781:. Queenspress.com. Archived from
1663:. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.
1297:, also known as a children's home
1982:Small Homes: Westport Associates
1855:"Group Homes for Troubled Teens"
1720:. Norwood, NJ: ABLEX Publishing.
1295:Residential child care community
1264:Foster care in the United States
1040:while in a group home. However,
875:Residential treatment facilities
666:
108:
30:
3133:Disability in the United States
2420:. Orlando, FL: Paul M. Deutsch.
2184:Community Mental Health Journal
1543:United Nations ENABLE. (2006).
1073:Community Mental Health Journal
2299:Personnel and Guidance Journal
2060:Housing, Support and Community
2034:Adult Residential Care Journal
1212:New Politics of Old Age Policy
1066:Mental health and civil rights
1:
1920:Department of Social Services
1180:Seniors, disability and aging
3123:Old age in the United States
2587:Memory Care Home Solutions.
1857:. Troubledteenministries.com
1301:Residential treatment center
1145:Cost of residential services
926:A group home differs from a
637:Residential treatment center
2848:Single-family detached home
1676:, 23 (Supplement): 40-48-7.
1206:, or Alzheimer's disease.
53:, discuss the issue on the
3154:
2047:Psychiatric Rehabilitation
1830:"Troubled Teen Ministries"
1303:(RTC), also known as rehab
1170:Assisted Living Facilities
1136:Education and training in
725:(the latter especially in
719:congregate living facility
18:
2990:Townhouse (Great Britain)
2431:Journal of Rehabilitation
1637:. Washington, DC: Author.
1611:Child and Family Services
1229:Child and family services
1119:Special population groups
1083:Nursing facility industry
1021:Residential Care Facility
885:alcohol or drug addiction
19:For the hip-hop duo, see
2608:Hudson, R. (2005/2010).
2381:. London: Haworth Press.
1687:Journal of Leisurability
1400:Syracuse Herald American
1377:Julie Ann Racio (2012).
881:developmentally disabled
582:Healthy community design
1036:in election and attend
837:intellectual disability
1804:Syracuse Post-Standard
1323:Wraparound (childcare)
1092:Education and training
941:Syracuse Post Standard
827:Residents and services
748:deinstitutionalization
337:Housing discrimination
307:Environmental security
1510:Behavior Modification
1317:Teaching-family model
1240:Community integration
1017:Residential Care Home
532:Alternative lifestyle
477:Real estate investing
472:Real estate economics
462:Real estate appraisal
200:Mixed-use development
2950:Recreational vehicle
2900:Manufactured housing
2494:Romer, L.T. (1987).
2227:. NY, NY: CRC Press.
2156:Blanck, P. (2000).
2124:. NY, NY: CRC Press.
2094:SeniorServiceMatch.
1903:Exceptional Children
1457:Exceptional Children
1245:Community-based care
1234:Child and Youth Care
821:supported employment
741:model that provides
642:Retirement community
627:Psychiatric hospital
435:Society and politics
59:create a new article
51:improve this article
3128:Drug rehabilitation
3092:Runaway (dependent)
3026:Housing cooperative
2679:Penthouse apartment
2377:Lipton, B. (2004).
2120:Racino, J. (2014),
2102:on 12 February 2012
1980:Biklen, D. (1987).
1883:on 30 November 2012
1659:Stroul, B. (1996).
1598:The Syracuse Record
213:(travellers' hotel)
2980:Subsidized housing
2945:Railroad apartment
2930:Prefabricated home
2788:Back-to-back house
2778:Habitual residence
2546:Clark, C. (2001).
1766:Mental Retardation
1571:Mental Retardation
1431:Mental Retardation
1275:Independent living
1187:independent living
1138:independent living
1004:supportive housing
999:Independent living
903:supportive housing
883:, recovering from
731:Australian English
673:Housing portal
652:Supportive housing
467:Real estate bubble
387:Subsidized housing
352:Housing inequality
3110:
3109:
2843:Ranch-style house
2758:Experimental home
2738:Duplex (building)
2696:Ultimate bungalow
2664:Airplane Bungalow
2214:, 22(2): 130-137.
2186:, 22(3): 190–202.
2147:, 12(3): 182-189.
1768:, 22(5): 231–259.
1650:, 61(3): 339-347.
1613:, 25(1/2): 39–65.
1547:. NY, NY: Author.
1485:, 18(4): 279–286.
1459:, 55(5): 395-404.
1433:, 24(2): 107–115.
1367:, 12(3): 256–262.
1307:Supported housing
1174:supported housing
1126:supported housing
995:supported housing
971:treatment centers
735:adult family home
711:
710:
362:Luxury apartments
282:Executive housing
87:
86:
79:
61:, as appropriate.
3145:
2970:Split-level home
2885:Luxury apartment
2838:Low-energy house
2803:Gablefront house
2643:
2636:
2629:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2569:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2551:
2544:
2538:
2531:
2525:
2518:
2512:
2505:
2499:
2492:
2486:
2479:
2473:
2466:
2460:
2453:
2447:
2440:
2434:
2427:
2421:
2418:Work Worth Doing
2414:
2408:
2401:
2395:
2388:
2382:
2375:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2341:
2338:Behavior Therapy
2334:
2328:
2321:
2315:
2308:
2302:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2280:
2273:
2267:
2260:
2254:
2247:
2241:
2234:
2228:
2221:
2215:
2206:
2200:
2193:
2187:
2180:
2174:
2167:
2161:
2154:
2148:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2125:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2098:. Archived from
2091:
2085:
2082:
2076:
2069:
2063:
2056:
2050:
2043:
2037:
2030:
2024:
2017:
2011:
2004:
1998:
1991:
1985:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1954:
1951:
1945:
1944:, 97(6):616-627.
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1912:
1906:
1905:, 55(6):541-549.
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1879:. Archived from
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1826:
1820:
1819:, 7(4): 433–449.
1813:
1807:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1775:
1769:
1762:
1756:
1749:
1743:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1721:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1699:
1696:
1690:
1683:
1677:
1670:
1664:
1657:
1651:
1644:
1638:
1630:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1607:
1601:
1594:
1588:
1580:
1574:
1567:
1561:
1554:
1548:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1519:
1513:
1512:, 4(4): 513–525.
1506:
1500:
1492:
1486:
1479:
1473:
1466:
1460:
1453:
1447:
1440:
1434:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1403:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1374:
1368:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1339:
1312:Supported living
1290:Residential care
1046:public libraries
1038:higher education
991:supported living
813:supported living
802:Types and Models
703:
696:
689:
671:
670:
669:
657:Supported living
632:Residential care
607:Natural building
587:Homeless shelter
492:Right to housing
457:Rapid Re-Housing
412:Sustainable city
382:Subprime lending
367:Ownership equity
112:
89:
82:
75:
71:
68:
62:
34:
33:
26:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3102:Street children
3070:
3046:Parasite single
3016:Extended family
2999:
2865:Holiday cottage
2768:Gated community
2728:Courtyard house
2652:
2647:
2617:
2616:
2607:
2603:
2593:
2591:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2545:
2541:
2532:
2528:
2519:
2515:
2506:
2502:
2493:
2489:
2480:
2476:
2467:
2463:
2454:
2450:
2441:
2437:
2428:
2424:
2415:
2411:
2402:
2398:
2394:, 21(1): 42–51.
2389:
2385:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2335:
2331:
2322:
2318:
2314:, 23(2): 71-74.
2309:
2305:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2274:
2270:
2261:
2257:
2248:
2244:
2235:
2231:
2222:
2218:
2207:
2203:
2194:
2190:
2181:
2177:
2168:
2164:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2119:
2115:
2105:
2103:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2070:
2066:
2057:
2053:
2044:
2040:
2031:
2027:
2018:
2014:
2005:
2001:
1992:
1988:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1939:
1935:
1925:
1923:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1900:
1896:
1886:
1884:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1860:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1839:
1837:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1814:
1810:
1801:
1797:
1788:
1786:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1763:
1759:
1750:
1746:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1689:, 22(4): 22–32.
1684:
1680:
1671:
1667:
1658:
1654:
1645:
1641:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1617:
1608:
1604:
1600:. Syracuse, NY.
1595:
1591:
1581:
1577:
1568:
1564:
1555:
1551:
1542:
1538:
1528:
1526:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1507:
1503:
1493:
1489:
1480:
1476:
1467:
1463:
1454:
1450:
1441:
1437:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1397:
1393:
1384:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1362:
1358:
1348:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1224:Assisted living
1220:
1182:
1165:
1156:
1147:
1134:
1121:
1115:participation
1112:
1103:
1094:
1085:
1068:
1055:
1030:
1012:
987:
950:
924:
911:
893:
877:
829:
804:
765:
743:assisted living
727:British English
707:
678:
677:
676:
667:
665:
662:
661:
647:Retirement home
597:Local community
537:Assisted living
526:
518:
517:
516:
487:Rent regulation
447:Housing subsidy
436:
428:
427:
426:
266:
258:
257:
256:
170:Housing project
120:
83:
72:
66:
63:
48:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3151:
3149:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3115:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3087:No fixed abode
3084:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3036:Nuclear family
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3007:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2940:Public housing
2937:
2935:Private island
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2905:Microapartment
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2853:Terraced house
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2753:Executive home
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2723:Converted barn
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2703:Calendar house
2700:
2699:
2698:
2688:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2623:
2615:
2614:
2601:
2579:
2570:
2561:
2552:
2539:
2526:
2513:
2500:
2487:
2474:
2461:
2448:
2446:, 51(1): 1–21.
2435:
2422:
2409:
2396:
2383:
2370:
2360:
2351:
2342:
2340:, 10: 236–248.
2329:
2316:
2303:
2301:, 57: 115–123.
2290:
2281:
2268:
2255:
2253:, 25: 150-163.
2242:
2240:, 7(4): 60-70.
2229:
2216:
2201:
2188:
2175:
2162:
2149:
2135:
2126:
2113:
2086:
2077:
2064:
2051:
2038:
2036:, 6(2): 87-96.
2025:
2012:
1999:
1986:
1973:
1964:
1955:
1946:
1933:
1907:
1894:
1875:Adoption.com.
1867:
1846:
1821:
1808:
1806:, Page 8-East.
1795:
1770:
1757:
1755:, 11: 475–487.
1744:
1731:
1722:
1709:
1700:
1691:
1678:
1665:
1652:
1639:
1625:
1615:
1602:
1589:
1575:
1562:
1549:
1536:
1514:
1501:
1487:
1474:
1461:
1448:
1435:
1422:
1413:
1404:
1391:
1369:
1356:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1257:
1255:Family support
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1231:
1226:
1219:
1216:
1181:
1178:
1164:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1133:
1130:
1120:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1067:
1064:
1054:
1051:
1029:
1026:
1011:
1008:
986:
983:
966:family support
961:difficulties.
949:
946:
923:
920:
910:
907:
898:family support
892:
889:
876:
873:
828:
825:
817:family support
803:
800:
764:
761:
709:
708:
706:
705:
698:
691:
683:
680:
679:
663:
660:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
567:Green building
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
528:
527:
524:
523:
520:
519:
515:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
438:
437:
434:
433:
430:
429:
425:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
357:Home ownership
354:
349:
347:Overpopulation
344:
342:Housing stress
339:
334:
332:Housing crisis
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
287:Environmental:
284:
279:
274:
268:
267:
264:
263:
260:
259:
255:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
222:Public housing
219:
214:
208:
203:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
122:
121:
118:
117:
114:
113:
105:
104:
98:
97:
85:
84:
45:of the subject
43:worldwide view
38:
36:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3150:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
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3121:
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3118:
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3098:
3095:
3093:
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3073:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3031:Housing First
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2965:Semi-detached
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2793:Council house
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2748:Estate (land)
2746:
2744:
2743:Earth shelter
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2650:Accommodation
2644:
2639:
2637:
2632:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2590:
2583:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2364:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1921:
1917:
1916:"Group Homes"
1911:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1868:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1836:on 2013-02-05
1835:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1785:on 2012-02-04
1784:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1726:
1723:
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1713:
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1679:
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1636:
1629:
1626:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1576:
1573:, 18: 125–130
1572:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1525:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1380:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1345:
1344:"Group homes"
1338:
1335:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1270:Halfway house
1268:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1250:Cottage homes
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1162:
1160:
1153:
1151:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1118:
1116:
1109:
1107:
1100:
1098:
1091:
1089:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
984:
982:
978:
976:
972:
967:
962:
958:
955:
947:
945:
942:
937:
936:ableist fears
931:
929:
928:halfway house
921:
919:
917:
914:principle of
908:
906:
904:
899:
890:
888:
886:
882:
874:
872:
870:
864:
861:
856:
854:
848:
844:
842:
838:
834:
826:
824:
822:
818:
814:
808:
801:
799:
796:
792:
787:
783:
781:
777:
776:tract housing
773:
770:
762:
760:
757:
756:developmental
753:
749:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
704:
699:
697:
692:
690:
685:
684:
682:
681:
675:
674:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
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638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
577:Halfway house
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
547:Cottage homes
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
529:
522:
521:
513:
510:
508:
507:Tenants union
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
442:Housing First
440:
439:
432:
431:
423:
420:
418:
417:Toxic hotspot
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
272:Affordability
270:
269:
262:
261:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
212:
209:
207:
204:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
175:Human outpost
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
135:semi-detached
133:
131:
127:
124:
123:
116:
115:
111:
107:
106:
103:
102:Living spaces
99:
95:
91:
90:
81:
78:
70:
60:
56:
52:
46:
44:
37:
28:
27:
22:
3082:Homelessness
3041:Off-the-grid
3020:
3011:Cohabitation
3004:Arrangements
2763:Fab Tree Hab
2609:
2604:
2592:. Retrieved
2582:
2573:
2564:
2555:
2547:
2542:
2534:
2529:
2521:
2516:
2508:
2503:
2495:
2490:
2482:
2477:
2469:
2464:
2456:
2451:
2443:
2438:
2433:, 50: 53–56.
2430:
2425:
2417:
2412:
2404:
2399:
2391:
2386:
2378:
2373:
2363:
2354:
2345:
2337:
2332:
2324:
2319:
2311:
2306:
2298:
2293:
2284:
2276:
2271:
2263:
2258:
2250:
2245:
2238:TASH Journal
2237:
2232:
2224:
2219:
2209:
2204:
2196:
2191:
2183:
2178:
2170:
2165:
2157:
2152:
2144:
2138:
2129:
2121:
2116:
2104:. Retrieved
2100:the original
2089:
2080:
2072:
2067:
2059:
2054:
2046:
2041:
2033:
2028:
2020:
2015:
2007:
2002:
1994:
1989:
1981:
1976:
1967:
1958:
1949:
1941:
1936:
1926:February 10,
1924:. Retrieved
1919:
1910:
1902:
1897:
1885:. Retrieved
1881:the original
1877:"Group Home"
1870:
1859:. Retrieved
1849:
1838:. Retrieved
1834:the original
1824:
1816:
1811:
1803:
1798:
1787:. Retrieved
1783:the original
1773:
1765:
1760:
1752:
1747:
1739:
1734:
1725:
1717:
1712:
1703:
1694:
1686:
1681:
1673:
1668:
1660:
1655:
1647:
1642:
1634:
1628:
1618:
1610:
1605:
1597:
1592:
1584:
1578:
1570:
1565:
1557:
1552:
1544:
1539:
1527:. Retrieved
1524:"Group home"
1517:
1509:
1504:
1499:, 14: 61–69.
1496:
1490:
1482:
1477:
1469:
1464:
1456:
1451:
1443:
1438:
1430:
1425:
1416:
1407:
1399:
1394:
1383:. Retrieved
1372:
1364:
1359:
1347:. Retrieved
1337:
1280:Kinship care
1211:
1208:
1196:
1192:
1183:
1166:
1157:
1148:
1135:
1122:
1113:
1104:
1095:
1086:
1077:
1072:
1069:
1056:
1049:television.
1031:
1028:Civil rights
1013:
988:
979:
963:
959:
951:
940:
932:
925:
912:
894:
878:
868:
865:
857:
855:(UN, 2006).
852:
849:
845:
830:
809:
805:
788:
784:
766:
752:intellectual
734:
722:
718:
714:
712:
664:
612:Nursing home
571:
497:Rent control
397:architecture
392:Sustainable:
327:Homelessness
317:Fair housing
73:
67:October 2015
64:
40:
3061:Roomsharing
2975:Stilt house
2960:Seattle box
2925:Plank house
2910:Mobile home
2890:Manor house
2858:Tower house
2773:Great house
2718:Condominium
2686:Beach house
2669:Alley house
2279:, 8: 21–31.
2266:, 13:57-71.
2008:News Digest
1472:, 2: 23–29.
1260:Foster care
954:foster care
795:foster care
562:Foster care
502:Rent strike
402:development
322:Healthiness
247:Shanty town
202:(live-work)
195:Condominium
3138:Caregiving
3117:Categories
3021:Group home
2955:Safe house
2920:Patio home
2813:Hall house
2808:Green home
1861:2012-01-08
1840:2012-01-08
1789:2012-01-08
1385:2017-07-29
1329:References
1262:(see also
860:orphanages
763:Facilities
715:group home
572:Group home
557:Ecovillage
552:Eco-cities
165:Green home
21:Group Home
3097:Squatting
2985:Townhouse
2880:Log cabin
2870:Houseboat
2833:Longhouse
2828:Log house
2818:Housebarn
2713:Cohousing
2674:Apartment
2589:"Mission"
1285:Orphanage
1200:home care
843:service.
739:residence
723:care home
617:Orphanage
602:Log house
482:Redlining
232:Flophouse
145:Apartment
55:talk page
3066:Solitude
3056:Roommate
2798:Ecohouse
2691:Bungalow
2368:Brookes.
1218:See also
1204:dementia
1042:Internet
774:, often
769:suburban
592:Hospital
542:Boomtown
422:Vagrancy
312:Eviction
297:planning
190:Tenement
160:Ecohouse
150:Bungalow
140:terraced
130:detached
94:a series
92:Part of
49:You may
3075:Lacking
3051:Recluse
2895:Mansion
2875:Lodging
2823:I-house
2733:Cottage
841:daycare
780:therapy
180:I-house
155:Cottage
2915:Palace
2708:Castle
1922:. 2007
833:autism
819:, and
782:room.
772:houses
622:Prison
407:living
372:Permit
302:racism
292:design
265:Issues
217:Castle
211:Hostel
2995:Villa
2783:House
2594:4 May
2106:4 May
1887:4 May
1529:4 May
1349:4 May
1319:(TFM)
1236:(CYC)
525:Other
512:YIMBY
452:NIMBY
252:Villa
237:Shack
227:Squat
206:Hotel
185:Ranch
126:House
57:, or
2657:Type
2596:2012
2145:JASH
2108:2012
1928:2016
1889:2012
1531:2012
1351:2012
1034:vote
754:and
729:and
377:Rent
242:Slum
119:Main
733:),
3119::
1918:.
1019:,
993:,
977:.
871:.
835:,
823:.
721:,
717:,
713:A
128::
96:on
2642:e
2635:t
2628:v
2598:.
2110:.
1930:.
1891:.
1864:.
1843:.
1792:.
1533:.
1388:.
1353:.
1266:)
702:e
695:t
688:v
80:)
74:(
69:)
65:(
47:.
23:.
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