27:
226:
584:
572:
560:
242:
who had learned of the technology through an article in an insurance trade magazine. At the time of Bull's death of cancer in 1925 at the age of 43, a dozen of his machines had been sold to different companies throughout Europe. The commercial and technical development of the machines continued under
237:
filed a patent for a "combined sorter-recorder-tabulator of punch cards" machine that he had developed with financing from the
Norwegian insurance company Storebrand. Storebrand integrated his device into its operations in 1921. The following year Bull sold his second machine to the Danish insurer
298:
Groupe Bull bought Zenith
Electronics in late December 1989. It kept Zenith Data Systems' headquarters and plants in Chicago and St. Joseph, Michigan. In 1993 the French Government initialized the process of privatization which was completed in the period 1995-97, when the company was
246:
As the business grew several outside investors were brought in, leading to the incorporation of the company H.W. Egli Bull in 1931. In 1933, more investors joined and the company changed its name to
Compagnie des Machines Bull, a name it would keep until 1964.
315:
310:
announced that it had acquired a controlling stake in Bull SA through a tender offer launched in May. Atos announced plans in
October, 2014 to buy out or squeeze out the remaining share and bondholders.
314:
Bull launched the Hoox m2, the first integrally secured
European smartphone, which in June 2014 was approved for use with data classified as 'Restricted Information' ('Diffusion Restreinte') by the
513:
Amesys, a Groupe Bull subsidiary specializing in defense and aerospace-related systems and software, became embroiled in controversy in 2011 when it was revealed that it had sold an
212:). Bull has a worldwide presence in more than 100 countries and is particularly active in the defense, finance, health care, manufacturing, public, and telecommunication sectors.
1116:
541:(FIDH). In March 2012 Groupe Bull divested itself of the Eagle System, selling it for the sum of 4 million euros to Nexa Technologies, a company run by a former Amesys CEO.
1131:
1156:
1111:
998:
1146:
864:
538:
537:
and freedom of information. A judicial inquiry was opened by the French government in May 2012 following allegations of complicity in torture by the
1136:
738:
1151:
362:
1166:
1121:
838:
1141:
1126:
530:
55:
813:
884:
318:(ANSSI). The Hoox range of secure mobiles and smartphones ensures confidentiality of voice, SMS, e-mail and data communication.
243:
the direction of Bull's childhood friend and long-time collaborator Reidar
Knutsen along with his brother Kurt Andréas Knutsen.
1070:
1171:
923:
280:
550:
332:
945:
484:
526:
419:
533:" and "digital era mercenaries" for selling products that have been or are being used by governments to violate
256:
1060:
Pierre
Mounier-Kuhn, "From General Electric to Bull: A case of managerial knowledge transfer (1956-1970)",
981:
965:
742:
1161:
1091:
1065:
711:
514:
59:
382:
204:(1882–1925). After a reorganization in 1933, with new owners coming in, the name was changed to
1176:
904:
276:
165:
88:
284:
234:
201:
1096:
26:
1043:
576:
346:
764:
1079:
672:
588:
354:
51:
47:
1023:
635:
608:
525:
was used by the
Gaddafi regime to spy on citizens and foreign journalists. On 12 March 2013
1035:
776:
564:
456:
397:
260:
949:
794:
724:
518:
292:
225:
1073:
Extracted and translated from
Science et Vie Micro magazine, No. 74, July–August, 1990:
388:
Information technology consulting and services, custom solutions development for clients
110:
1105:
928:
300:
158:
1047:
999:"Advanced Middle East Systems et Nexa vont faire le voyage depuis Dubai Billancourt"
534:
288:
193:
161:
658:
460:
401:
259:
since its formation. In particular, it has had various ownership relations with
571:
583:
295:
in 1982 and was merged with most of the rest of the French computer industry.
37:
1039:
264:
239:
780:
942:
839:"Privatisation de Bull : l'action sera vendue entre 34 et 39 francs"
272:
155:
739:"From General Electric to Bull: a case of managerial knowledge transfer"
1066:
http://www.cairn.info/revue-entreprises-et-histoire-2014-2-page-42.htm
490:
197:
703:
688:
Pierre
Mounier-Kuhn, "Bull - A Worldwide Company Born in Europe",
611:
National Capital in the Emergence of a Challenger to IBM in France
350:
224:
169:
653:
651:
307:
115:
795:"Groupe Bull Announces Plans for Zenith Acquisition, New Model"
472:
Sirus (Social welfare management systems for the public sector)
368:
Data storage and backup systems, cloud computing infrastructure
358:
268:
229:
Share of the Compagnie des Machines Bull S. A., issued 1963
954:
The Enemies of the Internet, Special Edition: Surveillance
316:
Agence nationale de la sécurité des systèmes d'information
885:"Atos to launch buyout of last 5% of Bull shares, bonds"
172:. The company has also been known at various times as
126:
548:
765:"Le CNETet les débuts de l'informatique (1944-1964)"
661:. sur le Site personnel de François Holvoet-Vermaut.
394:
Human resource and social welfare management systems
504:
Elexo (networking and telecommunications equipment)
121:
109:
99:
83:
65:
43:
33:
1097:Virtual Museum of Bull and French Computer Science
814:"COMPANY NEWS; The French To Overhaul Groupe Bull"
496:Amesys Consulting (including Amesys International)
480:Evidian (Security; identity and access management)
283:in the late 1980s, and later also had a share of
1075:The very international history of a French giant
684:
682:
769:Réseaux. Communication - Technologie - Société
433:Identity, authentication and access management
8:
427:Encryption solutions (hardware and software)
233:On 31 July 1919, a Norwegian engineer named
19:
1117:Companies formerly listed on Euronext Paris
1024:"Bull: A World-Wide Company Born in Europe"
956:, Reporters Without Borders, 12 March 2013
25:
18:
1132:Electronics companies established in 1931
982:"Life Under the Gaze of Gadhafi's Spies "
539:International Federation for Human Rights
1028:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
924:"Bull launches NovaScale blade servers"
600:
555:
436:High availability and disaster recovery
1157:Telecommunications companies of France
720:
709:
306:In August 2014, the French IT company
271:from the 1960s to the 1980s; and with
365:(design, manufacturing, distribution)
7:
1112:French companies established in 1931
1080:BULL computers chronological history
1092:The history of Bull Group companies
1064:, June 2014, n° 75, p. 42-56.
1147:Privately held companies of France
865:"Atos succeeds in bid to buy Bull"
763:Mounier-Kuhn, Pierre-Eric (1995).
704:"From Kamatec to Bull Netherlands"
690:Annals of the History of Computing
14:
984:, Margaret Coker and Paul Sonne,
968:, Paul Sonne and Margaret Coker,
659:"Bull et le 20ème arrondissement"
531:Corporate Enemies of the Internet
812:Riding, Alan (19 October 1993).
582:
570:
558:
1137:Electronics companies of France
1022:Pierre E. Mounier-Kuhn (1998).
469:Bull PI (Engineering, research)
255:The company has undergone many
188:. Bull was founded in 1931, as
1152:Privatized companies of France
521:regime of Libya in 2007. The
466:HRBC (Human Resources systems)
439:Systems and network monitoring
424:Electronic signature solutions
1:
529:named Amesys as one of five "
281:Honeywell Information Systems
16:French-owned computer company
1167:Software companies of France
499:Amesys RSS (including TRCOM)
333:List of Groupe Bull products
168:, in the western suburbs of
1122:Computer hardware companies
966:"Firms Aided Libyan Spies "
943:"Corporate Enemies: Amesys"
279:more recently. It acquired
206:Compagnie des Machines Bull
71:; 93 years ago
1193:
1142:Mobile phone manufacturers
1127:Computer systems companies
845:(in French). 18 April 1997
485:high performance computing
371:Mobile/smart phones (Hoox)
330:
527:Reporters Without Borders
420:Public key infrastructure
24:
430:Digital payment security
148:Bull Information Systems
1062:Entreprises et Histoire
1040:10.1109/MAHC.1989.10045
192:, to capitalize on the
781:10.3406/reso.1995.2673
719:Cite journal requires
702:Mounier-Kuhn, Pierre.
477:Bull International SAS
230:
196:technology patents of
1172:Computer surveillance
376:Software and services
322:Products and services
257:takeovers and mergers
228:
174:Bull General Electric
609:"Heide, Lars (2002)
414:Information security
383:Novaforge.org portal
166:Les Clayes-sous-Bois
89:Les Clayes-sous-Bois
986:Wall Street Journal
970:Wall Street Journal
801:. January 17, 1990.
515:internet monitoring
444:Corporate structure
391:Systems integration
357:), Escala servers (
285:Zenith Data Systems
235:Fredrik Rosing Bull
202:Fredrik Rosing Bull
21:
988:, 14 December 2011
948:2014-03-26 at the
818:The New York Times
692:, 1989, vol. 11/4.
636:"Histoire de Bull"
509:Amesys controversy
231:
182:CII Honeywell Bull
361:) and mainframes
137:
136:
52:Computer software
48:Computer hardware
1184:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1006:
1001:. 20 August 2013
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989:
979:
973:
972:, 30 August 2011
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750:
741:. Archived from
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707:
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686:
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669:
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655:
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587:
586:
575:
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563:
562:
561:
554:
457:Managed services
398:Managed services
345:
344:
261:General Electric
190:H.W. Egli - Bull
133:
130:
128:
79:
77:
72:
29:
22:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1102:
1101:
1088:
1071:History of Bull
1052:
1050:
1021:
1018:
1016:Further reading
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1004:
1002:
997:
996:
992:
980:
976:
964:
960:
950:Wayback Machine
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937:
921:
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869:
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837:
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811:
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793:
792:
788:
775:(70): 173–189.
762:
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649:
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629:
620:
618:
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607:
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598:
593:
581:
569:
559:
557:
549:
547:
519:Muammar Gaddafi
511:
446:
416:
378:
342:
341:
335:
329:
324:
275:, Debeka, and
253:
223:
218:
142:(also known as
125:
102:
95:
91:
75:
73:
70:
58:
54:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1129:
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1099:
1094:
1087:
1086:External links
1084:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1068:
1058:
1034:(4): 279–297.
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1014:
1012:
1011:
990:
974:
958:
935:
914:
896:
876:
856:
830:
804:
799:www.apnews.com
786:
755:
730:
721:|journal=
694:
678:
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579:
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517:system to the
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338:Supercomputers
331:Main article:
328:
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277:France Télécom
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222:
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178:Honeywell Bull
154:) is a French
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1162:French brands
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929:Network World
925:
922:Gillian Law.
918:
915:
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905:"Home - Atos"
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745:on 2016-08-06
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448:Groupe Bull:
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381:Open source (
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1061:
1051:. Retrieved
1031:
1027:
1003:. Retrieved
993:
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953:
938:
927:
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899:
888:. Retrieved
879:
868:. Retrieved
859:
847:. Retrieved
842:
833:
821:. Retrieved
817:
807:
798:
789:
772:
768:
758:
747:. Retrieved
743:the original
733:
712:cite journal
697:
689:
667:
639:. Retrieved
630:
619:. Retrieved
610:
603:
535:human rights
523:Eagle System
522:
512:
447:
313:
305:
297:
293:nationalised
289:Packard Bell
254:
245:
232:
209:
205:
194:punched card
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
151:
150:, or simply
147:
143:
139:
138:
84:Headquarters
34:Company type
1177:Groupe Bull
673:"Événement"
577:Electronics
493:SAS :
483:Serviware (
461:web hosting
402:web hosting
291:. Bull was
144:Groupe Bull
101:Area served
60:IT Services
1106:Categories
1053:2009-07-08
1005:2014-10-08
890:2014-10-11
870:2014-10-11
749:2019-12-16
641:2014-10-11
621:2014-08-25
596:References
589:Technology
301:privatised
56:Consultant
38:Subsidiary
843:Les Echos
565:Companies
452:Bull SAS
343:NovaScale
265:Honeywell
200:engineer
198:Norwegian
105:Worldwide
1048:17163352
946:Archived
545:See also
455:Agarik (
409:Training
327:Hardware
273:Motorola
156:computer
140:Bull SAS
44:Industry
20:BULL SAS
849:16 June
823:16 June
551:Portals
406:Support
355:Windows
347:servers
221:Origins
216:History
186:Bull HN
159:company
122:Website
74: (
66:Founded
1046:
491:Amesys
267:, and
251:Growth
240:Hafnia
184:, and
111:Parent
94:France
1044:S2CID
616:(PDF)
351:Linux
170:Paris
129:.bull
909:Atos
851:2024
825:2024
725:help
400:and
363:GCOS
353:and
308:Atos
287:and
152:Bull
131:.com
116:Atos
76:1931
69:1931
1036:doi
777:doi
359:AIX
299:re-
269:NEC
210:CMB
164:in
127:www
1108::
1042:.
1032:11
1030:.
1026:.
952:,
926:.
907:.
841:.
816:.
797:.
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771:.
767:.
716::
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710:{{
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650:^
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893:.
873:.
853:.
827:.
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779::
752:.
727:)
723:(
706:.
675:.
644:.
624:.
613:"
553::
487:)
463:)
385:)
349:(
208:(
78:)
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