Zenith Data Systems - Knowledge (XXG)

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requirement that dealers stock desktops as well as laptops. Pesatori's new team meanwhile increased the company's advertising budget by half and launched a new advertising campaign targeting business users. ZDS also continued to expand their distribution channels and renewed their relationship with ComputerLand. As a result, sales started to improve. The company increased their shipments from 194,000 units in 1990 to 228,000 units (down from 445,000 units in 1988). The company also increased their investments in research and development, with expenditures in 1991 being 25 percent higher than the previous year, this trend following apace for 1992. By the middle of 1992, ZDS had additional manufacturing plants in

40: 714:. A ploy to boost sales of its desktop computers by requiring its laptop dealers to also sell their desktop models backfired, with an estimated 1,000 dealers across the United States pulling all ZDS products from their inventory in protest of this policy. After being dealt this blow, Zenith Electronics cut spending to ZDS' research and development operations in preparation for selling the subsidiary to the highest bidder. This had the effect of eliminating new product releases, causing sales to free fall as its existing offerings soon became obsolete. An interested buyer was found at the very end of the decade; in November 1989, 942:, and ZDS lived on as a brand for certain systems manufactured by Packard Bell NEC and marketed in the United States between 1996 and 1999. For a brief period, Packard Bell NEC was the largest PC manufacturer, in terms of units shipped, in the United States, with 15 percent of market share; it was also the third largest PC vendor in the world in terms of sales at the end of 1996. However, Packard Bell NEC's market share would soon slide, and the company between 1997 and 1998 posted losses totaling more than $ 1 billion. In 1999, NEC withdrew Packard Bell NEC from the American market, while keeping it in Europe. 872:, released in October 1993. The two companies also agreed to collaborate on the design and production of future desktop PCs. ZDS reported a 30 percent increase in worldwide revenues by 1993's end, with North American revenues up 53 percent and European revenues up 22 percent. The number of units shipped also increased, with a rise of 89 percent in the US and 62 percent worldwide. ZDS by this point counted seven major distributors on its roster and had sales networks in over 30 countries. 339: 3970: 3960: 795:

3.4 percent in July 1991 to only 1 percent in July 1992. The company's officials cited a change in consumer purchasing behavior favoring superstore outlets (a sales channel in which ZDS had only a limited presence) as a reason for this decline. In an attempt to boost sales into 1993, ZDS restructured its field sales force and began focusing on direct sales to corporate accounts. In August 1992, after having poached

4514: 3936: 868:), representing an undisclosed price. While Packard Bell had an overall market share in the United States of 37 percent, only five percent of this figure represented notebook sales—much lower than the industry average of roughly 20 percent. As part of the acquisition, ZDS agreed to provide Packard Bell with rebadged versions of its notebook and subnotebook PCs, eventually manufacturing for them the 349: 567: 876: 3948: 31: 3626: 555: 509:

marketing, explained: "We'd like to have , but we don't need them". ZDS' president Donald Moffett in 1982 further stated: "We have no expectations of being first or second in the desktop market". Regardless, in fiscal year 1984, ZDS sold 16 percent of the 37,000 computers that the United States government purchased, second to

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sales revenues of roughly $ 1 billion made up around 40 percent of their Groupe Bull's total hardware revenues, according to a statement issued by the company. Furthermore, ZDS revenues were equally divided between North American and European markets, as well as between desktop and notebook products.

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processor and featured 4 MB of RAM and a 170-MB hard drive. ZDS touted the power-saving capabilities of the Z-Select 100, including its idle power consumption of 60 watts and advanced power management capabilities, including user-definable time intervals on which the computer halts the processor

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In 1992, ZDS launched a revamp of their desktop PCs, laptops, and monitors. The redesign extended to their products' case designs, featuring sleek lines meant to instill a sense of modernity. These efforts culminated in the release of the Z-Series laptops in June 1992. The Z-Series were touted as the

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was the Heathkit H-150, for example. The company opened more Heathkit Electronic Centers while also selling through Zenith dealers and seeking corporate customers. The company also continued Heath's practice of publishing unusually clear product documentation, distributing schematics, and selling the

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technology and a cold-cathode backlight. The SupersPort proved wildly successful for ZDS, with the company reportedly selling over 173,000 units, cornering between 23 and 25 percent of the entire laptop market at the time. Contracts to sell fleets of computers to the United States Air Force and

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ZDS avoided the retail consumer market, instead focusing on business and government customers, such as companies, universities, and government agencies. Government contracts were of paramount importance for ZDS, representing the bulk of the company's sales efforts. John Frank, ZDS' vice president of

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ZDS largely avoided the retail consumer market, instead focusing on selling directly to businesses, educational institutions, and government agencies. By the late 1980s, the company had won several lucrative government contracts worth several hundreds of millions of dollars combined, including a US$

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ZDS saw considerable growth in revenue in both their North American and European markets in the beginning of 1994. Comparing year-to-year first quarter profits between 1993 and 1994, there was an increase of 132 percent in North America and an increase of 42 percent in Europe. ZDS' annual

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increasing their existing stakes in Packard Bell. Later, NEC announced that they would acquire Packard Bell, merging it with NEC's global personal computer operations. ZDS continued as a brand of computer systems under the resulting merger, Packard Bell NEC, from 1996 until 1999, when Packard Bell

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laptop was released in 1988 to high demand, and it soon cornered roughly a quarter of the entire American laptop market that year. The company reached a peak in terms of revenue in 1988, generating US$ 1.4 billion that year. The following year saw ZDS floundering in multiple ways, including a

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executive Jerry Baldwin, ZDS launched the Z-Direct mail order catalog, mailing one million copies of its inaugural issue that year. The catalog offered desktop, server, and notebook products via a toll-free phone number. The catalog also included peripheral equipment from other manufacturers and

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ZDS' first computers were preassembled versions of Heathkit computers. As subsidiary of a television company, ZDS could obtain monitors at cost. Heath had a loyal fanbase comprising computing enthusiasts and scientific engineers by the time Zenith acquired the company in 1979. The first Heathkit

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in 1985. They quickly followed this up with the Z-160 portable, which featured pop-up 5.25-inch disk drives. Also in 1985, the company introduced the Z-148, one of the most inexpensive IBM PC-compatibles on the market at the time, with a suggested retail price of $ 2,200 (with typical resellers

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products. The flagship product in the lineup was the Z-Stor Personal Server, a file server co-developed by the Desktop Workgroup Computing Initiative, a joint venture between ZDS and Novell. ZDS in 1994 also introduced the Z-Station 500, a desktop workstation, and the Z-Noteflex, a new line of

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ZDS' workforce peaked in number in 1990 with 3,800 workers, 1,800 of which were from their St. Joseph, Michigan, headquarters. Under new ownership, the company relocated from Michigan to Buffalo Grove, Illinois, after leasing 140,000 square feet (13,000 m) of office space at a newly built

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increasing their existing stakes in Packard Bell. As a consequence of the merger, 570 jobs were eliminated from ZDS' plant in St. Joseph. Shortly after, in June 1996, NEC announced that they would acquire Packard Bell, merging it with NEC's global personal computer operations. The merger was

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with 300,000 desktops worth $ 740 million in September 1992, this time beating out CompuAdd and Sysorex. Although ZDS' bid was temporarily voided after the latter two companies raised suspicions that ZDS was financially unstable, ZDS won back the contract in May 1993 on judicial appeal.

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After shuffling its executive team in 1990, Enrico Pesatori was named the first permanent CEO of ZDS under Bull's ownership in January 1991. Tasked with correcting course and rehabilitating ZDS' public image, Pesatori spearheaded the creation of a new lineup of laptops and put an end to the

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in May 1985. ZDS acquired the rights to co-manufacture the Pivot II rebadged as the Z-171 and unveiled the latter in November 1985. ZDS shocked industry observers in early 1986 when it was awarded a contract to sell 20,000 Z-171s worth $ 27 million to the IRS, beating out IBM and their

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The total sales for 1992 were estimated at $ 900 million—55 percent of which represented sales in Europe, and 40 percent of which represented sales from notebook models. While the company's overall sales slowly recovered, ZDS' retail market share continued to slide, decreasing from

517:. ZDS' CEO that year, Robert Dilworth, attributed its success to recognizing, unlike other computer companies, that the PC compatible was a commodity with falling prices like televisions: "Basically, we move boxes". ZDS' 1985 revenue grew to $ 352 million, and in March 1986 904:

card), and increased system performance. The Z-Noteflex meanwhile was designed to be modular, allowing users to swap the top housing of the laptop to switch between different display technologies (passive-matrix monochrome, passive-matrix color, and active-matrix,

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kit computer already had an installed fanbase of scientific engineers and computing enthusiasts. ZDS' first offerings were merely preassembled versions of existing Heathkit computers, but within a few years, the company began selling bespoke systems, including the

513:'s 27 percent. After a failed bid to sell their computer systems at college bookstores, ZDS found success in marketing to fraternities and sororities directly in 1985. By that year, ZDS was overall the second-largest PC-compatible company, after 306:. In 1991, Enrico Pesatori took over ZDS and attempted to repair their relations with dealers while diversifying their product lineup and modes of sales. ZDS made a slow recovery into the early 1990s, helped along by a lucrative contract with 488:

level with MS-DOS, leading to compatibility issues with certain applications. While lacking in the PC-compatibility department, the Z-100 proved popular as a bridge machine for CP/M developers who wanted to get a head start on

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12-story office building at Lake-Cook Road and Milwaukee Avenue. ZDS retained their old St. Joseph headquarters, refactoring it into a full-on engineering facility and manufacturing plant for the company's desktop computers.

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Long after products bearing only the Zenith name had accounted for the majority of the company's sales, ZDS continued selling their computers in kit form under the Heathkit or Heath name—the equivalent of the ZDS Z-150

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The last year of the 1980s saw the company floundering, however. Revenues in the first quarter of 1989 fell roughly 41 percent compared to the previous year, dropping to $ 1.7 million. Its

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beat out ZDS in a $ 700-million bid to supply the military with desktop computer systems. The company soon after had a $ 534-million computer upgrade contract for the Navy cancelled by the

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microprocessor clocked at 33 MHz. ZDS also launched a new series of desktop PCs, the Z-Select 100 line, which came pre-installed with networking software compatible with Novell

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brand; meanwhile, Zenith Radio Company (later Zenith Electronics) had been long a market leader in the American electronics industry, particularly with radios and television sets.

314:, who further diversified the company's lineup. ZDS' revenue steadily grew in both their North American and European markets in the beginning of 1994. The company was acquired by 688:

the IRS further increased ZDS' status as a leading computer manufacturer. By 1988's end, the company grossed $ 1.4 billion in revenues. ZDS' success allowed them to sponsor the

824:'s PC-compatible systems division. Under Noels' leadership, ZDS launched several new products, including the Z-Lite 425L, an upgraded version of their subnotebook featuring an 779:

of Germany, featuring an 8.5-inch LCD while weighing only 3.9 pounds (1.8 kg). ZDS themselves were commissioned to design and manufacture another company's product, the

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awarded a $ 27-million computer contract to ZDS. In 1984 ZDS won a $ 100-million contract with the United States military for "eavesdrop-proof" computers compliant with the

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called the division's success one of Zenith Electronics' "proudest accomplishments", amid the parent company's losses in the television market against Japanese competition.

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lightest laptops available at the time, with built-in networking capability and color LCDs. The Z-Lite, the company's second attempt at a subnotebook, was co-designed by

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programming. Later machines in this Z-prefixed line (such as the Z-150 series, the Z-200 series, the Z-300 series, and the Z-400 series) were fully compatible with the

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ZDS remained the largest supplier of computers to the federal government into 1991. In November that year, they and several other large computer companies, including

3413: 4575: 4565: 1884: 1006: 750:, lost a bid to supply the Department of Defense with 300,000 desktop computers, the winning bid valuated at $ 1 billion split between rival manufacturer 3204: 929:

In February 1996, Packard Bell acquired Zenith Data Systems from Groupe Bull, in a three-way deal which saw Groupe Bull and Japanese electronics conglomerate

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announced that they would acquire ZDS from Zenith Electronics for between $ 511 million and $ 635 million. The deal was finalized in December 1989.

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laptop, released in 1984, was an early entry in the first wave of laptops of the early 1980s. ZDS followed up the Z-150 with the heavier, less-elegant Z-138

4595: 4550: 808:. The company hoped that the direct sales approach would increase brand recognition and reach customers who were not targeted by other marketing channels. 980: 542:(IRS), and a $ 242 million contract—the largest computer contract the U.S. federal government had awarded up to that point—for 90,000 computers to the 3492: 4545: 39: 2755: 505:-based Z-200 in particular, while not touting many technical improvements over IBM's PC AT, was nonetheless praised for its sturdy construction. 4560: 4555: 420:

operating system was adapted to the entirety of ZDS' computers under this branding scheme by 1981. The early Heath/Zenith computers (the H88,

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slots for expansion; and an integrated high-resolution graphics chip with color capability. For operating systems, it could boot into either

2277: 2719: 1572: 1438: 1132: 4006: 3436: 3181: 3015: 2980: 2945: 2910: 2875: 2091: 1778: 1649: 1614: 1534: 1476: 1354: 1320: 1262: 1185: 1046: 938:, selling computer systems under both NEC and Packard Bell faceplates. Select ZDS employees moved to Packard Bell NEC's headquarters in 543: 271: 683:

portable computer, the latter being one of the first computers to have a "paper-white" monochrome LCD, owing to the use of a special

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version of their Z-Note laptop; and the Z-Star V33VL series, a 486-based notebook PC line comprising three models, all featuring

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expansion slots. The company's Z-171 portable was built into a lunchbox form factor. This computer was originally developed by

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ZDS introduced a number of innovations in the personal computer industry throughout the 1980s. One unique feature of most ZDS'

376:. Edward J. Roberts, who joined the Zenith Radio Company in 1971, was named ZDS' first president. Heath was a manufacturer of 637: 274:—the largest such computer-related government contract up to that date. In 1986, the company made headlines when it beat out 4625: 3485: 821: 3332: 3212: 1929: 1892: 4540: 3737: 3367: 3301: 3266: 3235: 3123: 3046: 2840: 2809: 2778: 2684: 2653: 2622: 2557: 2526: 2495: 2429: 2398: 2367: 2336: 2203: 2172: 2141: 2056: 1964: 1680: 998: 213:) was an American computer systems manufacturing company active from 1979 to 1996. It was originally a division of the 4620: 4066: 3811: 3686: 416:

5.25-inch floppy diskettes. In around 1980, ZDS began selling systems sold with the hybrid Heath/Zenith branding; the

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Zenith Data Systems Corporation (ZDS) was founded in October 1979 following the US$ 64.5-million acquisition of the

3789: 3665: 3524: 913:, allowing expansion cards based on this architecture to be installed into the computer with the optional Flexshow 2591: 3705: 892:

notebooks. The Z-Station 500 touted improved power management, higher-specification graphics cards (implementing

4049: 3940: 3604: 3529: 3478: 972: 736: 614:, allowed the user to trace or resume program execution, change machine settings, run diagnostic routines, and 607: 583: 539: 502: 279: 3999: 3546: 732: 531: 303: 139: 53: 3963: 3832: 3534: 939: 869: 763: 4615: 4454: 4365: 4245: 3816: 3710: 3561: 3551: 3539: 849: 498: 4240: 1736: 610:. This monitor program originated with the Heathkit H8 computer; PAM-8 (Panel Monitor-8), included in 4605: 4235: 4154: 4137: 906: 740: 693: 689: 373: 238: 93: 4132: 4120: 3678: 3444: 1827: 318:

in February 1996, in a three-way deal which saw Groupe Bull and Japanese electronics conglomerate

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competition in the United Kingdom, starting in 1989 until the latter's discontinuation in 1992.

3398: 1285: 1224: 1087:. Schiffer Book for Collectors (Illustrated ed.). Schiffer Publishing. pp. 157, 158. 4610: 4459: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4286: 3889: 3842: 3594: 2029: 1807: 1742: 1560: 1426: 1088: 888: 680: 676: 626: 591: 571: 437: 287: 283: 3169: 3069: 3003: 2968: 2933: 2898: 2863: 2079: 1844: 1766: 1637: 1602: 1522: 1464: 1403: 1380: 1342: 1308: 1250: 1173: 1034: 295:

and a botched bid to increase its consumer desktop sales. In late 1989, ZDS was purchased by

4301: 4296: 4213: 4142: 4102: 3894: 3874: 3837: 3649: 2452: 2300: 2231: 1987: 1919: 1499: 935: 893: 780: 700: 636:). The Z-148 was kept inexpensive by its small footprint; one sacrifice was the lack of any 611: 465: 353: 127: 3952: 1829:

Software Reference Manual: Cassette System (Model H8-18) for the H8 Digital Computer System

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color) and remove hard disk drives toollessly. The Z-Noteflex also possessed an internal

660:, co-developed with IBM; that same year, Microsoft developed a character-based windowing 4291: 4276: 3909: 3858: 3757: 3752: 910: 837: 805: 668: 641: 538:

standard. In 1986 it won two other large contracts, one for portable computers for the

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In 1987, Microsoft chose ZDS to be the first pack-in distributor of their variant of

361: 230: 218: 145: 3154: 348: 4422: 4360: 4311: 4186: 4176: 4044: 3599: 861: 845: 767: 661: 566: 449: 448:, its first computer not based on a kit design and second 16-bit product after the 445: 421: 405: 365: 315: 307: 247: 234: 875: 2360:"Zenith sops up north suburban space: Buffalo Grove lease enlivens office market" 1801: 1207: 1082: 864:, then the fourth-largest PC seller in the United States (behind Apple, IBM, and 484:

that possessed the latter's filesystem but which was not fully compatible on the

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minicomputer, in 1982. Targeted at business professionals, it had both the Intel

372:. The company's initial headquarters were located in Heath's own headquarters in 4370: 4268: 4230: 4223: 4218: 4208: 4200: 4112: 3904: 901: 776: 715: 703: 684: 425: 393: 296: 242: 194: 123: 2802:"Digital Equipment Taps Chief Executive of Zenith Data to Head Its PC Business" 1907: 4385: 4375: 4092: 3355: 3324: 3289: 3258: 3227: 3115: 3038: 2832: 2801: 2770: 2676: 2645: 2615:"Air Force's $ 740.3 Million Contract to Zenith Data Is Voided by Arbitrators" 2614: 2583: 2549: 2518: 2487: 2421: 2390: 2359: 2328: 2195: 2164: 2133: 2048: 2010: 1952: 1672: 747: 457: 453: 255: 251: 2550:"Zenith Wins $ 740 Million Contract; French Firm's Unit Selected by Pentagon" 4499: 4444: 4437: 4412: 4380: 4037: 4015: 3799: 1924: 943: 820:, replaced Pesatori as CEO in January 1993. Pesatori meanwhile left to helm 672: 632: 461: 1212:. Datapro Research Corporation. 1981. p. 83 – via Google Books. 323:

NEC announced that they would withdraw from the American computer market.

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in October 1979. ZDS originally operated from Heath's own headquarters in

30: 4432: 3794: 796: 788: 751: 657: 385: 222: 3884: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3715: 3673: 3657: 3589: 841: 615: 485: 3259:"NEC Pulls Plug on Packard Bell Brand in U.S. and Plans Major Layoffs" 3568: 3556: 3116:"Zenith expands notebook presence with multioption Noteflex offering" 1832:. Heath Company. 1978. p. 0-10 – via the Internet Archive. 865: 825: 801: 707: 622: 562:, released in 1984, was one among the first wave of laptop computers. 559: 514: 481: 477: 263: 3625: 3414:"Acer's offer for parent scuttles Lenovo's plan to buy Packard Bell" 554: 4489: 3762: 874: 833: 817: 565: 553: 473: 397: 347: 311: 550:

Continued success, faltering, and sale to Groupe Bull (1985–1991)

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of France for between $ 511 million and $ 635 million.

3782: 1120:(8). Benwill Publishing: 37–40 – via the Internet Archive. 469: 417: 409: 401: 259: 3988: 3474: 934:

finalized in July 1996; the resulting division became known as

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in 1993. Pesatori was replaced that year with Jacques Noels of

3742: 3501: 1174:"Software interchangeability problems in the 6502 marketplace" 930: 784: 579: 510: 494: 490: 429: 319: 275: 2646:"Zenith Data gets final go-ahead on government computer deal" 606:, which would interrupt the running program and break into a 396:, was released in 1977 and sold in kit form. It was built on 3984: 3103:(8). IDG Publications: 164 – via the Internet Archive. 2833:"Digital goes outside the firm to hire chief of PC division" 1296:(13). McGraw-Hill: 252–259 – via the Internet Archive. 860:

In 1993, Groupe Bull purchased a 19.9 percent stake in

3080:(5). McGraw-Hill: 133–134 – via the Internet Archive. 2028:

Losee, Stephanie K.; Francis P. Mitard (October 11, 1988).

1251:"Personal touch: Zenith inherits do-it-yourself Heath fans" 630:

discounts lowering this figure substantially, according to

2453:"Olivetti CEO Takes Over Helm at ZDS; Sales Force Shifted" 1767:"Zenith laptop boasts 3½-in. drives, full-size LCD screen" 432:

processors and ran either HDOS or CP/M operating systems.

408:(with the H10 puncher–reader). The H8's operating system, 2969:"Zenith releases color dual-scan passive matrix notebook" 217:(later Zenith Electronics), after they had purchased the 1845:"What ever happened to ... the Gavilan mobile computer?" 1523:"ZDS Upgrades Its Z-400 Line to Include Local-Bus Video" 1391:(45). IDG Publications: 91, 94 – via Google Books. 1235:(13). McGraw-Hill: 258 – via the Internet Archive. 671:

called MS-DOS Manager, a precursor to Microsoft's later

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source code to HDOS and other software in printed form.

3470: 1510:(51). IDG Publications: 1, 3 – via Google Books. 302:

Following the acquisition, ZDS moved from Michigan to

2584:"Bull Unit Says Judge Ends Desktop-Procurement Fight" 1035:"Heath joins Zenith to attract hobbyists, businesses" 3004:"Zenith rolls out low-cost, high-resolution PC line" 2358:

Simon, Stephanie; Stanley Ziemba (August 28, 1990).

1414:(27). IDG Publications: 10 – via Google Books. 946:

of Taiwan eventually acquired Packard Bell in 2008.

4477: 4405: 4353: 4310: 4267: 4256: 4199: 4169: 4111: 4085: 4074: 4065: 4022: 3867: 3851: 3825: 3728: 3698: 3642: 3633: 3582: 3517: 3508: 2748:"Zenith Data and Packard Bell in Deal for New PC's" 1998:(23). IDG Publications: 5 – via Google Books. 828:processor clocked at 25 MHz; the Z-Notepad, a 179: 169: 161: 153: 134: 118: 100: 77: 69: 61: 3325:"Packard Bell NEC Losses Are Deeper Than Forecast" 2519:"Two Small Companies Win Big Federal Computer Bid" 2117:. Nottingham Forest Football Club. Archived from 1596: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1554: 1552: 1244: 1242: 811: 2134:"Local Computer Retailers Experience Mixed Year" 1988:"Zenith Eazy PC Includes DOS Shell by Microsoft" 992: 990: 966: 964: 962: 960: 958: 4586:Defunct computer companies of the United States 2677:"Reaping the Benefits: Small—But Not Too Small" 2311:(1821). Sage Publications: 14 – via Gale. 2036:. Ziff-Davis: 136–141 – via Google Books. 1404:"Zenith's new Z100 has something for everybody" 1353:(15). IDG Publications: 17. September 1, 1980. 412:(Heath Disk Operating System), could only read 1028: 1026: 1024: 241:. By the time Zenith acquired Heathkit, their 4000: 3486: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2049:"25.5% of Sales: Zenith May Be Laptop Leader" 1908:"Hardware Heritage—Briefcase-Sized Computers" 1760: 1758: 8: 3211:. United Press International. Archived from 2741: 2739: 2737: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1738:International Directory of Company Histories 1730: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1108:Endress, Bill; Katha Endress (August 1978). 1076: 1074: 1072: 1070: 1068: 1066: 1064: 999:"Zenith Label Going On Heath Microcomputers" 404:processor and ran software on audiotape and 23: 3039:"ZDS-Packard-Bell Notebook Computers Debut" 2771:"Zenith Data launches direct-market effort" 2030:"The Evolution of Portable Screen Displays" 1716: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1374: 1372: 852:. The Z-Select 100 was powered by a 25-MHz 4264: 4108: 4082: 4071: 4007: 3993: 3985: 3639: 3624: 3514: 3493: 3479: 3471: 2934:"Cyrix competes with Intel in 486DX class" 2932:Fitzgerald, Michael (September 20, 1993). 2391:"Zenith Data cranking out PCs—and layoffs" 1465:"Zenith Z-200 Offers Superior Performance" 1309:"Zenith Z-200 Offers Superior Performance" 879:The Zenith Data Systems Z-Station LX 2, a 337: 38: 29: 22: 4581:Computer companies disestablished in 1996 4571:American companies disestablished in 1996 2899:"Zenith introduces its promised notebook" 2708:"Latest IBM notebooks outdo predecessors" 2548:Pearlstein, Steven (September 10, 1992). 2266:"Zenith Data Systems Sold to Groupe Bull" 1923: 1603:"Zenith Adds AT and Three More PC Clones" 887:In 1994, ZDS unveiled the Z-Stor line of 812:Noels' tenure and final years (1993–1996) 3323:Hamilton, David P. (February 22, 1999). 3290:"Packard Bell NEC streamlining delivery" 3288:Douglass, Michelle (December 12, 1996). 2706:Fitzgerald, Michael (October 12, 1992). 2577: 2575: 2232:"Zenith Data Systems Realigns Top Execs" 1638:"Feds on Personal Computer Buying Blitz" 603: 599: 595: 332:Foundation and early success (1979–1985) 258:-based computer capable of running both 3234:. Post-Gazette Publishing Company: C2. 2422:"ZDS recalling 120, cutting other jobs" 2196:"Zenith fights U.S. contract to Unisys" 2080:"Zenith Data regroups to regain losses" 2059:from the original on September 27, 2022 954: 4576:Computer companies established in 1979 4566:American companies established in 1979 2420:Leliaert, Ray M. Jr. (June 24, 1993). 2165:"Unisys Holds Key Federal PC Contract" 2078:Fitzgerald, Michael (August 5, 1991). 1932:from the original on December 19, 2022 1671:Moore, Patricia (September 22, 1985). 1458: 1456: 3147:"Groupe Bull Quits PCs in 3-Way Deal" 3037:Knowles, Francine (October 6, 1993). 2967:Lee, Yvonne L. (September 20, 1993). 2517:Lewis, Peter H. (November 20, 1991). 2488:"Zenith Introduces New Product Lines" 2329:"PC jobs that fled Michiana now gone" 1500:"Zenith First to Ship Microsoft OS/2" 1379:Robinson, Philip (November 7, 1983). 1153:from the original on January 31, 2023 971:Greenhouse, Steven (March 26, 1986). 18:American computer company (1979–1996) 7: 3947: 3437:"Acer officially lands Packard Bell" 3389:Hamilton, David (November 2, 1999). 2301:"Groupe Bull to Cut 1,800 Employees" 2194:Rudd, David C. (November 28, 1989). 2055:. Chronicle Publishing Company: C4. 2009:Winter, Christine (April 20, 1988). 1559:Wilder, Clinton (December 9, 1985). 1463:Satchell, Stephen (August 4, 1986). 1307:Satchell, Stephen (August 4, 1986). 1249:Needle, David (September 13, 1982). 1172:Wilkinson, Bill (October 19, 1981). 1146:(4). Gernsback Publications: 73–75. 1033:Wise, Deborah (September 13, 1982). 816:Jacques Noels, formerly the head of 675:. In 1988, the company released the 4591:Defunct computer hardware companies 3370:from the original on March 14, 2023 3335:from the original on March 14, 2023 3304:from the original on March 14, 2023 3269:from the original on April 20, 2023 3238:from the original on March 14, 2023 3184:from the original on March 14, 2023 3126:from the original on April 20, 2023 3049:from the original on April 20, 2023 3018:from the original on April 20, 2023 2983:from the original on April 20, 2023 2948:from the original on April 20, 2023 2913:from the original on April 20, 2023 2878:from the original on April 20, 2023 2864:"The Incredible Shrinking Notebook" 2862:Paul, Fredric (December 20, 1993). 2843:from the original on April 20, 2023 2812:from the original on April 20, 2023 2800:Wilke, John R. (January 13, 1993). 2781:from the original on April 20, 2023 2769:Ladendorf, Kirk (August 11, 1992). 2722:from the original on April 20, 2023 2687:from the original on April 20, 2023 2675:Pierson, John (November 16, 1992). 2656:from the original on April 20, 2023 2625:from the original on April 20, 2023 2594:from the original on April 20, 2023 2560:from the original on April 20, 2023 2529:from the original on April 20, 2023 2498:from the original on April 20, 2023 2467:from the original on April 20, 2023 2451:Brennan, Laura (January 21, 1991). 2432:from the original on April 20, 2023 2401:from the original on April 20, 2023 2389:Coates, James (February 25, 1993). 2370:from the original on April 20, 2023 2339:from the original on April 20, 2023 2280:from the original on April 20, 2023 2246:from the original on April 20, 2023 2206:from the original on April 20, 2023 2175:from the original on April 20, 2023 2163:Schaltz, Willie (January 5, 1990). 2144:from the original on April 20, 2023 2094:from the original on April 20, 2023 1967:from the original on April 20, 2023 1859:from the original on April 20, 2023 1781:from the original on April 20, 2023 1683:from the original on April 20, 2023 1652:from the original on April 20, 2023 1617:from the original on April 20, 2023 1575:from the original on April 20, 2023 1537:from the original on April 20, 2023 1479:from the original on April 20, 2023 1441:from the original on April 20, 2023 1357:from the original on April 20, 2023 1323:from the original on April 20, 2023 1265:from the original on April 20, 2023 1188:from the original on April 20, 2023 1049:from the original on April 20, 2023 1009:from the original on April 20, 2023 983:from the original on July 16, 2014. 544:United States Department of Defense 272:United States Department of Defense 130:in 1996; brand discontinued in 1999 4596:Defunct computer systems companies 4551:1996 disestablishments in Michigan 3002:Quinlan, Tom (December 13, 1993). 2746:Hayes, Thomas C. (June 23, 1993). 2047:Staff writer (December 21, 1988). 1951:Mel, Mandell (February 23, 1987). 1883:Lewis, Peter H. (March 11, 1986). 1571:(49). IDG Publications: 127, 134. 925:Acquisition by Packard Bell (1996) 800:software products from Microsoft, 766:. ZDS however won a bid to supply 721: 14: 3443:. CBS Interactive. Archived from 3412:Staff writer (October 10, 2007). 3257:Menn, Joseph (November 3, 1999). 3226:Staff writer (January 19, 1997). 3205:"NEC completes Packard Bell deal" 2327:Dodson, Paul (November 4, 1999). 2299:Stedman, Craig (August 6, 1990). 1751:– via the Internet Archive. 1741:. Vol. 10. St. James Press. 1498:Mace, Scott (December 21, 1987). 1402:Swaine, Michael (July 12, 1982). 1284:Rash, Wayne Jr. (December 1984). 1225:"Building the H-150 Computer Kit" 1223:Cohen, Henry B. (December 1984). 883:-based desktop computer from 1995 165:US$ 1.4 billion (1988, peak) 52:: Site of former headquarters in 4513: 4512: 3969: 3968: 3959: 3958: 3946: 3935: 3934: 3467: (archived January 29, 1997) 3354:James, Geoffrey (January 2000). 3228:"Compaq Ranked as Top PC Seller" 3145:Berley, Max (February 8, 1996). 2831:Hyatt, Josh (January 13, 1993). 2683:. Dow Jones & Company: R29. 2613:Pope, Kyle (December 28, 1992). 2090:(31). IDG Publications: 69, 71. 1425:Poor, Alfred (October 2, 1984). 1161:– via World Radio History. 1110:"Building a Benton Harbor Micro" 997:Staff writer (October 4, 1979). 594:systems was the key combination 4546:1979 establishments in Michigan 3435:Ogg, Erica (January 31, 2008). 3391:"NEC disables Packard Bell NEC" 3331:. Dow Jones & Company: 11. 3300:(25). Plesman Publications: 8. 3170:"Packard Bell, NEC join forces" 2874:(51). IDG Publications: 56–65. 2808:. Dow Jones & Company: B5. 2621:. Dow Jones & Company: B5. 2590:. Dow Jones & Company: A4. 2242:(1809). Sage Publications: 16. 2113:Staff writer (March 29, 2020). 1953:"The Secrets of Silent Success" 1475:(31). IDG Publications: 47–48. 1319:(31). IDG Publications: 47–48. 1261:(36). IDG Publications: 24–25. 762:Sysorex Information Systems of 712:General Services Administration 382:do-it-yourself electronics kits 207:Zenith Data Systems Corporation 24:Zenith Data Systems Corporation 3203:Staff writer (July 16, 1996). 3168:Francis, Bob (June 10, 1996). 3122:(580). CMP Publications: 109. 3114:Gardner, Fred (May 30, 1994). 2644:Coates, James (May 11, 1993). 2132:Thomas, Lisa (April 3, 1989). 1906:Król, Karol (September 2021). 1673:"Computer firms go to college" 1601:Howitt, Doran (May 13, 1985). 1561:"Zenith's micro success story" 578:, made headlines when it beat 270:242-million contract with the 1: 4561:1996 mergers and acquisitions 4556:1989 mergers and acquisitions 3091:Farrance, Rex (August 1994). 2897:Lee, Yvonne (June 14, 1993). 2582:Staff writer (May 11, 1993). 2486:Staff writer (June 9, 1992). 2276:(18): 18. November 13, 1989. 2230:Staff writer (May 14, 1990). 1765:Barney, Douglas (June 1986). 1636:Forbes, Jim (June 24, 1985). 1521:Staff writer (May 25, 1993). 1131:Friedman, Herb (April 1984). 973:"Zenith Computer Unit Shines" 822:Digital Equipment Corporation 722:Pesatori's tenure (1991–1993) 352:The Zenith Data Systems Z-19 47:: Logo used from 1990 to 1996 3397:. Ziff-Davis. Archived from 3180:(24). IDG Publications: 32. 3153:. p. 11. Archived from 3151:International Herald Tribune 3014:(50). IDG Publications: 30. 2979:(38). IDG Publications: 32. 2944:(38). IDG Publications: 46. 2909:(24). IDG Publications: 32. 1986:Mace, Scott (June 8, 1987). 1885:"Surprising Zenith Portable" 1803:The Hand-Me-Down PC Handbook 1777:(24). IDG Publications: 15. 1209:All About Personal Computers 1184:(22). IDG Publications: 16. 1045:(36). IDG Publications: 19. 791:line of notebook computers. 476:, a modified OEM version of 384:, the latter sold under the 343:Logo used from 1979 to 1990 291:cancelled contract with the 3711:NEC Philips Unified Systems 3687:Sharp NEC Display Solutions 2718:(41). IDG Publications: 7. 2214:– via Newspapers.com. 2011:"New Light Cast on Laptops" 1843:Dvorak, John (April 1992). 1437:(19). Ziff-Davis: 205–208. 1017:– via Newspapers.com. 126:in 1989; later acquired by 106:; 28 years ago 83:; 44 years ago 4642: 3666:Japan Aviation Electronics 3525:NEC Corporation of America 2138:San Diego Business Journal 1855:(4). SX2 Media Labs: 668. 1800:Neibauer, Alan R. (1990). 1735:Kepos, Paula, ed. (1995). 1084:Collectible Microcomputers 818:Nokia Consumer Electronics 4508: 3918: 3706:NEC Mobile Communications 3622: 3192:– via Google Books. 3068:Nance, Barry (May 1994). 3026:– via Google Books. 2991:– via Google Books. 2956:– via Google Books. 2886:– via Google Books. 2775:Austin American-Statesman 2730:– via Google Books. 2652:. Tribune Publishing: 1. 2397:. Tribune Publishing: 1. 2366:. Tribune Publishing: 1. 2202:. Tribune Publishing: 3. 2102:– via Google Books. 2017:: 1 – via ProQuest. 1816:– via Google Books. 1789:– via Google Books. 1660:– via Google Books. 1625:– via Google Books. 1583:– via Google Books. 1545:– via Google Books. 1487:– via Google Books. 1449:– via Google Books. 1365:– via Google Books. 1331:– via Google Books. 1273:– via Google Books. 1196:– via Google Books. 1097:– via Google Books. 1057:– via Google Books. 787:'s second entry in their 741:Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France 221:and, by extension, their 37: 28: 4050:Reveal Computer Products 3605:Reveal Computer Products 3530:NEC Laboratories America 3418:South China Morning Post 1081:Nadeau, Michael (2002). 737:Billerica, Massachusetts 679:line of laptops and the 618:from a specific device. 608:machine-language monitor 582:for a contract with the 540:Internal Revenue Service 280:Internal Revenue Service 278:for a contract with the 4601:Former NEC subsidiaries 3547:NEC Solution Innovators 3329:The Wall Street Journal 3232:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 2806:The Wall Street Journal 2681:The Wall Street Journal 2619:The Wall Street Journal 2588:The Wall Street Journal 2053:San Francisco Chronicle 1963:(4). Family Media: 72. 1925:10.3390/heritage4030126 733:Santa Clara, California 304:Buffalo Grove, Illinois 140:Buffalo Grove, Illinois 54:Buffalo Grove, Illinois 3833:Walter Tenney Carleton 3535:NEC Software Solutions 3120:Computer Reseller News 2463:(3). Ziff-Davis: 138. 1533:(10). Ziff-Davis: 66. 1427:"Zenith Strikes Twice" 1381:"Review: Zenith Z-100" 940:Sacramento, California 884: 870:Packard Bell Statesman 764:Falls Church, Virginia 587: 563: 460:microprocessors; five 357: 4455:Micro-Professor MPF-I 3562:Netcracker Technology 3552:NEC Unified Solutions 3378:– via ProQuest. 3343:– via ProQuest. 3312:– via ProQuest. 3277:– via ProQuest. 3246:– via ProQuest. 3134:– via ProQuest. 3057:– via ProQuest. 2921:– via ProQuest. 2851:– via ProQuest. 2820:– via ProQuest. 2789:– via ProQuest. 2695:– via ProQuest. 2664:– via ProQuest. 2633:– via ProQuest. 2602:– via ProQuest. 2568:– via ProQuest. 2537:– via ProQuest. 2506:– via ProQuest. 2440:– via ProQuest. 2409:– via ProQuest. 2378:– via ProQuest. 2347:– via ProQuest. 2183:– via ProQuest. 2152:– via ProQuest. 2067:– via ProQuest. 1975:– via ProQuest. 1940:– via ProQuest. 1806:. Sybex. p. 47. 1691:– via ProQuest. 1286:"The Zenith Z-150 PC" 878: 850:Microsoft LAN Manager 836:'s energy-conservant 569: 557: 526:In October 1983, the 351: 250:, which was a hybrid 4626:St. Joseph, Michigan 3294:Computer Dealer News 3157:on October 25, 2005. 2754:: D3. Archived from 1891:: C6. Archived from 1133:"Gadgets and Gizmos" 1003:The Herald-Palladium 752:CompuAdd Corporation 428:) were based on the 374:St. Joseph, Michigan 370:Zenith Radio Company 366:Schlumberger Limited 239:St. Joseph, Michigan 215:Zenith Radio Company 94:St. Joseph, Michigan 4541:Zenith Data Systems 4465:Micro-Professor III 4055:Zenith Data Systems 3974:Video game consoles 3817:Video game consoles 3679:Renesas Electronics 3610:Zenith Data Systems 2554:The Washington Post 2169:The Washington Post 2121:on October 1, 2020. 857:to conserve power. 444:ZDS introduced the 171:Number of employees 56:, from 1990 to 1996 25: 4621:Zenith Electronics 4460:Micro-Professor II 3807:Personal computers 3729:Products, services 3634:Joint ventures and 3447:on March 14, 2023. 3424:on March 14, 2023. 3401:on March 14, 2023. 3215:on March 14, 2023. 3093:"System Snapshots" 2752:The New York Times 2523:The New York Times 2492:South Bend Tribune 2426:South Bend Tribune 2333:South Bend Tribune 2270:U-M Computing News 1957:Computer Decisions 1889:The New York Times 1114:Personal Computing 977:The New York Times 885: 760:systems integrator 588: 564: 528:United States Navy 520:The New York Times 358: 189:Zenith Electronics 175:3,800 (1990, peak) 104:February 1996 4528: 4527: 4473: 4472: 4401: 4400: 4195: 4194: 4165: 4164: 3982: 3981: 3890:NEC Green Rockets 3843:Tadahiro Sekimoto 3724: 3723: 3620: 3619: 3595:Electronic Arrays 3263:Los Angeles Times 3043:Chicago Sun-Times 2475:– via Gale. 2254:– via Gale. 1867:– via Gale. 1677:Chicago Sun-Times 1343:"Software/Briefs" 1140:Radio-Electronics 889:wide area network 806:Lotus Development 690:Full Members' Cup 627:portable computer 572:portable computer 438:IBM PC compatible 356:-display terminal 284:portable computer 204: 203: 81:October 1979 4633: 4516: 4515: 4366:CloudMobile S500 4265: 4109: 4103:Gateway netbooks 4083: 4072: 4009: 4002: 3995: 3986: 3972: 3971: 3962: 3961: 3950: 3949: 3938: 3937: 3923:Now wholly owned 3895:NEC Karuizawa 72 3875:NEC Blue Rockets 3838:Kunihiko Iwadare 3716:Sony NEC Optiarc 3691: 3683: 3670: 3662: 3654: 3650:Alaxala Networks 3640: 3628: 3600:Packard Bell NEC 3515: 3495: 3488: 3481: 3472: 3461:Official website 3449: 3448: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3420:. Archived from 3409: 3403: 3402: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3025: 3023: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2929: 2923: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2766: 2760: 2759: 2758:on May 26, 2015. 2743: 2732: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2579: 2570: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2448: 2442: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2417: 2411: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2355: 2349: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2324: 2313: 2312: 2296: 2290: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2262: 2256: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2227: 2216: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2191: 2185: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2129: 2123: 2122: 2110: 2104: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2075: 2069: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2044: 2038: 2037: 2025: 2019: 2018: 2006: 2000: 1999: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1948: 1942: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1927: 1918:(3): 2237–2252. 1903: 1897: 1896: 1895:on May 24, 2015. 1880: 1869: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1849:Computer Shopper 1840: 1834: 1833: 1824: 1818: 1817: 1797: 1791: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1762: 1753: 1752: 1732: 1693: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1668: 1662: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1633: 1627: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1598: 1585: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1556: 1547: 1546: 1544: 1542: 1518: 1512: 1511: 1495: 1489: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1460: 1451: 1450: 1448: 1446: 1422: 1416: 1415: 1399: 1393: 1392: 1376: 1367: 1366: 1364: 1362: 1339: 1333: 1332: 1330: 1328: 1304: 1298: 1297: 1281: 1275: 1274: 1272: 1270: 1246: 1237: 1236: 1220: 1214: 1213: 1204: 1198: 1197: 1195: 1193: 1169: 1163: 1162: 1160: 1158: 1152: 1137: 1128: 1122: 1121: 1105: 1099: 1098: 1078: 1059: 1058: 1056: 1054: 1030: 1019: 1018: 1016: 1014: 994: 985: 984: 968: 936:Packard Bell NEC 644:and sold as the 466:Digital Research 341: 157:Computer systems 128:Packard Bell NEC 114: 112: 107: 91: 89: 84: 42: 33: 26: 4641: 4640: 4636: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4631: 4630: 4531: 4530: 4529: 4524: 4504: 4469: 4397: 4349: 4306: 4259: 4252: 4191: 4161: 4107: 4077: 4061: 4018: 4013: 3983: 3978: 3914: 3900:NEC Red Rockets 3885:NEC Cup (Japan) 3880:NEC Cup (China) 3863: 3847: 3821: 3738:Microprocessors 3730: 3720: 3694: 3689: 3681: 3668: 3660: 3652: 3635: 3629: 3616: 3578: 3510: 3504: 3499: 3465:Wayback Machine 3457: 3452: 3434: 3433: 3429: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3373: 3371: 3356:"Bled to Death" 3353: 3352: 3348: 3338: 3336: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3307: 3305: 3287: 3286: 3282: 3272: 3270: 3256: 3255: 3251: 3241: 3239: 3225: 3224: 3220: 3202: 3201: 3197: 3187: 3185: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3129: 3127: 3113: 3112: 3108: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3052: 3050: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3021: 3019: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2986: 2984: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2951: 2949: 2931: 2930: 2926: 2916: 2914: 2896: 2895: 2891: 2881: 2879: 2861: 2860: 2856: 2846: 2844: 2830: 2829: 2825: 2815: 2813: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2784: 2782: 2768: 2767: 2763: 2745: 2744: 2735: 2725: 2723: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2690: 2688: 2674: 2673: 2669: 2659: 2657: 2650:Chicago Tribune 2643: 2642: 2638: 2628: 2626: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2597: 2595: 2581: 2580: 2573: 2563: 2561: 2556:. p. D10. 2547: 2546: 2542: 2532: 2530: 2516: 2515: 2511: 2501: 2499: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2470: 2468: 2450: 2449: 2445: 2435: 2433: 2419: 2418: 2414: 2404: 2402: 2395:Chicago Tribune 2388: 2387: 2383: 2373: 2371: 2364:Chicago Tribune 2357: 2356: 2352: 2342: 2340: 2326: 2325: 2316: 2305:Electronic News 2298: 2297: 2293: 2283: 2281: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2249: 2247: 2236:Electronic News 2229: 2228: 2219: 2209: 2207: 2200:Chicago Tribune 2193: 2192: 2188: 2178: 2176: 2162: 2161: 2157: 2147: 2145: 2131: 2130: 2126: 2112: 2111: 2107: 2097: 2095: 2077: 2076: 2072: 2062: 2060: 2046: 2045: 2041: 2027: 2026: 2022: 2015:Chicago Tribune 2008: 2007: 2003: 1985: 1984: 1980: 1970: 1968: 1950: 1949: 1945: 1935: 1933: 1905: 1904: 1900: 1882: 1881: 1872: 1862: 1860: 1842: 1841: 1837: 1826: 1825: 1821: 1814: 1799: 1798: 1794: 1784: 1782: 1764: 1763: 1756: 1749: 1734: 1733: 1696: 1686: 1684: 1670: 1669: 1665: 1655: 1653: 1635: 1634: 1630: 1620: 1618: 1600: 1599: 1588: 1578: 1576: 1558: 1557: 1550: 1540: 1538: 1520: 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3845: 3840: 3835: 3829: 3827: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3819: 3814: 3812:Supercomputers 3809: 3804: 3803: 3802: 3797: 3787: 3786: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3734: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3722: 3721: 3719: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3702: 3700: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3692: 3684: 3676: 3671: 3663: 3655: 3646: 3644: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3614: 3613: 3612: 3607: 3597: 3592: 3586: 3584: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3576: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3543: 3542: 3532: 3527: 3521: 3519: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3500: 3498: 3497: 3490: 3483: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3456: 3455:External links 3453: 3451: 3450: 3427: 3404: 3381: 3366:(1): 152–156. 3346: 3315: 3280: 3249: 3218: 3195: 3160: 3137: 3106: 3083: 3070:"Without Peer" 3060: 3029: 2994: 2959: 2924: 2889: 2854: 2823: 2792: 2761: 2733: 2698: 2667: 2636: 2605: 2571: 2540: 2509: 2478: 2443: 2412: 2381: 2350: 2314: 2291: 2257: 2217: 2186: 2155: 2124: 2105: 2070: 2039: 2020: 2001: 1978: 1943: 1898: 1870: 1835: 1819: 1812: 1792: 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