2386:
2743:
2753:
2264:
337:(first called "biological types") on the basis of plant adaptation to survive the unfavorable season, be it cold or dry, that is the position of buds with respect to the soil surface. In subsequent works, he showed the correspondence between gross climate and the relative abundance of his life-forms.
381:
Later authors have combined these or other types of unidimensional life-form schemes into more complex schemes, in which life-forms are defined as combinations of states of several characters. Examples are the schemes proposed by
742:
4. Land-plants with long erect long-lived shoots (cushion-plants, under-shrubs, soft-stemmed plants, succulent-stemmed plants, woody plants with long-lived, lignified stems, the last group divided into canopy-trees, shrubs, a
2033:
26, p. XIV. Also as Ch. 1: Biological types with reference to the adaption of plants to survive the unfavourable season, in: The Life Forms of Plants and
Statistical Plant Geography. Oxford University Press, Oxford; p.
350:(1931) reviewed the previous life-form schemes in 1931 and strongly criticized the attempt to include "epharmonic" characters, i.e., those that can change in response to the environment (see
289:. Warming continued working on plant life-forms and intended to develop his system further. However, due to high age and illness, he was able to publish a draft of his last system only
193:, 1806) did classify species according to physiognomy, but were explicit about the entities being merely practical classes without any relation to plant function. A marked exception was
122:
are essentially synonymous concepts, despite attempts to restrict the meaning of growth-form to types differing in shoot architecture. Most life form schemes are concerned with
2279:
1835:
Raven, J.A. (1986) Evolution of plant life forms. Pages 421-492 in T.J. Givnish (ed.) On the economy of plant form and function. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge.
371:
4. Bud height life-forms: based upon the height above (or below) the ground-level of the uppermost buds perduring the most unfavourable seasons (e.g., Raunkiær, 1904);
249:
Warming developed his life-form scheme further in his "On the life forms in the vegetable kingdom". He presented a hierarchic scheme, first dividing plants into
2108:
Halloy, S. 1990. A morphological classification of plants, with special reference to the New
Zealand alpine flora. Journal of Vegetation Science 1 (3): 291-304.
197:(1818) attempt to construct a natural system of botanical classification. His system was based on the height of the lignified stem and on plant longevity.
100:
While taxonomic classification is concerned with the production of natural classifications (being natural understood either in philosophical basis for
1949:(1895) Plantesamfund - Grundtræk af den økologiske Plantegeografi. P.G. Philipsens Forlag, Kjøbenhavn; Chapter 2 "Livsform (Vegetationsform)" p. 3-6.
2047:
paa hans 70 Aars Fødselsdag den 3. Nov. 1911. Kjøbenhavn.Also as Ch. 7 in Raunkiær (1934): The Arctic and
Antarctic chamaephyte climate, p. 283-302.
2074:
1990:
65:
and that the same function or "adaptedness" to the environment may be achieved in a number of ways, i.e. plant species that are closely related
2711:
2274:
Pillar, V.D. & L. Orlóci. 2004. Character-Based
Community Analysis: The Theory and an Application Program. Electronic Edition available at
2794:
733:
1. Renascent (redivivus) herbs (multicipital rhizomes, mat-geophytes, and rhizome-geophytes, each of them with several subordinate groups).
1037:
Eb Plants that germinate and root on other plants (these include dead standing plants, telegraph poles and wires, stumps and such like)
210:
859:
A. Woody plants or
Holoxyles ("ligneous plants", "lignose" of many earlier authors, "Ligniden" Du Rietz 1921, "Xyloids" Warming 1923).
2410:
1177:
Following, other morphological, ecological, physiological or economic categorizations of plants. According to the general appearance (
2306:
2018:
1908:
170:
1903:, The Background of Plant Ecology. Iowa State College, Ames, 1950. Reprinted 1977, Arno Press, in the "History of Ecology Series".
2405:
1968:- an introduction to the study of plant-communities, translated by P. Groom and I. B. Balfour. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 422 pp.
2056:
Raunkiær, C. (1914) Sur la végétation des alluvions méditerranéennes françaises. Mindeskrift i
Anledning af Hundredeaaret for
2524:
2242:
2064:), pp. 1-33. København. Also as Ch. 9 in Raunkiær (1934): On the vegetation of the French mediterranean alluvia, p. 343-367.
203:, in his account, is explicit about his Candollean legacy. Warming's first attempt in life-form classification was his work
2481:
624:
Based on the place of the plant's growth-point (bud) during seasons with adverse conditions (cold seasons, dry seasons):
358:
1. Main life-forms ("Grundformen"): based upon the general plant physiognomy (e.g., Theophrastus, 350 BC, Humboldt, 1806;
2723:
2648:
2643:
2638:
1257:
377:
6. Leaf life-forms: based on the character (form, size, duration, structure, etc.) of the leaves (e.g., Raunkiær, 1916).
2653:
2438:
214:
2029:
Raunkiær, C. (1904) Om biologiske Typer, med Hensyn til
Planternes Tilpasninger til at overleve ugunstige Aarstider.
643:
619:
334:
150:
2385:
2268:
112:), plant life form classifications uses other criteria than naturalness, like morphology, physiology and ecology.
3173:
2807:
2761:
1896:
1671:
736:
2. Rosette-plants (besides the ordinary rosette-herbs and rosette-grasses also the Musa-form and the tuft-trees).
213:) (1884). The classification was based on his meticulous observations while raising wild plants from seed in the
34:
302:(1887). This was, however, a hybrid between physiognomic and functional classification schemes as it recognized
2787:
2400:
2240:
Alienígenas na sala: o que fazer com espécies exóticas em trabalhos de taxonomia, florística e fitossociologia?
1647:
2193:
Ellenberg. H. & D. Mueller-Dombios (1967). A key to
Raunkiaer plant life-forms with revised subdivisions.
2096:
Dansereau, P. (1951) Description and recording of vegetation upon a structural basis. Ecology 32 (2): 172-229
330:
3089:
2728:
2633:
1900:
1862:
293:
218:
190:
2519:
2299:
1698:
1677:
387:
351:
2228:
Alien plants in checklists and floras: towards better communication between taxonomists and ecologists.
2676:
2319:
1658:
374:
5. Bud-type life-forms: based upon the structure of the buds perduring the most unfavourable seasons;
94:
3127:
2780:
2691:
2559:
2417:
2355:
2338:
2030:
1885:
1725:
345:
340:
71:
2752:
2043:
Raunkiær, C. (1911) Det arktiske og antarktiske Chamæfyteklima. In: Biologiske
Arbejder tilegnede
1823:
33:
schemes constitute a way of classifying plants alternatively to the ordinary species-genus-family
3094:
2706:
2594:
2198:
2057:
1851:
3137:
2937:
2905:
2897:
2602:
2536:
2514:
2422:
2368:
2348:
2077:, 1 (4), 1-17.Also as Ch. 12 in Raunkiær (1934): On the biological normal spectrum, p. 425-434
2014:
2006:
1931:
1904:
1768:
1503:
1385:
1286:
1220:
320:
262:
194:
143:
38:
3178:
2772:
2746:
2681:
2476:
2292:
2061:
2044:
1977:
1961:
1919:
1800:
1788:
1778:
1763:
1245:
383:
200:
82:
1836:
707:
IV. Lichenoid plants (lichens, and perhaps some vascular plants like Tillandsia nsneoides).
2504:
2488:
2246:
1705:
1603:
1178:
638:
183:
161:
One of the earliest attempts to classify the life-forms of plants and animals was made by
3036:
2891:
2803:
2756:
2574:
2546:
2531:
1714:
1709:
1688:
1610:
1598:
1493:
1465:
123:
77:
217:. Fourteen informal groups were recognized, based on longevity of the plant, power of
3167:
2942:
2617:
2554:
2459:
2454:
2375:
2333:
1965:
1946:
1922:(1872) Die Vegetation der Erde nach ihrer klimatischen Anordnung. Engelmann, Leipzig.
1758:
1655:
1642:
1637:
1552:
1390:
1241:
258:
250:
242:
237:
3071:
2970:
2701:
2612:
2607:
2343:
2002:
1593:
1540:
1518:
1498:
1420:
1352:
1253:
1249:
1185:
675:
628:
324:
166:
109:
105:
2239:
2227:
2073:
Raunkiær, C. (1918) Über das biologische Normalspektrum. Biologiske Meddelelser /
1881:
1002:
Db Perennial (including biennial) herbaceous plants with periodic shoot reduction
1870:
61:), etc. The scientific use of life-form schemes emphasizes plant function in the
3142:
3053:
2927:
2853:
2718:
2569:
2564:
2466:
1989:
Warming, E. (1923) Økologiens Grundformer – Udkast til en systematisk Ordning .
1773:
1751:
1545:
1533:
1375:
1320:
1309:
1296:
1292:
1268:
633:
411:
254:
1993:
Skrifter - Naturvidenskabelig og Mathematisk Afdeling, 8. Rk., vol. 4: 120-187.
3152:
3001:
2964:
2866:
2509:
1627:
1444:
1425:
1363:
1334:
1327:
671:
662:
282:
278:
879:
B. Half-shrubs, or Hemixyles (semi-woody plants, "Semiligniden" Rübel 1930).
236:
The term life-form was first coined by Warming ("livsform") in his 1895 book
3042:
3030:
2932:
2870:
2836:
2830:
2696:
2686:
2671:
2363:
1899:(1863) Das Pflanzenleben der Donauländer. Innsbruck. English translation by
1734:
1622:
1617:
1586:
1523:
1508:
1471:
1459:
1380:
1347:
1341:
1303:
1225:
681:
657:
317:
222:
162:
101:
66:
62:
58:
17:
2263:
1264:
According to leaf hardness, size and orientation in relation to sunlight:
368:
3. Periodicity life-forms: based upon the seasonal physiognomic variation;
209:(translated title "On shoot architecture, perennation and rejuvenation" -
3104:
3099:
2975:
2922:
2857:
2825:
2579:
2284:
1743:
1665:
1571:
1432:
1410:
1370:
1359:
1204:
686:
652:
303:
285:. This system was incorporated into the English version of his 1895 book
226:
3011:
3006:
2996:
2980:
2960:
2887:
2878:
2844:
2584:
2315:
2009:(1898) Phytogeography of Nebraska. Lincoln, Nebraska. Reprinted in the
1878:
Views of nature: or Contemplations on the sublime phenomena of creation
1567:
1449:
1439:
1415:
1404:
1397:
1279:
939:
b. Growth-forms on the basis of stem-types and stem-type combinations.
899:
III. Parasitic on trunks or branches of trees, shrubs, or dwarf-shrubs.
230:
229:
type of shoots, mode of wintering, and degree and mode of branching of
2210:
316:(1896), and this scheme was adopted by the influential American plant
2901:
2874:
2821:
2107:
2095:
1237:
1211:
1199:
548:
Based upon the duration of life and the height of the ligneous stem:
307:
277:
and all other autonomous land plants, which again were divided into
3132:
3109:
2840:
2275:
1194:
423:
86:
46:
240:, but was translated to "growthform" in the 1909 English version
2215:
The Biota of North America Program North American Vascular Flora
1783:
1455:
According to the loss of leaves (in vegetation classification):
1233:
428:
418:
139:
90:
54:
50:
42:
2776:
2288:
1846:
Niklas, K.J. 2008. Life Forms, Plants. In: Jørgensen SV (ed.).
704:
Ill. Muscoid plants (bryophytes, and perhaps Hymenophyllaceae).
354:). He tabulated six parallel ways of life-form classification:
292:
Following Warming's line of emphasizing functional characters,
299:
Die Systematische und Geographische Anordnung der Phanerogamen
93:. Conversely, unrelated species may share a life-form through
698:
I. Heterotrophic plants (holosaprophytes and holoparasites).
1980:(1908) Om planterigets livsformer . G.E.C. Gad, København.
443:, named mostly after some characteristic genus or family:
386:
and Stephan Halloy. These schemes approach the concept of
1934:(1818) Regni vegetabilis systema naturale, Vol. 1. Paris.
1023:
Cb Plants that grow by supporting themselves on others
2117:
2115:
1957:
1955:
1092:
Fc Free-moving autotrophic thallophytes (= errants)
991:
Da Woody plants, or herbaceous evergreen perennials
725:
3. Biennial-perennial (dicyclic, pleiocyclic) herbs.
81:
are from the same family, but the former is a small
3120:
3082:
3020:
2989:
2951:
2915:
2814:
2664:
2626:
2593:
2545:
2497:
2447:
2431:
2393:
2326:
1315:According to the water content of the environment:
713:VI. The rest of the autonomous terrestrial plants.
890:C. Herbaceous plants ("Herbiden" Du Rietz 1921).
69:may have widely different life-form, for example
1826:. I. Acta Phytogeographica Suecica 3 (1): 95 pp.
1478:According to the luminosity of the environment:
1942:
1940:
1818:
1816:
182:), was the first who formally recognized plant
310:as groups. Drude later modified his scheme in
2788:
2300:
2195:Ber. Goebot. Inst. ETH. Stiftg Rubel. Zurich.
1884:and Henry G. Bohn (1850). London: H.G. Bohn,
8:
1057:Bb Thallophytes (= non-vascular cryptogams)
311:
297:
204:
130:may be used in a broader sense to encompass
2795:
2781:
2773:
2307:
2293:
2285:
1824:Life-forms of terrestrial flowering plants
206:Om Skudbygning, Overvintring og Foryngelse
1060:Fa Plants attached to the ground surface
1991:Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs
1867:Ideen zu einer Physiognomik der Gewächse
1551:According to short-term fluctuations in
1258:Glossary of plant morphology#Plant habit
1047:Cc Free-moving water plants (= errants)
912:a. Main stem-types in flowering-plants.
855:Main life-forms ("Grundformen") system:
2075:Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab
1812:
1750:According to importance to humans (see
1697:According to establishment time in an
974:Ellenberg & Mueller-Dombois (1967)
716:A. Hapaxanthic (or monocarpic) herbs.
439:Humboldt described 19 (originally 16)
165:, whose writings are lost. His pupil,
1850:. Amsterdam: Elsevier, p. 2160–2167,
730:B. Pollacanthic (polycarpic) plants.
614:Raunkiær (1904–1907) plant life-forms
7:
2060:Fødsel (eds H.F. E. Jungersen &
1489:According to the mode of nutrition:
365:: based upon the shoot architecture;
333:'s classification (1904) recognized
1532:According to the capacity to avoid
985:Ba Kormophytes (= vascular plants)
1026:Ea Plants that root in the ground
962:I. True Half-shrubs (suffrutices).
402:Following, some relevant schemes.
296:devised a life-form scheme in his
149:A popular life-form scheme is the
25:
1874:Ideas for a physiognomy of plants
978:Main groups of plant life forms:
2751:
2742:
2741:
2384:
2262:
1721:According to human cultivation:
1435:(in vegetation classification):
1400:(in vegetation classification):
1274:Orthophyll or hyptiophyll leaves
1084:Fb Fb Plants attached to others
965:II. Cane Half-shrubs (virgulta).
2276:http://ecoqua.ecologia.ufrgs.br
2013:by Arno Press, New York, 1977.
313:Deutschlands Pflanzengeographie
3059:Orthophyll, hyptiophyll leaves
1032:Hemi-epiphytes (Pseudo-lianas)
390:, which has recently replaced
41:, plants may be classified as
1:
3067:Aciculifolious, needle-leaved
893:I. Chtonophytic, non-lianoid.
602:Planta caulocarpica arbuscula
590:Planta caulocarpica suffrutex
493:die Pothosgewächse (Arumform)
257:, the latter group then into
176:
2724:Standard anatomical position
2649:Glossary of plant morphology
2644:Glossary of dinosaur anatomy
2639:Anatomical terms of location
766:III. Herbaceous perennials.
189:Some earlier authors (e.g.,
1684:According to invasiveness:
1514:According to soil factors:
1123:Ab Semi-autotrophic plants
1050:Errant vascular Hydrophytes
572:Planta monocarpica perennis
215:Copenhagen Botanical Garden
186:: trees, shrubs and herbs.
3195:
2896:Scarcely vegetated areas,
2184:Du Rietz (1931), p. 52-83.
2175:Du Rietz (1931), p. 47-52.
2166:Du Rietz (1931), p. 45-47.
2157:Du Rietz (1931), p. 40-41.
1566:According to the range of
988:Ca Self-supporting plants
722:2. Hibernal annual plants.
719:1. Aestival annual plants.
617:
596:Planta caulocarpica frutex
566:Planta monocarpica biennis
2808:Vegetation classification
2762:Index of anatomy articles
2737:
2382:
2011:History of Ecology Series
1872:. English translation as
1609:According to the type of
1485:Sciophytes (embryophytes)
1098:Errant thallo-hydrophytes
954:IV. Woody Cushion-plants.
871:IV. Woody cushion-plants.
608:Planta caulocarpica arbor
35:scientific classification
27:Way of classifying plants
2411:morphological plasticity
2401:Bacterial cell structure
1650:or subspontaneous plants
1144:Ac Heterotrophic plants
1008:Geophytes (Cryptophytes)
932:II. Ligneous aerocorrns.
929:I. Herbaceous aërocorms.
620:Raunkiær plant life-form
560:Planta monocarpica annua
406:Theophrastus (c. 350 BC)
128:Plant construction types
2148:Du Rietz (1931), p. 29.
2139:Du Rietz (1931), p. 15.
2086:Du Rietz (1931), p. 44.
1897:Kerner von Marilaun, A.
1848:Encyclopedia of ecology
1822:Du Rietz, G. E. (1931)
1129:Vascular Semi-parasites
1069:Thallo-hemicryptophytes
483:die Form der Casuarinen
265:, the land plants into
221:, duration of tillers,
3090:Terrestrial vegetation
2867:Herbaceous communities
2729:Transcendental anatomy
2634:Anatomical terminology
2130:Du Rietz (1931), p. 2.
2121:Du Rietz (1931), p. 1.
982:Aa Autotrophic plants
902:IV. Herbaceous lianes.
885:II. Dwarf half-shrubs.
795:IV. Woody perennials.
398:Classification systems
312:
298:
219:vegetative propagation
205:
2406:cellular morphologies
1699:ecological succession
1633:According to origin:
1240:and nonwoody vines),
1173:Other categorizations
1137:Thallo-semi-parasites
1109:Hb Chemosynthesizers
1095:Ha Photosynthesizers
388:plant functional type
352:phenotypic plasticity
3128:Biogeographic realms
2677:Anatomical variation
2360:Microscopic anatomy
2271:at Wikimedia Commons
1541:Poikilohydric plants
1153:Vascular Saprophytes
908:Growth-form system:
882:I. Tall half-shrubs.
463:die Form der Mimosen
435:Humboldt (1806–1808)
331:Christen C. Raunkiær
95:convergent evolution
85:and the latter is a
3039:, semicaducifolious
2692:Form classification
2560:Neanderthal anatomy
2418:Colonial morphology
2356:Comparative anatomy
2339:Superficial anatomy
2058:Japetus Steenstrups
2031:Botanisk Tidsskrift
1869:. Tübingen: Cotta,
1726:Domesticated plants
1546:Homoiohydric plants
1468:(semicaducifolious)
1066:Thallo-chamaephytes
739:3. Creeping plants.
701:II. Aquatic plants.
584:Planta caulocarpica
578:Planta rhizocarpica
394:in a narrow sense.
72:Adoxa moschatellina
3138:Floristic kingdoms
3095:Aquatic vegetation
2707:History of anatomy
2394:Bacteria and fungi
2249:Moro, M. F. et al.
2245:2013-10-14 at the
1966:Oecology of Plants
1578:Stenohydric plants
1562:Hydrostable plants
1559:Hydrolabile plants
1504:Carnivorous plants
1287:Terrestrial plants
1256:-like plants (see
1164:Thallo-saprophytes
1150:Vascular Parasites
1112:Chemo-edaphophytes
1077:Thallo-therophytes
1029:Lianas (Eu-lianas)
951:III. Dwarf-shrubs.
921:II. Orthooeocorms.
918:I. Plagiogeocorms.
868:III. Dwarf-shrubs.
756:Vegetation-forms:
710:V. Lianoid plants.
554:Planta monocarpica
544:De Candolle (1818)
533:die Melastomenform
528:die Myrtengewächse
518:die Liliengewächse
287:Oecology of Plants
243:Oecology of Plants
172:Historia Plantarum
144:terrestrial plants
3161:
3160:
2906:Barren vegetation
2898:desert vegetation
2770:
2769:
2603:Amphibian anatomy
2595:Other vertebrates
2537:Arthropod cuticle
2515:Insect morphology
2510:Gastropod anatomy
2423:Lichen morphology
2349:brain morphometry
2267:Media related to
1932:De Candolle, A.P.
1876:, pp. 210-352 in
1769:Ornamental plants
1693:Noninvasive plant
1581:Euryhydric plants
1366:classification):
1333:Moisture plants (
1278:According to the
1221:Herbaceous plants
896:II. Epiphytoidic.
784:8. Rosette-herbs.
778:6. Cushion-herbs.
772:4. Bunch-grasses.
763:II. 2. Biennials.
321:Frederic Clements
211:See line drawings
195:A. P. de Candolle
39:colloquial speech
16:(Redirected from
3186:
3174:Plant life-forms
3148:Plant life-forms
3045:, perennifolious
2860:, dwarf-scrubs,
2797:
2790:
2783:
2774:
2755:
2745:
2744:
2682:Anatomical plane
2580:Elephant anatomy
2477:Plant morphology
2388:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2286:
2266:
2250:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2207:
2201:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2176:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2158:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2110:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2078:
2071:
2065:
2054:
2048:
2041:
2035:
2027:
2021:
2000:
1994:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1959:
1950:
1944:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1894:
1888:
1863:Humboldt, A. von
1860:
1854:
1844:
1838:
1833:
1827:
1820:
1801:Succulent plants
1789:Poisonous plants
1779:Indicator plants
1764:Medicinal plants
1604:Perennial plants
1474:(perennifolious)
1340:Drought plants (
1319:Aquatic plants (
1161:Thallo-parasites
1158:Kb Thallophytes
1134:Ib Thallophytes
1087:Thallo-epiphytes
1005:Hemicryptophytes
874:V. Woody lianas.
787:9. Carpet-herbs.
639:Hemicryptophytes
513:die Farenkräuter
503:die Aloegewächse
468:die Heidekräuter
384:Pierre Dansereau
361:2. Growth-forms
349:
315:
301:
208:
201:Eugenius Warming
181:
178:
106:phylogenetically
102:pre-evolutionary
83:herbaceous plant
67:phylogenetically
21:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3164:
3163:
3162:
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3116:
3078:
3033:, caducifolious
3027:Loss of leaves
3016:
2985:
2953:
2947:
2911:
2854:Dwarf-shrubland
2810:
2801:
2771:
2766:
2733:
2660:
2654:leaf morphology
2622:
2589:
2585:Giraffe anatomy
2541:
2505:Decapod anatomy
2493:
2489:Soil morphology
2472:Plant life-form
2443:
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2380:
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2269:Plant life-form
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2247:Wayback Machine
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1599:Biennial plants
1494:Parasite plants
1462:(caducifolious)
1302:Aerial plants (
1175:
1147:Ka Kormophytes
1126:Ia Kormophytes
976:
853:
851:Du Rietz (1931)
819:
804:13. Succulents.
798:11. Halfshrubs.
790:10. Succulents.
769:3. Sod-grasses.
754:
752:Clements (1920)
695:
622:
616:
546:
538:die Lorbeerform
488:die Nadelhölzer
453:die Bananenform
437:
408:
400:
343:
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151:Raunkiær system
124:vascular plants
31:Plant life-form
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3074:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3056:, stiff leaves
3050:Leaf hardness
3048:
3047:
3046:
3040:
3037:Semi-deciduous
3034:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2993:
2991:
2987:
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2978:
2973:
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2967:, ombrophilous
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2804:Phytogeography
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2749:
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2665:Related topics
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2532:Spider anatomy
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2257:External links
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2007:Clements, F.E.
1995:
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1710:ruderal plants
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1689:Invasive plant
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1611:photosynthesis
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1466:Semi-deciduous
1463:
1453:
1452:
1447:
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1429:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1407:(ombrophilous)
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1326:Marsh plants (
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1242:cushion plants
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1063:Ga Perennials
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959:B. Hemixyles.
957:
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926:B. Aërocorms.
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782:
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776:
775:5. Bush-herbs.
773:
770:
764:
761:
760:I. 1. Annuals.
753:
750:
749:
748:
747:
746:
745:
744:
743:dwarf-shrubs).
740:
737:
734:
728:
727:
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693:Warming (1909)
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523:die Weidenform
520:
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500:
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490:
485:
480:
475:
473:die Cactusform
470:
465:
460:
458:die Malvenform
455:
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421:
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78:Sambucus nigra
26:
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14:
13:
10:
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6:
4:
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2:
3191:
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3177:
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3172:
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3139:
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3126:
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3119:
3111:
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3101:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3073:
3070:Latifolious,
3069:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3058:
3055:
3052:
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3049:
3044:
3041:
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3019:
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2862:suffruticetum
2859:
2858:subshrublands
2855:
2852:
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2838:
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2832:
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2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2618:Shark anatomy
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2583:
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2578:
2576:
2575:Horse anatomy
2573:
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2561:
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2555:Human anatomy
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2498:Invertebrates
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2455:Plant anatomy
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2376:Morphometrics
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2334:Gross anatomy
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2154:
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2097:
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2020:
2019:0-405-10417-0
2016:
2012:
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1759:Edible plants
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1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1656:biogeographic
1654:According to
1649:
1646:
1644:
1643:Native plants
1641:
1639:
1638:Exotic plants
1636:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
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1616:
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1614:
1612:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1594:Annual plants
1592:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1585:According to
1580:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:water balance
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1519:Metallophytes
1517:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1499:Hemiparasites
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
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1458:
1457:
1456:
1451:
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1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1431:According to
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1396:According to
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1358:According to
1354:
1353:Phreatophytes
1351:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1318:
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1027:
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994:Phanerophytes
993:
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986:
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983:
981:
980:
979:
973:
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953:
950:
947:
944:
943:
942:A. Holoxyles
941:
940:
938:
931:
928:
927:
925:
920:
917:
916:
915:A. Geocorms.
914:
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901:
898:
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891:
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870:
867:
864:
861:
860:
858:
857:
856:
850:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
825:Parviligniden
824:
822:Magniligniden
821:
820:
816:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
796:
794:
789:
786:
783:
781:7. Mat-herbs.
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
767:
765:
762:
759:
758:
757:
751:
741:
738:
735:
732:
731:
729:
724:
721:
718:
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714:
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697:
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692:
688:
685:
683:
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676:annual plants
673:
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664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
650:
649:
648:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
629:Phanerophytes
627:
626:
625:
621:
613:
609:
605:
603:
599:
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591:
587:
585:
581:
579:
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531:
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478:die Orchideen
476:
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397:
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389:
385:
376:
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370:
367:
364:
363:sensu stricto
360:
357:
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347:
342:
341:G.E. Du Rietz
338:
336:
332:
328:
326:
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309:
305:
300:
295:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
251:heterotrophic
247:
245:
244:
239:
238:Plantesamfund
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
207:
202:
198:
196:
192:
187:
185:
180: 350 BC
174:
173:
168:
164:
156:
154:
152:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
132:planktophytes
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
111:
107:
104:thinking, or
103:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
79:
74:
73:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
3147:
3143:Plant habits
3072:broad-leaved
2882:
2861:
2848:
2829:
2712:19th century
2702:Hertwig rule
2613:Fish anatomy
2608:Bird anatomy
2482:reproductive
2471:
2344:Neuroanatomy
2235:
2230:Pyšek et al.
2223:
2214:
2205:
2194:
2189:
2180:
2171:
2162:
2153:
2144:
2135:
2126:
2103:
2091:
2082:
2069:
2052:
2045:Eug. Warming
2039:
2025:
2010:
1998:
1985:
1973:
1927:
1915:
1901:H.S. Connard
1892:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1858:
1847:
1842:
1831:
1774:Timber trees
1749:
1720:
1696:
1683:
1672:Cosmopolitan
1659:distribution
1653:
1632:
1608:
1584:
1565:
1550:
1531:
1513:
1488:
1477:
1454:
1430:
1421:Cloud forest
1395:
1357:
1314:
1277:
1263:
1186:Woody plants
1176:
1104:Edaphophytes
997:Chamaephytes
977:
907:
854:
828:Semiligniden
817:Rübel (1930)
755:
634:Chamaephytes
623:
607:
601:
595:
589:
583:
577:
571:
565:
559:
553:
547:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
508:die Grasform
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
440:
438:
409:
401:
391:
380:
362:
339:
329:
325:Roscoe Pound
291:
286:
274:
270:
266:
248:
241:
235:
199:
188:
171:
167:Theophrastus
160:
148:
136:benthophytes
135:
131:
127:
119:
115:
114:
110:polyphyletic
99:
76:
70:
30:
29:
3054:Sclerophyll
2928:Subtropical
2815:Physiognomy
2719:Physiognomy
2570:Dog anatomy
2565:Cat anatomy
2467:Plant habit
1978:Warming, E.
1962:Warming, E.
1947:Warming, E.
1752:ethnobotany
1648:Naturalised
1574:tolerance:
1534:dehydration
1528:Glycophytes
1482:Heliophytes
1376:Subtropical
1335:hygrophytes
1321:hydrophytes
1310:Lithophytes
1297:macrophytes
1293:hydrophytes
1269:Sclerophyll
1074:Gb Annuals
1016:Therophytes
1013:Dc Annuals
948:II. Shrubs.
865:II. Shrubs.
831:Sukkulenten
807:14. Shrubs.
801:12. Bushes.
672:Therophytes
663:Hydrophytes
644:Cryptophyte
441:Hauptformen
412:plant habit
344: [
294:Oscar Drude
263:terrestrial
255:autotrophic
120:growth-form
18:Growth form
3168:Categories
3153:Vegetation
3064:Leaf form
3002:Submontane
2871:grasslands
2849:fruticetum
2843:, scrubs,
2837:Shrublands
2627:Glossaries
2439:Structures
2320:morphology
2278:. 213 p.,
2197:37:56-73,
2062:E. Warming
1807:References
1708:plants or
1628:CAM plants
1524:Halophytes
1509:Mycotrophs
1445:Submontane
1426:Rainforest
1364:vegetation
1348:Mesophytes
1342:xerophytes
1328:helophytes
1226:graminoids
1101:Kryophytes
846:Errantiden
810:15. Trees.
682:Aerophytes
658:Helophytes
498:die Lianen
448:die Palmen
335:life-forms
318:ecologists
283:polycarpic
279:monocarpic
59:graminoids
3083:Substrate
3043:Evergreen
3031:Deciduous
2933:Temperate
2892:parklands
2831:arboretum
2826:woodlands
2697:Gracility
2687:Body plan
2672:Allometry
2369:molecular
2364:histology
2003:Pound, R.
1882:E.C. Otté
1735:Cultigens
1623:C4 plants
1618:C3 plants
1587:longevity
1472:Evergreen
1460:Deciduous
1381:Temperate
1304:epiphytes
1291:Aquatic (
1205:subshrubs
1040:Epiphytes
945:I. Trees.
862:I. Trees.
834:Epiphyten
687:Epiphytes
653:Geophytes
410:Based on
392:life-form
271:lichenoid
223:hypogeous
163:Aristotle
116:Life-form
63:ecosystem
3121:See also
3105:Mangrove
3100:Riparian
2990:Altitude
2976:Seasonal
2952:Climatic
2938:Subpolar
2923:Tropical
2916:Latitude
2888:Savannas
2883:herbetum
2879:prairies
2845:thickets
2747:Category
2432:Protists
2243:Archived
1865:(1806).
1795:See also
1678:Disjunct
1572:humidity
1433:altitude
1411:Seasonal
1386:Subpolar
1371:Tropical
1360:latitude
1246:rosettes
840:Herbiden
304:monocots
231:rhizomes
227:epigeous
191:Humboldt
138:(mainly
3179:Ecology
3012:Coastal
3007:Lowland
2997:Montane
2981:Drought
2961:Pluvial
2875:steppes
2822:Forests
2547:Mammals
2525:Odonata
2520:Diptera
2316:Anatomy
2211:"Habit"
1964:(1909)
1706:Pioneer
1666:Endemic
1568:drought
1450:Lowland
1440:Montane
1416:Drought
1405:Pluvial
1398:climate
1280:habitat
1232:Other:
843:Saxiden
275:lianoid
267:muscoid
259:aquatic
157:History
108:as non-
3133:Biomes
3110:Swampy
3021:Leaves
2971:Cloudy
2954:regime
2902:Desert
2757:Portal
2448:Plants
2327:Fields
2017:
1907:
1746:plants
1717:plants
1715:Climax
1680:plants
1674:plants
1668:plants
1271:leaves
1238:lianas
1212:Lianas
1200:Shrubs
837:Lianen
424:Shrubs
308:dicots
184:habits
142:) and
126:only.
47:shrubs
2965:rainy
2943:Polar
2841:heath
2460:fruit
1784:Weeds
1391:Polar
1250:canes
1234:vines
1195:Trees
1179:habit
429:Herbs
419:Trees
348:]
169:, in
140:algae
87:shrub
55:forbs
51:herbs
43:trees
37:. In
2318:and
2015:ISBN
2005:and
1905:ISBN
1744:Wild
1362:(in
1254:palm
1244:and
606:10.
323:and
306:and
281:and
261:and
253:and
118:and
91:tree
75:and
57:and
1880:by
1754:):
1295:or
1181:):
600:9.
594:8.
588:7.
582:6.
576:5.
570:4.
564:3.
558:2.
552:1.
225:or
89:or
3170::
2963:,
2904:,
2890:,
2881:,
2877:,
2873:,
2869:,
2856:,
2847:,
2839:,
2828:,
2824:,
2806::
2213:.
2114:^
2034:1.
1954:^
1939:^
1815:^
1701::
1661::
1613::
1589::
1555::
1536::
1282::
1252:,
1248:,
414::
346:de
327:.
273:,
269:,
246:.
233:.
177:c.
153:.
146:.
134:,
97:.
49:,
45:,
2908:)
2900:(
2796:e
2789:t
2782:v
2308:e
2301:t
2294:v
2281:.
2217:.
2200:.
2098:.
1887:.
1853:.
1570:/
1344:)
1337:)
1330:)
1323:)
1306:)
1299:)
1260:)
1236:(
678:)
674:(
175:(
53:(
20:)
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