199:(CDC) program "Learn the Signs. Act Early" provides materials for parents to reference and keep track of child development at specified milestones starting from two months old up to five years of age. If there are any missed milestones that may be a concern for the parent, these materials can help initiate a conversation with the primary care physician and assign the child with more specific testing to assess the child's developmental progress. Identifying and addressing early signs, symptoms, and risk factors of developmental delay in children with an effective management strategy have shown an overall positive improvement in cognitive and academic performance and outcomes. Significant delays in one or more of the defined child developmental milestones is typically diagnosed by the primary care physician as a delayed milestone or as
267:(AAP). The USPSTF provides limited information on developmental delay as a whole since it only screens for communication delays and autism, specifically speech and language. Due to lack of evidence supporting asymptomatic children benefitting from repeated early screening and surveillance at well-child visits before the age of five, the USPSTF does not recommend screening for communication delays for children showing no symptoms of developmental delay. Additionally, if there are no concerns by the parent or pediatrician in terms of any developmental delays, then the Canadian Task Force on Preventative Health Care also does not recommend screening asymptomatic children before the age of five with surveillance and screening tools. On the other hand, the AAP does have specific recommendations for developmental and
242:: Performed when a child's medical history or physical examination suggests that the presenting symptoms stem from the brain, which may further imply an underlying neurological diagnosis causing any observed delayed milestones to occur. Since performing brain imaging is not standard practice for diagnosing developmental delay in children, the imaging results alone are insufficient to affirm that any delayed milestones are due to any potential brain abnormalities observed through brain imaging procedures. If any brain abnormalities are observed with neuroimaging, further investigation may be pursued to determine the potential underlying cause for any missed milestones in child development. There currently are no specified guidelines or recommendations indicating that
113:
delayed milestone. For example, the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders was estimated to be 2.64%. 95% of the children with these delayed milestones live in countries with low to middle income and have very limited availability of healthcare resources. There is a risk of having a delayed milestone if a child live in an under-resourced nation.
183:
antidepressants during the second or third trimester of pregnancy were able to sit and walk later than children that were not exposed to antidepressants, however were still in the normal range of development. Fewer children took as long as 6 months to sit without support while some took even 19 months to support themselves.
362:
delay and intellectual disability, hearing loss, known genetic variation, neurological disorder, or other health conditions. The treatment for children with language and speech delay is a speech language pathologist. Speech and language therapy has demonstrated improvement in some disorders, but not all.
138:
during pregnancy. According to the study, there is an association between prenatal exposure to valproate and delayed milestones and intellectual disabilities. The risk of children having delayed developmental milestones is significantly higher compared to children without valproate exposure. Pregnant
287:
is an inherited disorder that affects how the body is able to process biotin. People will be diagnosed for biotinidase deficiency before they start showing symptoms. The symptoms presented include developmental delay, hair loss, seizures, and skin rash. Treatment for biotinidase deficiency is biotin
228:
is the first line approach if a child (less than 5 years old) has no identified external factor(s) contributing to delayed milestone. It is more efficient and cost effective to perform comprehensive evaluations with the available diagnostic screening tools prior to investigations in cases without an
169:
The Child Health
Improvement through Computer Automation (CHICA) system measured developmental milestones under 4 domains: personal-social, language, fine motor-adaptive, and gross motor. According to the study, children exposed to intimate partner violence and parental psychological distress within
112:
Developmental delay is prevalent in approximately 1-3% of children under the age of 5 worldwide. According to a systematic analysis done for a conducted study in 2016, there are approximately 52.9 million children worldwide under the age of 5 that are affected by some type of developmental delay or
361:
Many children have different forms of language and speech disorders, which can be classified as primary disorder or disorders secondary to known conditions. Secondary and tertiary prevention can be detected if the child has other health conditions such as autism, cleft palate, global developmental
219:
Screening Tools: Utilized when a child is identified to have a potential risk for developmental delay with no identified symptoms at a regularly scheduled well-child visit. Assigned by the primary care physician, these validated tests may include an Ages and Stages
Questionnaire, Child Development
223:
Genetics: With proper informed consent, obtaining a family history is an important factor to include in the diagnostic process for a child presenting with symptoms and/or missed milestones. An identified genetic risk factor or cause can be used to determine a more specific approach to address any
215:
Developmental
Surveillance: Monitoring that is performed once any risk factors and/or symptoms for developmental delay have been identified in a child, surveillance will be used at subsequent well-child visits with the primary care physician. Attentive supervision through surveillance footage
378:
Recurrent depletion is when there are different findings that do not match with any recognizable syndrome. Recurrent depletion is mostly passed down from the parent to the child. The treatment for recurrent depletion is treating the specific clinical findings that the person has. People with
182:
while pregnant may lead to delayed milestones in their child as well as reversible or permanent effects on fetal development. The occurrence of delayed milestone in children depends on the timing of exposure to antidepressants during pregnancy. Studies shown that children who were exposed to
220:
Review - Parent
Questionnaire, and Parents' Evaluation of Developmental Status. Each of these tests differ in terms of whether the screener is completed by the child or the parent, sensitivity, specificity, the age range assigned, and the time to complete and generate a score.
121:
Delayed milestones can manifest as early as infancy and develop later in early school years. Many factors contribute to delayed milestone such as medications, trauma, environmental, genetics, and metabolic and there are some cases where delayed milestones are idiopathic.
216:
alongside an age-appropriate milestone checklist to document observations will help gain a better understanding of the child's overall developmental progress and confirm a potential diagnosis following discussion of the findings with parents.
1789:
1774:
154:
have been associated with delayed milestones along with long term physical and mental health adverse effects. Trauma and toxic stress that stems from intimate partner violence interferes with the normal developmental processes of the brain.
296:
A risk factor for delayed milestones are infants that have direct contact with their mother's fluids who are HIV positive or suspected and become infected. There is improvement with developmental milestones for infected infants treated by
70:
Each age group has its distinct set of milestones, representing behaviors that develop gradually and serve as foundational building blocks for growth and ongoing learning. These behavioral milestones fall into various categories of
67:, refers to a situation where a child does not reach a particular developmental milestone at the expected age. Developmental milestones refer to a collection of indicators that a child is anticipated to reach as they grow older.
142:
Other anti-epileptic medications such as carbamazepine, clonazepam, and oxcarbazepine have been associated with an increased risk of developmental milestones in children while exposed prenatally.
259:
There are three U.S. organizations that provide varying recommendations in terms of when and how to screen children for developmental delays in children below the age of five, including the
166:
have been associated with delayed milestones. PPD interferes with healthy attachment between parent and child which increases the risk of the child having behavioral and cognitive problems.
195:
or milestones in mind, closely monitoring these social-emotional, cognitive, behavioral and motor-sensory milestones can provide important clues about a child's overall development. The
370:
A risk factor for delayed milestones is premature birth. The case study of a child born prematurely demonstrated improvement in developmental milestones with the use of physiotherapy.
1394:
309:
There are children with inherited metabolism disorders that can be treated to help improve development. According to the study, treatments included the following types of therapies:
301:
compared to infected infants who are not. Important to note, infected infants treated for HIV demonstrated delayed milestones compared to infants who are not infected with HIV.
624:"Developmental disabilities among children younger than 5 years in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016"
1580:"The metabolic evaluation of the child with an intellectual developmental disorder: diagnostic algorithm for identification of treatable causes and new digital resource"
1850:
671:
Kim YS, Leventhal BL, Koh YJ, Fombonne E, Laska E, Lim EC, et al. (September 2011). "Prevalence of autistic spectrum disorders in a total population sample".
191:
Currently, there is no consensus on a general diagnostic pathway and specific tests to approach the diagnosis of developmental delay in children. Keeping the
260:
622:
Olusanya BO, Davis AC, Wertlieb D, Boo NY, Nair MK, Halpern R, et al. (Global
Research on Developmental Disabilities Collaborators) (October 2018).
196:
1529:"Comparison of developmental milestone attainment in early treated HIV-infected infants versus HIV-unexposed infants: a prospective cohort study"
968:
Pedersen LH, Henriksen TB, Olsen J (March 2010). "Fetal exposure to antidepressants and normal milestone development at 6 and 19 months of age".
867:"Association of Prenatal Exposure to Valproate and Other Antiepileptic Drugs With Intellectual Disability and Delayed Childhood Milestones"
211:
Assessment of developmental progress involves a combination of surveillance, screening tools, and other points to take into consideration:
1843:
349:
139:
women taking higher doses of valproate have a higher risk of intellectual disabilities and delayed milestones compared to lower doses.
327:
232:
Physical
Examination: Completed at all scheduled well-child visits, examining the growth parameters, such as head circumference and
1925:
1867:
2153:
2121:
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1119:
264:
1930:
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supplementation therapy every day. The treatment demonstrated developmental delay improvement within weeks of therapy.
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2200:
1818:
1438:
247:
200:
348:
Vitamin: B12 and folate tests confirmed deficiencies that resulted in
Congenital intrinsic factor deficiency and
151:
91:: Includes facial movements, such as a smile when happy, or an action, such as giving a gift to express gratitude
314:
2223:
192:
72:
1935:
79:
Adaptive skills: Activities of daily living, such as putting on clothes, eating, and washing independently.
2013:
298:
284:
2173:
2106:
1974:
2084:
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2070:
2055:
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88:
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the first 6 years of a child's life failed all 4 developmental domains of developmental milestones.
2190:
2178:
2168:
1793:
1313:"Comprehensive evaluation of the child with intellectual disability or global developmental delays"
921:"Child exposure to parental violence and psychological distress associated with delayed milestones"
1395:"Recommendation: Speech and Language Delay and Disorders in Children Age 5 and Younger: Screening"
1259:"Current evidence-based recommendations on investigating children with global developmental delay"
518:"Current evidence-based recommendations on investigating children with global developmental delay"
2241:
2098:
1897:
993:
794:
696:
333:
enzyme replacement: replacing enzymes, proteins that increases the rate of reactions in the body.
103:
Social interaction: Involves the ability to initiate contact with peers and engage in group play.
1527:
Benki-Nugent S, Wamalwa D, Langat A, Tapia K, Adhiambo J, Chebet D, et al. (January 2017).
764:
570:"Development of the WHO Caregiver Skills Training Program for Developmental Disorders or Delays"
765:"Incidental pathologies on magnetic resonance imaging in delayed milestones pediatric patients"
714:
Black MM, Walker SP, Fernald LC, Andersen CT, DiGirolamo AM, Lu C, et al. (January 2017).
2213:
2163:
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2000:
1987:
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1601:
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842:
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547:
468:
414:
163:
97:
Motor coordination: Encompasses both gross and fine motor skills, such as jumping and drawing.
46:
438:
379:
developmental delays were treated with developmental therapies and specific learning styles.
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2041:
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1684:
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735:
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680:
643:
635:
591:
581:
537:
529:
1673:"Effectiveness of Early Physiotherapy in an Infant With a High Risk of Developmental Delay"
2148:
2143:
268:
233:
225:
1812:
94:
Language: Being able to communicate verbally with speech and/or nonverbally with gesture
85:
and intellect: Involves thinking, solving problems, making judgements and comprehension.
2183:
1815:- Information for parents on early childhood development and developmental disabilities
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17:
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1596:
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1578:
van
Karnebeek CD, Shevell M, Zschocke J, Moeschler JB, Stockler S (April 2014).
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is required to evaluate a child with any missed milestones in child development.
1723:
1495:
460:
406:
345:
substrate reduction: reducing the activity of small molecules in the human body
1948:
1906:
1783:
1545:
229:
identified external factor or genetic cause for the child's delayed milestone.
51:
1462:
790:
763:
Shahzad G, Shaikh AH, Khimani V, Aziz P, Nasir Z, Abdul Ahad P (2021-03-01).
586:
342:
substrate inhibitions: blocking small molecules from acting in the human body
323:, a co-enzyme involved in the formation of energy, was found to be deficient.
1439:"Developmental Delay (2016) – Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care"
716:"Early childhood development coming of age: science through the life course"
492:
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82:
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418:
1639:
865:
Daugaard CA, Pedersen L, Sun Y, Dreier JW, Christensen J (November 2020).
2251:
1961:
1920:
1882:
1689:
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screening regardless of the child showing any delayed milestones or not.
1766:
1210:"A clinical approach to developmental delay and intellectual disability"
1016:"A clinical approach to developmental delay and intellectual disability"
2060:
1143:
568:
Salomone E, Pacione L, Shire S, Brown FL, Reichow B, Servili C (2019).
243:
159:
2049:
1778:
769:
International
Journal of Endorsing Health Science Research (IJEHSR)
263:(USPSTF), Canadian Task Force on Preventative Health Care, and the
236:, are within range can help ensure proper child growth development.
1822:
313:
bone marrow and hematopoietic stem cell transplant: used to treat
1418:
1064:""Learn the Signs. Act Early." has FREE child development tools"
336:
1832:
1828:
1671:
Sant N, Hotwani R, Palaskar P, Naqvi WM, Arora SP (July 2021).
516:
Mithyantha R, Kneen R, McCann E, Gladstone M (November 2017).
919:
Gilbert AL, Bauer NS, Carroll AE, Downs SM (December 2013).
493:"Developmental Milestones for All Ages | Milestone Tracking"
339:: a unit composed of nucleotides passed from parent to child
1722:
Girirajan S, Pizzo L, Moeschler J, Rosenfeld J (1993).
1120:"Developmental Surveillance and Screening Patient Care"
1726:. In Adam MP, Mirzaa GM, Pagon RA, Wallace SE (eds.).
1465:. In Adam MP, Mirzaa GM, Pagon RA, Wallace SE (eds.).
914:
912:
910:
1257:
Mithyantha R, Kneen R, McCann E, Gladstone M (2017).
441:. The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. 2014-05-05
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860:
858:
856:
2234:
2199:
2097:
2028:
1905:
1896:
1866:
1760:
1730:. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle.
1469:. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle.
1203:
1201:
45:
37:
32:
1358:
1356:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1009:
1007:
400:
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392:
330:was treated through oral folinic acid supplements
326:dietary restrictions/supplement: a deficiency in
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1617:
1615:
1502:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
1419:"Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care"
1068:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
617:
615:
563:
561:
467:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
413:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
1819:"Recognizing Developmental Delays in Children"
1624:"How Young Children Learn Language and Speech"
158:Parental psychological distress such (PPD) as
1844:
1176:"Developmental Delay: When and How to Screen"
1090:"Developmental Delay: When and How to Screen"
130:One cause of delayed milestone is the use of
100:Sensory: Vision, hearing, touch, taste, smell
8:
1813:CDC's "Learn the Signs. Act Early.” campaign
1456:
1454:
146:Parental violence and psychological distress
1399:United States Preventive Services Taskforce
1088:Vitrikas K, Savard D, Bucaj M (July 2017).
405:Misirliyan SS, Boehning AP, Shah M (2023).
1902:
1851:
1837:
1829:
1757:
197:Centers for Disease Prevention and Control
29:
1698:
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1554:
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1233:
1039:
944:
890:
836:
780:
739:
647:
595:
585:
541:
388:
1174:Vitrikas K, Savard D, Bucaj M (2017).
1494:Abbas M, Bakhtyar A, Bazzi R (2023).
1014:Vasudevan P, Suri M (December 2017).
261:U.S. Preventative Services Task Force
7:
1365:"Screening for developmental delay"
817:Medical Journal, Armed Forces India
883:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.25570
782:10.29052/IJEHSR.v9.i1.2021.118-123
673:The American Journal of Psychiatry
292:Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
25:
1584:Molecular Genetics and Metabolism
1363:Mackrides PS, Ryherd SJ (2011).
1311:Moeschler JB, Shevell M (2014).
1275:10.1136/archdischild-2016-311271
1263:Archives of Disease in Childhood
534:10.1136/archdischild-2016-311271
522:Archives of Disease in Childhood
248:magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
224:documented delayed milestones.
685:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10101532
265:American Academy of Pediatrics
1:
1226:10.7861/clinmedicine.17-6-558
1032:10.7861/clinmedicine.17-6-558
829:10.1016/s0377-1237(10)80068-1
732:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31389-7
640:10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30309-7
459:Khan I, Leventhal BL (2023).
305:Inherited metabolism disorder
1724:"16p12.2 Recurrent Deletion"
1208:Vasudevan P, Suri M (2017).
1926:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
1597:10.1016/j.ymgme.2014.01.011
350:Imerslund Gräsbeck syndrome
63:, which is also known as a
2294:
1622:Feldman HM (August 2019).
439:"Developmental Milestones"
201:global developmental delay
132:anti-epileptic medications
126:Anti-epileptic medications
1931:Wernicke's encephalopathy
1546:10.1186/s12887-017-0776-1
1369:American Family Physician
1180:American Family Physician
1094:American Family Physician
628:The Lancet. Global Health
152:intimate partner violence
1463:"Biotinidase Deficiency"
587:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00769
407:"Development Milestones"
244:computed tomography (CT)
193:child development stages
73:child development stages
1825:, retrieved 31 May 2019
574:Frontiers in Psychiatry
328:dihydrofolate reductase
1329:10.1542/peds.2014-1839
982:10.1542/peds.2008-3655
937:10.1542/peds.2013-1020
299:antiretroviral therapy
285:Biotinidase deficiency
280:Biotinidase deficiency
2107:Electrolyte imbalance
1975:Pyridoxine deficiency
1949:Riboflavin deficiency
1640:10.1542/pir.2017-0325
823:(3): 287. July 2010.
461:"Developmental Delay"
234:body mass index (BMI)
2085:Vitamin K deficiency
2079:Vitamin E deficiency
2056:Vitamin D deficiency
2037:Vitamin A deficiency
1936:Korsakoff's syndrome
1690:10.7759/cureus.16581
1628:Pediatrics in Review
315:Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
150:Children exposed to
89:Emotional expression
41:Developmental delays
634:(10): e1100–e1121.
374:Recurrent depletion
357:Language and speech
319:co-factor/-enzyme:
65:developmental delay
2278:Symptoms and signs
2099:Mineral deficiency
1898:Vitamin deficiency
931:(6): e1577–e1583.
255:Current guidelines
18:Growth retardation
2265:
2264:
2214:Failure to thrive
2209:Delayed milestone
2093:
2092:
2071:Harrison's groove
2001:Folate deficiency
1988:Biotin deficiency
1808:
1807:
1269:(11): 1071–1076.
1214:Clinical Medicine
1020:Clinical Medicine
871:JAMA Network Open
528:(11): 1071–1076.
275:Clinical approach
61:delayed milestone
57:
56:
33:Delayed milestone
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
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1323:(3): e903–e918.
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976:(3): e600–e608.
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877:(11): e2025570.
862:
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726:(10064): 77–90.
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1461:Wolf B (1993).
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1148:Ages and Stages
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368:
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226:Genetic testing
209:
189:
180:antidepressants
176:
174:Antidepressants
148:
128:
119:
110:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2291:
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2216:
2211:
2205:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2184:Keshan disease
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
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2114:
2103:
2101:
2095:
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2068:
2063:
2052:
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2032:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1909:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1874:
1872:
1868:Protein-energy
1864:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1816:
1806:
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1801:
1786:
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1762:
1761:Classification
1754:
1753:External links
1751:
1748:
1747:
1714:
1663:
1634:(8): 398–411.
1611:
1590:(4): 428–438.
1570:
1533:BMC Pediatrics
1519:
1496:"Neonatal HIV"
1486:
1450:
1430:
1410:
1386:
1375:(5): 544–549.
1352:
1298:
1249:
1220:(6): 558–561.
1197:
1159:
1135:
1111:
1080:
1055:
1026:(6): 558–561.
1003:
960:
906:
852:
804:
775:(1): 118–123.
755:
706:
679:(9): 904–912.
663:
611:
557:
508:
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2222:
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2219:Short stature
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2110:
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2100:
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2069:
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2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2057:
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2051:
2047:
2043:
2042:Bitot's spots
2040:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2019:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1976:
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1967:
1963:
1960:
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1954:
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1947:
1946:
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1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
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1733:
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1725:
1718:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1683:(7): e16581.
1682:
1678:
1674:
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366:Physiotherapy
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186:
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181:
178:Women taking
173:
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125:
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75:, including:
74:
68:
66:
62:
53:
50:
48:
44:
40:
36:
31:
19:
2208:
2066:Osteomalacia
1870:malnutrition
1860:Malnutrition
1788:
1773:
1739:. Retrieved
1728:GeneReviews®
1727:
1717:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1631:
1627:
1587:
1583:
1573:
1536:
1532:
1522:
1511:. Retrieved
1499:
1489:
1478:. Retrieved
1467:GeneReviews®
1466:
1442:. Retrieved
1433:
1422:. Retrieved
1413:
1402:. Retrieved
1398:
1389:
1372:
1368:
1320:
1316:
1266:
1262:
1252:
1217:
1213:
1186:(1): 36–43.
1183:
1179:
1151:. Retrieved
1147:
1138:
1127:. Retrieved
1123:
1114:
1100:(1): 36–43.
1097:
1093:
1083:
1072:. Retrieved
1070:. 2023-06-06
1067:
1058:
1023:
1019:
973:
969:
963:
928:
924:
874:
870:
820:
816:
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772:
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758:
723:
719:
709:
676:
672:
666:
631:
627:
577:
573:
525:
521:
511:
500:. Retrieved
497:Pathways.org
496:
487:
476:. Retrieved
464:
454:
443:. Retrieved
433:
422:. Retrieved
410:
377:
369:
360:
308:
295:
283:
258:
240:Neuroimaging
210:
190:
177:
168:
157:
149:
141:
129:
120:
111:
108:Epidemiology
69:
64:
60:
58:
2257:Underweight
2247:Weight loss
1888:Catabolysis
1878:Kwashiorkor
1144:"About ASQ"
1124:www.aap.org
38:Other names
2224:Idiopathic
2174:Molybdenum
2018:deficiency
1907:B vitamins
1741:2023-07-31
1513:2023-07-27
1500:StatPearls
1480:2023-07-31
1444:2023-07-26
1424:2023-07-31
1404:2023-07-26
1317:Pediatrics
1153:2023-07-26
1129:2023-07-31
1074:2023-07-31
970:Pediatrics
925:Pediatrics
502:2023-07-31
478:2023-07-27
465:StatPearls
445:2023-07-27
424:2023-07-31
411:StatPearls
383:References
207:Assessment
164:depression
52:Pediatrics
2154:Manganese
2132:Potassium
2127:Phosphate
2122:Magnesium
2014:Vitamin B
1539:(1): 24.
813:"ERRATUM"
799:234277339
791:2310-3841
187:Diagnosis
136:valproate
83:Cognition
47:Specialty
2272:Category
2252:Cachexia
2242:Anorexia
2191:Fluorine
2179:Selenium
2169:Chromium
2117:Chloride
1962:Pellagra
1921:Beriberi
1883:Marasmus
1736:25719193
1709:34434678
1658:31371633
1606:24518794
1565:28095807
1508:33351437
1475:20301497
1381:21888305
1347:25157020
1293:29054862
1244:29196358
1192:28671370
1106:28671370
1050:29196358
998:10614273
990:20176667
955:24190682
901:33170264
847:27408322
750:27717614
701:10038278
693:21558103
658:30172774
606:31780960
552:29054862
473:32965902
419:32491450
134:such as
2235:General
2112:Calcium
2061:Rickets
1700:8380408
1649:7236655
1556:5240280
1338:9923626
1284:5738593
1235:6297696
1041:6297696
946:3838530
892:7656282
838:4921324
741:5884058
649:6139259
597:6859468
580:: 769.
543:5738593
160:anxiety
2201:Growth
2164:Iodine
2159:Copper
2137:Sodium
2050:Scurvy
1799:783.42
1734:
1707:
1697:
1677:Cureus
1656:
1646:
1604:
1563:
1553:
1506:
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1281:
1242:
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738:
720:Lancet
699:
691:
656:
646:
604:
594:
550:
540:
471:
417:
269:autism
117:Causes
2029:Other
1823:WebMD
1784:R62.0
994:S2CID
795:S2CID
697:S2CID
2149:Zinc
2144:Iron
1794:9-CM
1732:PMID
1705:PMID
1654:PMID
1602:PMID
1561:PMID
1504:PMID
1471:PMID
1377:PMID
1343:PMID
1289:PMID
1240:PMID
1188:PMID
1102:PMID
1046:PMID
986:PMID
951:PMID
897:PMID
843:PMID
787:ISSN
746:PMID
689:PMID
654:PMID
602:PMID
548:PMID
469:PMID
415:PMID
337:gene
162:and
2083:K:
2077:E:
2054:D:
2048:C:
2035:A:
1790:ICD
1775:ICD
1695:PMC
1685:doi
1644:PMC
1636:doi
1592:doi
1588:111
1551:PMC
1541:doi
1333:PMC
1325:doi
1321:134
1279:PMC
1271:doi
1267:102
1230:PMC
1222:doi
1036:PMC
1028:doi
978:doi
974:125
941:PMC
933:doi
929:132
887:PMC
879:doi
833:PMC
825:doi
777:doi
736:PMC
728:doi
724:389
681:doi
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644:PMC
636:doi
592:PMC
582:doi
538:PMC
530:doi
526:102
321:Q10
246:or
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2009:12
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1994:B
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