479:
4558:
47:
337:
1153:
311:
4586:
408:
471:
439:), and the age of the wood can thereby be determined precisely. Dendrochronologists originally carried out cross-dating by visual inspection; more recently, they have harnessed computers to do the task, applying statistical techniques to assess the matching. To eliminate individual variations in tree-ring growth, dendrochronologists take the smoothed average of the tree-ring widths of multiple tree-samples to build up a
4626:
4544:
2324:
404:, where the seasons differ more markedly. The inner portion of a growth ring forms early in the growing season, when growth is comparatively rapid (hence the wood is less dense) and is known as "early wood" (or "spring wood", or "late-spring wood"); the outer portion is the "late wood" (sometimes termed "summer wood", often being produced in the summer, though sometimes in the autumn) and is denser.
1222:
been felled and left for many years before use, or could have been used to replace a damaged piece of wood. The dating of building via dendrochronology thus requires knowledge of the history of building technology. Many prehistoric forms of buildings used "posts" that were whole young tree trunks; where the bottom of the post has survived in the ground these can be especially useful for dating.
4636:
1323:
2063:(Both branches that are presented in plate 42, fig. 6 (with the cross-section in fig. 7) and fig. 1 (with the cross-section in fig. 2) had produced, in the defoliation year of 1862, a growth ring that was twice as strong as in the preceding one, and so was the ring of the year-old shoot (not illustrated here) stronger in the case of the defoliated tree than one that was not defoliated.)
4614:
1459:
4572:
3448:
4530:
31:
435:
therefore under similar climatic conditions). When one can match these tree-ring patterns across successive trees in the same locale, in overlapping fashion, chronologies can be built up—both for entire geographical regions and for sub-regions. Moreover, wood from ancient structures with known chronologies can be matched to the tree-ring data (a technique called
4600:
2061:"Die beiden, auf Taf. 42, Fig. 6 (mit dem Durchschnitt Fig. 7) und Fig. 1 (mit dem Durchschnitt Fig. 2) dargestellten Zweige hatten in dem Frassjahre 1862 einen doppelt so starken Jahrring als in dem vorhergehenden angelegt, und auch der (hier nicht abgebildete) Ring des jährigen Triebes war bei den gefressenen stärker as der eines nicht gefressenen."
1169:" (earliest possible) date, and a tentative date for the arrival of a seasoned raw panel using assumptions as to these factors. As a result of establishing numerous sequences, it was possible to date 85–90% of the 250 paintings from the fourteenth to seventeenth century analysed between 1971 and 1982; by now a much greater number have been analysed.
1067:. This can be done by checking radiocarbon dates against long master sequences, with Californian bristle-cone pines in Arizona being used to develop this method of calibration as the longevity of the trees (up to c.4900 years) in addition to the use of dead samples meant a long, unbroken tree ring sequence could be developed (dating back to
136:, which always produces a range rather than an exact date. However, for a precise date of the death of the tree a full sample to the edge is needed, which most trimmed timber will not provide. It also gives data on the timing of events and rates of change in the environment (most prominently climate) and also in wood found in
892:
1221:
is the term for the application of dendrochronology in archaeology. While archaeologists can date wood and when it was felled, it may be difficult to definitively determine the age of a building or structure in which the wood was used; the wood could have been reused from an older structure, may have
434:
Critical to the science, trees from the same region tend to develop the same patterns of ring widths for a given period of chronological study. Researchers can compare and match these patterns ring-for-ring with patterns from trees which have grown at the same time in the same geographical zone (and
418:
Many trees in temperate zones produce one growth-ring each year, with the newest adjacent to the bark. Hence, for the entire period of a tree's life, a year-by-year record or ring pattern builds up that reflects the age of the tree and the climatic conditions in which the tree grew. Adequate moisture
966:
is exceptionally long-lived and slow growing, and has been used extensively for chronologies; still-living and dead specimens of this species provide tree-ring patterns going back thousands of years, in some regions more than 10,000 years. Currently, the maximum span for fully anchored chronology is
962:
marginal conditions such as aridity or semi-aridity where the ring growth is more sensitive to the environment, rather than in humid areas where tree-ring growth is more uniform (complacent). In addition, some genera of trees are more suitable than others for this type of analysis. For instance, the
422:
Direct reading of tree ring chronologies is a complex science, for several reasons. First, contrary to the single-ring-per-year paradigm, alternating poor and favorable conditions, such as mid-summer droughts, can result in several rings forming in a given year. In addition, particular tree species
1693:
From p. 423: "Moreover, the wood of the silver-fir has many layers, like an onion; there is always another beneath that which is visible, and the wood is composed of such layers throughout." Although many sources claim that
Theophrastus recognized that trees form growth rings annually, this is not
1308:
Bard et al write in 2023: "The oldest tree-ring series are known as floating since, while their constituent rings can be counted to create a relative internal chronology, they cannot be dendro-matched with the main
Holocene absolute chronology. However, 14C analyses performed at high resolution on
989:
Given a sample of wood, the variation of the tree-ring growths not only provides a match by year, but can also match location because climate varies from place to place. This makes it possible to determine the source of ships as well as smaller artifacts made from wood, but which were transported
961:
Timber core samples are sampled and used to measure the width of annual growth rings; by taking samples from different sites within a particular region, researchers can build a comprehensive historical sequence. The techniques of dendrochronology are more consistent in areas where trees grew in
1299:
There are many different file formats used to store tree ring width data. Effort for standardisation was made with the development of TRiDaS. Further development led to the database software
Tellervo, which is based on the new standard format whilst being able to import lots of different data
164:
are available going back 13,910 years. A new method is based on measuring variations in oxygen isotopes in each ring, and this 'isotope dendrochronology' can yield results on samples which are not suitable for traditional dendrochronology due to too few or too similar rings. Some regions have
611:
1912:..., pp. 273–298. Studhalter (1956), p. 33, stated that Carl Linnaeus (1745, 1751) in Sweden, Friedrich August Ludwig von Burgsdorf (1783) in Germany, and Alphonse de Candolle (1839–1840) in France subsequently observed the same tree ring in their samples.
650:
1122:. However, unlike analysis of samples from buildings, which are typically sent to a laboratory, wooden supports for paintings usually have to be measured in a museum conservation department, which places limitations on the techniques that can be used.
396:
of the year; thus, critical for the title method, one ring generally marks the passage of one year in the life of the tree. Removal of the bark of the tree in a particular area may cause deformation of the rings as the plant overgrows the scar.
454:. Comparison of radiocarbon and dendrochronological ages supports the consistency of these two independent dendrochronological sequences. Another fully anchored chronology that extends back 8,500 years exists for the bristlecone pine in the
1866:"De la cause de l'excentricité des couches ligneuses qu'on apperçoit quand on coupe horisontalement le tronc d'un arbre ; de l'inégalité d'épaisseur, & de different nombre de ces couches, tant dans le bois formé que dans l'aubier"
1876:(On the cause of the eccentricity of the woody layers that one sees when one horizontally cuts the trunk of a tree ; on the unequal thickness, and on the different number of layers in the mature wood as well as in the sapwood),
1180:
was believed to be an eighteenth-century copy. However, dendrochronology revealed that the wood dated from the second half of the sixteenth century. It is now regarded as an original sixteenth-century painting by an unknown artist.
155:
occurs in a layer of cells near the bark. A tree's growth rate changes in a predictable pattern throughout the year in response to seasonal climate changes, resulting in visible growth rings. Each ring marks a complete cycle of
1432:). These are used for dating in a manner similar to dendrochronology, and such techniques are used in combination with dendrochronology, to plug gaps and to extend the range of the seasonal data available to archaeologists and
1273:(and being the oldest wood-framed house in North America), core samples of wood taken from a summer beam confirmed the wood was from an oak tree felled in 1637–8, as wood was not seasoned before use in building at that time in
1021:
in
Newfoundland were dated by finding the layer with the 993 spike, which showed that the wood is from a tree felled in 1021. Researchers at the University of Bern have provided exact dating of a floating sequence in a
266:
1160:
Since panels of seasoned wood were used, an uncertain number of years has to be allowed for seasoning when estimating dates. Panels were trimmed of the outer rings, and often each panel only uses a small part of the
1198:
The sixteenth century saw a gradual replacement of wooden panels by canvas as the support for paintings, which means the technique is less often applicable to later paintings. In addition, many panel paintings were
270:
215:(1801–1884) suggested in 1833 that patterns among tree rings could be used to synchronize the dendrochronology of various trees and thereby to reconstruct past climates across entire regions. The English polymath
165:"floating sequences", with gaps which mean that earlier periods can only be approximately dated. As of 2024, only three areas have continuous sequences going back to prehistoric times, the foothills of the
1523:
From p. 5: "One can see that in all this we are measuring the lapse of time by means of a slow-geared clock within trees. For this study the name "dendro-chronology" has been suggested, or "tree-time."
491:
1195:
While dendrochronology has become an important tool for dating oak panels, it is not effective in dating the poplar panels often used by
Italian painters because of the erratic growth rings in poplar.
486:
The dendrochronological equation defines the law of growth of tree rings. The equation was proposed by
Russian biophysicist Alexandr N. Tetearing in his work "Theory of populations" in the form:
4173:
5527:
982:
European chronologies derived from wooden structures initially found it difficult to bridge the gap in the fourteenth century when there was a building hiatus, which coincided with the
199:(1452–1519) was the first person to mention that trees form rings annually and that their thickness is determined by the conditions under which they grew. In 1737, French investigators
1110:
density (MXD) have been shown to be better proxies than simple ring width. Using tree rings, scientists have estimated many local climates for hundreds to thousands of years previous.
450:
A fully anchored and cross-matched chronology for oak and pine in central Europe extends back 12,460 years, and an oak chronology goes back 7,429 years in
Ireland and 6,939 years in
3944:
2174:"Early wood" is used in preference to "spring wood", as the latter term may not correspond to that time of year in climates where early wood is formed in the early summer (e.g.
1309:
overlapped absolute and floating tree-rings series enable one to link them almost absolutely and hence to extend the calibration on annual tree rings until ≈13 900 cal yr BP."
3156:
1967:
Proceedings of the Fifth
Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science held in Dublin during the week from the 10th to the 15th of August, 1835, inclusive
1413:
deposition in a lake, river, or sea bed). The deposition pattern in the core will vary for a frozen-over lake versus an ice-free lake, and with the fineness of the sediment.
2250:"The 12,460-Year Hohenheim Oak and Pine Tree-Ring Chronology from Central Europe—A Unique Annual Record for Radiocarbon Calibration and Paleoenvironment Reconstructions"
3036:
887:{\displaystyle \Delta L(t)=-{\frac {c_{1}e^{-a_{1}t}+c_{2}e^{-a_{2}t}}{3k_{v}\rho ^{\frac {1}{3}}\left(c_{4}+c_{1}e^{-a_{1}t}+c_{2}e^{-a_{2}t}\right)^{\frac {2}{3}}}}}
3236:
2901:
1277:. An additional sample from another beam yielded a date of 1641, thus confirming the house had been constructed starting in 1638 and finished sometime after 1641 .
3543:
Briand, Christopher H.; Brazer, Susan E.; Harter-Dennis, Jeannine M. (December 2006). "Tree Rings and the Aging of Trees: A Controversy in 19th
Century America".
85:, the study of climate and atmospheric conditions during different periods in history from the wood of old trees. Dendrochronology derives from the Ancient Greek
2687:
A previous version "Marking time: Cosmic ray storms can pin precise dates on history from ancient Egypt to the
Vikings" appeared in Science, Vol 380, Issue 6641.
1832:(The rings around the branches of trees that have been sawed show the number of its years and which were the wetter or drier the more or less their thickness.)
1517:. Vol. II. A Study of the Annual Rings of Trees in relation to Climate and Solar Activity. Washington, D.C., USA: Carnegie Institute of Washington. p.
482:
A typical form of the function of the wood ring (in accordance with the dendrochronological equation) with an increase in the width of wood ring at initial stage
222:
During the latter half of the nineteenth century, the scientific study of tree rings and the application of dendrochronology began. In 1859, the German-American
1487:
3499:
5225:
4901:
3983:
2676:
954:
Dendrochronology allows specimens of once-living material to be accurately dated to a specific year. Dates are often represented as estimated calendar years
1897:
1869:
3504:
1830:"Li circuli delli rami degli alberi segati mostrano il numero delli suoi anni, e quali furono più umidi o più secchi la maggiore o minore loro grossezza."
3652:
478:
256:(1839–1901), a German professor of forest pathology, wrote a series of papers on the anatomy and ecology of tree rings. In 1892, the Russian physicist
3388:"A radiocarbon spike at 14 300 cal yr BP in subfossil trees provides the impulse response function of the global carbon cycle during the Late Glacial"
3103:
1290:, where, between the tenth and the fifteenth century, numerous consecutive layers of wooden log pavement have been placed over the accumulating dirt.
2677:"Marking time: Radiocarbon timestamps left in ancient tree rings by cosmic ray bombardments can date historical events with unprecedented precision"
3539:, the academic site of Prof. Henri D. Grissino-Mayer, Department of Geography, The University of Tennessee, and the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Science
3081:
2248:
Friedrich, Michael; Remmele, Sabine; Kromer, Bernd; Hofmann, Jutta; Spurk, Marco; Felix Kaiser, Klaus; Orcel, Christian; Küppers, Manfred (2004).
1263:
2917:
Spronk, Ron (1996). "More than Meets the Eye: An Introduction to Technical Examination of Early Netherlandish Paintings at the Fogg Art Museum".
2288:
240:(1801–1871) observed the effects on tree rings of defoliation caused by insect infestations. By 1882, this observation was already appearing in
423:
may present "missing rings", and this influences the selection of trees for study of long time-spans. For instance, missing rings are rare in
3194:
3142:
2981:
2834:
2610:
2498:
2460:
2201:
4672:
3481:
2046:
Die Waldverderbniss oder dauernder Schade, welcher durch Insektenfrass, Schälen, Schlagen und Verbeissen an lebenenden Waldbäumen entsteht.
1013:
in tree rings for that year all round the world, they can be used to date historical events to the year. For example, wooden houses in the
986:. However, there do exist unbroken chronologies dating back to prehistoric times, for example the Danish chronology dating back to 352 BC.
51:
2027:
1766:
Studhalter, R. A.; Glock, Waldo S.; Agerter, Sharlene R. (1963). "Tree Growth: Some Historical Chapters in the Study of Diameter Growth".
248:(1851–1922) was using crossdating to reconstruct the climates of the Netherlands and Germany. In 1881, the Swiss-Austrian forester Arthur
2306:
1976:
1958:
1925:
1300:
formats. The desktop application can be attached to measurement devices and works with the database server that is installed separately.
2658:
Andrej Maczkowski et al, "Absolute dating of the European Neolithic using the 5259 BC rapid 14C excursion", Nature Communications, 2024
2083:
2052:
2987:
5019:
3645:
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237:
5220:
4816:
3877:
3857:
2318:
1477:
1370:
1344:
1177:
4534:
3028:
2749:
81:
tree rings (also called growth rings) to the exact year they were formed in a tree. As well as dating them, this can give data for
1895:"Observations des différents effets que produisent sur les végétaux les grandes gelées d'hiver et les petites gelées du printemps"
1009:, can provide fixed reference points in an unknown time sequence as they are due to cosmic radiation. As they appear as spikes in
4856:
3631:
2949:
1060:
283:
145:
3949:
1934:
1616:
Loader, Neil J.; Mccarroll, Danny; Miles, Daniel; Young, Giles H. F.; Davies, Darren; Ramsey, Christopher Bronk (August 2019).
204:
3051:
1348:
200:
5266:
3299:
3244:
2898:
1904:(Observations on the different effects that the severe frosts of winter and the minor frosts of spring produce on plants),
5014:
4022:
3214:
3134:
324:
2227:
1923:"On the growth of timber — Extract of a letter from Mr. Alexander C. Twining, to the Editor, dated Albany, April 9, 1833"
1544:
5517:
5009:
2850:
1126:
459:
1006:
1002:
447:. It can be anchored by cross-matching a section against another chronology (tree-ring history) whose dates are known.
5542:
5199:
5069:
3832:
3638:
1200:
606:{\displaystyle \Delta L(t)={\frac {1}{k_{v}\,\rho ^{\frac {1}{3}}}}\,{\frac {d\left(M^{\frac {1}{3}}(t)\right)}{dt}},}
1852:, who in 1581 was touring Italy, where he encountered a carpenter who explained that trees form a new ring each year.
1333:
236:) in order to study the record of climate in western Texas. In 1866, the German botanist, entomologist, and forester
219:
proposed using dendrochronology to date the remains of trees in peat bogs or even in geological strata (1835, 1838).
3536:
2514:
645:
Ignoring the natural sinusoidal oscillations in tree mass, the formula for the changes in the annual ring width is:
211:
produced a distinctly dark tree ring, which served as a reference for subsequent European naturalists. In the U.S.,
5409:
5389:
4346:
3988:
3939:
3624:
2626:
1665:"Researchers succeed for first time in accurately dating a 7,000-year-old prehistoric settlement using cosmic rays"
1617:
1440:
455:
291:
1352:
1337:
5399:
5371:
4983:
4309:
4129:
3998:
3659:
1664:
257:
132:
Dendrochronology is useful for determining the precise age of samples, especially those that are too recent for
46:
5466:
4665:
4448:
4134:
3742:
3707:
3120:
2768:"Cold adaptation recorded in tree rings highlights risks associated with climate change and assisted migration"
974:
dated sequence going back 55,000 years. The most recent part, going back 13,900 years, is based on tree rings.
357:
212:
5354:
1106:
primarily from the properties of the annual tree rings. Other properties of the annual rings, such as maximum
1894:
1864:
443:, a process termed replication. A tree-ring history whose beginning- and end-dates are not known is called a
94:
5532:
5404:
5141:
4988:
4277:
4168:
4064:
4059:
2099:
1185:
166:
3522:
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298:
would affect climate patterns on earth, which would subsequently be recorded by tree-ring growth patterns (
5304:
5105:
4851:
4750:
4054:
4049:
3917:
3596:
1690:
1042:
cells in tree ring analysis. They are formed when air temperature falls below freezing during a period of
191:
1125:
In addition to dating, dendrochronology can also provide information as to the source of the panel. Many
474:
A typical form of the function of the wood ring width in accordance with the dendrochronological equation
352:
is added in each growing season, thickening the stem, existing branches and roots, to form a growth ring.
5547:
4906:
4562:
4548:
4219:
3073:
2217:
2216:
The only recorded instance of a missing ring in oak trees occurred in the year 1816, also known as the "
1806:(Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press, 2010), Chapter 3: History of Dendrochronology, pp. 28–42.
287:
5339:
2249:
1259:
a large structure was built with more than two hundred posts. The central oak post was felled in 95 BC.
1074:). Additional studies of European oak trees, such as the master sequence in Germany that dates back to
1018:
419:
and a long growing season result in a wide ring, while a drought year may result in a very narrow one.
1825:
1184:
On the other hand, dendrochronology was applied to four paintings depicting the same subject, that of
275:(1841–1905) wrote that he had used patterns found in tree rings to predict droughts in 1882 and 1891.
108:
5522:
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5256:
5251:
4438:
4178:
4119:
4089:
3959:
3747:
3399:
3348:
2864:
Sheppard, Paul R. (May 2010). "Dendroclimatology: extracting climate from trees: Dendroclimatology".
2779:
2552:
2413:
2362:
2264:
2179:
1632:
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1173:
249:
160:, or one year, in the tree's life. As of 2020, securely dated tree-ring data for some regions in the
78:
55:
1156:
A portrait of Mary Queen of Scots, determined to date from the sixteenth century by dendrochronology
5537:
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4831:
4658:
4639:
4010:
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1849:
1256:
1188:. The results showed that the age of the wood was too late for any of them to have been painted by
208:
161:
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133:
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2156:Шведов, Ф. (Shvedov, F.) (1892) "Дерево, как летопись засух" (The tree as a record of drought),
1518:
1217:
The dating of buildings with wooden structures and components is also done by dendrochronology;
336:
2966:
Taft, W. Stanley; Mayer, James W.; Newman, Richard; Kuniholm, Peter Ian; Stulik, Dusan (2000).
2024:
1152:
310:
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3138:
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2314:
2197:
2072:
1973:
1955:
1922:
1429:
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1218:
1212:
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1090:
196:
82:
74:
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2080:
2049:
1428:
also exhibit similar seasonal patterns in the isotopes of carbon and oxygen in their spines (
1046:
activity. They can be used in dendrochronology to indicate years that are colder than usual.
5496:
5445:
5361:
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4929:
4826:
4585:
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3415:
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3128:
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2723:
2715:
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2421:
2380:
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1775:
1738:
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1414:
1189:
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232:
59:
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1565:
Van der Plecht, J; Bronck Ramsey, C; Heaton, T. J.; Scott, E. M.; Talamo, S (August 2020).
1026:
settlement in northern Greece by tying it to a spike in cosmogenic radiocarbon in 5259 BC.
470:
5429:
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2031:
1980:
1962:
1929:
1901:
1873:
1482:
1287:
1242:
245:
216:
177:
at known dates, are visible in trees rings and can fix the dating of a floating sequence.
2700:
2490:
2483:
1512:
207:
examined the effect of growing conditions on the shape of tree rings. They found that in
3453:
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2009:
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223:
141:
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970:
IntCal20 is the 2020 "Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve", which provides a calibrated
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381:
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1838:(1954) "Queries and Answers: Query 145. — When was tree-ring analysis discovered?",
1795:
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2541:"The IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve (0–55 cal kBP)"
1464:
1387:
1281:
1266:
in Dedham, Massachusetts. While the house had long been claimed to have been built
998:
186:
170:
42:. Each ring represents one year; the outside rings, near the bark, are the youngest
1618:"Tree ring dating using oxygen isotopes: a master chronology for central England"
1567:"Recent Developments in Calibration for Archaeological and Environmental Samples"
62:
in the 1890s. The markings indicating historical events were added in the 1920s.
5024:
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1234:
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174:
137:
35:
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2401:
2375:
2339:
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1538:
1472:
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1252:
1230:
1039:
189:(c. 371 – c. 287 BC) first mentioned that the wood of trees has rings. In his
3152:
1149:. Wooden supports other than oak were rarely used by Netherlandish painters.
5481:
5461:
5194:
5154:
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30:
17:
3292:
1505:
The term "dendrochronology" was coined in 1928 by the American astronomer
5476:
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4413:
4408:
4368:
4314:
4304:
4224:
3612:
2518:
1410:
1402:
1129:
have turned out to be painted on panels of "Baltic oak" shipped from the
1118:
Dendrochronology has become important to art historians in the dating of
1107:
1035:
241:
3565:
3371:
2634:
2575:
2565:
2540:
2436:
2385:
1974:"On the age of strata, as inferred from rings of trees embedded in them"
1721:
1601:
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116:
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4329:
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4294:
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2122:
Seckendorff, Arthur von (1881) "Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Schwarzföhre
1992:
1787:
1779:
1750:
1742:
1686:
1444:
1246:
1146:
1138:
1130:
1099:
1081:, can also be used to back up and further calibrate radiocarbon dates.
1043:
934:
The formula is useful for correct approximation of samples data before
451:
39:
1284:, who died c. 958, was constructed from wood of timbers felled in 958.
1034:
Frost ring is a term used to designate a layer of deformed, collapsed
4267:
4005:
3842:
3790:
3689:
3490:
Video & commentary on medullary rays, heart wood, and tree rings.
2517:. Switzerland: ETH Forest Snow and Landscape Research. Archived from
2175:
1988:
1729:
Studhalter, R. A. (1955). "Tree Growth I. Some Historical Chapters".
1682:
1645:
1425:
1162:
1142:
1014:
393:
157:
114:
100:
86:
3471:
3130:
Medieval Scandinavia: from conversion to Reformation, circa 800–1500
2829:(7th ed.). London, WCIV 7QX: Thames & Hudson. p. 144.
2351:
Age Matching of the German Oak and US Bristlecone Pine Chronologies"
2338:
Stuiver, Minze; Kromer, Bernd; Becker, Bernd; Ferguson, C W (1986).
3476:
2877:
392:. Visible rings result from the change in growth speed through the
348:
showing idealised vertical and horizontal sections. A new layer of
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4319:
1418:
1406:
1391:
1151:
477:
469:
406:
335:
45:
29:
3001:
Fletcher, John (1982). "Panel Examination and Dendrochronology".
2196:(2nd ed.). Portland, OR: Timber Publishing. pp. 66–67.
1137:. Oak panels were used in a number of northern countries such as
4845:
4727:
4378:
4353:
4027:
3519:
2012:( August 6, 1859) "Das Klima von Texas" (The climate of Texas),
1707:
Studhalter, R. A. (April 1956). "Early History of Crossdating".
1165:
of the trunk. Consequently, dating studies usually result in a "
1103:
958:, for before present, where "present" refers to 1 January 1950.
365:
349:
345:
331:
152:
27:
Method of dating based on the analysis of patterns of tree rings
4654:
3585:
3531:
990:
long distances, such as panels for paintings and ship timbers.
278:
During the first half of the twentieth century, the astronomer
4745:
3509:
1316:
428:
424:
252:-Gudent (1845–1886) was using crossdating. From 1869 to 1901,
227:
4650:
2340:"Radiocarbon Age Calibration back to 13,300 Years BP and the
1848:(4): 383–384. Sarton also cites a diary of the French writer
122:
106:
92:
3495:
Video & commentary on Tree Rings – Formation and Purpose
3052:"Tree Rings, the Barcodes of Nature, Illuminate Art History"
314:
Drill for dendrochronology sampling and growth ring counting
3581:
2701:"Evidence for European presence in the Americas in AD 1021"
946:) of annual growth of wood ring are shown in the figures.
3510:
Digital Collaboratory for Cultural Dendrochronology (DCCD)
3170:
Brunning, Richard (February 2001). "The Somerset Levels".
58:. The tree was over 500 years old when it was cut down in
2402:"Dendrochronology of Bristlecone Pine: A Progress Report"
2128:
Mitteilung aus dem forstlichen Versuchswesen Oesterreichs
2048:, vol. 1, (Berlin, (Germany): Nicolaische Verlag, 1866),
1540:
The Science of Tree Rings: Principles of Dendrochronology
2968:"Dendrochronology (Tree-Ring Dating) of Panel Paintings"
1543:, Department of Geography, The University of Tennessee,
400:
The rings are more visible in trees which have grown in
169:, the southwestern United States and the British Isles.
3323:
3532:
Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research University of Arizona
3279:
2946:
Dendrochronology (Tree-Ring Dating) of Panel Paintings
2489:(4th ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. pp.
2130:(Vienna, Austria: Carl Gerold Verlag, 1881), 66 pages.
144:. It is also used as a check in radiocarbon dating to
3337:"Data Management in Dendroarchaeology Using Tellervo"
653:
494:
3483:
Dendrochronology and Art History of Painted Ceilings
3174:. XV (4) (172 (Special issue on Wetlands)): 139–143.
323:"Tree ring" redirects here. Not to be confused with
5454:
5438:
5422:
5380:
5290:
5279:
5234:
5226:
Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)
5213:
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1443:stocks through the analysis of growth rings in the
2482:
2476:
2474:
2472:
1186:Christ expelling the money-lenders from the Temple
886:
605:
5528:Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage
2079:(Cincinnati, Ohio: Robert Clarke and Co., 1882),
1295:Measurement platforms, software, and data formats
2699:Kuitems, Margot; et al. (20 October 2021).
2866:Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change
1390:(or simply annual rings) in the secondary root
1203:during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
938:procedure. The typical forms of the function Δ
244:textbooks. In the 1870s, the Dutch astronomer
140:or works of art and architecture, such as old
4666:
3597:
3386:Bard, Edouard; et al. (9 October 2023).
3115:
3113:
2654:
2652:
2539:Reimer, Paula; et al. (12 August 2020).
1488:Timeline of dendrochronology timestamp events
1059:Dates from dendrochronology can be used as a
376:. Growth rings result from new growth in the
368:can reveal growth rings, also referred to as
8:
2160:(Meteorological Herald), (5) : 163–178.
1863:du Hamel & de Buffon (27 February 1737)
3211:"A Grand House in 17th-Century New England"
2827:Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice
2485:Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice
1351:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
5287:
5184:
4963:
4758:
4673:
4659:
4651:
3604:
3590:
3582:
2899:English Heritage Guide to Dendrochronology
2766:David Montwé; et al. (Apr 23, 2018).
2224:"Useful Tree Species for Tree-Ring Dating"
2104:Recueil des Travaux Botaniques Néerlandais
1985:The Ninth Bridgewater Treatise: A Fragment
1910:Histoire de l'Académie royale des sciences
1882:Histoire de l'Académie royale des sciences
1703:For the history of dendrochronology, see:
1532:
1530:
1401:. Similar seasonal patterns also occur in
642:) is function of mass growth of the tree.
3564:
3505:Multilingual Glossary of Dendrochronology
3419:
3370:
3360:
3293:"TRiDaS 1.1: The tree-ring data standard"
3237:"The Royal Lineage – The Danish Monarchy"
2801:
2791:
2727:
2574:
2564:
2435:
2425:
2400:Ferguson, C. W.; Graybill, D. A. (1983).
2384:
2374:
1906:Mémoires de l'Académie royale des science
1878:Mémoires de l'Académie royale des science
1720:
1644:
1600:
1590:
1371:Learn how and when to remove this message
1249:, have been dated to 3838 BC and 3807 BC.
1201:transferred onto canvas or other supports
870:
854:
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534:
529:
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493:
5221:Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)
2100:"Tree-growth and meteorological factors"
309:
226:(1823–1893) used crossdating to examine
2919:Harvard University Art Museums Bulletin
2455:. Moscow: SSO Foundation. p. 583.
1677:Theophrastus with Arthur Hort, trans.,
1498:
290:. Douglass sought to better understand
3485:(Historic Environment Scotland, 2017).
3472:Nottingham Tree-Ring Dating Laboratory
2842:
1893:du Hamel & de Buffon (4 May 1737)
1658:
1656:
388:; this growth in diameter is known as
1547:from the original on November 4, 2016
7:
1689:: William Heinemann, 1916), Book V,
1349:adding citations to reliable sources
302:, sunspots → climate → tree rings).
4529:
3291:Jansma, Esther (30 November 2009).
3267:"Я послал тебе бересту (Янин В.Л.)"
3217:from the original on March 16, 2012
3213:. Fairbanks House Historical Site.
3133:. The Nordic Series. Vol. 17.
2825:Renfrew, Colin; Bahn, Paul (2016).
1098:is the science of determining past
414:cross section showing annual rings.
50:A "tree cookie" cross-section of a
5020:Adoption of the Gregorian calendar
2515:"Bibliography of Dendrochronology"
2307:"5.2.3 Dendrochronological Series"
1995:: John Murray, 1837), pp. 226-234.
1804:Fundamentals of Tree-ring Research
1663:University of Bern (21 May 2024).
654:
495:
238:Julius Theodor Christian Ratzeburg
25:
3878:Global Forest Information Service
3515:International Tree-Ring Data Bank
3050:Läänelaid, Alar (June 19, 2013).
2605:. London: Batsford. p. 124.
2481:Renfrew Colin; Bahn Paul (2004).
2019:"The droughts of western Texas",
1537:Grissino-Mayer, Henri D. (n.d.),
1478:International Tree-Ring Data Bank
1178:National Portrait Gallery, London
4634:
4625:
4624:
4612:
4598:
4584:
4570:
4556:
4542:
4528:
3500:Bibliography of Dendrochronology
3446:
3187:Navan Fort: Archaeology and Myth
3159:from the original on 2015-05-18.
3106:from the original on 2013-11-23.
3084:from the original on 2013-10-17.
3058:. Il Sole 24 Ore. Archived from
3039:from the original on 2013-10-17.
3003:The J. Paul Getty Museum Journal
2990:from the original on 2017-04-22.
2755:from the original on 2022-10-09.
2675:Price, Michael (13 April 2023).
2327:from the original on 2016-11-28.
2294:from the original on 2022-10-09.
1956:"Evening meeting at the Rotunda"
1457:
1321:
967:a little over 11,000 years B.P.
284:Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research
4902:English and British regnal year
4635:
3305:from the original on 2011-04-28
2230:from the original on 2008-11-08
1935:The American Journal of Science
1514:Climatic Cycles and Tree Growth
1439:A similar technique is used to
205:Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon
2976:. Springer. pp. 206–215.
2451:Alexandr N. Tetearing (2012).
1055:Radiocarbon dating calibration
666:
660:
581:
575:
507:
501:
201:Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau
34:The growth rings of a tree at
1:
5015:Old Style and New Style dates
3135:University of Minnesota Press
1625:Journal of Quaternary Science
1267:
1127:Early Netherlandish paintings
1075:
1068:
384:that botanists classify as a
325:Tree ring (landscape feature)
294:and reasoned that changes in
4967:Pre-Julian / Julian
3520:Ultimate Tree-Ring Web Pages
3392:Philosophical Transactions A
3096:"Panel Paintings Initiative"
1921:Alexander C. Twining (1833)
466:Dendrochronological equation
380:, a layer of cells near the
173:, which are major spikes in
115:
101:
87:
5200:Geological history of Earth
5070:Astronomical year numbering
3477:Oxford Tree-Ring Laboratory
2633:(in Danish). Archived from
2178:) or in autumn, as in some
2016:(San Antonio, Texas), p. 2.
1824:... (Rome, (Italy): 1817),
5564:
3989:Growth and yield modelling
2793:10.1038/s41467-018-04039-5
2720:10.1038/s41586-021-03972-8
2664:10.1038/s41467-024-48402-1
2629:[WM Tree dating].
2021:The Texas Almanac for 1861
1386:is the analysis of annual
1210:
1088:
329:
322:
292:cycles of sunspot activity
258:Fedor Nikiforovich Shvedov
146:calibrate radiocarbon ages
123:
107:
93:
5372:Thermoluminescence dating
5267:Samarium–neodymium dating
4563:Earth sciences portal
4549:Climate change portal
4524:
4130:Great Green Wall (Africa)
3619:
3557:10.3959/1536-1098-62.2.51
3335:Brewer, Peter W. (2014).
3189:. Spain: Wordwell Books.
3033:National Portrait Gallery
2427:10.1017/S0033822200005592
2376:10.1017/S0033822200060252
2311:Quaternary Dating Methods
2277:10.1017/S003382220003304X
2158:Метеорологический Вестник
2023:, pp. 136–137 ; see
619:is width of annual ring,
5086:Chinese sexagenary cycle
4135:Great Green Wall (China)
3708:Close to nature forestry
2973:The Science of Paintings
2849:: CS1 maint: location (
2077:The Elements of Forestry
1507:Andrew Ellicott Douglass
1441:estimate the age of fish
1133:region via ports of the
931:are positive constants.
213:Alexander Catlin Twining
195:(Treatise on Painting),
5300:Amino acid racemisation
4169:Million Tree Initiative
3362:10.2458/azu_rc.56.18320
2313:. John Wiley and Sons.
2144:Speer (2010), p. 36–37.
1972:Charles Babbage (1838)
1511:Douglass, A.E. (1928).
917:are some coefficients,
113:), meaning "time", and
5305:Archaeomagnetic dating
4817:Era of Caesar (Iberia)
4591:Environment portal
4023:Sustainable management
3918:Trillion Tree Campaign
3412:10.1098/rsta.2022.0206
3029:"Mary, Queen of Scots"
2222:Lori Martinez (1996).
2098:Kapteyn, J. C. (1914)
1822:Trattato della Pittura
1280:The burial chamber of
1157:
1001:, such as the ones in
888:
607:
483:
475:
415:
353:
315:
192:Trattato della Pittura
63:
54:tree displayed in the
43:
5205:Geological time units
4516:Wood process engineer
4220:Urban forest inequity
2772:Nature Communications
2453:Theory of populations
2305:Walker, Mike (2013).
2218:Year Without a Summer
2192:Capon, Brian (2005).
1928:May 14, 2015, at the
1155:
1061:calibration and check
889:
634:is some coefficient,
608:
481:
473:
410:
339:
330:Further information:
313:
288:University of Arizona
209:1709, a severe winter
49:
33:
5257:Law of superposition
5252:Isotope geochemistry
4179:Shifting cultivation
4120:Forest fragmentation
4090:Carbon sequestration
3960:Woodland Carbon Code
3925:Forest certification
3833:Even-aged management
3748:Sustainable forestry
3185:Lynn, Chris (2003).
3078:The National Gallery
3035:. Dendrochronology.
2943:Peter Ian Kuniholm,
2603:A Slice Through Time
2194:Botany for Gardeners
2163:Speer (2010), p. 37.
2133:Speer (2010), p. 36.
2044:J. T. C. Ratzeburg,
2014:Texas Staats-Zeitung
1345:improve this section
1313:Related chronologies
1174:Mary, Queen of Scots
651:
627:is density of wood,
623:is time (in years),
492:
56:Royal Ontario Museum
5518:American inventions
5390:Fluorine absorption
5367:Luminescence dating
5262:Luminescence dating
5170:Milankovitch cycles
5010:Proleptic Gregorian
4842:Hindu units of time
3984:Formally designated
3828:Ecological thinning
3738:Plantation forestry
3646:Research institutes
3537:"Tree Ring Science"
3404:2023RSPTA.38120206B
3353:2014Radcb..56S..79B
3172:Current Archaeology
2784:2018NatCo...9.1574M
2637:on 21 December 2014
2566:10.1017/RDC.2020.41
2557:2020Radcb..62..725R
2418:1983Radcb..25..287F
2367:1986Radcb..28..969S
2269:2004Radcb..46.1111F
1850:Michel de Montaigne
1820:Leonardo da Vinci,
1679:Enquiry into Plants
1637:2019JQS....34..475L
1592:10.1017/RDC.2020.22
1583:2020Radcb..62.1095V
1434:paleoclimatologists
1304:Continuous sequence
1257:Prehistoric Ireland
978:Reference sequences
950:Sampling and dating
445:floating chronology
185:The Greek botanist
162:Northern Hemisphere
129:), "the study of".
99:), meaning "tree",
5543:Incremental dating
5492:Terminus post quem
5472:Synchronoptic view
5439:Linguistic methods
5400:Obsidian hydration
5335:Radiometric dating
5320:Incremental dating
5242:Chronostratigraphy
4577:Ecology portal
4110:Forest degradation
4105:Ecosystem services
3713:Community forestry
3545:Tree-Ring Research
3525:2013-08-07 at the
3456:has a profile for
3074:"Dendrochronology"
2956:Cornell University
2952:2013-10-17 at the
2904:2013-10-23 at the
2086:2015-10-01 at the
2055:2015-10-01 at the
2030:2015-11-02 at the
2025:especially p. 137.
1979:2015-05-15 at the
1961:2015-05-14 at the
1900:2015-05-09 at the
1872:2015-05-09 at the
1780:10.1007/BF02860823
1743:10.1007/BF02872376
1709:Tree-Ring Bulletin
1167:terminus post quem
1158:
1065:radiocarbon dating
1019:L'Anse aux Meadows
936:data normalization
884:
603:
484:
476:
416:
354:
316:
134:radiocarbon dating
64:
44:
5505:
5504:
5418:
5417:
5275:
5274:
5136:
5135:
5091:Geologic Calendar
4953:
4952:
4648:
4647:
4605:Plants portal
4391:green woodworking
3462:
3459:dendrochronology
3196:978-1-869857-67-7
3144:978-0-8166-1739-5
2983:978-0-387-98722-4
2836:978-0-500-29210-5
2714:(7893): 388–391.
2612:978-0-7134-7654-5
2500:978-0-500-28441-4
2462:978-1-365-56080-4
2203:978-0-88192-655-2
2073:Franklin B. Hough
1884:..., pp. 121–134.
1727:(Condensed from:
1430:acanthochronology
1399:herbaceous plants
1381:
1380:
1373:
1219:dendroarchaeology
1213:Dendroarchaeology
1096:Dendroclimatology
1091:dendroclimatology
882:
878:
774:
598:
572:
546:
542:
197:Leonardo da Vinci
83:dendroclimatology
75:scientific method
52:Coast Douglas-fir
16:(Redirected from
5555:
5497:ASPRO chronology
5446:Glottochronology
5362:Tephrochronology
5310:Dendrochronology
5288:
5185:
4984:Proleptic Julian
4974:Pre-Julian Roman
4964:
4759:
4675:
4668:
4661:
4652:
4638:
4637:
4628:
4627:
4619:Trees portal
4617:
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4603:
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4575:
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4560:
4559:
4547:
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4253:Forest gardening
4210:Timber recycling
4157:Invasive species
4045:Tree measurement
3606:
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3449:
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3433:
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3364:
3332:
3326:
3324:Tellervo website
3321:
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3304:
3297:
3288:
3282:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3243:. Archived from
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2627:"WM Trædatering"
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2504:
2488:
2478:
2467:
2466:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2429:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2378:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2263:(3): 1111–1122.
2254:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2189:
2183:
2172:
2166:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2136:
2117:
2111:
2096:
2090:
2070:
2064:
2042:
2036:
2004:
1998:
1949:
1943:
1942: : 391–393.
1919:
1913:
1891:
1885:
1861:
1855:
1815:
1809:
1802:James H. Speer,
1799:
1768:Botanical Review
1762:
1731:Botanical Review
1726:
1724:
1701:
1695:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1660:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:10.1002/jqs.3115
1622:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1594:
1577:(4): 1095–1117.
1562:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1534:
1525:
1522:
1503:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1417:is the study of
1415:Sclerochronology
1376:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1356:
1325:
1317:
1272:
1269:
1239:timber trackways
1190:Hieronymus Bosch
1135:Hanseatic League
1080:
1077:
1073:
1070:
964:bristlecone pine
893:
891:
890:
885:
883:
881:
880:
879:
871:
869:
865:
864:
863:
859:
858:
841:
840:
828:
827:
823:
822:
805:
804:
792:
791:
776:
775:
767:
761:
760:
747:
746:
745:
741:
740:
723:
722:
710:
709:
705:
704:
687:
686:
676:
612:
610:
609:
604:
599:
597:
589:
588:
584:
574:
573:
565:
550:
547:
545:
544:
543:
535:
528:
527:
514:
462:of California).
390:secondary growth
386:lateral meristem
378:vascular cambium
360:cut through the
342:secondary growth
274:
233:Quercus stellata
128:
127:
120:
112:
111:
104:
98:
97:
90:
71:tree-ring dating
67:Dendrochronology
60:British Columbia
21:
5563:
5562:
5558:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5553:
5552:
5508:
5507:
5506:
5501:
5450:
5434:
5430:Molecular clock
5423:Genetic methods
5414:
5395:Nitrogen dating
5382:Relative dating
5376:
5345:Potassium–argon
5292:Absolute dating
5282:
5271:
5230:
5209:
5174:
5150:Cosmic Calendar
5142:Astronomic time
5132:
5074:
5029:
4993:
4979:Original Julian
4949:
4916:
4878:
4777:Ab urbe condita
4755:
4732:
4684:
4679:
4649:
4644:
4611:
4597:
4583:
4571:
4569:
4557:
4555:
4543:
4541:
4520:
4397:
4374:spruce-pine-fir
4347:Christmas trees
4229:
4145:Illegal logging
4077:
4071:
3786:Controlled burn
3771:
3762:
3743:Social forestry
3723:Energy forestry
3703:Bamboo forestry
3698:Analog forestry
3672:
3615:
3610:
3542:
3527:Wayback Machine
3468:
3467:
3466:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3322:
3318:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3295:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3274:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3250:
3248:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3220:
3218:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3145:
3119:
3118:
3111:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3056:Atomium Culture
3049:
3048:
3044:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2984:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2954:Wayback Machine
2942:
2938:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2906:Wayback Machine
2897:
2893:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2841:
2837:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2752:
2703:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2657:
2650:
2640:
2638:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2524:
2522:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2480:
2479:
2470:
2463:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2361:(2B): 969–979.
2346:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2321:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2291:
2252:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2233:
2231:
2221:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2173:
2169:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2124:Pinus austriaca
2118:
2114:
2097:
2093:
2088:Wayback Machine
2071:
2067:
2057:Wayback Machine
2043:
2039:
2032:Wayback Machine
2005:
2001:
1981:Wayback Machine
1963:Wayback Machine
1954:(Anon.) (1835)
1950:
1946:
1930:Wayback Machine
1920:
1916:
1902:Wayback Machine
1892:
1888:
1874:Wayback Machine
1862:
1858:
1816:
1812:
1765:
1728:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1676:
1672:
1662:
1661:
1654:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1550:
1548:
1536:
1535:
1528:
1510:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1483:Post excavation
1463:
1456:
1453:
1377:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1342:
1326:
1315:
1306:
1297:
1288:Veliky Novgorod
1270:
1264:Fairbanks House
1243:Somerset levels
1215:
1209:
1120:panel paintings
1116:
1093:
1087:
1078:
1071:
1057:
1052:
1032:
996:
980:
952:
930:
923:
916:
909:
902:
850:
842:
832:
814:
806:
796:
783:
782:
778:
777:
762:
752:
748:
732:
724:
714:
696:
688:
678:
677:
649:
648:
632:
590:
560:
559:
555:
551:
530:
519:
518:
490:
489:
468:
460:White Mountains
402:temperate zones
334:
328:
321:
308:
260:
250:von Seckendorff
246:Jacobus Kapteyn
217:Charles Babbage
183:
142:panel paintings
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5561:
5559:
5551:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5533:Dating methods
5530:
5525:
5520:
5510:
5509:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5467:New Chronology
5464:
5458:
5456:
5455:Related topics
5452:
5451:
5449:
5448:
5442:
5440:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5426:
5424:
5420:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5386:
5384:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5332:
5330:Paleomagnetism
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5296:
5294:
5285:
5277:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5238:
5236:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5223:
5217:
5215:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5191:
5189:
5182:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5146:
5144:
5138:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5128:New Earth Time
5125:
5120:
5119:
5118:
5113:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5082:
5080:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5072:
5067:
5057:
5052:
5037:
5035:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5001:
4999:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4989:Revised Julian
4986:
4981:
4976:
4970:
4968:
4961:
4955:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4926:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4907:Lists of kings
4904:
4899:
4897:Canon of Kings
4894:
4888:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4849:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4822:Before present
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4780:
4773:
4767:
4765:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4685:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4670:
4663:
4655:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4632:
4622:
4608:
4594:
4580:
4566:
4552:
4538:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4506:Timber cruiser
4503:
4501:Shingle weaver
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4405:
4403:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4339:
4337:Rail transport
4334:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4278:pulp and paper
4275:
4270:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4248:Forest farming
4245:
4239:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4198:
4196:slash-and-char
4193:
4191:slash-and-burn
4188:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4115:Forest dieback
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4081:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4035:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3788:
3783:
3777:
3775:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3758:Urban forestry
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3540:
3534:
3529:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3479:
3474:
3452:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:External links
3438:
3436:
3435:
3378:
3347:(4): S79–S83.
3327:
3316:
3283:
3280:TRiDaS website
3272:
3258:
3247:on 6 July 2015
3228:
3202:
3195:
3177:
3162:
3143:
3125:Sawyer, Birgit
3109:
3087:
3065:
3062:on 2013-10-18.
3042:
3020:
2993:
2982:
2958:
2936:
2909:
2891:
2878:10.1002/wcc.42
2872:(3): 343–352.
2856:
2835:
2817:
2758:
2691:
2667:
2648:
2618:
2611:
2590:
2551:(4): 725–757.
2531:
2506:
2499:
2468:
2461:
2443:
2412:(2): 287–288.
2392:
2345:
2330:
2319:
2297:
2240:
2209:
2202:
2184:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2146:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2112:
2110: : 70–93.
2091:
2065:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2017:
2010:Jacob Kuechler
1999:
1997:
1996:
1970:
1969:, pp. 116–117.
1944:
1914:
1886:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1836:Sarton, George
1833:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1800:
1774:(3): 245–365.
1763:
1696:
1670:
1652:
1631:(6): 475–490.
1608:
1557:
1526:
1509:(1867–1962).
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1452:
1449:
1424:Some columnar
1384:Herbchronology
1379:
1378:
1329:
1327:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1278:
1260:
1250:
1211:Main article:
1208:
1205:
1172:A portrait of
1115:
1112:
1089:Main article:
1086:
1083:
1079: 8500 BC
1072: 6700 BC
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1038:and traumatic
1031:
1028:
995:
992:
979:
976:
951:
948:
928:
921:
914:
907:
900:
877:
874:
868:
862:
857:
853:
849:
845:
839:
835:
831:
826:
821:
817:
813:
809:
803:
799:
795:
790:
786:
781:
773:
770:
765:
759:
755:
751:
744:
739:
735:
731:
727:
721:
717:
713:
708:
703:
699:
695:
691:
685:
681:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
630:
602:
596:
593:
587:
583:
580:
577:
571:
568:
563:
558:
554:
541:
538:
533:
526:
522:
517:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
467:
464:
358:cross sections
320:
317:
307:
304:
296:solar activity
280:A. E. Douglass
224:Jacob Kuechler
182:
179:
151:New growth in
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5560:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5453:
5447:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5437:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5421:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5379:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5293:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:Chronological
5278:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5247:Geochronology
5245:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5233:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5212:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5180:Geologic time
5177:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5165:Metonic cycle
5163:
5161:
5160:Galactic year
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5143:
5139:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5101:ISO week date
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5077:
5071:
5068:
5065:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5032:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4956:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4923:
4919:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4881:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4850:
4847:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4807:Byzantine era
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4763:Calendar eras
4760:
4757:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4735:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4676:
4671:
4669:
4664:
4662:
4657:
4656:
4653:
4641:
4633:
4631:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4615:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4601:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4496:Rubber tapper
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4424:Choker setter
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4400:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4387:
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4380:
4377:
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4372:
4370:
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4362:
4360:
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4348:
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4340:
4338:
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4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
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4311:
4308:
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4301:
4298:
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4293:
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4291:
4288:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4263:Manufacturing
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
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4211:
4208:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4197:
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4189:
4187:
4186:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
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4163:
4160:
4159:
4158:
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4151:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4100:Deforestation
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4076:Environmental
4074:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3978:
3977:reforestation
3975:
3973:
3972:afforestation
3970:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
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3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3927:
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3923:
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3904:
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3894:
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3845:
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3826:
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3821:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3781:Arboriculture
3779:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3769:
3765:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3733:Permaforestry
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
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3685:
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3528:
3524:
3521:
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3508:
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3498:
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3493:
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3470:
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3455:
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3427:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3382:
3379:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3320:
3317:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3276:
3273:
3268:
3262:
3259:
3246:
3242:
3241:kongehuset.dk
3238:
3232:
3229:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3198:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3178:
3173:
3166:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3137:. p. 6.
3136:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3121:Sawyer, Peter
3116:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2997:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2940:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2895:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2860:
2857:
2852:
2846:
2838:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2759:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2614:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2535:
2532:
2521:on 2010-08-04
2520:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2502:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2486:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2444:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2393:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2334:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2320:9781118700099
2316:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2241:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2205:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2180:Mediterranean
2177:
2171:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1857:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:From p. 396:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1737:(1/3): 1–72.
1736:
1732:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1666:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1609:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1558:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1372:
1364:
1361:November 2014
1354:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1330:This section
1328:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1312:
1310:
1303:
1301:
1294:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1214:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1084:
1082:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
999:Miyake events
994:Miyake events
993:
991:
987:
985:
977:
975:
973:
968:
965:
959:
957:
949:
947:
945:
941:
937:
932:
927:
920:
913:
906:
899:
894:
875:
872:
866:
860:
855:
851:
847:
843:
837:
833:
829:
824:
819:
815:
811:
807:
801:
797:
793:
788:
784:
779:
771:
768:
763:
757:
753:
749:
742:
737:
733:
729:
725:
719:
715:
711:
706:
701:
697:
693:
689:
683:
679:
672:
669:
663:
657:
646:
643:
641:
637:
633:
626:
622:
618:
613:
600:
594:
591:
585:
578:
569:
566:
561:
556:
552:
539:
536:
531:
524:
520:
515:
510:
504:
498:
487:
480:
472:
465:
463:
461:
457:
453:
448:
446:
442:
438:
432:
430:
426:
420:
413:
409:
405:
403:
398:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
351:
347:
343:
338:
333:
326:
318:
312:
305:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
276:
272:
268:
264:
259:
255:
254:Robert Hartig
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
234:
229:
225:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
193:
188:
180:
178:
176:
172:
171:Miyake events
168:
167:Northern Alps
163:
159:
154:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
130:
126:
119:
118:
110:
103:
96:
89:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
61:
57:
53:
48:
41:
37:
32:
19:
5548:Paleoecology
5410:Stratigraphy
5355:Uranium–lead
5325:Lichenometry
5309:
5123:Winter count
5106:Mesoamerican
5034:Astronomical
4852:Mesoamerican
4837:Sothic cycle
4812:Seleucid era
4797:Bosporan era
4785: /
4775:
4723:Paleontology
4610:
4596:
4582:
4568:
4554:
4540:
4533:
4511:Tree planter
4491:Resin tapper
4471:Truck driver
4466:River driver
4215:Tree hugging
4200:
4183:
4150:timber mafia
4140:High grading
4125:Ghost forest
4095:Clearcutting
4018:Silviculture
3994:Horticulture
3838:Fire ecology
3753:Urban forest
3728:Mycoforestry
3688:
3684:Agroforestry
3665:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3632:Forest areas
3630:
3623:
3566:10150/262645
3551:(2): 51–65.
3548:
3544:
3482:
3458:
3395:
3391:
3381:
3372:10150/630521
3344:
3340:
3330:
3319:
3307:. Retrieved
3286:
3275:
3261:
3249:. Retrieved
3245:the original
3240:
3231:
3219:. Retrieved
3205:
3186:
3180:
3171:
3165:
3129:
3099:
3090:
3077:
3068:
3060:the original
3055:
3045:
3032:
3023:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2972:
2961:
2945:
2939:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2894:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2826:
2820:
2775:
2771:
2761:
2711:
2707:
2694:
2686:
2680:
2670:
2639:. Retrieved
2635:the original
2630:
2621:
2602:
2599:Baillie Mike
2593:
2576:11585/770531
2548:
2544:
2534:
2523:. Retrieved
2519:the original
2509:
2484:
2452:
2446:
2437:10150/652656
2409:
2405:
2395:
2386:10150/652767
2358:
2354:
2333:
2310:
2300:
2260:
2256:
2243:
2232:. Retrieved
2212:
2193:
2187:
2170:
2157:
2149:
2140:
2127:
2123:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2094:
2076:
2068:
2060:
2059:From p. 10:
2045:
2040:
2020:
2013:
2002:
1984:
1966:
1947:
1939:
1933:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1865:
1859:
1845:
1839:
1829:
1821:
1813:
1803:
1771:
1767:
1734:
1730:
1722:10150/259045
1712:
1708:
1699:
1681:, volume 1 (
1678:
1673:
1628:
1624:
1611:
1602:11585/770537
1574:
1570:
1560:
1549:, retrieved
1539:
1513:
1501:
1465:Trees portal
1438:
1423:
1388:growth rings
1382:
1367:
1358:
1343:Please help
1331:
1307:
1298:
1282:Gorm the Old
1224:
1216:
1197:
1194:
1183:
1171:
1159:
1124:
1117:
1094:
1058:
1050:Applications
1033:
997:
988:
981:
969:
960:
953:
943:
939:
933:
925:
918:
911:
904:
897:
895:
647:
644:
639:
635:
628:
624:
620:
616:
614:
488:
485:
456:Southwest US
449:
444:
441:ring history
440:
437:cross-dating
436:
433:
421:
417:
399:
374:annual rings
373:
369:
355:
319:Growth rings
299:
282:founded the
277:
231:
221:
190:
187:Theophrastus
184:
150:
131:
70:
66:
65:
5523:Art history
5350:Radiocarbon
5025:Dual dating
4884:Regnal year
4862:Short Count
4802:Bostran era
4783:Anno Domini
4716:Big History
4696:Archaeology
4535:WikiProject
4459:smokejumper
4439:Firefighter
4402:Occupations
4386:Woodworking
3967:Forestation
3898:restoration
3853:informatics
3718:Ecoforestry
3341:Radiocarbon
2925:(1): 1–64.
2778:(1): 1574.
2545:Radiocarbon
2406:Radiocarbon
2355:Radiocarbon
2257:Radiocarbon
1571:Radiocarbon
1551:October 23,
1409:(layers of
1275:New England
1271: 1640
1235:Sweet Track
1207:Archaeology
1114:Art history
1085:Climatology
1030:Frost rings
984:Black Death
412:Silver lime
356:Horizontal
340:Diagram of
261: [
175:cosmic rays
138:archaeology
36:Bristol Zoo
18:Growth ring
5538:Dendrology
5512:Categories
4945:Vietnamese
4857:Long Count
4792:Anno Mundi
4787:Common Era
4689:Key topics
4682:Chronology
4481:Lumberjack
4476:Log scaler
4359:engineered
4310:non-timber
4283:sawmilling
4235:Industries
4202:svedjebruk
3913:transition
3893:protection
3883:old-growth
3868:governance
3823:Dendrology
3773:management
3639:Ministries
3309:9 February
2525:2010-08-08
2234:2008-11-08
2081:pp. 69–70.
1494:References
1473:Dendrology
1421:deposits.
1253:Navan Fort
1237:, ancient
1231:Post Track
1225:Examples:
1040:parenchyma
370:tree rings
5482:Year zero
5462:Chronicle
5405:Seriation
5340:Lead–lead
5214:Standards
5195:Deep time
5155:Ephemeris
5041:Lunisolar
5005:Gregorian
4998:Gregorian
4959:Calendars
4922:Era names
4892:Anka year
4771:Human Era
4701:Astronomy
4429:Ecologist
4342:Tree farm
4243:Coppicing
4185:chitemene
4085:Acid rain
4033:allometry
3955:SmartWood
3903:secondary
3888:pathology
3863:inventory
3801:driftwood
3667:Arbor Day
3575:162884050
3153:489584487
3009:: 39–44.
2886:129124697
2845:cite book
2746:239051036
2585:216215614
1715:: 31–35.
1403:ice cores
1396:perennial
1332:does not
1255:where in
1036:tracheids
1024:Neolithic
1011:carbon 14
972:carbon 14
848:−
812:−
764:ρ
730:−
694:−
673:−
655:Δ
532:ρ
496:Δ
73:) is the
5477:Timeline
5315:Ice core
5188:Concepts
4935:Japanese
4867:Tzolk'in
4832:Egyptian
4630:Category
4444:handcrew
4414:Arborist
4409:Forester
4369:mahogany
4315:palm oil
4305:charcoal
4290:Products
4225:Wildfire
4038:breeding
3999:GM trees
3848:dynamics
3660:Journals
3653:Colleges
3613:Forestry
3523:Archived
3461:(Q80205)
3430:37807686
3421:10586540
3398:(2261).
3300:Archived
3215:Archived
3157:Archived
3127:(1993).
3104:Archived
3082:Archived
3037:Archived
2988:Archived
2950:Archived
2902:Archived
2812:29686289
2750:Archived
2738:34671168
2631:skalk.dk
2601:(1997).
2325:Archived
2289:Archived
2285:53343999
2228:Archived
2182:species.
2126:Höss" ,
2084:Archived
2053:Archived
2028:Archived
1977:Archived
1959:Archived
1926:Archived
1898:Archived
1870:Archived
1796:44817056
1759:37646970
1545:archived
1451:See also
1411:sediment
1108:latewood
1100:climates
1017:site at
242:forestry
5487:Floruit
5235:Methods
5096:Iranian
5064:Islamic
4930:Chinese
4741:Periods
4711:History
4706:Geology
4640:Outline
4454:lookout
4449:hotshot
4330:tanbark
4300:biomass
4295:biochar
4273:plywood
4258:Logging
4162:wilding
3811:log jam
3768:Ecology
3454:Scholia
3400:Bibcode
3349:Bibcode
3221:May 27,
3015:4166459
2931:4301542
2803:5913219
2780:Bibcode
2729:8770119
2682:Science
2553:Bibcode
2414:Bibcode
2363:Bibcode
2265:Bibcode
1993:England
1826:p. 396.
1788:4353671
1751:4353530
1691:p. 423.
1687:England
1633:Bibcode
1579:Bibcode
1447:bones.
1445:otolith
1405:and in
1353:removed
1338:sources
1247:England
1241:in the
1176:in the
1147:Germany
1139:England
1131:Vistula
1044:cambial
1007:993-994
1003:774-775
615:where Δ
452:England
431:trees.
394:seasons
306:Methods
286:at the
181:History
158:seasons
102:khronos
95:δένδρον
88:dendron
40:England
5283:dating
5079:Others
5045:Hebrew
4940:Korean
4751:Epochs
4486:Ranger
4434:Feller
4419:Bucker
4325:rubber
4268:lumber
4078:topics
4065:volume
4060:height
4006:i-Tree
3843:Forest
3796:coarse
3791:Debris
3690:dehesa
3573:
3428:
3418:
3251:15 May
3193:
3151:
3141:
3013:
2980:
2929:
2884:
2833:
2810:
2800:
2744:
2736:
2726:
2708:Nature
2641:15 May
2609:
2583:
2497:
2459:
2317:
2283:
2200:
2176:Canada
2050:p. 10.
1989:London
1908:, in:
1880:, in:
1794:
1786:
1757:
1749:
1683:London
1407:varves
1163:radius
1143:France
1015:Viking
910:, and
896:where
125:-λογία
117:-logia
109:χρόνος
79:dating
5116:Aztec
5060:Lunar
5055:Solar
5049:Hindu
4912:Limmu
4872:Haab'
4827:Hijri
4320:rayon
4055:girth
4050:crown
4011:urban
3908:stand
3816:slash
3806:large
3677:Types
3625:Index
3571:S2CID
3303:(PDF)
3296:(PDF)
3100:Getty
3011:JSTOR
2927:JSTOR
2882:S2CID
2753:(PDF)
2742:S2CID
2704:(PDF)
2581:S2CID
2491:144–5
2292:(PDF)
2281:S2CID
2253:(PDF)
2153:See:
2119:See:
2006:See:
1951:See:
1817:See:
1792:S2CID
1784:JSTOR
1755:S2CID
1747:JSTOR
1694:true.
1621:(PDF)
1426:cacti
1419:algae
1392:xylem
1104:trees
1102:from
364:of a
362:trunk
344:in a
273:]
153:trees
5111:Maya
4846:Yuga
4746:Eras
4728:Time
4379:teak
4364:fuel
4354:Wood
4174:REDD
4028:Tree
3945:PEFC
3930:ATFS
3426:PMID
3311:2021
3253:2015
3223:2012
3191:ISBN
3149:OCLC
3139:ISBN
2978:ISBN
2851:link
2831:ISBN
2808:PMID
2734:PMID
2643:2015
2607:ISBN
2495:ISBN
2457:ISBN
2315:ISBN
2198:ISBN
1987:, (
1841:Isis
1553:2016
1336:any
1334:cite
1262:The
1233:and
1229:The
1145:and
1005:and
956:B.P.
924:and
427:and
382:bark
366:tree
350:wood
346:tree
332:Wood
300:i.e.
228:oaks
203:and
69:(or
3950:SFI
3940:FSC
3935:CFS
3873:law
3858:IPM
3770:and
3561:hdl
3553:doi
3416:PMC
3408:doi
3396:381
3367:hdl
3357:doi
2874:doi
2798:PMC
2788:doi
2724:PMC
2716:doi
2712:601
2660:doi
2571:hdl
2561:doi
2432:hdl
2422:doi
2381:hdl
2371:doi
2273:doi
1776:doi
1739:doi
1717:hdl
1641:doi
1597:hdl
1587:doi
1394:of
1347:by
1063:of
429:elm
425:oak
372:or
77:of
5514::
5047:,
3569:.
3559:.
3549:62
3547:.
3424:.
3414:.
3406:.
3394:.
3390:.
3365:.
3355:.
3345:56
3343:.
3339:.
3298:.
3239:.
3155:.
3147:.
3123:;
3112:^
3102:.
3098:.
3080:.
3076:.
3054:.
3031:.
3007:10
3005:.
2986:.
2970:.
2921:.
2880:.
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2806:.
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2226:.
2220:".
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2075:,
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267:ru
265:;
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