771:- Influenza A viruses of various subtypes have a large reservoir in wild waterfowl, which can infect the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract without affecting the health of the host. They can then be carried by the bird over large distances especially during annual migration. Infected birds can shed avian influenza A viruses in their saliva, nasal secretions, and feces; susceptible birds become infected when they have contact with the virus as it is shed by infected birds. The virus can survive for long periods in water and at low temperatures, and can be spread from one farm to another on farm equipment. Domesticated birds (chickens, turkeys, ducks, etc.) may become infected with avian influenza A viruses through direct contact with infected waterfowl or other infected poultry, or through contact with contaminated feces or surfaces.
42:
712:
939:
561:- it is possible to vaccinate poultry against specific strains of HPAI influenza. Vaccination should be combined with other control measures such as infection monitoring, early detection and biosecurity. In many countries, it is routine to vaccinate poultry against H5N1. In China, the world's biggest poultry producer, there has been is a mandatory vaccination requirement since 2017; the vaccine is bivalent or trivalent, targeting the H5 and H7 subtypes of influenza A virus. It is manufactured using
849:
909:
365:
466:
546:- Several "candidate" (unproved) vaccines are available in case an avian virus acquires the ability to infect and transmit among humans; as of July 2024 these include Aflunov, Celldemic and Seqirus/Audenz. Some governments have prepared strategic stockpiles of vaccines against the H5N1 subtype which is considered the biggest risk. However, because the influenza virus is highly variable any vaccine needs to be specifically targeted against the particular
64:
1164:
1179:
879:
864:
1014:
1134:
1104:
954:
894:
1194:
1089:
1059:
969:
775:
outbreaks. Because of this, international regulations state that any detection of H5 or H7 subtypes (regardless of their pathogenicity) must be notified to the appropriate authority. It is also possible that avian influenza viruses could be transmitted to humans and other animals which have been exposed to infected birds, causing infection with unpredictable but sometimes fatal consequences.
4208:(NSABB) recommended against publication of the full details of the study, and the one submitted to Nature by Yoshihiro Kawaoka of the University of Wisconsin describing related work. However, after additional consultations at the World Health Organization and by the NSABB, the NSABB reversed its position and recommended publication of revised versions of the two papers. However, then the
1149:
1074:
984:
924:
1044:
1029:
1119:
999:
9386:
5849:
4212:
declared that this type of manuscripts required
Fouchier to apply for an export permit in the light of EU directive 428/2009 on dual use goods. After much controversy surrounding the publishing of his research, Fouchier complied (under formal protest) with Dutch government demands to obtain a special
4168:
In April 2024, spread of H5N1 amongst dairy cow herds in nine states of the USA strongly indicated the presence of cow-to-cow transmission possibly occurring while the animals were being milked. Although mortality in bovines infected with H5N1 is rare, viable virus can be shed in the milk. Around 50%
255:
A/H5N1 influenza virus was first identified in farmed birds in southern China in 1996. Between 1996 and 2018, A/H5N1 coexisted in bird populations with other subtypes of the virus, but since then, the highly pathogenic subtype HPAI A(H5N1) has become the dominant strain in bird populations worldwide.
3955:
Variants have been found in a number of domestic cats, leopards, and tigers in
Thailand, with high lethality. "The Thailand Zoo tiger outbreak killed more than 140 tigers, causing health officials to make the decision to cull all the sick tigers in an effort to stop the zoo from becoming a reservoir
789:
Avian flu viruses, both HPAI and LPAI, can infect humans who are in close, unprotected contact with infected poultry. Incidents of cross-species transmission are rare, with symptoms ranging in severity from no symptoms or mild illness, to severe disease that resulted in death. As of
February, 2024
774:
Avian influenza outbreaks in domesticated birds are of concern for several reasons. There is potential for low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAI) to evolve into strains which are high pathogenic to poultry (HPAI), and subsequent potential for significant illness and death among poultry during
627:(an epidemic in nonhumans) of H5N1 influenza in Hong Kong's poultry population in 1997. This outbreak was stopped by the killing of the entire domestic poultry population within the territory. Human infection was confirmed in 18 individuals who had been in close contact with poultry, 6 of whom died.
503:. "H5N1" designates an IAV subtype that has a type 5 hemagglutinin (H) protein and a type-1 neuraminidase (N) protein. Further variations exist within the subtypes and can lead to very significant differences in the virus's ability to infect and cause disease, as well as to the severity of symptoms.
315:
Avian flu viruses, both HPAI and LPAI, can infect humans who are in close, unprotected contact with infected poultry. Incidents of cross-species transmission are rare, with symptoms ranging in severity from no symptoms or mild illness, to severe disease that resulted in death. As of
February, 2024
247:
In mammals, including humans, A/H5N1 influenza (whether LPAI or HPAI) is rare. Symptoms of infection vary from mild to severe, including fever, diarrhoea, and cough. Human infections with A/H5N1 virus have been reported in 23 countries since 1997, resulting in severe pneumonia and death in about 50%
5311:
Avian influenza is still primarily a respiratory infection but involves more of the lower airways than human influenza typically does. This is likely due to differences in the hemagglutinin protein and the types of sialic acid residues to which the protein binds. Avian viruses tend to prefer sialic
231:
A/H5N1 virus is shed in the saliva, mucus, and feces of infected birds; other infected animals may shed bird flu viruses in respiratory secretions and other body fluids (such as milk). The virus can spread rapidly through poultry flocks and among wild birds. An estimated half a billion farmed birds
4146:
In
October 2022 an outbreak of H5N1 on a Spanish mink farm showed evidence of being the first recorded case of mammal-to-mammal transmission, with 4 percent of the farm's mink population dying from H5N1-related haemorrhagic pneumonia. This coincided with H5N1 detections in the area among gulls and
274:
threat. Domestic poultry may potentially be protected from specific strains of the virus by vaccination. In the event of a serious outbreak of H5N1 flu among humans, health agencies have prepared "candidate" vaccines that may be used to prevent infection and control the outbreak; however, it could
299:
of a large variety of influenza A viruses, which they can spread over large distances in their annual migration. Symptoms of avian influenza vary according to both the strain of virus underlying the infection, and on the species of bird affected. Symptoms of influenza in birds may include swollen
235:
Symptoms of A/H5N1 influenza vary according to both the strain of virus underlying the infection and on the species of bird or mammal affected. Classification as either Low
Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI) or High Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) is based on the severity of symptoms in domestic
4104:
for the first time, raising fears of imminent spread throughout the region, potentially leading to a "catastrophic breeding failure" among animals that had not previously been exposed to avian influenza viruses. The main virus involved in the global outbreak is classified as H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b,
339:
receptors, while the human influenza hemagglutinin prefers to bind to alpha-2,6 sialic acid receptors. This means that when the H5N1 strain infects humans, it will replicate in the lower respiratory tract (where alpha-2,3 sialic acid receptors are more plentiful in humans) and consequently cause
801:
In order to avoid infection, the general public are advised to avoid contact with sick birds or potentially contaminated material such as carcasses or feces. People working with birds, such as conservationists or poultry workers, are advised to wear appropriate personal protection equipment.
327:
In order to avoid infection, the general public are advised to avoid contact with sick birds or potentially contaminated material such as carcasses or feces. People working with birds, such as conservationists or poultry workers, are advised to wear appropriate personal protection equipment.
655:
in hosts who become infected with two different strains of influenza viruses at the same time. With reassortment between strains, an avian strain which does not affect humans may acquire characteristics from a different strain which enable it to infect and pass between humans - a
4217:
devoted to H5N1. The papers by
Fouchier and Kawaoka conclude that it is entirely possible that a natural chain of mutations could lead to an H5N1 virus acquiring the capability of airborne transmission between mammals, and that a H5N1 influenza pandemic would not be impossible.
256:
Some strains of A/H5N1 which are highly pathogenic to chickens have adapted to cause mild symptoms in ducks and geese, and are able to spread rapidly through bird migration. Mammal species that have been recorded with H5N1 infection include cows, seals, goats, and skunks.
554:
technologies can be adapted to a H5N1 strain causing the pandemic; in the event of an outbreak, the candidate vaccine would be rapidly tested for safety as well as efficacy against the zoonotic strain, and then authorised and distributed to vaccine manufacturers.
3858:
4099:
of a large variety of influenza A viruses, which can infect poultry, other bird species, mammals and humans if they come into close contact with infected feces or contaminated material, or by eating infected birds. In late 2023, H5N1 was discovered in the
4190:
in
Rotterdam, the Netherlands, who first presented his work to the public at an influenza conference in Malta in September 2011. Three mutations were introduced into the H5N1 virus genome, and the virus was then passed from the noses of infected
698:
with influenza control information and to inform vaccine development. Several millions of specimens are tested by the GISRS network annually through a network of laboratories in 127 countries. GISRS monitors avian, swine, and other potentially
4169:
of cats that lived on the affected dairy farms and were fed unpasteurised milk from symptomatic cows died within a few days from severe systemic influenza infection, raising significant concerns of cross-species mammal-to-mammal transmission.
8537:
A part of the
National Biological Information Infrastructure and partner of the NWHC, this agency collects and distributes news and information about wildlife diseases such as avian influenza and coordinates collaborative information sharing
7398:
630:
Since then, avian A/H5N1 bird flu has become widespread in wild birds worldwide, with numerous outbreaks among both domestic and wild birds. An estimated half a billion farmed birds have been slaughtered in efforts to contain the virus.
8108:
Herfst, S.; Schrauwen, E. J. A.; Linster, M.; Chutinimitkul, S.; De Wit, E.; Munster, V. J.; Sorrell, E. M.; Bestebroer, T. M.; Burke, D. F.; Smith, D. J.; Rimmelzwaan, G. F.; Osterhaus, A. D. M. E.; Fouchier, R. A. M. (2012).
5312:
acid alpha(2-3) galactose, which, in humans, is found in the terminal bronchi and alveoli. Conversely, human viruses prefer sialic acid alpha(2-6) galactose, which is found on epithelial cells in the upper respiratory tract.
622:
Influenza A/H5N1 was first detected in 1959 after an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza in
Scotland, which infected two flocks of chickens. The next detection, and the earliest infection of humans by H5N1, was an
3905:, 18 humans were infected and 6 died in the first known case of H5N1 infecting humans. Subsequently 1.3 million chickens were culled in the territory of Hong Kong. The government also suspended the import of chickens from
7734:
782:
infected animals and those nearby in an effort to rapidly contain, control and eradicate the disease. This is done together with movement restrictions, improved hygiene and biosecurity, and enhanced surveillance.
7761:
812:
have been affected by avian flu, generally due to eating birds which had been infected. There have been instances where transmission of the disease between mammals, including seals and cows, may have occurred.
228:(affecting animals of many species over a wide area). A/H5N1 virus can also infect mammals (including humans) that have been exposed to infected birds; in these cases, symptoms are frequently severe or fatal.
4053:
Significant outbreaks recorded in Japan, Hungary, Russia, United Kingdom, Pakistan, Turkey, Afghanistan, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Saudi Arabia, Ghana, Malaysia, Germany, Czech Republic, Togo, France and India.
7475:
7260:
790:
there have been very few instances of human-to-human transmission, and each outbreak has been limited to a few people. All subtypes of avian Influenza A have potential to cross the species barrier, with
316:
there have been very few instances of human-to-human transmission, and each outbreak has been limited to a few people. All subtypes of avian Influenza A have potential to cross the species barrier, with
7576:
7655:
Tian, Jingman; Bai, Xiaoli; Li, Minghui; Zeng, Xianying; Xu, Jia; Li, Peng; Wang, Miao; Song, Xingdong; Zhao, Zhiguo; Tian, Guobin; Liu, Liling; Guan, Yuntao; Li, Yanbing; Chen, Hualan (July 2023).
7598:
Tian, Jingman; Bai, Xiaoli; Li, Minghui; Zeng, Xianying; Xu, Jia; Li, Peng; Wang, Miao; Song, Xingdong; Zhao, Zhiguo; Tian, Guobin; Liu, Liling; Guan, Yuntao; Li, Yanbing; Chen, Hualan (July 2023).
7390:
7368:
7707:
4195:
to the noses of uninfected ones, which was repeated 10 times. After these 10 passages the H5N1 virus had acquired the ability of transmission between ferrets via aerosols or respiratory droplets.
8051:
6882:
8024:
4679:"Potential cross-species transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 subtype (HPAI H5) viruses to humans calls for the development of H5-specific and universal influenza vaccines"
351:
has recorded 907 cases of confirmed H5N1 influenza, leading to 464 deaths. The true fatality rate may be lower because some cases with mild symptoms may not have been identified as H5N1.
252:
has recorded 907 cases of confirmed H5N1 influenza, leading to 464 deaths. The true fatality rate may be lower because some cases with mild symptoms may not have been identified as H5N1.
7210:
T. Tiensin; P. Chaitaweesub; T. Songserm; A. Chaisingh; W. Hoonsuwan; C. Buranathai; T. Parakamawongsa; S. Premashthira; A. Amonsin; M. Gilbert; M. Nielen; A. Stegeman (November 2005).
4288:
4105:
however genetic diversification with other clades such as 2.3.2.1c has seen the virus evolve in ability to cause significant outbreaks in a broader range of species including mammals.
8280:
Ainur NurpeisovaEmail authorMarkhabat KassenovNurkuisa RametovKaissar TabynovGourapura J. RenukaradhyaYevgeniy VolginAltynay SagymbayAmanzhol MakbuzAbylay SansyzbayBerik Khairullin
3966:
In January 2005 an outbreak of avian influenza affected thirty three out of sixty four cities and provinces in Vietnam, leading to the forced killing of nearly 1.2 million poultry.
8477:
5899:
7738:
8534:
8443:
8427:
5188:
The influenza virus HA binds to alpha 2โ3 linked (avian viruses) or alpha 2โ6 linked (human viruses) sialic acids presented by proteins or lipids on the host cell surface.
8306:
7765:
685:
9203:
7549:
7514:
7169:
4326:
with prohibited goods or goods that require a special permit for import and export without which the carrier faces pecuniary punishment or up to 5 years' imprisonment.
8232:
7981:
6219:
Charostad, Javad; Rezaei Zadeh Rukerd, Mohammad; Mahmoudvand, Shahab; Bashash, Davood; Hashemi, Seyed Mohammad Ali; Nakhaie, Mohsen; Zandi, Keivan (September 2023).
6701:
4205:
8512:
8496:
7428:
7788:
9449:
7483:
7264:
8177:
41:
5866:
5798:
7572:
7360:
5946:
5391:
Payungporn S, Chutinimitkul S, Chaisingh A, Damrongwantanapokin S, Nuansrichay B, Pinyochon W, Amonsin A, Donis RO, Theamboonlers A, Poovorawan T (2006).
4881:
8522:
7711:
8047:
6022:
Wu, Jie; Ke, Changwen; Lau, Eric H.Y.; Song, Yingchao; Cheng, Kit Ling; Zou, Lirong; Kang, Min; Song, Tie; Peiris, Malik; Yen, Hui-Ling (January 2019).
9252:
7959:
7112:
J.S. Peiris; W.C Yu; C.W. Leung; C.Y. Cheung; W.F. Ng; J.M. Nicholls; T.K. Ng; K.H. Chan; S.T. Lai; W.L. Lim; K.Y. Yuen; Y. Guan (February 21, 2004).
530:
the virus can evolve to acquire new characteristics, enabling it to evade host immunity and occasionally to jump from one species of host to another.
8395:
8323:
8014:
8545:
5996:
409:
is the animal species the isolate was found in (note: human isolates lack this component term and are thus identified as human isolates by default)
9477:
6956:"Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in Animals: Interim Recommendations for Prevention, Monitoring, and Public Health Investigations"
5251:
van Riel D, Munster VJ, de Wit E, Rimmelzwaan GF, Fouchier RA, Osterhaus AD, Kuiken T (2006). "H5N1 Virus Attachment to Lower Respiratory Tract".
5124:"Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in Animals: Interim Recommendations for Prevention, Monitoring, and Public Health Investigations"
9358:
7005:
380:
which describes, among other things, the species of animal from which the virus was isolated, and the place and year of collection. For example,
7339:
7062:
9487:
7086:
4849:
4906:
9363:
663:
As of June 2024, there is concern about two subtypes of avian influenza which are circulating in wild bird populations worldwide, A/H5N1 and
8528:
8369:
8252:
4222:
3926:
By midyear of 2003 outbreaks of poultry disease caused by H5N1 occurred in Asia, but were not recognized as such. In December animals in a
4119:
of avian influenza led to the emergence of a H5N1 strain with a H5-2.3.4.4b gene. The virus then spread across Europe, detected there in
8899:
8611:
8573:
8474:
8328:
7192:
4927:
8378:
4827:
8930:
8360:
6735:
6372:
4385:
608:
240:
and does not predict the severity of symptoms in other species. Chickens infected with LPAI A/H5N1 virus display mild symptoms or are
7391:"As bird flu continues to spread in the US and worldwide, what's the risk that it could start a human pandemic? 4 questions answered"
9102:
9097:
8904:
8525:โ responsible agency for avian influenza in humans in US โ Facts About Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) and Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus
6685:
5891:
4141:
809:
672:
9165:
9210:
7896:"Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus Infection in Domestic Dairy Cattle and Cats, United States, 2024"
5834:
8317:
6675:
63:
9190:
8797:
8792:
8787:
5379:
This Memorandum was drafted by the signatories listed on page 590 on the occasion of a meeting held in Geneva in February 1980.
4062:
Many more outbreaks are recorded, in almost every country in the world, affecting both wild birds and poultry, with occasional
50:
8167:
4161:, worried researchers regarding the possibility that wild mammal-to-mammal spread had begun. A similar mass die-off of 95% of
8976:
8817:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8747:
8742:
8737:
8732:
8727:
8722:
8712:
8707:
8702:
8697:
8692:
8687:
8682:
4447:
795:
664:
321:
7541:
7506:
7161:
6600:
4652:
8387:
8086:
7991:
5324:
4578:
3855:
9376:
8493:
7420:
5830:
4352:
8991:
8909:
6024:"Influenza H5/H7 Virus Vaccination in Poultry and Reduction of Zoonotic Infections, Guangdong Province, China, 2017โ18"
4475:
4076:
3883:
711:
8894:
4426:
4241:
421:
is the laboratory reference number that identifies it from other influenza viruses isolated at the same place and year
8807:
8802:
7285:
4165:
pups in 2023 also raised concerns of mammal-to-mammal spread, as nursing pups would have had less exposure to birds.
3919:
In 2003 the first cases in humans since 1997 were diagnosed. Three people in one family were infected after visiting
244:, whereas HPAI A/H5N1 causes serious breathing difficulties, a significant drop in egg production, and sudden death.
6907:
5075:
9454:
9440:
5200:
Shinya K, Ebina M, Yamada S, et al. (March 2006). "Avian flu: influenza virus receptors in the human airway".
4764:"Transatlantic spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 by wild birds from Europe to North America in 2021"
4293:
8541:
5947:"Vaccination of poultry against highly pathogenic avian influenza โ Available vaccines and vaccination strategies"
4882:"Vaccination of poultry against highly pathogenic avian influenza โ Available vaccines and vaccination strategies"
3930:
zoo died after eating infected chicken carcasses. Later that month H5N1 infection was detected in 3 flocks in the
9337:
8952:
8301:
6561:
5971:
5921:
5673:
4360:
4108:
3852:
823:
695:
492:
485:
434:
348:
332:
249:
4091:
subtype H5N1 have been occurring, with cases reported from every continent as of May 2024. Some species of wild
667:. Both of these have potential to devastate poultry stocks, and both have jumped to humans with relatively high
6627:"Recent Changes in Patterns of Mammal Infection with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Worldwide"
373:
8339:
8415:
8355:
3948:
surfaced in Vietnam and Thailand's poultry industry, and within weeks spread to ten countries and regions in
522:
in hosts infected with two different strains of influenza viruses at the same time. Through a combination of
300:
head, watery eyes, unresponsiveness, lack of coordination, respiratory distress such as sneezing or gurgling.
9294:
9180:
9150:
9145:
9039:
8844:
8566:
8461:
6955:
5123:
584:
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9402:
9353:
8957:
8925:
8860:
8392:
6931:
5099:
4187:
4162:
574:
460:
6221:"A comprehensive review of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1: An imminent threat at doorstep"
4535:. UK: Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs and Animal and Plant Health Agency. 2022-12-13
4154:
die-off in December 2022, with 700 infected seals found dead along the Caspian Sea coastline of Russia's
595:. These drugs can reduce the severity of symptoms if taken soon after infection and can also be taken as
8935:
8311:
6154:
4258:
4084:
3879:
648:
612:
596:
515:
190:
7332:"Highlights in the History of Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) Timeline โ 2020-2023 | Avian Influenza (Flu)"
7069:
6832:
6470:
Kou Z, Lei FM, Yu J, Fan ZJ, Yin ZH, Jia CX, Xiong KJ, Sun YH, Zhang XW, Wu XM, Gao XB, Li TX (2005).
5581:
Kou Z, Lei FM, Yu J, Fan ZJ, Yin ZH, Jia CX, Xiong KJ, Sun YH, Zhang XW, Wu XM, Gao XB, Li TX (2005).
5025:
4738:"Highlights in the History of Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) Timeline โ 2020-2024 | Avian Influenza (Flu)"
8945:
8439:
8122:
7657:"Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b Introduced by Wild Birds, China, 2021"
7600:"Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b Introduced by Wild Birds, China, 2021"
7331:
5540:
Mรกrquez Domรญnguez L, Mรกrquez Matla K, Reyes Leyva J, Vallejo Ruรญz V, Santos Lรณpez G (December 2023).
5209:
4775:
4737:
4273:
4096:
296:
58:
49:
Colorized transmission electron micrograph of Avian influenza A H5N1 viruses (seen in gold) grown in
7735:"Bird flu keeps spreading beyond birds. Scientists worry it signals a growing threat to humans, too"
7090:
9005:
8889:
8606:
8457:
8352:
Food and Agriculture Organisation โ Bi-weekly Avian Influenza Maps โ tracks animal cases and deaths
4158:
4063:
474:
444:
8446:
generic contingency plan for controlling and eradicating an outbreak of an exotic animal disease.
8284:
Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems (RIBSP), Zhambyl Region, Republic of Kazakhstan
5466:
4553:
4213:
permit for submitting his manuscript, and his research appeared in a special issue of the journal
9137:
9079:
8962:
8826:
8596:
8559:
8423:
8277:
8276:
Analysis of the efficacy of an adjuvant-based inactivated pandemic H5N1 influenza virus vaccine.
5276:
5233:
5050:
4976:
4634:
4237:
4183:
668:
7762:"Mass death of seals raises fears bird flu is jumping between mammals, threatening new pandemic"
8349:
6625:
Plaza, Pablo I.; Gamarra-Toledo, Vรญctor; Euguรญ, Juan Rodrรญguez; Lambertucci, Sergio A. (2024).
4236:
In response to Fouchier and Kawaoka's work, a number of scientists expressed concerns with the
465:
364:
9160:
9089:
8647:
8601:
8208:
8172:
8148:
8081:
7986:
7925:
7876:
7841:
7833:
7688:
7637:
7619:
7241:
7196:
7143:
7043:
6731:
6681:
6656:
6550:
6501:
6452:
6353:
6345:
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6242:
6201:
6110:
6061:
6043:
5777:
5728:
5710:
5661:
5612:
5563:
5422:
5370:
5268:
5225:
5179:
4857:
4809:
4791:
4716:
4698:
4626:
4244:, a consensus statement calling for an assessment of the risks and benefits of such research.
4200:
4019:
3931:
562:
551:
285:
267:
213:
160:
6300:
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7915:
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7868:
7825:
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7231:
7223:
7133:
7125:
7035:
6646:
6638:
6540:
6532:
6491:
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6442:
6434:
6397:
6337:
6232:
6191:
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6092:
6051:
6035:
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5700:
5651:
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5217:
5169:
5161:
4799:
4783:
4706:
4690:
4618:
4283:
4209:
4116:
547:
491:, with a segmented genome. Subtypes of IAV are defined by the combination of the antigenic
400:
396:
392:
148:
8503:
Avian Influenza (Bird Flu): Implications for Human Disease โ An overview of Avian Influenza
7030:
Kozlov M (June 2024). "Huge amounts of bird-flu virus found in raw milk of infected cows".
270:, and its significant ongoing mutations, the H5N1 virus is regarded as the world's largest
9275:
9259:
8500:
8481:
8399:
8382:
8343:
8257:
6751:
6576:
5393:"Discrimination between Highly Pathogenic and Low Pathogenic H5 Avian Influenza A Viruses"
5295:
4419:"Prevention and Antiviral Treatment of Bird Flu Viruses in People | Avian Influenza (Flu)"
4298:
4253:
4088:
827:
341:
195:
136:
124:
112:
8531:
National Wildlife Health Center โ responsible agency for avian influenza in animals in US
7895:
7789:"Bird flu wipes out over 95% of southern elephant seal pups in 'catastrophic' mass death"
7450:"Bird flu (avian influenza): how to spot and report it in poultry or other captive birds"
6626:
4952:"Bird flu (avian influenza): how to spot and report it in poultry or other captive birds"
4828:"Bird flu is bad for poultry and cattle. Why it's not a dire threat for most of us โ yet"
4529:"Bird flu (avian influenza): how to spot and report it in poultry or other captive birds"
8200:
8126:
7920:
7683:
7656:
7632:
7599:
7573:"H5N1 avian flu infects Colorado dairy cows as global experts weigh in on virus changes"
6980:
6651:
5687:
Shao, Wenhan; Li, Xinxin; Goraya, Mohsan Ullah; Wang, Song; Chen, Ji-Long (2017-08-07).
5213:
4779:
4711:
4678:
9390:
9014:
8621:
8408:
8143:
8110:
7454:
Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs and Animal and Plant Health Agency
7449:
7236:
7211:
7138:
7113:
6857:
6804:"Prevention and Control of H5 and H7 Avian Influenza in the Live Bird Marketing System"
6545:
6520:
6496:
6487:
6471:
6447:
6422:
6105:
6080:
6056:
6023:
5772:
5747:
5723:
5688:
5656:
5631:
5607:
5598:
5582:
5417:
5392:
5365:
5348:
5174:
5149:
5001:
4956:
Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs and Animal and Plant Health Agency
4951:
4804:
4763:
4528:
4198:
After Fouchier offered an article describing this work to the leading academic journal
3906:
1169:
580:
500:
482:
264:
7361:"A global bird flu outbreak is now so bad, many countries are considering vaccination"
7129:
6196:
6179:
4503:
451:
Other examples include: A/duck/Hong Kong/308/78(H5N3), and A/shoveler/Egypt/03(H5N2).
9471:
9307:
9170:
8233:"Scientists Resume Efforts to Create Deadly Flu Virus, with US Government's Blessing"
7860:
7817:
6803:
6560:
Figure 1 shows a diagramatic representation of the genetic relatedness of Asian H5N1
6519:
The World Health Organization Global Influenza Program Surveillance Network. (2005).
5853:
5826:
5672:
Figure 1 shows a diagramatic representation of the genetic relatedness of Asian H5N1
5630:
The World Health Organization Global Influenza Program Surveillance Network. (2005).
3969:
In April 2005 there begins an unprecedented die-off of over 6,000 migratory birds at
1184:
496:
100:
5280:
4638:
4606:
9317:
8940:
8616:
8518:
6779:
6472:"New Genotype of Avian Influenza H5N1 Viruses Isolated from Tree Sparrows in China"
5583:"New Genotype of Avian Influenza H5N1 Viruses Isolated from Tree Sparrows in China"
5237:
4151:
4112:
3970:
652:
527:
519:
241:
5491:
5349:"A revision of the system of nomenclature for influenza viruses: a WHO Memorandum"
5051:"Reported Human Infections with Avian Influenza A Viruses | Avian Influenza (Flu)"
4418:
639:
Influenza viruses have a relatively high mutation rate that is characteristic of
506:
Influenza viruses have a relatively high mutation rate that is characteristic of
9434:
9322:
9049:
9044:
9032:
8834:
8253:"From anthrax to bird flu โ the dangers of lax security in disease-control labs"
7302:
6237:
6220:
5558:
5541:
5516:
5441:"Influenza A Subtypes and the Species Affected | Seasonal Influenza (Flu) | CDC"
5440:
4263:
4240:
of creating novel potential pandemic pathogens, culminating in the formation of
4230:
592:
336:
8073:
7872:
7829:
7039:
6155:"Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) - Emergency Use Instructions (EUI) for Oseltamivir"
4787:
4694:
9280:
9198:
9074:
9027:
9022:
8626:
4268:
4092:
3974:
884:
869:
292:
9425:
8212:
7837:
7623:
7261:"Thailand: Up to 100 Tigers in Sri Racha Zoo Now Affected by Avian Influenza"
6702:"70 years of GISRS โ the Global Influenza Surveillance & Response System"
6349:
6246:
6047:
5714:
4861:
4795:
4702:
4622:
9332:
9327:
9107:
9066:
9059:
9054:
8582:
8134:
6301:"1960-1999 Highlights in the History of Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) Timeline"
6273:"1880-1959 Highlights in the History of Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) Timeline"
5264:
4131:. It continues to swap genes with local flu viruses as it travels the globe.
4101:
4005:
3902:
1019:
854:
691:
640:
624:
588:
507:
488:
310:
260:
225:
217:
88:
8152:
7929:
7911:
7880:
7845:
7692:
7673:
7641:
7615:
7245:
7227:
7147:
7047:
6660:
6642:
6554:
6536:
6505:
6456:
6357:
6254:
6205:
6114:
6096:
6065:
6039:
5781:
5732:
5665:
5647:
5616:
5567:
5426:
5408:
5272:
5229:
5183:
5150:"Novel insights into proteolytic cleavage of influenza virus hemagglutinin"
4907:"Two possible bird flu vaccines could be available within weeks, if needed"
4813:
4720:
4630:
3973:
in central China over three months. Later in the year H5N1 was detected in
6326:"Outbreak of Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Infection in Hong Kong in 1997"
6128:
5374:
17:
9419:
6438:
5705:
4303:
4155:
3978:
3927:
1139:
1109:
959:
899:
700:
657:
523:
271:
221:
5892:"FDA Approves Seqirus' Audenz as Vaccine Against Potential Flu Pandemic"
5763:
9242:
7536:
7534:
7532:
5296:"Avian Influenza (Bird Flu): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology"
4040:
3994:
3990:
1199:
1094:
1064:
974:
779:
237:
9385:
7861:"Bird flu virus has been spreading in US cows for months, RNA reveals"
9112:
8237:
6421:
Sanjuรกn R, Nebot MR, Chirico N, Mansky LM, Belshaw R (October 2010).
4226:
4192:
4124:
4120:
4027:
4023:
3998:
3986:
3982:
3920:
1154:
914:
644:
511:
9396:
8515:
U.S. Agency for International Development โ Avian Influenza Response
5972:"Making a Candidate Vaccine Virus (CVV) for a HPAI (Bird Flu) Virus"
5922:"Making a Candidate Vaccine Virus (CVV) for a HPAI (Bird Flu) Virus"
5221:
5165:
4762:
Caliendo, V.; Lewis, N. S.; Pohlmann, A.; et al. (2022-07-11).
8336:
7818:"Huge amounts of bird-flu virus found in raw milk of infected cows"
6341:
481:
H5N1 is a subtype of Influenza A virus. Like all subtypes it is an
9312:
8297:โ Database of influenza genomic sequences and related information.
7542:"Emergence and Evolution of H5N1 Bird Flu | Avian Influenza (Flu)"
7162:"Emergence and Evolution of H5N1 Bird Flu | Avian Influenza (Flu)"
4653:"Emergence and Evolution of H5N1 Bird Flu | Avian Influenza (Flu)"
1124:
1079:
1004:
989:
944:
929:
710:
464:
363:
263:
of HPAI A(H5N1), its worldwide presence, its increasingly diverse
224:(maintained in the population) in many bird populations, and also
75:
8111:"Airborne Transmission of Influenza A/H5N1 Virus Between Ferrets"
8048:"Journal Publishes Details on Contagious Bird Flu Created in Lab"
6605:
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations
6325:
5852:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
4850:"Next pandemic likely to be caused by flu virus, scientists warn"
4115:(genetic "swapping") between these H5-2.3.4.4b viruses and other
7290:
Indonesian pigs have avian flu virus; bird cases double in China
5148:
Bertram S, Glowacka I, Steffen I, et al. (September 2010).
4454:. Victoria, Australia: Department of Health & Human Services
4278:
4147:
other seabirds, which are the presumed source of the outbreak.
4128:
4036:
3949:
3945:
3895:
1049:
1034:
715:
The eight major flyways used by shorebirds (waders) on migration
690:
is a global network of laboratories that monitor the spread of
9400:
8555:
8506:
7507:"Avian Influenza Virus Is Adapting to Spread to Marine Mammals"
7476:"'Catastrophic': bird flu reaches Antarctic for the first time"
7389:
Worden-Sapper, Emma; Sawyer, Sara; Wu, Sharon (16 March 2023).
7006:"Study of H5N1 avian flu seal deaths reveals multiple lineages"
778:
When an HPAI infection is detected in poultry, it is normal to
8469:
8465:
8451:
8447:
8278:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04147-7
8168:"Scientists create bird flu that spreads easily among mammals"
8019:
8015:"Bird Flu Scientist has Applied for Permit to Export Research"
7894:
Burrough, Eric; Magstadt, Drew; Main, Rodger (29 April 2024).
7114:"Re-emergence of fatal human influenza A subtype H5N1 disease"
5689:"Evolution of Influenza A Virus by Mutation and Re-Assortment"
4677:
Huang, Pan; Sun, Lujia; Li, Jinhao; et al. (2023-06-16).
4393:
7326:
7324:
6752:"Transmission of Bird Flu Viruses Between Animals and People"
6577:"Transmission of Bird Flu Viruses Between Animals and People"
4607:"Finding the real case-fatality rate of H5N1 avian influenza"
8551:
4744:. US: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024-04-22
4659:. US: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2023-06-06
4560:. US: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024-02-01
4510:. US: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2022-06-14
4111:(HA) gene became prominent globally in 2018โ2020. In 2020,
443:
stands for the first of several known types of the protein
433:
stands for the fifth of several known types of the protein
6883:"Reported Human Infections with Avian Influenza A Viruses"
4322:
The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) lists
6373:"'Unprecedented': How bird flu became an animal pandemic"
4386:"'Unprecedented': How bird flu became an animal pandemic"
8294:
7212:"Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1, Thailand, 2004"
4928:"Avian influenza (bird flu) | European Medicines Agency"
4289:
International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases
5546:
Cellular and Molecular Biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France)
4229:, China, had created H5N1 strains which passed between
3863:
376:
of virus, researchers use the internationally accepted
232:
have been slaughtered in efforts to contain the virus.
7982:"Breaking News: NSABB Reverses Position on Flu Papers"
6677:
Historical Dictionary of the World Health Organization
9374:
8201:"Chinese Scientists Create New Mutant Bird-Flu Virus"
6862:
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
6756:
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
5976:
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
5926:
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
5748:"At the centre: influenza A virus ribonucleoproteins"
4600:
4598:
3898:
caused flu outbreaks in 1959 in Scotland in chickens.
8329:
WHO Collaborating Centres and Reference Laboratories
4981:
The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB)
4221:
In May 2013, it was reported that scientists at the
4186:
strains of H5N1 were created by Ron Fouchier of the
4035:
February/March 2006 - A dead cat infected with the
3952:, including Indonesia, South Korea, Japan and China.
579:
In the event of an outbreak of human H5N1, the main
9409:
9346:
9293:
9268:
9230:
9223:
9189:
9136:
9125:
9088:
9013:
9004:
8984:
8975:
8918:
8882:
8873:
8853:
8825:
8816:
8671:
8635:
8589:
6521:"Evolution of H5N1 avian influenza viruses in Asia"
6079:Peteranderl C, Herold S, Schmoldt C (August 2016).
5632:"Evolution of H5N1 avian influenza viruses in Asia"
8428:European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
8346:Information resources, animations, videos, photos
7952:"What Will the Next Influenza Pandemic Look Like?"
7193:"Confirmed Human Cases of Avian Influenza A(H5N1)"
6981:"Bird flu 'spills over' to otters and foxes in UK"
6085:Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
8494:Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy
7010:Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy
6180:"The treatment of influenza with antiviral drugs"
5746:Eisfeld AJ, Neumann G, Kawaoka Y (January 2015).
686:Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System
275:take several months to ramp up mass production.
6960:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
4206:National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity
4018:In the first two months of 2006 H5N1 spread to
477:", the protein depicted in this ribbon diagram.
8440:Exotic Animal Disease Generic Contingency Plan
6858:"Avian Influenza A Virus Infections in Humans"
6837:An official website of the European Commission
5030:An official website of the European Commission
5002:"Avian Influenza A Virus Infections in Humans"
4476:"Avian influenza: guidance, data and analysis"
382:A/chicken/Nakorn-Patom/Thailand/CU-K2/04(H5N1)
8567:
6932:"The next pandemic: H5N1 and H7N9 influenza?"
5100:"The next pandemic: H5N1 and H7N9 influenza?"
415:is the place this specific virus was isolated
8:
8509:U.S. Government's avian flu information site
8331:Centers, names, locations, and phone numbers
703:influenza viruses as well as human viruses.
643:. The segmentation of the influenza A virus
550:of virus which is causing concern. Existing
248:of cases. Between 2003 and August 2024, the
7708:"How worried should we be about avian flu?"
7421:"Vaccine Makers Are Preparing for Bird Flu"
6784:WOAH - World Organisation for Animal Health
5693:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
5542:"Antiviral resistance in influenza viruses"
4605:Li FC, Choi BC, Sly T, Pak AW (June 2008).
4178:H5N1 transmission studies in ferrets (2011)
4107:H5N6 and H5N8 viruses with the H5-2.3.4.4b
9397:
9227:
9133:
9010:
8981:
8879:
8822:
8574:
8560:
8552:
8523:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
7166:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
6887:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
6833:"Questions and Answers on Avian Influenza"
6581:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
6159:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5997:"Bird flu vaccination policies by country"
5496:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5471:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5445:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5294:Bennett, Nicholas John (13 October 2021).
5055:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5026:"Questions and Answers on Avian Influenza"
5006:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3862:
1676:
1659:
1642:
1625:
1608:
1591:
1574:
1557:
1540:
1523:
1506:
1489:
1472:
1455:
1438:
1421:
1404:
1387:
1370:
1353:
1336:
1319:
1302:
40:
29:
8546:Department of Health & Human Services
8142:
7919:
7682:
7672:
7631:
7505:Kerlin, Katherine E. (28 February 2024).
7235:
7137:
6726:Thompson, Des; Byrkjedal, Ingvar (2001).
6650:
6544:
6495:
6446:
6236:
6195:
6104:
6055:
5771:
5722:
5704:
5655:
5606:
5557:
5416:
5364:
5173:
4803:
4710:
8312:Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response
6564:genes from various isolates of the virus
5676:genes from various isolates of the virus
3944:In January 2004 a major new outbreak of
1214:
837:
675:and may be adapting to mammalian hosts.
9381:
8013:Nell Greenfieldboyce (April 24, 2012).
6827:
6825:
6808:United States Department of Agriculture
4344:
4315:
4004:H5N1 was found to be infecting pigs in
1674:
1669:
1664:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1300:
1295:
1290:
8458:UK Influenza Pandemic Contingency Plan
8046:Nell Greenfieldboyce (June 21, 2012).
7811:
7809:
6774:
6772:
6225:Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease
5833:(FDA). January 31, 2020. STN: 125692.
5821:
5819:
5793:
5791:
4353:"Influenza (Avian and other zoonotic)"
3923:province in mainland China and 2 died.
671:. A/H5N1 in particular has infected a
9364:US influenza statistics by flu season
6294:
6292:
6266:
6264:
5902:from the original on February 5, 2020
4732:
4730:
4498:
4496:
4470:
4468:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4379:
4377:
427:represents the year of isolation 2004
372:To unambiguously describe a specific
220:(flu), predominantly in birds. It is
7:
8376:Official outbreak reports by country
8370:World Organisation for Animal Health
8307:WHO's Avian Flu Facts Sheet for 2006
6674:Lee, Kelley; Fang, Jennifer (2013).
6601:"Global AIV with Zoonotic Potential"
6184:Canadian Medical Association Journal
4223:Harbin Veterinary Research Institute
8318:Avian Influenza Resources (updated)
7575:. University of Minnesota. CIDRAP.
5837:from the original on August 6, 2020
599:to decrease the risk of infection.
391:stands for the genus of influenza (
9359:2017โ2018 United States flu season
8180:from the original on June 23, 2012
8089:from the original on June 25, 2012
8054:from the original on June 22, 2012
8027:from the original on June 22, 2012
7733:Pelley, Lauren (2 February 2023).
7579:from the original on 28 April 2024
7571:Schnirring, Lisa (27 April 2024).
7517:from the original on 10 March 2024
7474:Weston, Phoebe (24 October 2023).
7259:Henry L Niman (October 22, 2004).
6488:10.1128/JVI.79.24.15460-15466.2005
6398:"H5N1 Bird Flu: Current Situation"
6081:"Human Influenza Virus Infections"
5599:10.1128/JVI.79.24.15460-15466.2005
609:Transmission and infection of H5N1
347:Between 2003 and August 2024, the
25:
9098:Live attenuated influenza vaccine
8535:Wildlife Disease Information Node
8388:Official outbreak reports by week
8372:โ tracks animal cases and deaths
8324:National Influenza Pandemic Plans
7980:David Malakoff (March 30, 2012).
7787:Kwan, Jacklin (22 January 2024).
7764:. The i newspaper. Archived from
7760:Merrick, Jane (1 February 2023).
7552:from the original on 7 March 2024
7303:"German cat gets deadly bird flu"
7172:from the original on 7 March 2024
5867:"Vaccines for pandemic influenza"
5799:"Vaccines for pandemic influenza"
4142:List of mammals that can get H5N1
745: Mediterranean and Black Sea
368:Diagram of influenza nomenclature
9384:
7950:Harmon, Katherine (2011-09-19).
7859:Mallapaty, Smriti (2024-04-27).
7063:"H5N1 avian influenza: timeline"
6730:. Colin Baxter Photography Ltd.
6133:National Health Service (NHS) UK
5847:
5517:"Avian Influenza Type A Viruses"
4075:This section is an excerpt from
1192:
1177:
1162:
1147:
1132:
1117:
1102:
1087:
1072:
1057:
1042:
1027:
1012:
997:
982:
967:
952:
937:
922:
907:
892:
877:
862:
847:
798:considered the biggest threats.
324:considered the biggest threats.
284:This section is an excerpt from
62:
8420:EU response to Avian Influenza.
8363:Projects, Information resources
8361:FAO Socio-Economic impact of AI
8320:โ tracks human cases and deaths
8050:. National Public Radio (NPR).
7962:from the original on 2012-03-02
7710:. The Telegraph. Archived from
7431:from the original on 2023-03-30
7401:from the original on 2023-03-30
7371:from the original on 2023-02-23
7342:from the original on 2023-02-25
6324:Chan, Paul K. S. (2002-05-01).
5325:"Avian influenza A(H5N1) virus"
4579:"Avian influenza A(H5N1) virus"
4008:, but without causing symptoms.
763: East Asia and Australasia
9478:Influenza A virus subtype H5N1
9411:Influenza A virus subtype H5N1
7706:Nuki, Paul (2 February 2023).
6371:Bourk, India (26 April 2024).
4384:Bourk, India (26 April 2024).
3894:A highly pathogenic strain of
259:Due to the high lethality and
206:Influenza A virus subtype H5N1
1:
9488:Subtypes of Influenza A virus
9156:Russian flu (1889–1890)
8424:Avian influenza โ Q & A's
8393:Chart of outbreaks by country
8166:Brown, Eryn (June 21, 2012).
7130:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15595-5
810:a wide range of other animals
378:Influenza virus nomenclature,
335:prefers to bind to alpha-2,3
8199:Keim, Brandon (2013-05-02).
7900:Emerging Infectious Diseases
7661:Emerging Infectious Diseases
7604:Emerging Infectious Diseases
6680:. Rowman & Littlefield.
6631:Emerging Infections Diseases
6525:Emerging Infectious Diseases
6330:Clinical Infectious Diseases
6028:Emerging Infectious Diseases
5890:Keown A (February 4, 2020).
5831:Food and Drug Administration
5752:Nature Reviews. Microbiology
5636:Emerging Infectious Diseases
5492:"Types of Influenza Viruses"
5397:Emerging Infectious Diseases
4611:J Epidemiol Community Health
4448:"Bird flu (avian influenza)"
4039:bird flu virus was found in
757: Central Asia and India
694:with the aim to provide the
360:Influenza virus nomenclature
27:Subtype of influenza A virus
8295:Influenza Research Database
6238:10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102638
5154:Reviews in Medical Virology
5128:Centers for Disease Control
4848:McKie, Robin (2024-04-20).
4427:Centers for Disease Control
4242:the Cambridge Working Group
707:Transmission and prevention
9504:
8931:Transmission and infection
8548:'s Pandemic Influenza Plan
8337:FAO Avian Influenza portal
7873:10.1038/d41586-024-01256-5
7830:10.1038/d41586-024-01624-1
7816:Kozlov, Max (2024-06-05).
7737:. CBC News. Archived from
7040:10.1038/d41586-024-01624-1
6936:Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance
6402:Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)
6305:Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)
6277:Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)
5521:Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)
5467:"Influenza Type A Viruses"
5104:Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance
4788:10.1038/s41598-022-13447-z
4695:10.1038/s41421-023-00571-x
4554:"Influenza Type A Viruses"
4504:"Avian Influenza in Birds"
4294:National Influenza Centers
4139:
4074:
3877:
822:Confirmed human cases and
751: West Asia and Africa
606:
572:
510:. The segmentation of its
458:
308:
283:
9211:Central Luzon H5N6 (2017)
9151:Influenza pandemic (1557)
9146:Influenza pandemic (1510)
8356:FAO Bird Flu disease card
8314:Guide to WHO's H5N1 pages
8302:World Health Organization
6912:Wordl Health Organization
6706:World Health Organization
6336:(Supplement_2): S58โS64.
5871:European Medicines Agency
5803:European Medicines Agency
5559:10.14715/cmb/2023.69.13.3
5080:Wordl Health Organization
4361:World Health Organization
4066:events infecting humans.
4030:in wild bird populations.
3853:World Health Organization
3611:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3559:
3521:
3472:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3412:
3401:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3218:
3205:
3203:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2741:
2640:
2638:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2424:
2422:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2300:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2169:
2147:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1899:
1897:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1857:
1828:
1826:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
696:World Health Organization
349:World Health Organization
286:Influenza A virus ยง Birds
250:World Health Organization
187:
182:
57:
48:
39:
32:
9253:2007 Australian outbreak
7061:WHO (October 28, 2005).
4623:10.1136/jech.2007.064030
3856:Global Influenza Program
3846:Updated 1 September 2024
585:neuraminidase inhibitors
534:Prevention and treatment
9040:Neuraminidase inhibitor
8475:UK Department of Health
8464:โ a government entity.
8462:National Health Service
8135:10.1126/science.1213362
5353:Bull World Health Organ
5265:10.1126/science.1125548
4452:betterhealth.vic.gov.au
4077:2020โ2024 H5N1 outbreak
3884:2020โ2024 H5N1 outbreak
3859:Cumulative Cases Report
9441:Influenza A virus H5N1
9354:Influenza-like illness
9023:Adamantane derivatives
7912:10.3201/eid3007.240508
7674:10.3201/eid2907.221149
7616:10.3201/eid2907.221149
7292:published May 27, 2005
7228:10.3201/eid1111.050608
6643:10.3201/eid3003.231098
6537:10.3201/eid1110.050644
6423:"Viral mutation rates"
6178:Stiver, Grant (2003).
6097:10.1055/s-0036-1584801
6040:10.3201/eid2501.181259
5648:10.3201/eid1110.050644
5409:10.3201/eid1204.051427
4909:. NBC News. 2024-05-01
4830:. NBC News. 2024-05-02
4188:Erasmus Medical Center
4163:southern elephant seal
4123:, before spreading to
765:
575:Treatment of influenza
478:
461:H5N1 genetic structure
369:
212:) is a subtype of the
9204:1989โ1990 UK outbreak
9166:Asian flu (1957-1958)
7419:Docter-Loeb, Hannah.
7075:on November 29, 2005.
4259:Avian influenza virus
4097:asymptomatic carriers
3880:Global spread of H5N1
714:
673:wide range of mammals
649:genetic recombination
613:Global spread of H5N1
607:Further information:
593:oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
516:genetic recombination
468:
413:Nakorn-Patom/Thailand
367:
309:Further information:
297:asymptomatic carriers
291:Some species of wild
191:Goose Guangdong virus
9171:Hong Kong flu (1968)
8963:Pandemic preparation
6908:"Zoonotic influenza"
6439:10.1128/JVI.00694-10
6208:– via Pub Med.
5706:10.3390/ijms18081650
5359:(4): 585โ591. 1980.
5076:"Zoonotic influenza"
4274:H5N1 clinical trials
4136:Mammalian infections
473:in H5N1 stands for "
331:The avian influenza
59:Virus classification
8127:2012Sci...336.1534H
8121:(6088): 1534โ1541.
7956:Scientific American
7425:Scientific American
7309:. February 28, 2006
6708:. 19 September 2022
6482:(24): 15460โ15466.
6427:Journal of Virology
5764:10.1038/nrmicro3367
5593:(24): 15460โ15466.
5214:2006Natur.440..435S
4780:2022NatSR..1211729C
3956:for H5N1 influenza.
1216:
739: East Atlantic
733: West Atlantic
669:case fatality rates
589:zanamivir (Relenza)
162:Alphainfluenzavirus
9161:Spanish flu (1918)
9080:Baloxavir marboxil
8905:West Bengal (2008)
8840:1977 (Russian flu)
8835:1918 (Spanish flu)
8499:2013-06-17 at the
8480:2009-07-09 at the
8398:2012-04-19 at the
8381:2012-12-13 at the
8342:2012-01-26 at the
7768:on 3 February 2023
7741:on 2 February 2023
7714:on 2 February 2023
7486:on 29 October 2023
7199:on April 23, 2006.
7093:on October 7, 2008
6575:CDC (2024-05-15).
6396:CDC (2024-07-05).
6299:CDC (2024-06-10).
6271:CDC (2024-06-10).
6153:CDC (2024-07-29).
6003:. 17 February 2023
5515:CDC (2024-06-11).
5490:CDC (2023-03-30).
5465:CDC (2024-02-01).
5300:Medscape Reference
5000:CDC (2024-05-30).
4768:Scientific Reports
1215:
766:
635:Pandemic potential
479:
370:
279:Signs and symptoms
9465:
9464:
9403:Taxon identifiers
9372:
9371:
9289:
9288:
9219:
9218:
9199:Fujian flu (H3N2)
9121:
9120:
9000:
8999:
8971:
8970:
8926:Genetic structure
8869:
8868:
8673:Influenza A virus
8612:Genome sequencing
8173:Los Angeles Times
8085:. June 21, 2012.
7267:on April 22, 2009
6780:"Avian Influenza"
6531:(10): 1515โ1521.
5642:(10): 1515โ1521.
5208:(7083): 435โ436.
3932:Republic of Korea
3866:
3842:
3841:
1212:
1211:
727: Mississippi
565:influenza virus.
552:influenza vaccine
455:Genetic structure
214:influenza A virus
203:
202:
175:Influenza A virus
34:Influenza A virus
16:(Redirected from
9495:
9458:
9457:
9445:
9444:
9443:
9430:
9429:
9428:
9398:
9389:
9388:
9380:
9303:Acute bronchitis
9228:
9181:Swine flu (2009)
9176:1977 Russian flu
9134:
9070:
9011:
8982:
8880:
8845:2009 (Swine flu)
8823:
8643:Orthomyxoviridae
8576:
8569:
8562:
8553:
8417:Health-EU Portal
8263:
8262:
8249:
8243:
8242:
8229:
8223:
8222:
8220:
8219:
8196:
8190:
8189:
8187:
8185:
8163:
8157:
8156:
8146:
8105:
8099:
8098:
8096:
8094:
8078:
8070:
8064:
8063:
8061:
8059:
8043:
8037:
8036:
8034:
8032:
8010:
8004:
8003:
8001:
7999:
7994:on June 30, 2012
7990:. Archived from
7977:
7971:
7970:
7968:
7967:
7947:
7941:
7940:
7938:
7936:
7923:
7906:(7): 1335โ1343.
7891:
7885:
7884:
7856:
7850:
7849:
7813:
7804:
7803:
7801:
7799:
7784:
7778:
7777:
7775:
7773:
7757:
7751:
7750:
7748:
7746:
7730:
7724:
7723:
7721:
7719:
7703:
7697:
7696:
7686:
7676:
7652:
7646:
7645:
7635:
7610:(7): 1367โ1375.
7595:
7589:
7588:
7586:
7584:
7568:
7562:
7561:
7559:
7557:
7538:
7527:
7526:
7524:
7522:
7502:
7496:
7495:
7493:
7491:
7482:. Archived from
7471:
7465:
7464:
7462:
7461:
7446:
7440:
7439:
7437:
7436:
7416:
7410:
7409:
7407:
7406:
7395:The Conversation
7386:
7380:
7379:
7377:
7376:
7357:
7351:
7350:
7348:
7347:
7328:
7319:
7318:
7316:
7314:
7299:
7293:
7283:
7277:
7276:
7274:
7272:
7263:. Archived from
7256:
7250:
7249:
7239:
7216:Emerg Infect Dis
7207:
7201:
7200:
7195:. Archived from
7188:
7182:
7181:
7179:
7177:
7158:
7152:
7151:
7141:
7109:
7103:
7102:
7100:
7098:
7089:. Archived from
7083:
7077:
7076:
7074:
7068:. Archived from
7067:
7058:
7052:
7051:
7027:
7021:
7020:
7018:
7017:
7002:
6996:
6995:
6993:
6992:
6977:
6971:
6970:
6968:
6967:
6952:
6946:
6945:
6943:
6942:
6928:
6922:
6921:
6919:
6918:
6904:
6898:
6897:
6895:
6894:
6879:
6873:
6872:
6870:
6869:
6854:
6848:
6847:
6845:
6844:
6829:
6820:
6819:
6817:
6815:
6800:
6794:
6793:
6791:
6790:
6776:
6767:
6766:
6764:
6763:
6748:
6742:
6741:
6723:
6717:
6716:
6714:
6713:
6698:
6692:
6691:
6671:
6665:
6664:
6654:
6622:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6612:
6597:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6587:
6572:
6566:
6558:
6548:
6516:
6510:
6509:
6499:
6467:
6461:
6460:
6450:
6418:
6412:
6411:
6409:
6408:
6393:
6387:
6386:
6384:
6383:
6368:
6362:
6361:
6321:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6311:
6296:
6287:
6286:
6284:
6283:
6268:
6259:
6258:
6240:
6216:
6210:
6209:
6199:
6175:
6169:
6168:
6166:
6165:
6150:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6125:
6119:
6118:
6108:
6076:
6070:
6069:
6059:
6019:
6013:
6012:
6010:
6008:
5993:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5983:
5968:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5943:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5933:
5918:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5907:
5887:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5877:
5863:
5857:
5851:
5850:
5846:
5844:
5842:
5823:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5809:
5795:
5786:
5785:
5775:
5743:
5737:
5736:
5726:
5708:
5684:
5678:
5669:
5659:
5627:
5621:
5620:
5610:
5578:
5572:
5571:
5561:
5537:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5527:
5512:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5502:
5487:
5481:
5480:
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5477:
5462:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5437:
5431:
5430:
5420:
5388:
5382:
5381:
5368:
5345:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5335:
5321:
5315:
5314:
5308:
5306:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5248:
5242:
5241:
5197:
5191:
5190:
5177:
5145:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5135:
5120:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5096:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5086:
5072:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5062:
5047:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5022:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5012:
4997:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4973:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4948:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4924:
4918:
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4915:
4914:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4878:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4868:
4845:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4807:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4734:
4725:
4724:
4714:
4674:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4649:
4643:
4642:
4602:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4550:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4500:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4472:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4415:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4381:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4363:. 3 October 2023
4349:
4327:
4320:
4284:Influenzavirus A
4210:Dutch government
3867:
3847:
1678:
1661:
1644:
1627:
1610:
1593:
1576:
1559:
1542:
1525:
1508:
1491:
1474:
1457:
1440:
1423:
1406:
1389:
1372:
1355:
1338:
1321:
1304:
1217:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1002:
1001:
1000:
987:
986:
985:
972:
971:
970:
957:
956:
955:
942:
941:
940:
927:
926:
925:
912:
911:
910:
897:
896:
895:
882:
881:
880:
867:
866:
865:
852:
851:
850:
838:
762:
756:
750:
744:
738:
732:
726:
720:
583:recommended are
499:proteins in the
183:Notable strains
150:Orthomyxoviridae
67:
66:
53:(seen in green)
44:
30:
21:
9503:
9502:
9498:
9497:
9496:
9494:
9493:
9492:
9468:
9467:
9466:
9461:
9453:
9448:
9439:
9438:
9433:
9424:
9423:
9418:
9405:
9395:
9383:
9375:
9373:
9368:
9342:
9285:
9264:
9215:
9185:
9130:
9128:
9117:
9084:
9068:
9015:Antiviral drugs
8996:
8967:
8953:Human mortality
8946:clinical trials
8914:
8865:
8849:
8812:
8676:
8674:
8667:
8631:
8585:
8580:
8507:PandemicFlu.Gov
8501:Wayback Machine
8482:Wayback Machine
8426:factsheet from
8400:Wayback Machine
8383:Wayback Machine
8344:Wayback Machine
8291:
8286:
8272:
8267:
8266:
8261:. 18 July 2014.
8258:TheGuardian.com
8251:
8250:
8246:
8231:
8230:
8226:
8217:
8215:
8198:
8197:
8193:
8183:
8181:
8165:
8164:
8160:
8107:
8106:
8102:
8092:
8090:
8077:(Special Issue)
8076:
8072:
8071:
8067:
8057:
8055:
8045:
8044:
8040:
8030:
8028:
8012:
8011:
8007:
7997:
7995:
7987:Science Insider
7979:
7978:
7974:
7965:
7963:
7949:
7948:
7944:
7934:
7932:
7893:
7892:
7888:
7858:
7857:
7853:
7815:
7814:
7807:
7797:
7795:
7793:livescience.com
7786:
7785:
7781:
7771:
7769:
7759:
7758:
7754:
7744:
7742:
7732:
7731:
7727:
7717:
7715:
7705:
7704:
7700:
7654:
7653:
7649:
7597:
7596:
7592:
7582:
7580:
7570:
7569:
7565:
7555:
7553:
7548:. 6 June 2023.
7540:
7539:
7530:
7520:
7518:
7504:
7503:
7499:
7489:
7487:
7473:
7472:
7468:
7459:
7457:
7448:
7447:
7443:
7434:
7432:
7418:
7417:
7413:
7404:
7402:
7388:
7387:
7383:
7374:
7372:
7359:
7358:
7354:
7345:
7343:
7330:
7329:
7322:
7312:
7310:
7301:
7300:
7296:
7284:
7280:
7270:
7268:
7258:
7257:
7253:
7222:(11): 1664โ72.
7209:
7208:
7204:
7190:
7189:
7185:
7175:
7173:
7168:. 6 June 2023.
7160:
7159:
7155:
7124:(9409): 617โ9.
7111:
7110:
7106:
7096:
7094:
7085:
7084:
7080:
7072:
7065:
7060:
7059:
7055:
7029:
7028:
7024:
7015:
7013:
7004:
7003:
6999:
6990:
6988:
6979:
6978:
6974:
6965:
6963:
6954:
6953:
6949:
6940:
6938:
6930:
6929:
6925:
6916:
6914:
6906:
6905:
6901:
6892:
6890:
6881:
6880:
6876:
6867:
6865:
6856:
6855:
6851:
6842:
6840:
6831:
6830:
6823:
6813:
6811:
6802:
6801:
6797:
6788:
6786:
6778:
6777:
6770:
6761:
6759:
6750:
6749:
6745:
6738:
6725:
6724:
6720:
6711:
6709:
6700:
6699:
6695:
6688:
6673:
6672:
6668:
6624:
6623:
6619:
6610:
6608:
6599:
6598:
6594:
6585:
6583:
6574:
6573:
6569:
6518:
6517:
6513:
6469:
6468:
6464:
6433:(19): 9733โ48.
6420:
6419:
6415:
6406:
6404:
6395:
6394:
6390:
6381:
6379:
6370:
6369:
6365:
6323:
6322:
6318:
6309:
6307:
6298:
6297:
6290:
6281:
6279:
6270:
6269:
6262:
6218:
6217:
6213:
6177:
6176:
6172:
6163:
6161:
6152:
6151:
6147:
6138:
6136:
6127:
6126:
6122:
6078:
6077:
6073:
6021:
6020:
6016:
6006:
6004:
5995:
5994:
5990:
5981:
5979:
5970:
5969:
5965:
5956:
5954:
5945:
5944:
5940:
5931:
5929:
5920:
5919:
5915:
5905:
5903:
5889:
5888:
5884:
5875:
5873:
5865:
5864:
5860:
5848:
5840:
5838:
5825:
5824:
5817:
5807:
5805:
5797:
5796:
5789:
5745:
5744:
5740:
5686:
5685:
5681:
5670:
5629:
5628:
5624:
5580:
5579:
5575:
5539:
5538:
5534:
5525:
5523:
5514:
5513:
5509:
5500:
5498:
5489:
5488:
5484:
5475:
5473:
5464:
5463:
5459:
5450:
5448:
5439:
5438:
5434:
5390:
5389:
5385:
5347:
5346:
5342:
5333:
5331:
5323:
5322:
5318:
5304:
5302:
5293:
5292:
5288:
5250:
5249:
5245:
5222:10.1038/440435a
5199:
5198:
5194:
5166:10.1002/rmv.657
5147:
5146:
5142:
5133:
5131:
5122:
5121:
5117:
5108:
5106:
5098:
5097:
5093:
5084:
5082:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5060:
5058:
5049:
5048:
5044:
5035:
5033:
5024:
5023:
5019:
5010:
5008:
4999:
4998:
4994:
4985:
4983:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4961:
4959:
4950:
4949:
4945:
4936:
4934:
4926:
4925:
4921:
4912:
4910:
4905:
4904:
4900:
4891:
4889:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4866:
4864:
4847:
4846:
4842:
4833:
4831:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4747:
4745:
4736:
4735:
4728:
4676:
4675:
4671:
4662:
4660:
4651:
4650:
4646:
4604:
4603:
4596:
4587:
4585:
4577:
4576:
4572:
4563:
4561:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4538:
4536:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4513:
4511:
4502:
4501:
4494:
4485:
4483:
4474:
4473:
4466:
4457:
4455:
4446:
4445:
4441:
4432:
4430:
4417:
4416:
4407:
4398:
4396:
4383:
4382:
4375:
4366:
4364:
4351:
4350:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4330:
4324:strategic goods
4321:
4317:
4312:
4299:Swine influenza
4254:Antigenic shift
4250:
4180:
4175:
4144:
4138:
4133:
4132:
4095:act as natural
4089:avian influenza
4080:
4072:
4060:
4050:
4015:
3963:
3941:
3916:
3891:
3886:
3876:
3870:
3868:
3864:edit this table
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
1679:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1298:
1293:
1193:
1191:
1178:
1176:
1163:
1161:
1148:
1146:
1133:
1131:
1118:
1116:
1103:
1101:
1088:
1086:
1073:
1071:
1058:
1056:
1043:
1041:
1028:
1026:
1013:
1011:
998:
996:
983:
981:
968:
966:
953:
951:
938:
936:
923:
921:
908:
906:
893:
891:
878:
876:
863:
861:
848:
846:
836:
828:avian influenza
819:
764:
760:
758:
754:
752:
748:
746:
742:
740:
736:
734:
730:
728:
724:
722:
718:
716:
709:
681:
637:
620:
615:
605:
581:antiviral drugs
577:
571:
541:
536:
463:
457:
362:
357:
342:viral pneumonia
313:
307:
302:
301:
295:act as natural
289:
281:
216:, which causes
196:A/Fujian (H5N1)
178:
138:Articulavirales
126:Insthoviricetes
114:Negarnaviricota
61:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9501:
9499:
9491:
9490:
9485:
9480:
9470:
9469:
9463:
9462:
9460:
9459:
9446:
9431:
9415:
9413:
9407:
9406:
9401:
9394:
9393:
9370:
9369:
9367:
9366:
9361:
9356:
9350:
9348:
9347:Related topics
9344:
9343:
9341:
9340:
9335:
9330:
9325:
9320:
9315:
9310:
9305:
9299:
9297:
9291:
9290:
9287:
9286:
9284:
9283:
9278:
9272:
9270:
9266:
9265:
9263:
9262:
9257:
9256:
9255:
9245:
9240:
9234:
9232:
9225:
9221:
9220:
9217:
9216:
9214:
9213:
9208:
9207:
9206:
9195:
9193:
9187:
9186:
9184:
9183:
9178:
9173:
9168:
9163:
9158:
9153:
9148:
9142:
9140:
9131:
9126:
9123:
9122:
9119:
9118:
9116:
9115:
9110:
9105:
9100:
9094:
9092:
9086:
9085:
9083:
9082:
9077:
9072:
9069:(experimental)
9064:
9063:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9047:
9037:
9036:
9035:
9030:
9019:
9017:
9008:
9002:
9001:
8998:
8997:
8995:
8994:
8988:
8986:
8979:
8973:
8972:
8969:
8968:
8966:
8965:
8960:
8955:
8950:
8949:
8948:
8938:
8933:
8928:
8922:
8920:
8916:
8915:
8913:
8912:
8910:2020s outbreak
8907:
8902:
8897:
8892:
8890:Croatia (2005)
8886:
8884:
8877:
8871:
8870:
8867:
8866:
8864:
8863:
8857:
8855:
8851:
8850:
8848:
8847:
8842:
8837:
8831:
8829:
8820:
8814:
8813:
8811:
8810:
8805:
8800:
8795:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8775:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8679:
8677:
8672:
8669:
8668:
8666:
8665:
8660:
8655:
8650:
8645:
8639:
8637:
8633:
8632:
8630:
8629:
8624:
8622:Superinfection
8619:
8614:
8609:
8604:
8599:
8593:
8591:
8590:General topics
8587:
8586:
8581:
8579:
8578:
8571:
8564:
8556:
8550:
8549:
8539:
8532:
8526:
8516:
8510:
8504:
8490:
8489:
8485:
8484:
8472:
8455:
8436:
8435:
8434:United Kingdom
8431:
8430:
8421:
8412:
8411:
8409:European Union
8405:
8404:
8403:
8402:
8390:
8385:
8366:
8365:
8364:
8358:
8353:
8334:
8333:
8332:
8326:
8321:
8315:
8309:
8298:
8290:
8289:External links
8287:
8282:
8281:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8265:
8264:
8244:
8224:
8191:
8158:
8100:
8065:
8038:
8005:
7972:
7942:
7886:
7851:
7805:
7779:
7752:
7725:
7698:
7667:(7): 1367โ75.
7647:
7590:
7563:
7528:
7497:
7466:
7441:
7411:
7381:
7367:. 2023-02-16.
7352:
7338:. 2023-02-24.
7320:
7294:
7278:
7251:
7202:
7183:
7153:
7104:
7078:
7053:
7022:
6997:
6972:
6947:
6923:
6899:
6874:
6849:
6839:. 11 June 2024
6821:
6795:
6768:
6743:
6737:978-1841070759
6736:
6718:
6693:
6686:
6666:
6637:(3): 444โ452.
6617:
6607:. 29 July 2020
6592:
6567:
6511:
6462:
6413:
6388:
6363:
6342:10.1086/338820
6316:
6288:
6260:
6211:
6170:
6145:
6120:
6091:(4): 487โ500.
6071:
6034:(1): 116โ118.
6014:
5988:
5963:
5951:efsa.europa.eu
5938:
5913:
5882:
5858:
5815:
5787:
5738:
5679:
5622:
5573:
5532:
5507:
5482:
5457:
5432:
5403:(4): 700โ701.
5383:
5340:
5316:
5286:
5243:
5192:
5160:(5): 298โ310.
5140:
5115:
5091:
5067:
5042:
5032:. 11 June 2024
5017:
4992:
4968:
4943:
4919:
4898:
4886:efsa.europa.eu
4873:
4840:
4819:
4754:
4726:
4683:Cell Discovery
4669:
4644:
4594:
4570:
4545:
4520:
4492:
4464:
4439:
4405:
4373:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4249:
4246:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4140:Main article:
4137:
4134:
4081:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4032:
4031:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4002:
3967:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3924:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3907:mainland China
3899:
3890:
3887:
3875:
3872:
3849:
3844:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1188:
1187:
1173:
1172:
1170:United Kingdom
1158:
1157:
1143:
1142:
1128:
1127:
1113:
1112:
1098:
1097:
1083:
1082:
1068:
1067:
1053:
1052:
1038:
1037:
1023:
1022:
1008:
1007:
993:
992:
978:
977:
963:
962:
948:
947:
933:
932:
918:
917:
903:
902:
888:
887:
873:
872:
858:
857:
843:
842:
824:mortality rate
820:
818:
815:
759:
753:
747:
741:
735:
729:
723:
717:
708:
705:
680:
677:
636:
633:
619:
616:
604:
601:
573:Main article:
570:
567:
540:
537:
535:
532:
501:viral envelope
486:negative-sense
459:Main article:
456:
453:
449:
448:
438:
428:
422:
416:
410:
404:
361:
358:
356:
353:
306:
303:
290:
282:
280:
277:
201:
200:
199:
198:
193:
185:
184:
180:
179:
172:
170:
166:
165:
158:
154:
153:
146:
142:
141:
134:
130:
129:
122:
118:
117:
110:
106:
105:
98:
94:
93:
86:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
55:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9500:
9489:
9486:
9484:
9483:Bird diseases
9481:
9479:
9476:
9475:
9473:
9456:
9451:
9447:
9442:
9436:
9432:
9427:
9421:
9417:
9416:
9414:
9412:
9408:
9404:
9399:
9392:
9387:
9382:
9378:
9365:
9362:
9360:
9357:
9355:
9352:
9351:
9349:
9345:
9339:
9336:
9334:
9331:
9329:
9326:
9324:
9321:
9319:
9316:
9314:
9311:
9309:
9308:Bronchiolitis
9306:
9304:
9301:
9300:
9298:
9296:
9295:Complications
9292:
9282:
9281:Fujian (H5N1)
9279:
9277:
9274:
9273:
9271:
9267:
9261:
9258:
9254:
9251:
9250:
9249:
9246:
9244:
9241:
9239:
9236:
9235:
9233:
9229:
9226:
9222:
9212:
9209:
9205:
9202:
9201:
9200:
9197:
9196:
9194:
9192:
9188:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9174:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9164:
9162:
9159:
9157:
9154:
9152:
9149:
9147:
9144:
9143:
9141:
9139:
9135:
9132:
9127:Pandemics and
9124:
9114:
9111:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9096:
9095:
9093:
9091:
9087:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9065:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9042:
9041:
9038:
9034:
9031:
9029:
9026:
9025:
9024:
9021:
9020:
9018:
9016:
9012:
9009:
9007:
9003:
8993:
8990:
8989:
8987:
8983:
8980:
8978:
8974:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8958:Social impact
8956:
8954:
8951:
8947:
8944:
8943:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8936:Global spread
8934:
8932:
8929:
8927:
8924:
8923:
8921:
8917:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8887:
8885:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8872:
8862:
8859:
8858:
8856:
8852:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8832:
8830:
8828:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8815:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8680:
8678:
8670:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8651:
8649:
8646:
8644:
8641:
8640:
8638:
8634:
8628:
8625:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8598:
8595:
8594:
8592:
8588:
8584:
8577:
8572:
8570:
8565:
8563:
8558:
8557:
8554:
8547:
8543:
8540:
8536:
8533:
8530:
8527:
8524:
8520:
8517:
8514:
8511:
8508:
8505:
8502:
8498:
8495:
8492:
8491:
8488:United States
8487:
8486:
8483:
8479:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8467:
8463:
8459:
8456:
8453:
8449:
8445:
8441:
8438:
8437:
8433:
8432:
8429:
8425:
8422:
8419:
8418:
8414:
8413:
8410:
8407:
8406:
8401:
8397:
8394:
8391:
8389:
8386:
8384:
8380:
8377:
8374:
8373:
8371:
8367:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8351:
8348:
8347:
8345:
8341:
8338:
8335:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8319:
8316:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8304:
8303:
8299:
8296:
8293:
8292:
8288:
8285:
8279:
8275:
8274:
8269:
8260:
8259:
8254:
8248:
8245:
8240:
8239:
8234:
8228:
8225:
8214:
8210:
8206:
8202:
8195:
8192:
8179:
8175:
8174:
8169:
8162:
8159:
8154:
8150:
8145:
8140:
8136:
8132:
8128:
8124:
8120:
8116:
8112:
8104:
8101:
8088:
8084:
8083:
8075:
8069:
8066:
8053:
8049:
8042:
8039:
8026:
8022:
8021:
8016:
8009:
8006:
7993:
7989:
7988:
7983:
7976:
7973:
7961:
7957:
7953:
7946:
7943:
7931:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7913:
7909:
7905:
7901:
7897:
7890:
7887:
7882:
7878:
7874:
7870:
7866:
7862:
7855:
7852:
7847:
7843:
7839:
7835:
7831:
7827:
7823:
7819:
7812:
7810:
7806:
7794:
7790:
7783:
7780:
7767:
7763:
7756:
7753:
7740:
7736:
7729:
7726:
7713:
7709:
7702:
7699:
7694:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7670:
7666:
7662:
7658:
7651:
7648:
7643:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7625:
7621:
7617:
7613:
7609:
7605:
7601:
7594:
7591:
7578:
7574:
7567:
7564:
7551:
7547:
7543:
7537:
7535:
7533:
7529:
7516:
7512:
7508:
7501:
7498:
7485:
7481:
7477:
7470:
7467:
7455:
7451:
7445:
7442:
7430:
7426:
7422:
7415:
7412:
7400:
7396:
7392:
7385:
7382:
7370:
7366:
7362:
7356:
7353:
7341:
7337:
7333:
7327:
7325:
7321:
7308:
7304:
7298:
7295:
7291:
7287:
7282:
7279:
7266:
7262:
7255:
7252:
7247:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7229:
7225:
7221:
7217:
7213:
7206:
7203:
7198:
7194:
7187:
7184:
7171:
7167:
7163:
7157:
7154:
7149:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7131:
7127:
7123:
7119:
7115:
7108:
7105:
7092:
7088:
7082:
7079:
7071:
7064:
7057:
7054:
7049:
7045:
7041:
7037:
7033:
7026:
7023:
7011:
7007:
7001:
6998:
6986:
6982:
6976:
6973:
6961:
6957:
6951:
6948:
6937:
6933:
6927:
6924:
6913:
6909:
6903:
6900:
6888:
6884:
6878:
6875:
6863:
6859:
6853:
6850:
6838:
6834:
6828:
6826:
6822:
6810:. August 2020
6809:
6805:
6799:
6796:
6785:
6781:
6775:
6773:
6769:
6757:
6753:
6747:
6744:
6739:
6733:
6729:
6722:
6719:
6707:
6703:
6697:
6694:
6689:
6687:9780810878587
6683:
6679:
6678:
6670:
6667:
6662:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6644:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6628:
6621:
6618:
6606:
6602:
6596:
6593:
6582:
6578:
6571:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6562:hemagglutinin
6556:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6515:
6512:
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6498:
6493:
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6112:
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5707:
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5674:hemagglutinin
5667:
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5259:(5772): 399.
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2210:
2207:
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2201:
2198:
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2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
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1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
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1907:
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1901:
1896:
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1886:
1865:
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1842:
1839:
1836:
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1823:
1820:
1817:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1757:
1754:
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1744:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1682:
1289:
1218:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1185:United States
1175:
1174:
1171:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1115:
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1111:
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856:
845:
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840:
839:
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833:
829:
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814:
811:
807:
806:Other animals
803:
799:
797:
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788:
784:
781:
776:
772:
770:
721: Pacific
713:
706:
704:
702:
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582:
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566:
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560:
556:
553:
549:
545:
538:
533:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
504:
502:
498:
497:neuraminidase
494:
493:hemagglutinin
490:
487:
484:
476:
475:Neuraminidase
472:
467:
462:
454:
452:
446:
445:neuraminidase
442:
439:
436:
435:hemagglutinin
432:
429:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
398:
394:
390:
387:
386:
385:
383:
379:
375:
366:
359:
354:
352:
350:
345:
343:
338:
334:
333:hemagglutinin
329:
325:
323:
319:
312:
304:
298:
294:
293:aquatic birds
287:
278:
276:
273:
269:
266:
262:
257:
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251:
245:
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233:
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156:
155:
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147:
144:
143:
140:
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135:
132:
131:
128:
127:
123:
120:
119:
116:
115:
111:
108:
107:
104:
103:
102:Orthornavirae
99:
96:
95:
92:
91:
87:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
70:
65:
60:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
35:
31:
19:
9410:
9338:Strep throat
9318:Otitis media
8895:India (2006)
8874:
8717:
8617:Reassortment
8416:
8283:
8256:
8247:
8236:
8227:
8216:. Retrieved
8204:
8194:
8182:. Retrieved
8171:
8161:
8118:
8114:
8103:
8091:. Retrieved
8080:
8068:
8056:. Retrieved
8041:
8029:. Retrieved
8018:
8008:
7996:. Retrieved
7992:the original
7985:
7975:
7964:. Retrieved
7955:
7945:
7933:. Retrieved
7903:
7899:
7889:
7864:
7854:
7821:
7796:. Retrieved
7792:
7782:
7770:. Retrieved
7766:the original
7755:
7743:. Retrieved
7739:the original
7728:
7716:. Retrieved
7712:the original
7701:
7664:
7660:
7650:
7607:
7603:
7593:
7581:. Retrieved
7566:
7554:. Retrieved
7545:
7519:. Retrieved
7510:
7500:
7488:. Retrieved
7484:the original
7480:The Guardian
7479:
7469:
7458:. Retrieved
7456:. 2022-12-13
7453:
7444:
7433:. Retrieved
7424:
7414:
7403:. Retrieved
7394:
7384:
7373:. Retrieved
7364:
7355:
7344:. Retrieved
7335:
7311:. Retrieved
7306:
7297:
7289:
7281:
7271:February 19,
7269:. Retrieved
7265:the original
7254:
7219:
7215:
7205:
7197:the original
7186:
7174:. Retrieved
7165:
7156:
7121:
7117:
7107:
7095:. Retrieved
7091:the original
7081:
7070:the original
7056:
7031:
7025:
7014:. Retrieved
7012:. 2023-03-15
7009:
7000:
6989:. Retrieved
6987:. 2023-02-02
6984:
6975:
6964:. Retrieved
6962:. 2024-06-05
6959:
6950:
6939:. Retrieved
6935:
6926:
6915:. Retrieved
6911:
6902:
6891:. Retrieved
6889:. 2024-02-01
6886:
6877:
6866:. Retrieved
6864:. 2024-05-30
6861:
6852:
6841:. Retrieved
6836:
6812:. Retrieved
6807:
6798:
6787:. Retrieved
6783:
6760:. Retrieved
6758:. 2024-05-15
6755:
6746:
6727:
6721:
6710:. Retrieved
6705:
6696:
6676:
6669:
6634:
6630:
6620:
6609:. Retrieved
6604:
6595:
6584:. Retrieved
6580:
6570:
6559:
6528:
6524:
6514:
6479:
6475:
6465:
6430:
6426:
6416:
6405:. Retrieved
6401:
6391:
6380:. Retrieved
6376:
6366:
6333:
6329:
6319:
6308:. Retrieved
6304:
6280:. Retrieved
6276:
6228:
6224:
6214:
6190:(1): 49โ57.
6187:
6183:
6173:
6162:. Retrieved
6158:
6148:
6137:. Retrieved
6135:. 2017-10-19
6132:
6123:
6088:
6084:
6074:
6031:
6027:
6017:
6005:. Retrieved
6000:
5991:
5980:. Retrieved
5978:. 2024-06-03
5975:
5966:
5955:. Retrieved
5953:. 2023-10-10
5950:
5941:
5930:. Retrieved
5928:. 2024-06-03
5925:
5916:
5904:. Retrieved
5895:
5885:
5874:. Retrieved
5870:
5861:
5839:. Retrieved
5806:. Retrieved
5802:
5758:(1): 28โ41.
5755:
5751:
5741:
5696:
5692:
5682:
5671:
5639:
5635:
5625:
5590:
5586:
5576:
5549:
5545:
5535:
5524:. Retrieved
5520:
5510:
5499:. Retrieved
5495:
5485:
5474:. Retrieved
5470:
5460:
5449:. Retrieved
5447:. 2024-05-13
5444:
5435:
5400:
5396:
5386:
5378:
5356:
5352:
5343:
5332:. Retrieved
5328:
5319:
5310:
5303:. Retrieved
5299:
5289:
5256:
5252:
5246:
5205:
5201:
5195:
5187:
5157:
5153:
5143:
5132:. Retrieved
5130:. 2024-06-05
5127:
5118:
5107:. Retrieved
5103:
5094:
5083:. Retrieved
5079:
5070:
5059:. Retrieved
5057:. 2024-02-01
5054:
5045:
5034:. Retrieved
5029:
5020:
5009:. Retrieved
5005:
4995:
4984:. Retrieved
4980:
4971:
4960:. Retrieved
4958:. 2022-12-13
4955:
4946:
4935:. Retrieved
4931:
4922:
4911:. Retrieved
4901:
4890:. Retrieved
4888:. 2023-10-10
4885:
4876:
4865:. Retrieved
4854:The Observer
4853:
4843:
4832:. Retrieved
4822:
4774:(1): 11729.
4771:
4767:
4757:
4746:. Retrieved
4741:
4686:
4682:
4672:
4661:. Retrieved
4656:
4647:
4617:(6): 555โ9.
4614:
4610:
4586:. Retrieved
4582:
4573:
4562:. Retrieved
4557:
4548:
4537:. Retrieved
4532:
4523:
4512:. Retrieved
4507:
4484:. Retrieved
4482:. 2021-11-18
4479:
4456:. Retrieved
4451:
4442:
4431:. Retrieved
4429:. 2024-04-19
4422:
4397:. Retrieved
4389:
4365:. Retrieved
4356:
4347:
4323:
4318:
4235:
4220:
4214:
4199:
4197:
4181:
4167:
4152:Caspian seal
4149:
4145:
4113:reassortment
4083:Since 2020,
4082:
4061:
4058:2008 to 2019
3971:Qinghai Lake
3901:In 1997, in
3869:
1206:
831:
821:
805:
804:
800:
791:
786:
785:
777:
773:
768:
767:
684:
682:
679:Surveillance
662:
653:reassortment
647:facilitates
638:
629:
621:
603:Epidemiology
578:
558:
557:
543:
542:
528:reassortment
526:and genetic
520:reassortment
514:facilitates
505:
480:
470:
450:
440:
430:
424:
418:
412:
406:
388:
381:
377:
371:
346:
330:
326:
317:
314:
258:
254:
246:
242:asymptomatic
234:
230:
209:
205:
204:
174:
173:
161:
149:
137:
125:
113:
101:
89:
82:
72:(unranked):
33:
9435:Wikispecies
9323:Pharyngitis
9269:Non-mammals
9050:Laninamivir
9045:Oseltamivir
9033:Rimantadine
8861:2009 A/H1N1
8663:Influenza D
8658:Influenza C
8653:Influenza B
8648:Influenza A
8529:USGS โ NWHC
7772:15 February
7546:www.cdc.gov
7336:www.cdc.gov
6377:www.bbc.com
5906:February 5,
5841:February 5,
5699:(8): 1650.
5329:www.who.int
4977:"Avian flu"
4583:www.who.int
4264:Favipiravir
4231:guinea pigs
834:) 2003โ2024
651:by segment
641:RNA viruses
597:prophylaxis
563:recombinant
518:by segment
508:RNA viruses
337:sialic acid
9472:Categories
9075:Umifenovir
9067:Peramivir
9028:Amantadine
9006:Treatments
8627:Flu season
8468:hosted by
8450:hosted by
8218:2023-02-07
7966:2012-01-23
7798:23 January
7745:5 February
7718:5 February
7490:30 October
7460:2024-05-06
7435:2023-03-30
7405:2023-03-30
7375:2023-02-24
7346:2023-02-24
7313:October 8,
7087:"้ฆๆธฏ็ฆฝๆตๆๅคงไบ่ฎฐ"
7016:2024-06-13
6991:2024-06-11
6966:2024-06-13
6941:2024-06-16
6917:2024-06-16
6893:2024-06-11
6868:2024-06-11
6843:2024-06-11
6789:2024-06-10
6762:2024-06-10
6728:Shorebirds
6712:2024-06-13
6611:2024-06-24
6586:2024-06-10
6407:2024-07-08
6382:2024-05-08
6310:2024-07-08
6282:2024-07-08
6231:: 102638.
6164:2024-07-30
6139:2024-07-30
6129:"Bird flu"
5982:2024-06-15
5957:2024-05-09
5932:2024-06-22
5876:2024-06-15
5526:2024-06-17
5501:2024-06-17
5476:2024-05-03
5451:2024-06-17
5334:2024-05-28
5134:2024-06-13
5109:2024-06-16
5085:2024-06-16
5061:2024-06-11
5036:2024-06-11
5011:2024-06-11
4986:2024-06-25
4962:2024-05-06
4937:2024-05-09
4913:2024-05-09
4892:2024-05-09
4867:2024-05-09
4834:2024-05-09
4748:2024-05-08
4663:2024-05-03
4588:2024-05-28
4564:2024-05-03
4539:2024-05-06
4514:2024-05-06
4486:2024-05-09
4458:2024-05-09
4433:2024-05-08
4399:2024-05-08
4367:2024-05-06
4334:References
4269:Fujian flu
4184:contagious
3975:Kazakhstan
3878:See also:
885:Bangladesh
870:Azerbaijan
587:, such as
51:MDCK cells
18:H5N1 virus
9333:Sinusitis
9328:Pneumonia
9224:Non-human
9191:Epidemics
9138:Pandemics
9129:epidemics
9108:Pandemrix
9060:Zanamivir
9055:Peramivir
8992:2020โ2022
8985:Outbreaks
8900:UK (2007)
8883:Outbreaks
8827:Pandemics
8607:Treatment
8583:Influenza
8213:1059-1028
7838:0028-0836
7624:1080-6040
6350:1537-6591
6247:1477-8939
6048:1080-6040
5715:1422-0067
4862:0029-7712
4796:2045-2322
4703:2056-5968
4689:(1): 58.
4339:Citations
4204:, the US
4102:Antarctic
4085:outbreaks
4070:2020โ2024
4064:spillover
4006:Indonesia
3903:Hong Kong
3889:1959โ1997
3874:Outbreaks
1020:Indonesia
855:Australia
817:Mortality
692:influenza
625:epizootic
569:Treatment
489:RNA virus
483:enveloped
311:Influenza
268:reservoir
261:virulence
226:panzootic
218:influenza
169:Species:
97:Kingdom:
90:Riboviria
9420:Wikidata
9090:Vaccines
8675:subtypes
8597:Research
8538:efforts.
8497:Archived
8478:Archived
8396:Archived
8379:Archived
8340:Archived
8184:June 23,
8178:Archived
8153:22723413
8093:June 23,
8087:Archived
8058:June 23,
8052:Archived
8031:June 23,
8025:Archived
7998:June 23,
7960:Archived
7935:30 April
7930:38683888
7921:11210653
7881:38678111
7846:38840011
7693:37347504
7684:10310395
7642:37347504
7633:10310395
7583:28 April
7577:Archived
7556:10 March
7550:Archived
7521:10 March
7515:Archived
7511:UC Davis
7429:Archived
7399:Archived
7369:Archived
7365:ABC News
7340:Archived
7307:BBC News
7288:article
7246:16318716
7176:10 March
7170:Archived
7148:14987888
7097:June 12,
7048:38840011
6985:BBC News
6661:38407173
6652:10902543
6555:16318689
6506:16306617
6476:J. Virol
6457:20660197
6358:11938498
6255:37652253
6206:12515786
6115:27486731
6066:30355435
5900:Archived
5896:BioSpace
5835:Archived
5827:"Audenz"
5782:25417656
5733:28783091
5666:16318689
5617:16306617
5587:J. Virol
5568:38158694
5427:16715581
5305:28 April
5281:33294327
5273:16556800
5230:16554799
5184:20629046
4814:35821511
4721:37328456
4712:10275984
4639:34200426
4631:18477756
4304:Zoonosis
4248:See also
4173:Research
4159:republic
4156:Dagestan
4022:, north
3979:Mongolia
3851:Source:
1140:Thailand
1110:Pakistan
960:Djibouti
900:Cambodia
841:Country
787:Humans -
701:zoonotic
658:zoonotic
524:mutation
355:Virology
272:pandemic
238:chickens
222:enzootic
145:Family:
109:Phylum:
9426:Q160122
9391:Viruses
9231:Mammals
8941:Vaccine
8919:Science
8854:Science
8636:Viruses
8602:Vaccine
8460:by the
8270:Sources
8144:4810786
8123:Bibcode
8115:Science
8082:Science
7237:3367332
7139:7112424
6814:15 June
6546:3366754
6497:1316012
6448:2937809
6106:7174870
6057:6302570
6007:30 July
6001:Reuters
5829:. U.S.
5808:30 July
5773:5619696
5724:5578040
5657:3366754
5608:1316012
5418:3294708
5375:6969132
5366:2395936
5253:Science
5238:9472264
5210:Bibcode
5175:7169116
4805:9276711
4776:Bibcode
4742:cdc.gov
4657:cdc.gov
4558:cdc.gov
4508:cdc.gov
4423:cdc.gov
4390:bbc.com
4357:who.int
4215:Science
4201:Science
4193:ferrets
4182:Novel,
4150:A mass
4117:strains
4041:Germany
3995:Croatia
3991:Romania
1200:Vietnam
1095:Nigeria
1065:Myanmar
975:Ecuador
688:(GISRS)
660:event.
618:History
559:Poultry
539:Vaccine
407:chicken
374:isolate
157:Genus:
133:Order:
121:Class:
9455:102793
9377:Portal
9248:Equine
9243:Feline
9238:Canine
9113:Audenz
9103:Brands
8238:Forbes
8211:
8151:
8141:
8074:"H5N1"
7928:
7918:
7879:
7865:Nature
7844:
7836:
7822:Nature
7691:
7681:
7640:
7630:
7622:
7286:CIDRAP
7244:
7234:
7146:
7136:
7118:Lancet
7046:
7032:Nature
6734:
6684:
6659:
6649:
6553:
6543:
6504:
6494:
6455:
6445:
6356:
6348:
6253:
6245:
6204:
6197:139319
6194:
6113:
6103:
6064:
6054:
6046:
5780:
5770:
5731:
5721:
5713:
5664:
5654:
5615:
5605:
5566:
5425:
5415:
5373:
5363:
5279:
5271:
5236:
5228:
5202:Nature
5182:
5172:
4860:
4812:
4802:
4794:
4719:
4709:
4701:
4637:
4629:
4533:gov.uk
4480:gov.uk
4425:. US:
4227:Harbin
4125:Africa
4121:autumn
4028:Europe
4026:, and
4024:Africa
3999:Kuwait
3987:Turkey
3983:Russia
3921:Fujian
3838:51.1%
3829:12.0%
3820:33.3%
3811:16.7%
3802:50.0%
3766:50.0%
3757:30.0%
3748:29.0%
3739:42.3%
3730:64.1%
3721:62.5%
3712:54.8%
3703:50.0%
3694:43.8%
3685:75.0%
3676:67.0%
3667:68.7%
3658:43.9%
3649:69.6%
3629:50.0%
3577:50.0%
3568:50.0%
3557:28.6%
3539:83.3%
3530:62.5%
3519:31.1%
3510:69.0%
3352:33.3%
3307:33.3%
3290:68.0%
3236:40.0%
3227:70.6%
3152:33.3%
3109:33.3%
2904:66.7%
2835:66.6%
2790:66.6%
2773:84.0%
2703:83.3%
2694:77.8%
2685:90.5%
2676:83.3%
2667:88.1%
2658:81.8%
2649:65.0%
2572:33.4%
2549:33.3%
2540:30.0%
2531:28.7%
2522:37.8%
2513:75.0%
2504:45.5%
2495:38.5%
2486:44.8%
2477:10.3%
2468:50.0%
2459:36.0%
2450:55.6%
2309:58.2%
2268:16.7%
2241:50.0%
2223:50.0%
2214:57.1%
2196:60.0%
2187:61.5%
2178:62.5%
2032:59.7%
2023:20.0%
2014:66.7%
1989:44.4%
1980:53.8%
1893:12.5%
1803:62.5%
1758:62.5%
1671:deaths
1654:deaths
1637:deaths
1620:deaths
1603:deaths
1586:deaths
1569:deaths
1552:deaths
1535:deaths
1518:deaths
1501:deaths
1484:deaths
1467:deaths
1450:deaths
1433:deaths
1416:deaths
1399:deaths
1382:deaths
1365:deaths
1348:deaths
1331:deaths
1314:deaths
1297:deaths
1286:Total
1198:
1183:
1168:
1155:Turkey
1153:
1138:
1123:
1108:
1093:
1078:
1063:
1048:
1033:
1018:
1003:
988:
973:
958:
943:
928:
915:Canada
913:
898:
883:
868:
853:
761:
755:
749:
743:
737:
731:
725:
719:
665:A/H7N9
645:genome
548:strain
544:Humans
512:genome
305:Humans
210:A/H5N1
9313:Croup
9276:Avian
9260:Swine
8808:H11N9
8803:H11N2
8798:H10N8
8793:H10N7
8788:H10N3
8544:U.S.
8513:USAID
8444:DEFRA
8205:Wired
7191:WHO.
7073:(PDF)
7066:(PDF)
5277:S2CID
5234:S2CID
4635:S2CID
4310:Notes
4238:risks
4020:India
3784:100%
3640:100%
3620:100%
3586:100%
3548:100%
3501:100%
3245:100%
3090:100%
3047:100%
3028:100%
3009:100%
2854:100%
2750:100%
2739:100%
2730:100%
2721:100%
2712:100%
2634:100%
2619:100%
2289:100%
2250:100%
2232:100%
2205:100%
2167:100%
2094:100%
2063:100%
1971:100%
1962:100%
1953:100%
1926:100%
1917:100%
1908:100%
1855:100%
1666:cases
1649:cases
1632:cases
1615:cases
1598:cases
1581:cases
1564:cases
1547:cases
1530:cases
1513:cases
1496:cases
1479:cases
1462:cases
1445:cases
1428:cases
1411:cases
1394:cases
1377:cases
1360:cases
1343:cases
1326:cases
1309:cases
1292:cases
1283:2024
1280:2023
1277:2022
1274:2021
1271:2020
1268:2019
1265:2018
1262:2017
1259:2016
1256:2015
1253:2014
1250:2013
1247:2012
1244:2011
1241:2010
1238:2009
1235:2008
1232:2007
1229:2006
1226:2005
1223:2004
1220:2003
1207:Total
1125:Spain
1080:Nepal
1005:India
990:Egypt
945:China
930:Chile
769:Birds
419:CU-K2
83:Realm
76:Virus
9450:NCBI
8977:H5N8
8875:H5N1
8818:H1N1
8783:H9N2
8778:H7N9
8773:H7N7
8768:H7N4
8763:H7N3
8758:H7N2
8753:H7N1
8748:H6N1
8743:H5N9
8738:H5N8
8733:H5N6
8728:H5N3
8723:H5N2
8718:H5N1
8713:H3N8
8708:H3N2
8703:H3N1
8698:H2N3
8693:H2N2
8688:H1N2
8683:H1N1
8368:OIE
8300:WHO
8209:ISSN
8186:2012
8149:PMID
8095:2012
8060:2012
8033:2012
8000:2012
7937:2024
7926:PMID
7877:PMID
7842:PMID
7834:ISSN
7800:2024
7774:2023
7747:2023
7720:2023
7689:PMID
7638:PMID
7620:ISSN
7585:2024
7558:2024
7523:2024
7492:2023
7315:2006
7273:2008
7242:PMID
7178:2024
7144:PMID
7099:2008
7044:PMID
6816:2024
6732:ISBN
6682:ISBN
6657:PMID
6551:PMID
6502:PMID
6453:PMID
6354:PMID
6346:ISSN
6251:PMID
6243:ISSN
6202:PMID
6111:PMID
6062:PMID
6044:ISSN
6009:2024
5908:2020
5843:2020
5810:2024
5778:PMID
5729:PMID
5711:ISSN
5662:PMID
5613:PMID
5564:PMID
5423:PMID
5371:PMID
5307:2024
5269:PMID
5226:PMID
5180:PMID
4858:ISSN
4810:PMID
4792:ISSN
4717:PMID
4699:ISSN
4627:PMID
4279:H7N9
4129:Asia
4127:and
4048:2007
4037:H5N1
4013:2006
3997:and
3981:and
3961:2005
3950:Asia
3946:H5N1
3939:2004
3928:Thai
3914:2003
3896:H5N1
3882:and
1050:Laos
1035:Iraq
832:H5N1
796:H7N9
794:and
792:H5N1
780:cull
683:The
611:and
591:and
495:and
469:The
322:H7N9
320:and
318:H5N1
265:host
8542:HHS
8519:CDC
8470:BBC
8466:PDF
8452:BBC
8448:PDF
8350:FAO
8139:PMC
8131:doi
8119:336
8020:NPR
7916:PMC
7908:doi
7869:doi
7826:doi
7679:PMC
7669:doi
7628:PMC
7612:doi
7232:PMC
7224:doi
7134:PMC
7126:doi
7122:363
7036:doi
6647:PMC
6639:doi
6541:PMC
6533:doi
6492:PMC
6484:doi
6443:PMC
6435:doi
6338:doi
6233:doi
6192:PMC
6188:168
6101:PMC
6093:doi
6052:PMC
6036:doi
5768:PMC
5760:doi
5719:PMC
5701:doi
5652:PMC
5644:doi
5603:PMC
5595:doi
5554:doi
5413:PMC
5405:doi
5361:PMC
5261:doi
5257:312
5218:doi
5206:440
5170:PMC
5162:doi
4800:PMC
4784:doi
4707:PMC
4691:doi
4619:doi
4394:BBC
4225:in
4087:of
3835:464
3832:907
3793:0%
3775:0%
3742:145
3661:115
3623:129
3609:0%
3490:0%
3481:0%
3470:0%
3421:0%
3410:0%
3399:0%
3214:0%
3201:0%
2966:0%
2923:0%
2887:0%
2770:168
2767:200
2569:120
2566:359
2525:136
2433:0%
2420:0%
2371:0%
2326:0%
2298:0%
2259:0%
2156:0%
2145:0%
1944:0%
1935:0%
1866:0%
1846:0%
1837:0%
1824:0%
1741:0%
1732:0%
1677:CFR
1660:CFR
1643:CFR
1626:CFR
1609:CFR
1592:CFR
1575:CFR
1558:CFR
1541:CFR
1524:CFR
1507:CFR
1490:CFR
1473:CFR
1456:CFR
1439:CFR
1422:CFR
1405:CFR
1388:CFR
1371:CFR
1354:CFR
1337:CFR
1320:CFR
1303:CFR
826:of
399:or
9474::
9452::
9437::
9422::
8521:,
8442:โ
8255:.
8235:.
8207:.
8203:.
8176:.
8170:.
8147:.
8137:.
8129:.
8117:.
8113:.
8079:.
8023:.
8017:.
7984:.
7958:.
7954:.
7924:.
7914:.
7904:30
7902:.
7898:.
7875:.
7867:.
7863:.
7840:.
7832:.
7824:.
7820:.
7808:^
7791:.
7687:.
7677:.
7665:29
7663:.
7659:.
7636:.
7626:.
7618:.
7608:29
7606:.
7602:.
7544:.
7531:^
7513:.
7509:.
7478:.
7452:.
7427:.
7423:.
7397:.
7393:.
7363:.
7334:.
7323:^
7305:.
7240:.
7230:.
7220:11
7218:.
7214:.
7164:.
7142:.
7132:.
7120:.
7116:.
7042:.
7034:.
7008:.
6983:.
6958:.
6934:.
6910:.
6885:.
6860:.
6835:.
6824:^
6806:.
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