593:) is a common method of writing in Taiwanese literature. However, there are various problems relating to the use of Chinese characters to write vernacular Hokkien, and in many cases Chinese characters are used alongside other scripts, such as bopomofo or POJ. The problem with using only Chinese characters to write Min Nan is that there are many morphemes, estimated to be around 15% of running text, which are not definitively associated with a particular character. Various strategies have been developed to deal with the issue, including researching and reviving the etymologically correct Chinese character from ancient Chinese texts and classical Chinese, creating new characters, allocating Chinese characters used in written Mandarin with similar meanings, but dissimilar etymology, to represent the missing characters, or using romanization for the missing 15%.
51:
339:, education and everyday usage of spoken and written Hokkien by local Taiwanese became more widely used. A Chinese character online dictionary for Hokkien was released in 2008 by the ROC Ministry of Education. Nevertheless, within literature circles there is still ongoing debate over which writing system should be used to write Taiwanese Hokkien, and controversy exists between the various rival systems currently used to write Hokkien. Today usage of languages remains a politicized issue in Taiwan. In Singapore, in an effort to promote Mandarin as a
1283:
1297:
295:
associated
Chinese characters in Vernacular Chinese, meaning that some words originally could not be written. In the case of Cantonese, a vernacular system specifically for writing Cantonese was developed in Hong Kong, then a British colony. On the other hand, since Hokkien was never standardized, different people began to use various separate methods to solve the issue of Hokkien-specific words, where such words would eventually be written phonetically, using either a
2080:
4010:
831:
1311:
1339:
1325:
373:
4660:
795:
characters that are homophones or near-homophones, 10% would be written using characters exclusive to
Hokkien, and 40% would be written with characters that have the correct sound and meaning. However, in more colloquial styles of Taiwanese Hokkien, the proportion of morphemes written with conventionally accepted characters would drop even lower than 40%. Likewise,
538:
354:
speakers speak in their variety of
Hokkien, they would officially write in Vernacular Chinese for formal documents, and only use vernacular Hokkien writings during informal occasions, if at all. In Taiwan, vernacular Chinese is used for academic writings, newspaper articles and television news report
286:
used in ancient times. Whilst the written form of
Chinese mostly remained static, the spoken varieties of Chinese diverged from Old Chinese. In the early 20th century, reformers in China saw the need for language reform and championed the development of a writing system that allowed Chinese people to
294:
However, there are various differences between the spoken
Chinese varieties, such as Hokkien, Mandarin, Cantonese, including in vocabulary, meaning that Vernacular Chinese is less suited for writing texts spoken in Hokkien. Various expressions in Hokkien, as with other Chinese varieties, do not have
804:
There are a very large number of the words for which we have not been able to find the corresponding character at all, perhaps a quarter or a third of the whole; many of them rare, and many difficult to recognize from the great variations that take place between the written and spoken forms of the
334:
rule in Taiwan, the official
Kuomintang language policy was to promote the use of Mandarin Chinese in everyday speech, and to discourage the use of other dialects such as Hokkien and Hakka; this was done in an attempt to promote national linguistic unity, and to promulgate a Chinese identity over
794:
makes an estimate that if "pure, unadulterated spoken vernacular
Taiwanese" were written exclusively in Chinese characters, with minimal use of Mandarin phrases, over 25% of morphemes would have no character, about 25% would have arbitrarily selected (yet more or less conventionally accepted)
596:
In many cases, when writing
Hokkien using Chinese characters phonetically, the use of characters is entirely unrelated to the original meaning of the phrase. While most Hokkien morphemes have standard designated characters, they are not always etymologically correct or phono-semantic.
419:
is restricted to some
Taiwanese Christians, non-native learners of Hokkien, and native-speaker enthusiasts in Taiwan. POJ remains the Taiwanese script with "the richest inventory of written work, including dictionaries, textbooks, literature and other publications in many areas".
625:('play (around)') is commonly written as 𨑨迌; however, neither characters have anything to do with the act of "playing" (the characters mean 'near' and 'cunning', 'deceitful'). Within Robert Cheng's publication of a Han character edition of the Taiwanese Hokkien novella
816:
Moreover, unlike
Cantonese, Hokkien does not have a universally accepted standardized character set. Thus, there is some variation in the characters used to express certain words and characters and they can be ambiguous in meaning. In 2007, Taiwan's
449:翻 tńg 工，我 koh hap i tī Hotel ê 餐廳食西式 ê chái 起，我講 beh tò 去稅厝 ê 所在，i beh 送我去，我 kā 拒絕，mā 無 beh hō͘ i 知我 ê 地址、電話番，講若有緣就會 koh 再相會。I 講人海茫茫，我若無 tī hit 間跳舞、唱歌，i beh 去 toh 位 chhōe--我？「就是 án-ni m̄-chiah 講是緣」，我嘴是 án-ni 應，心肝內知影 kap i 自細漢到這時 ê 牽連、綿纏無 hiah 簡單就煞。
597:
Similar-sounding, similar-meaning or rare characters are commonly borrowed or substituted to represent a particular morpheme. In addition, there may be many different ways to write a specific Hokkien phrase using Chinese characters.
799:, who has compiled a historical comprehensive 1873 Dictionary on Hokkien as well that later formed the basis of many other dictionaries for Hokkien in the subsequent decades, regarding Chinese characters would argue as well that:
991:
In addition, Hokkien literature can consist of phrases that are vernacular to Hokkien, as well as literary terms originating from Classical Chinese. The following list of Taiwanese Hokkien words is adapted from a list by scholar
850:
When writing Hokkien in Chinese characters, some writers create 'new' characters when they consider it impossible to use existing ones; this corresponds to similar practices in character usage in Cantonese, Vietnamese
270:, but there are a wide variety of different methods of writing in Vernacular Hokkien. Nevertheless, vernacular works written in Hokkien are still commonly seen in literature, film, performing arts and music.
1913:- Chapter examining and detailing the history of Hokkien dictionaries and similar works and the history of Hokkien writing systems over the centuries, especially phonetic scripts for Hokkien
727:, which represents the personal pronoun 'they'). In addition, some characters have multiple and unrelated pronunciations, adapted to represent Hokkien words. For example, the Hokkien word
716:('not') is variously represented by 毋, 呣 or 唔, among others. In other cases, characters are invented to represent a particular morpheme (a common example is the non-standard character
4135:
1110:
248:
family and is spoken in Southeastern China, Taiwan and Southeast Asia, does not have a unitary standardized writing system, in comparison with the well-developed written forms of
2079:
5321:
4694:
823:
102:
4018:
266:
2645:
1656:
224:
413:, meaning that phrases specific to Hokkien can be written without having to deal with the issue of non-existent Chinese characters. Current usage of
745:, respectively). In other cases, a character is borrowed to represent a morpheme with the same meaning, but a different pronunciation; the morpheme
1894:"Xiamen at the Crossroads of Sino-Foreign Linguistic Interaction during the Late Qing and Republican Periods: The Issue of Hokkien Phoneticization"
1609:"Xiamen at the Crossroads of Sino-Foreign Linguistic Interaction during the Late Qing and Republican Periods: The Issue of Hokkien Phoneticization"
2724:
355:
headlines, whilst Hokkien writings are used in novels, songs lyrics, film subtitles, theatrical and opera scripts, and in informal communication.
1575:
4316:
3555:
2211:
1939:
1877:
1817:
1558:
1357:
60:
5314:
4366:
2503:
1638:
130:
468:
Bopomofo is another script used in Taiwanese Hokkien writings. It is commonly used in Taiwanese literature to represent Hokkien-specific
4208:
1486:
872:
327:
827:
to overcome these difficulties. These standard Chinese characters for writing Taiwanese Hokkien are now taught in schools in Taiwan.
4687:
1771:
1752:
1722:
1469:
1448:
846:), is present within the Unicode Standard (U+2A736 𪜶); however only a very limited number of fonts currently support its display.
5426:
2528:
892:
The following table lists a few examples displaying differences in vocabulary between Vernacular Chinese based on Mandarin, and
5757:
5307:
4288:
501:
2995:
2638:
1831:
Southern Min (Hokkien) as a Migrating Language: A Comparative Study of Language Shift and Maintenance across National Borders
818:
261:
529:-based system was introduced to gloss Hokkien writing in Chinese characters, as well writing as other languages of Taiwan.
5518:
5377:
5184:
4604:
4058:
2523:
2498:
2493:
1352:
217:
135:
5752:
5742:
4680:
4663:
4574:
4098:
403:) is a Latin alphabet developed by Western missionaries working in Southeast Asia in the 19th century to write Hokkien.
336:
4975:
4775:
4579:
4451:
4376:
4033:
50:
1893:
1608:
2513:
617:
name for 'boat'. Along with location names, common words also have orthography problems due to non-standardization;
140:
5716:
4621:
4594:
4471:
4383:
4130:
4110:
1837:
589:
522:
463:
288:
253:
191:
4173:
2871:
2631:
1932:
1706:
84:
5737:
4547:
4532:
4522:
4236:
2167:
996:, contrasting vernacular terms with relevant literary terms; the English translations have been added by Mair.
210:
155:
34:
2888:
4852:
4559:
3433:
3395:
2798:
344:
330:
on Taiwan, nor other governments, to create a standardized Hokkien vernacular. During the initial stages of
1529:
5585:
5405:
5330:
5010:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4711:
4493:
4336:
2934:
2508:
145:
5431:
5288:
4488:
4411:
4125:
4103:
2858:
2691:
3942:
3932:
2917:
5640:
5543:
5192:
4256:
4224:
4053:
3937:
3696:
3244:
3178:
2673:
2473:
1925:
1787:
614:
499:
469:
323:
296:
3851:
3360:
5696:
5618:
5613:
5526:
5501:
5283:
5271:
4951:
4703:
4500:
4466:
4301:
4268:
4115:
4043:
3960:
3801:
3796:
3550:
2866:
2216:
1870:
The Language of the Sangleys: A Chinese Vernacular in Missionary Sources of the Seventeenth Century
1367:
319:
95:
5154:
4331:
3664:
2468:
2325:
884:
is also an important kind of hàn-jī vernacular literature in the history of the Hokkien language.
387:
125:
5531:
5266:
5036:
4870:
4788:
4729:
4720:
4616:
4483:
4446:
4229:
4163:
4158:
4048:
4038:
3535:
3343:
3338:
2737:
2583:
2450:
2199:
2191:
2145:
1854:
1650:
241:
5164:
3887:
3642:
2366:
2310:
3256:
1670:
5676:
5671:
5661:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5593:
5553:
5471:
5436:
5367:
5251:
5246:
5208:
5068:
5019:
4984:
4897:
4837:
4527:
4517:
4396:
4361:
4216:
4168:
4120:
4009:
3740:
3674:
3530:
3515:
3186:
3163:
3117:
3042:
2968:
2848:
2816:
2770:
2709:
2699:
2664:
2488:
2483:
2384:
2162:
2133:
2128:
1904:
1873:
1813:
1796:
1782:
1767:
1748:
1718:
1619:
1554:
1497:
1465:
1444:
893:
796:
351:
279:
249:
3892:
3882:
3867:
3281:
1505:
782:, to approximate the Hokkien term), even though its recommended character in dictionaries is
5747:
5666:
5608:
5573:
5563:
5548:
5463:
5224:
5028:
4943:
4907:
4892:
4887:
4880:
4865:
4633:
4153:
4028:
3813:
3735:
3686:
3647:
3596:
3510:
3462:
3446:
3326:
3286:
3220:
3208:
3168:
3122:
3068:
3063:
3053:
3047:
2876:
2821:
2806:
2682:
2654:
2478:
2407:
2315:
2261:
2138:
2048:
2027:
1846:
1344:
1316:
835:
196:
3659:
3355:
3303:
3298:
3232:
2277:
1113:). The following examples in Pe̍h-oē-jī show differences in readings in Taiwanese Hokkien:
5686:
5681:
5603:
5598:
5568:
5536:
5506:
5256:
5159:
5139:
5073:
4956:
4933:
4928:
4902:
4793:
4783:
4742:
4737:
4584:
4564:
4552:
4461:
4421:
4401:
4145:
3995:
3985:
3965:
3922:
3917:
3783:
3747:
3730:
3720:
3477:
3413:
3200:
3096:
3091:
3000:
2947:
2942:
2922:
2907:
2902:
2843:
2838:
2828:
2811:
2783:
2755:
2732:
2604:
2361:
2356:
2338:
2292:
2205:
2175:
2157:
2063:
1996:
1429:[Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan]. Ministry of Education, R.O.C. 2011.
1330:
811:
Chinese–English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy, Preface (p. viii)
598:
311:
150:
4589:
3877:
3293:
605:('ten thousand flowers'); however, the original meaning of the location name, pronounced
852:
830:
5496:
5382:
5372:
5351:
5261:
5144:
5116:
4923:
4875:
4832:
4822:
4765:
4747:
4638:
4628:
4599:
4306:
4278:
3990:
3975:
3828:
3823:
3808:
3752:
3691:
3573:
3545:
3525:
3472:
3441:
3418:
3408:
3403:
3365:
3348:
3261:
3249:
3237:
3225:
3213:
3158:
3140:
3058:
3032:
2973:
2893:
2881:
2833:
2788:
2778:
2704:
2430:
2402:
2333:
2287:
2181:
2150:
2105:
2058:
2032:
2001:
1991:
1986:
1403:
1372:
881:
791:
768:, by the Republic of China's Ministry of Education. Another case is the word 'to eat',
516:
473:
315:
186:
89:
3150:
1407:
5731:
5691:
5486:
5278:
5149:
5131:
5096:
4992:
4961:
4860:
4842:
4439:
4251:
4246:
3818:
3762:
3757:
3725:
3712:
3588:
3540:
3467:
3423:
3313:
3073:
2912:
2760:
2747:
2256:
2239:
2186:
2053:
2022:
2006:
1858:
1302:
340:
5239:
5060:
4311:
4261:
3637:
3520:
3493:
3037:
3027:
2599:
2302:
2123:
2088:
1424:
1362:
1288:
877:
655:; these two phonetically used characters literally translate to 'perch' and 'eel'.
410:
245:
2544:
1645:(in English & Hokkien). London: Presbyterian Church of England. pp. viii.
169:
75:
1745:
Problems in Comparative Chinese Dialectology—the Classification of Miin and Hakka
496:
326:, and other Chinese expatriate communities. Initially there was no effort by the
5491:
5108:
5083:
5051:
4456:
4430:
4326:
4296:
4273:
4241:
3980:
3970:
3774:
3669:
3654:
3617:
3565:
3386:
3377:
3273:
3112:
2987:
2714:
2376:
2348:
2097:
1971:
1948:
1901:
Crossroads: Studies on the History of Exchange Relations in the East Asian World
1701:
1616:
Crossroads: Studies on the History of Exchange Relations in the East Asian World
1104:
1096:
1088:
993:
754:
283:
1338:
5421:
5234:
5091:
3872:
3846:
3612:
3578:
3083:
3010:
2518:
2251:
2246:
2234:
1278:
372:
331:
1908:
1623:
5481:
5476:
5446:
5229:
5041:
4321:
4072:
4063:
3791:
3681:
3333:
3321:
3132:
2963:
2394:
1800:
1501:
304:
1850:
839:
719:
307:
for their phonetically with no relation to the original word via meaning.
5441:
5299:
4643:
4611:
4197:
3838:
3019:
2460:
2442:
1576:"Taiwanese Loanwords in Mandarin Chinese: Language Interaction in Taiwan"
459:
300:
428:
can also be used along with Chinese characters in a mixed script called
4510:
4190:
4077:
3906:
3502:
2115:
1643:
Chinese-English dictionary of the vernacular or spoken language of Amoy
864:
737:, which has etymologically unrelated colloquial and literary readings (
237:
4672:
1828:
1408:"How to Forget Your Mother Tongue and Remember Your National Language"
784:
774:
760:
733:
708:
694:
684:
660:
17:
5656:
4569:
4371:
712:. Common grammatical particles are not exempt; the negation particle
1747:. Trends in Linguistics series, no. 123. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
493:
489:
2623:
5558:
4082:
860:
856:
772:, which is often transcribed in Taiwanese newspapers and media as
537:
536:
440:, and words with associated characters written in Han Characters.
371:
1487:"Writing Taiwanese: The Development of Modern Written Taiwanese"
870:
The earliest Hokkien vernacular literature written in hàn-jī is
526:
278:
Prior to the modern era, the main written language of China was
5303:
4676:
2627:
2565:
2428:
1959:
1921:
1917:
1538:] (in Chinese). Ministry of Education, R.O.C. 2013. #2607.
821:
formulated and released a standard character set known as the
579:
568:
553:
547:
541:
435:
429:
423:
414:
404:
392:
377:
364:
335:
that of a Taiwanese one for political reasons. Following the
347:, usage of other varieties such as Hokkien is discouraged.
670:
is the literary form), which has the vernacular morpheme
472:, along with Chinese characters, and can also be used to
1892:
Hompot, Sebestyén (2018). Schottenhammer, Angela (ed.).
1607:
Hompot, Sebestyén (2018). Schottenhammer, Angela (ed.).
641:, meaning 'gangster' and cognate with Standard Chinese
1111:
Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters
658:
Additional examples include the word for 'beautiful' (
287:
write in a form more closely reflecting speech called
1102:
1094:
1086:
717:
635:
627:
574:
563:
483:
398:
488:('I am like the fish that has left the water', with
5709:
5649:
5584:
5517:
5462:
5455:
5414:
5395:
5360:
5344:
5337:
5217:
5201:
5183:
5130:
5107:
5082:
5059:
5050:
5027:
5018:
5009:
4983:
4974:
4942:
4916:
4851:
4774:
4758:
4728:
4719:
4710:
4540:
4509:
4438:
4429:
4420:
4354:
4345:
4287:
4207:
4182:
4144:
4091:
4017:
3953:
3905:
3860:
3837:
3782:
3773:
3711:
3630:
3605:
3587:
3564:
3501:
3492:
3455:
3432:
3394:
3385:
3376:
3312:
3272:
3199:
3177:
3149:
3131:
3105:
3082:
3018:
3009:
2986:
2956:
2933:
2857:
2797:
2769:
2746:
2723:
2690:
2681:
2672:
2592:
2576:
2537:
2459:
2441:
2393:
2375:
2347:
2324:
2301:
2276:
2227:
2114:
2096:
2087:
2041:
2015:
1979:
1970:
1783:"Linguistic Nationalism: The Case of Southern Min"
682:(a vernacular reading of this character) and even
1764:The Segmental Phonology of Southern Min in Taiwan
434:, where words specific to Hokkien are written in
1460:Sidaia, Babuja A. (1998) (in Hàn-lô Taiwanese).
476:Chinese characters with their Hokkien readings.
801:
1810:Southern Min (Hokkien) as a Migrating Language
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
303:, or through the use of Chinese characters as
5315:
4688:
2639:
1933:
1888:(1620), the oldest extant grammar of Hokkien.
824:Taiwanese Southern Min Recommended Characters
758:'low sugar') has been assigned the character
409:allows Hokkien to be written phonetically in
218:
8:
633:('Beloved Enemy') by Lai Jinsheng, the word
282:, which has grammar and vocabulary based on
1536:Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan
692:, typically meaning 'water'), and 'tall' (
267:Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan
96:Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china
5459:
5341:
5322:
5308:
5300:
5056:
5024:
5015:
4980:
4725:
4716:
4695:
4681:
4673:
4659:
4435:
4426:
4351:
3779:
3498:
3391:
3382:
3015:
2687:
2678:
2646:
2632:
2624:
2573:
2562:
2438:
2425:
2093:
1976:
1967:
1956:
1940:
1926:
1918:
1589:. Southern Taiwan University of Technology
1085:Hokkien separates reading pronunciations (
1081:Literary and colloquial character readings
225:
211:
29:
731:('meat') has been reduced to writing via
609:in Taiwanese Hokkien (old character form
588:
562:Writing Hokkien using Chinese characters
1574:Hsieh, Shelley Ching-yu (October 2005).
1553:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 21.
1443:Tainan: National Cheng Kung University.
1115:
998:
898:
829:
1682:(in Chinese). ROC Ministry of Education
1384:
310:Varieties of Hokkien are spoken in the
165:
103:Taiwanese Minnan Recommended Characters
41:
1648:
1441:Language, Identity and Decolonization.
702:is the literary form), whose morpheme
256:(Mandarin). In Taiwan, a standard for
2212:Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien
1655:: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (
1480:
1478:
1419:
1417:
1358:Comparison of Hokkien writing systems
61:Comparison of Hokkien writing systems
7:
2504:Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet
1125:Spoken pronunciations / explications
590:[han˥˩d͡ʑi˧,tŋ̍˧˩laŋ˧˩d͡ʑi˧]
131:Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet
27:Written form of the Hokkien language
1903:. 17/18. OSTASIEN Verlag: 167–205.
863:. These are usually not encoded in
613:), is a rendering of a non-Chinese
343:amongst ethnic Chinese through the
328:government of the Republic of China
674:represented by characters such as
25:
1884:An analysis and facsimile of the
838:(they) in some Hokkien dialects,
601:in Taipei is commonly written as
4658:
4136:Literary and colloquial readings
4008:
2529:Hainanese Transliteration Scheme
2078:
1717:] (in Chinese). 自立晚報社文化出版部.
1439:Chiung, Wi-vun Taiffalo (2005).
1337:
1323:
1309:
1295:
1281:
586:Taiwanese Hokkien pronunciation:
492:being used as a replacement for
49:
1618:. 17/18. OSTASIEN Verlag: 176.
896:written in Chinese characters:
666:
444:Sample mixed orthography text:
1743:Branner, David Prager (2000).
1093:) from spoken pronunciations (
643:
610:
602:
318:, Taiwan, Chinese communities
1:
2524:Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme
2499:Taiwanese Romanization System
2494:Kienning Colloquial Romanized
1833:by Picus Sizhi Ding (review)"
1353:Taiwanese literature movement
1109:) of Chinese characters (see
778:(a Mandarin transliteration,
136:Taiwanese Romanization System
4664:List of varieties of Chinese
1680:National Languages Committee
764:, whose phonetic reading is
580:
569:
554:
548:
542:
436:
430:
424:
415:
405:
393:
378:
365:
337:Taiwan localization movement
1886:Arte de la Lengua Chio-chiu
1637:Douglas, Carstairs (1873).
5774:
4622:Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
1838:China Review International
1808:Ding, Picus Sizhi (2016).
1103:
1095:
1087:
913:Have you eaten enough yet?
718:
651:)), is transcribed as
636:
628:
575:
564:
523:Taiwan under Japanese rule
514:
484:
464:Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
457:
399:
385:
289:written vernacular Chinese
260:has been developed by the
192:Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
5717:Singaporean Sign Language
4656:
4006:
2661:
2572:
2561:
2437:
2424:
2076:
1966:
1955:
1827:Francis, Norbert (2014).
1781:DeBernardi, Jean (1991).
1707:Independence Evening Post
783:
773:
759:
753:
732:
707:
693:
683:
679:
678:(an obsolete character),
675:
659:
652:
648:
85:Tale of the Lychee Mirror
2168:Banana colloquial speech
1868:Klöter, Henning (2011).
1762:Chung, Raung-fu (1996).
1710:
1671:
1549:Klöter, Henning (2005).
1530:
1425:
359:Phonetic writing systems
156:Modern Literal Taiwanese
1812:. Singapore: Springer.
345:Speak Mandarin Campaign
244:that forms part of the
5758:Languages of Singapore
5331:Languages of Singapore
2509:Daighi tongiong pingim
1122:Reading pronunciations
847:
834:The character for the
814:
559:
451:
383:
146:Daighi tongiong pingim
5289:Yilan Creole Japanese
1851:10.1353/cri.2014.0008
1766:. Taipei: Crane Pub.
1715:Lectures on Taiwanese
833:
819:Ministry of Education
540:
521:During the period of
470:grammatical particles
447:
375:
262:Ministry of Education
5396:Indigenous languages
5193:Taiwan Sign Language
1788:Sino-Platonic Papers
1494:Sino-Platonic Papers
1101:) and explications (
1008:Literary equivalent
957:(I) don't understand
297:Latin-based alphabet
180:Other transcriptions
5753:Languages of Taiwan
5743:Chinese orthography
5456:Immigrant languages
4704:Languages of Taiwan
2217:Singaporean Hokkien
1485:Lin, Alvin (1999).
1368:Singaporean Hokkien
873:Tân Saⁿ and Gō͘-niû
836:third person plural
5037:Taiwanese Mandarin
4617:Cantonese Bopomofo
4484:Chinese characters
4412:Written Sichuanese
2996:Zhangjiakou–Hohhot
2451:Chinese characters
2200:Philippine Hokkien
2192:Kelantan Peranakan
2146:Zhangzhou dialects
905:Vernacular Chinese
848:
560:
533:Chinese characters
384:
242:variety of Chinese
72:Chinese characters
5725:
5724:
5705:
5704:
5391:
5390:
5297:
5296:
5209:Taiwanese Braille
5179:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5126:
5125:
5069:Taiwanese Hokkien
5005:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4976:Malayo-Polynesian
4970:
4969:
4670:
4669:
4652:
4651:
4479:
4478:
4397:Written Cantonese
4392:
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4174:Classical grammar
4169:Cantonese grammar
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3900:
3707:
3706:
3626:
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3488:
3487:
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2872:Chengdu–Chongqing
2665:Sinitic languages
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2385:Zhanjiang dialect
2272:
2271:
2129:Quanzhou dialects
2074:
2073:
1879:978-90-04-18493-0
1819:978-981-287-593-8
1560:978-3-447-05093-7
1551:Written Taiwanese
1464:. Taipei: Taili.
1272:
1271:
1119:Chinese character
1078:
1077:
1005:Vernacular phrase
989:
988:
924:I will leave now.
894:Taiwanese Hokkien
797:Carstairs Douglas
352:Taiwanese Hokkien
280:Classical Chinese
235:
234:
16:(Redirected from
5765:
5460:
5415:Creole languages
5402:Johor-Riau Malay
5342:
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2049:Manjiang dialect
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1504:. Archived from
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5356:
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5218:Other languages
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5197:
5171:
5140:Taiwanese Hakka
5122:
5119:(Wuqiu dialect)
5103:
5078:
5074:Teochew dialect
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2206:Malacca Straits
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2064:Nanlang dialect
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3205:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3183:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3155:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3137:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3088:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2939:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2889:Renshou–Fushun
2886:
2885:
2884:
2874:
2863:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2801:
2799:Central Plains
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2775:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2752:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2729:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2696:
2694:
2685:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2628:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2447:
2445:
2435:
2434:
2431:Writing system
2429:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2403:Haikou dialect
2399:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2381:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2334:Shaowu dialect
2330:
2328:
2326:Shao–Jiang Min
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2307:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2288:Putian dialect
2284:
2282:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2202:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2189:
2184:
2182:Penang Hokkien
2172:
2171:
2170:
2160:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2151:Chawan dialect
2143:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2134:Hui'an dialect
2126:
2120:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2106:Swatow dialect
2102:
2100:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2059:Longdu dialect
2051:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2033:Ningde dialect
2030:
2025:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2004:
2002:Gutian dialect
1999:
1994:
1992:Fuqing dialect
1989:
1987:Fuzhou dialect
1983:
1981:
1974:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1922:
1915:
1914:
1889:
1878:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1845:(2): 128–133.
1818:
1805:
1778:
1772:
1759:
1753:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1723:
1693:
1662:
1629:
1599:
1566:
1559:
1541:
1521:
1474:
1453:
1432:
1413:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1373:Penang Hokkien
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1334:
1320:
1306:
1292:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1003:
987:
986:
983:
980:
976:
975:
972:
969:
965:
964:
961:
958:
954:
953:
950:
947:
943:
942:
939:
936:
932:
931:
928:
925:
921:
920:
917:
914:
910:
909:
906:
903:
889:
886:
808:
792:Victor H. Mair
749:('low', as in
534:
531:
517:Taiwanese kana
515:Main article:
512:
511:Taiwanese kana
509:
508:
507:
455:
452:
386:Main article:
369:
362:
360:
357:
350:Today, whilst
316:mainland China
275:
272:
264:including its
233:
232:
230:
229:
222:
215:
207:
204:
203:
200:
199:
194:
189:
187:Taiwanese kana
183:
179:
178:
177:
174:
173:
163:
162:
159:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
122:
116:
115:
114:
111:
110:
107:
106:
101:
99:
94:
92:
87:
81:
71:
70:
69:
66:
65:
64:
63:
55:
54:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5770:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5718:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5708:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5648:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5606:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5587:
5583:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5545:
5542:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5516:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5465:
5461:
5458:
5454:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5413:
5407:
5406:Orang Seletar
5404:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5394:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5359:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5343:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5325:
5320:
5318:
5313:
5311:
5306:
5305:
5302:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5216:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5200:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5186:
5182:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5110:
5106:
5098:
5097:Matsu dialect
5095:
5094:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5085:
5081:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5049:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5008:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4915:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4821:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4773:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4698:
4693:
4691:
4686:
4684:
4679:
4678:
4675:
4665:
4655:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4610:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4558:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4549:
4548:Cyrillization
4546:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4502:
4499:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4440:Script styles
4437:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4385:
4382:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4350:
4344:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4016:
4011:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3263:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2890:
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2257:Zhongshan Min
2255:
2253:
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2241:
2240:Houlu dialect
2238:
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2233:
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2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2207:
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2187:Medan Hokkien
2185:
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2054:Zhongshan Min
2052:
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2040:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2028:Fu'an dialect
2026:
2024:
2023:Xiapu dialect
2021:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2007:Matsu dialect
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
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1773:957-9463-46-8
1769:
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1756:
1754:3-11-015831-0
1750:
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1724:9789575962456
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1584:
1583:Taiwan Papers
1577:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1525:
1522:
1511:on 2011-07-19
1507:
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1471:
1470:957-98861-6-4
1467:
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1449:957-8845-85-5
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1303:Taiwan portal
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900:
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895:
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885:
883:
879:
875:
874:
868:
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862:
859:and Japanese
858:
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341:lingua franca
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117:Romanizations
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68:
67:
62:
59:
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56:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
5432:Chitty Malay
5427:Bazaar Malay
5240:Shanghainese
5185:Japonic Sign
5011:Sino-Tibetan
4712:Austronesian
4570:Hanyu Pinyin
4560:Romanization
4467:Semi-cursive
4406:
4312:Old Mandarin
4269:Stroke count
4196:
4189:
4111:Old National
3954:Unclassified
2859:Southwestern
2692:Northeastern
2674:Major groups
2663:
2600:Qi Lin Bayin
2303:Northern Min
2124:Amoy dialect
2089:Southern Min
1900:
1885:
1869:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1809:
1792:
1786:
1763:
1744:
1714:
1705:
1702:Ong, Iok-tek
1696:
1684:. Retrieved
1679:
1665:
1642:
1632:
1615:
1602:
1591:. Retrieved
1586:
1582:
1569:
1550:
1544:
1535:
1524:
1513:. Retrieved
1506:the original
1493:
1461:
1456:
1440:
1435:
1363:Amoy dialect
1289:China portal
1084:
990:
891:
878:Ming dynasty
871:
869:
849:
843:
822:
815:
803:
802:
790:
779:
769:
765:
750:
746:
742:
738:
728:
724:
713:
703:
699:
689:
671:
665:
657:
642:
634:
626:
622:
618:
606:
595:
581:Tn̂g-lâng-jī
561:
520:
481:Sample text:
480:
467:
448:
443:
442:
422:
411:Latin script
391:
376:A sample of
349:
309:
293:
277:
265:
257:
246:Southern Min
236:
166:Mixed script
42:
5641:Minangkabau
4639:Xiao'erjing
4501:Punctuation
4494:Traditional
4447:Oracle bone
4431:Logographic
4327:Proto-Hakka
4302:Eastern Han
4297:Old Chinese
4159:Classifiers
4126:Northern Wu
4054:Singaporean
3260: [
3248: [
3236: [
3224: [
3212: [
2443:Logographic
2377:Leizhou Min
2349:Central Min
2278:Pu–Xian Min
2098:Teochew Min
1972:Eastern Min
1949:Min Chinese
1404:Mair, V. H.
1074:男人 lâm-jîn
1024:wild, crazy
994:Ong Iok-tek
882:koa-á-chheh
320:in Malaysia
284:Old Chinese
90:Koa-á books
5732:Categories
5697:Vietnamese
5614:Mandailing
5586:Indonesian
5544:Indo-Aryan
5422:Baba Malay
5284:Vietnamese
5272:Indonesian
5092:Fuzhounese
4952:Kanakanavu
4590:Wade–Giles
4489:Simplified
4384:Vernacular
4377:in Vietnam
4230:Simplified
4217:Biaoxingma
4164:Honorifics
4099:Historical
4044:Philippine
4034:Sichuanese
3961:Badong Yao
3665:Shao–Jiang
3536:Philippine
3344:Xiangxiang
3339:Shuangfeng
3084:Taizhou Wu
2867:Sichuanese
2474:Pe̍h-ūe-jī
2469:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
2461:Alphabetic
2252:Zhenan Min
2247:Haklau Min
2235:Datian Min
1593:2011-07-01
1531:臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典
1515:2011-07-04
1472:. pp. 264.
1426:臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典
1379:References
1071:cha-po͘ 查埔
1046:go against
888:Vocabulary
615:indigenous
555:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
552:(top) and
437:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
425:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
416:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
406:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
394:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
388:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
379:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
366:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
332:Kuomintang
305:loangraphs
126:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
119:(Lô-má-jī)
5626:Baweanese
5599:Banjarese
5532:Malayalam
5527:Dravidian
5482:Hainanese
5477:Cantonese
5447:Singdarin
5267:Malaysian
5230:Cantonese
5202:Auxiliary
4871:Ketagalan
4789:Favorlang
4528:Taiwanese
4518:Cantonese
4362:Classical
4322:Proto-Min
4257:Microsoft
4116:Cantonese
4092:Phonology
4073:Cantonese
4064:Singdarin
4049:Malaysian
4039:Taiwanese
3943:Rongjiang
3933:Yongjiang
3929:Southern
3914:Northern
3888:Luo–Guang
3797:Hong Kong
3792:Guangzhou
3748:Taiwanese
3741:Changting
3675:Zhanjiang
3589:Zhongshan
3556:Malaysian
3551:Singapore
3516:Zhangzhou
3468:Zhongshan
3361:Yong–Quan
3257:Jing-Zhan
3187:Xuancheng
3164:Jiangshan
3043:Changzhou
2964:Junjiahua
2817:Guanzhong
2700:Changchun
2584:Proto-Min
2395:Hainanese
2281:(Hinghwa)
2204:Southern
2174:Northern
2163:Taiwanese
1961:Languages
1909:2190-8796
1872:. Brill.
1859:151455258
1651:cite book
1639:"Preface"
1624:2190-8796
1451:. p. 272.
1234:jîn / lîn
1226:to study
1181:seⁿ / siⁿ
1063:窗 chhong
1013:beautiful
979:different
974:多謝 or 感謝
968:Thank you
855:, Korean
805:language.
619:chhit-thô
324:Singapore
250:Cantonese
5677:Japanese
5672:Filipino
5662:Armenian
5636:Javanese
5631:Buginese
5594:Acehnese
5554:Gujarati
5442:Singlish
5437:Kristang
5378:Mandarin
5361:Official
5345:National
5252:Japanese
5247:Filipino
5061:Southern
5029:Mandarin
4917:Southern
4898:Sakizaya
4838:Saisiyat
4776:Northern
4730:Atayalic
4721:Formosan
4612:Bopomofo
4541:Phonetic
4533:Two-cell
4462:Clerical
4372:in Japan
4367:Adoption
4355:Official
4346:Literary
4221:Boshiamy
4198:Xiehouyu
4154:Numerals
4131:Mandarin
4059:Standard
4019:Standard
3893:Qin–Lian
3883:Yong–Xun
3868:Gao–Yang
3814:Jiujiang
3802:Malaysia
3736:Tingzhou
3687:Wenchang
3648:Jianyang
3638:Northern
3597:Sanxiang
3511:Quanzhou
3494:Southern
3463:Manjiang
3327:Changsha
3287:Nanchang
3282:Chang–Du
3179:Xuanzhou
3169:Qingtian
3123:Wencheng
3069:Jiangyin
3064:Jinxiang
3054:Shaoxing
3048:Hangzhou
3028:Shanghai
2969:Qinjiang
2877:Minjiang
2849:Xinjiang
2807:Dongping
2771:Jiaoliao
2710:Shenyang
2683:Mandarin
2567:Research
2208:Hokkien
2178:Hokkien
1801:24810816
1704:(1993).
1502:41879041
1406:(2003).
1275:See also
1268:to turn
1184:student
1128:English
809:—
751:kē-thn̂g
623:thit-thô
607:Báng-kah
558:(bottom)
460:Bopomofo
454:Bopomofo
301:bopomofo
35:a series
33:Part of
5748:Hokkien
5667:Burmese
5609:Angkola
5574:Sinhala
5564:Punjabi
5549:Bengali
5507:Teochew
5502:Hokkien
5497:Hokchew
5492:Henghwa
5472:Sinitic
5464:Chinese
5368:English
5225:English
5165:Zhao'an
5160:Raoping
5109:Pu-Xian
5084:Eastern
5020:Sinitic
4985:Batanic
4908:Taivoan
4893:Qauqaut
4888:Makatao
4881:Luilang
4866:Kavalan
4511:Braille
4472:Cursive
4422:Scripts
4289:History
4279:ZhengMa
4225:Cangjie
4191:Chengyu
4146:Grammar
4121:Hokkien
4078:Hokkien
3986:Waxiang
3966:Danzhou
3938:Guandao
3923:Younian
3918:Tongdao
3907:Pinghua
3847:Taishan
3763:Raoping
3731:Huizhou
3721:Meixian
3697:Banqiao
3670:Leizhou
3660:Pu–Xian
3655:Central
3643:Jian'ou
3618:Longyan
3566:Teochew
3503:Hokkien
3478:Nanlang
3434:Fu–Ning
3414:Changle
3396:Houguan
3387:Eastern
3334:Loushao
3322:Changyi
3304:Da–Tong
3299:Ying–Yi
3245:Yanzhou
3113:Wenzhou
3106:Oujiang
3097:Tiantai
3092:Taizhou
3001:Zhi–Yan
2948:Nantong
2943:Nanjing
2918:Gui–Liu
2908:Nanping
2903:Kunming
2829:Luoyang
2784:Qingdao
2756:Tianjin
2733:Beijing
2725:Beijing
2519:Peng'im
2194:Hokkien
2116:Hokkien
1980:Houguan
1672:參、臺灣閩南語
1462:A-Chhûn
1240:person
1212:return
1060:thang 窗
1052:乖 koai
1030:狂 kông
1002:English
930:我會現在來走
902:English
876:in the
865:Unicode
853:chữ Nôm
644:liúmáng
637:lô͘-môa
274:History
238:Hokkien
5687:Nepali
5682:Korean
5657:Arabic
5569:Sindhi
5537:Telugu
5519:Indian
5257:Korean
5145:Sixian
5042:Junhua
4957:Saaroa
4944:Tsouic
4934:Puyuma
4929:Paiwan
4903:Siraya
4827:Kaxabu
4811:Arikun
4806:Hoanya
4801:Papora
4794:Taokas
4784:Babuza
4759:Rukaic
4743:Seediq
4738:Atayal
4580:Postal
4575:MPS II
4452:Bronze
4332:Ba–Shu
4252:Google
4247:Pinyin
4183:Idioms
3996:Yeheni
3878:Wu–Hua
3873:Goulou
3852:Xinhui
3829:Dapeng
3824:Weitou
3809:Xiguan
3784:Yuehai
3753:Sixian
3692:Haikou
3682:Hainan
3613:Zhenan
3579:Haklau
3574:Swatow
3546:Penang
3531:Taiwan
3526:Chawan
3473:Longdu
3442:Ningde
3419:Gutian
3409:Fuqing
3404:Fuzhou
3366:Qiyang
3349:Wugang
3294:Yi–Liu
3221:Xiu-Yi
3209:Ji-She
3159:Quzhou
3151:Chu–Qu
3141:Jinhua
3133:Wuzhou
3118:Rui'an
3059:Ningbo
3033:Suzhou
2923:Wuming
2894:Zigong
2882:Leshan
2844:Lanyin
2839:Dungan
2834:Xuzhou
2812:Gangou
2789:Weihai
2779:Dalian
2738:Taiwan
2705:Harbin
2545:Hàn-lô
2228:Others
2042:Others
2016:Funing
1907:
1876:
1857:
1816:
1799:
1770:
1751:
1721:
1686:2 July
1622:
1557:
1500:
1496:(89).
1468:
1447:
1142:white
1057:window
1038:khiā 徛
1027:siáu 痟
952:啥物，啥咪
941:佗位，叨位
935:Where?
927:我會現在走了
916:你吃飽了沒有
880:, and
770:chia̍h
570:Hàn-jī
549:Hàn-jī
543:Hàn-jī
485:我像離水ㄟ魚
431:Hàn-lô
170:Hàn-lô
76:Hàn-jī
18:Hàn-jī
5650:Other
5604:Batak
5559:Hindi
5487:Hakka
5383:Tamil
5373:Malay
5352:Malay
5262:Malay
5150:Hailu
5132:Hakka
4924:Bunun
4876:Basay
4833:Kulon
4823:Pazeh
4766:Rukai
4748:Truku
4644:Nüshu
4348:forms
4262:Sogou
4209:Input
4083:Hakka
4021:forms
3861:Other
3819:Shiqi
3758:Hailu
3726:Wuhua
3713:Hakka
3631:Other
3606:Other
3541:Pedan
3456:Other
3447:Fu'an
3424:Matsu
3356:Ji–Xu
3314:Xiang
3264:]
3252:]
3240:]
3233:Qi-De
3228:]
3216:]
3074:Shadi
3020:Taihu
2974:Gyami
2957:Other
2913:Wuhan
2822:Xi'an
2761:Jinan
2538:Mixed
1897:(PDF)
1855:S2CID
1713:[
1711:臺灣話講座
1676:(PDF)
1612:(PDF)
1579:(PDF)
1534:[
1509:(PDF)
1490:(PDF)
1262:chóan
1170:book
1156:face
1041:豎 sū
1035:stand
1019:美 bí
1016:súi 媠
946:What?
919:你食飽未
861:kanji
857:hanja
743:jio̍k
504:]
500:[
474:gloss
382:text.
5692:Thai
5619:Toba
5279:Thai
5155:Dabu
4993:Yami
4962:Tsou
4861:Amis
4853:East
4843:Thao
4816:Lloa
4605:Yale
4595:EFEO
4457:Seal
4242:Dayi
3839:Siyi
3521:Amoy
3038:Wuxi
2935:Huai
2748:Jilu
1905:ISSN
1874:ISBN
1814:ISBN
1797:OCLC
1768:ISBN
1749:ISBN
1719:ISBN
1688:2011
1657:link
1620:ISSN
1555:ISBN
1498:OCLC
1466:ISBN
1445:ISBN
1254:few
1251:chió
1248:siàu
1237:lâng
1220:ha̍k
1206:hóan
1198:not
1178:seng
1150:biān
1139:pe̍h
1136:pe̍k
1049:koāi
985:無同款
741:and
739:he̍k
704:kôan
527:kana
525:, a
462:and
252:and
240:, a
5052:Min
4337:Gan
4237:CKC
4104:Old
3981:She
3971:Mai
3775:Yue
3378:Min
3274:Gan
3201:Hui
3050:(?)
2988:Jin
2715:Taz
1847:doi
1265:tńg
1223:o̍h
1209:tńg
1192:put
1167:chu
1153:bīn
1068:man
982:不一樣
963:聽無
960:聽不懂
780:xiā
729:bah
706:is
690:suí
672:suí
621:or
576:唐人字
573:or
546:in
400:白話字
314:in
5734::
5235:Wu
3262:zh
3250:zh
3238:zh
3226:zh
3214:zh
3011:Wu
1899:.
1853:.
1843:21
1841:.
1835:.
1795:.
1793:25
1791:.
1785:.
1678:.
1653:}}
1649:{{
1641:.
1614:.
1585:.
1581:.
1492:.
1477:^
1416:^
1387:^
1195:m̄
1164:su
1105:解說
1097:語音
1089:讀音
971:謝謝
949:什麼
938:哪裡
867:.
844:in
840:𪜶
788:.
766:te
755:低糖
747:kē
725:in
720:𪜶
714:m̄
700:ko
698:;
667:bí
664:;
653:鱸鰻
649:流氓
611:艋舺
603:萬華
584:,
565:漢字
506:.)
322:,
299:,
291:.
37:on
5323:e
5316:t
5309:v
4696:e
4689:t
4682:v
2647:e
2640:t
2633:v
1941:e
1934:t
1927:v
1911:.
1882:.
1861:.
1849::
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1822:.
1803:.
1776:.
1757:.
1727:.
1690:.
1659:)
1626:.
1596:.
1587:5
1563:.
1518:.
1410:.
1259:轉
1245:少
1231:人
1217:學
1203:返
1189:不
1175:生
1161:書
1147:面
1133:白
842:(
785:食
775:呷
761:低
734:肉
709:懸
695:高
688:(
685:水
680:婎
676:媠
661:美
647:(
502:e
497:ê
494:ㆤ
490:ㄟ
397:(
226:e
219:t
212:v
172:)
168:(
78:)
74:(
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