309:
515:
195:. Hu Qingyun refused to serve the Manchu Qing empire, which had conquered the Ming. After her graduation from high school in 1920, her parents arranged for her to marry a businessman cousin. However, soon afterwards she rebelled against the arranged marriage and divorced her husband, which was highly controversial at the time.
164:
39:
299:
in April 1927. The Wuhan-based left wing of the KMT, who were sympathetic to the
Communists, capitulated to Chiang's right wing. Hu Lanqi was discharged from the army when the military academy was dissolved in July 1927. Instead of returning home, she continued to work for the left-wing KMT leader He
526:
entered
Shanghai. Her fiancé Chen Yi, whom she had not seen since 1937, was appointed Shanghai's first mayor under the new regime. However, when she tried to contact Chen, she was told that he had already married and did not want to meet her. Disappointed, she helped some Buddhist friends set up a
584:
In the 1980s Hu wrote a detailed memoir of her life, in which she harshly criticized her own politics. She described herself as "immature", relying on "enthusiasm rather than analysis", which pushed her to "join whatever cause that struck her as just". She also considered the Red Guards who had
430:
When
Shanghai fell to the Japanese, Hu and her women soldiers retreated inland with hundreds of thousands of soldiers and refugees. They reached Wuhan after many nights of gruelling marches. She gave her written accounts of the corps to the war reporter
506:. She urged Yang Sen to abandon his support for Chiang Kai-shek, but Yang had commanded attacks against the Communists in the past and did not believe they would forgive him. He eventually retreated to Taiwan with Chiang in 1949.
565:), a KMT government minister who had fled to Taiwan. After seeing the squalor and misery she was living in, Hu organized an "Old People's Association" to improve the lives of the elderly, which attracted 1,000 members.
369:
suppressed the German
Communist Party and threw thousands of party members in jail. Hu Lanqi was arrested and imprisoned for three months. When the news reached China, Soong Ching-ling and the prominent writer
446:. According to Hu's own account, they fell in love and became engaged. She wanted her women's corps to join the Communist rather than the KMT army, but the idea was rejected by the New Fourth Army commander
435:, who distributed them widely and made Hu's corps famous in China. She became the first Chinese woman to be awarded the rank of major general by the Republic of China's Central Military Commission.
589:, as many other writers did after the Cultural Revolution, contrasting the vengeful Mao with the humane Zhou. She explicitly criticized the morality of Chen Yi for the way he treated her in 1949.
346:. When Soong's mother died, Hu accompanied Soong back to China to attend her funeral in July 1931, before returning to Germany. In 1932, her image appeared on the cover of the popular magazine
1051:
387:
published excerpts of the book, and it was soon translated and published in
English, German, Russian, Spanish and Chinese, making her a celebrity. In the summer of 1934 the Soviet luminary
496:
resumed. Hu Lanqi again worked under Li Jishen, persuading various KMT commanders to defect to the
Communist side. At that time, the Sichuan general Yang Sen was serving as Governor of
557:. She was allowed to retire from her college in 1975, and went back to her hometown Chengdu. In 1987, her party membership was restored. In Chengdu, she met the abandoned wife of
553:
As the
Cultural Revolution neared its end, her Rightist label was removed in 1974. She assumed that some of her friends in high positions had survived the turmoil and secured her
465:. In her reports she wrote about the numerous dead and dying soldiers and civilians she had encountered, and her corps was frequently attacked by Japanese bombing raids.
928:
218:, which was published in 1929. The novel's heroine Mei, modelled after Hu Lanqi's life from 1920 to 1924, would become much better known in China than Hu herself.
522:
When the
Communists won the Civil War and established the People's Republic in 1949, Hu Lanqi was in Shanghai with her Communist friends. She celebrated when the
210:
being legal at the time) to read and befriended another, but when Yang proposed to Hu, she angrily refused to become his sixth wife. When the influential writer
527:
vegetarian restaurant in
Shanghai, before moving to Beijing, where an old friend from her European days helped her secure a job as an accountant in a college.
585:
tormented her during the
Cultural Revolution similarly immature and easily manipulated. Her memoir rarely mentions Mao Zedong, but frequently praises Premier
1091:
1081:
1071:
1041:
109:
in 1937, she organized a team of women soldiers to resist the Japanese invasion, and became the first woman to be awarded the rank of Major General by the
1066:
424:
206:, where she worked at the elementary school of South Sichuan Teachers College and studied at the college. She taught two of Yang's five wives (
966:
374:
formally petitioned the German consulate in Shanghai and secured her release. She was deported to France and moved to England soon afterward.
1076:
1046:
1012:
941:
531:
542:
in 1957, Hu, like many other political activists, was denounced as a "Rightist" and expelled from the Communist Party. When the
110:
300:
Xiangning, helping her unionize female workers. She broke up with her second husband whose political views differed from hers.
356:
322:
After being blacklisted by the KMT, Hu left China for Europe in 1928. She briefly shared an apartment with He Xiangning in
233:. In spring 1925, she married the young officer Chen Mengyun (陈梦云), who, unbeknownst to her, had already been married to a
1061:
1056:
566:
50:
947:
1086:
268:
86:
523:
530:
The first years of the People's Republic were relatively uneventful, but she was accused of embezzlement during the
335:
90:
708:
203:
168:
144:
554:
420:
292:
260:
126:
106:
391:
invited her to attend the First Congress of Russian Writers, and reportedly singled her out for praise. In
573:
health centre after her lobbying, and she helped to raise funds to set up a retirement home with 80 beds.
539:
403:, who asked her to go to Hong Kong to act as a liaison between left-wing KMT leaders and the Communists.
981:
381:, recounting her experience in jail with political prisoners and petty criminals. The French newspaper
1036:
1031:
355:
In December 1932, Hu was briefly arrested by the German police after attending a protest against the
543:
489:
442:, where she reunited with her old friend Chen Yi, who was by then a top commander of the Communist
348:
314:
272:
122:
308:
547:
546:
began in 1966, "Rightists" like Hu were severely persecuted, and she was viciously beaten by the
477:
458:
416:
558:
1001:"Hu Lanqi: Rebellious Woman, Revolutionary Soldier, Discarded Heroine, and Triumphant Survivor"
1008:
1000:
937:
493:
296:
222:
148:
143:
She was married and divorced twice. She rejected a marriage proposal from the Sichuan warlord
114:
454:
339:
121:'s political campaigns following the Communist victory in Mainland China. She survived the
443:
423:. In September, she organized the Shanghai Labor Women's War Service Corps to support the
361:
288:
26:
68:
480:, they launched a last-ditch attack in July 1945 in Jiangxi, threatening her community.
97:
in 1933 and wrote an influential memoir of her experience, for which she was invited by
562:
432:
1025:
629:
502:
327:
366:
331:
280:
252:
188:
184:
152:
94:
31:
22:
514:
388:
343:
276:
98:
586:
535:
473:
447:
400:
284:
256:
235:
118:
570:
412:
248:
230:
411:
After a brief stay in Hong Kong, where she met the disaffected KMT leader
462:
439:
396:
383:
207:
192:
497:
469:
211:
180:
176:
133:
163:
140:(1929), whose heroine, Mei, would become more famous than Hu herself.
392:
371:
323:
199:
102:
58:
38:
513:
307:
279:. She was one of a small number of women recruits, which included
264:
162:
37:
930:
Writing Women in Modern China: The Revolutionary Years, 1936–1976
295:, who had been until then allied with the KMT, and committed the
576:
Hu Lanqi died in Chengdu on 13 December 1994, at the age of 93.
453:
Hu did not witness the worst atrocities of the war, such as the
259:(KMT) government. The following year, she became a cadet of the
42:
Hu Lanqi in 1937, when she was awarded the rank of Major General
1003:. In Hammond, Kenneth James; Stapleton, Kristin Eileen (eds.).
476:
could work, feed themselves and receive education. Just before
214:
heard about her story from a mutual friend, he wrote the novel
151:, the Chinese communist leader who would become one of China's
450:, who feared it might cause trouble with the KMT leadership.
187:. Her father Hu Qingyun (胡卿云) was a descendant of the famous
155:
and would serve as Foreign Minister, but they never married.
225:, who was working as an editor at the progressive newspaper
129:, and published a detailed memoir of her life in the 1980s.
907:
905:
892:
890:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
830:
828:
826:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
755:
753:
751:
415:, Hu was in Shanghai when the Japanese launched an all-out
85:, was a Chinese writer and military leader. She joined the
684:
682:
645:
643:
202:
in southern Sichuan, the base of the progressive warlord
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
419:
in August 1937, at the beginning of the eight-year-long
738:
736:
734:
492:
between the KMT and the Communists broke apart and the
468:
After her corps was disbanded in 1942, she was sent to
457:, but she was present when the retreating KMT soldiers
171:, whose marriage proposal was rejected by Hu Lanqi.
1052:National Revolutionary Army generals from Sichuan
229:(新蜀报, "New Sichuan Newspaper"), based in nearby
500:Province, who hired her as Chief Editor of the
334:, she joined the Chinese-speaking group of the
1007:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 157–176.
247:In the spring of 1926, Hu Lanqi left home for
518:Marshal Chen Yi, to whom Hu Lanqi was engaged
472:Province to reclaim abandoned farmland where
183:Province in 1901, during the tumultuous late
8:
326:, and through the introduction of He's son
175:Hu Lanqi was born to an affluent family in
221:During her time in Luzhou, she befriended
113:. She supported the Communists during the
911:
896:
881:
869:
846:
834:
782:
759:
725:
688:
673:
661:
649:
604:
81:; 1901 – 13 December 1994), also spelled
287:. After initial success, the KMT leader
805:
742:
623:
621:
619:
617:
615:
613:
597:
488:Soon after the Japanese surrender, the
438:Late in 1937, she brought her corps to
359:. Two months later, following the Nazi
73:
703:
701:
699:
697:
395:she met the Chinese Communist leaders
89:in 1927 and the Chinese branch of the
967:"On the Front: Women Confronting War"
338:. He Xiangning also introduced Hu to
255:, Minister of Women's Affairs of the
7:
974:New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies
132:Based on her early life, the writer
1005:The Human Tradition in Modern China
817:
1092:Victims of the Cultural Revolution
1082:Communist Party of Germany members
1072:Prisoners and detainees of Germany
1042:20th-century Chinese women writers
999:Stapleton, Kristin Eileen (2008).
312:Hu Lanqi appeared on the cover of
16:Chinese writer and military leader
14:
509:
1067:Chinese people imprisoned abroad
93:in 1930. She was imprisoned by
357:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
63:
54:
1:
936:. Columbia University Press.
567:West China Medical University
1077:People deported from Germany
1047:20th-century Chinese writers
715:(in Chinese). 20 April 2010.
271:, which was then waging the
105:. After the outbreak of the
377:In 1934, she began writing
269:National Revolutionary Army
147:, and was later engaged to
87:National Revolutionary Army
1108:
980:(1): 29–45. Archived from
510:People's Republic of China
379:In a German Women's Prison
336:Communist Party of Germany
267:and enlisted in the KMT's
91:Communist Party of Germany
20:
628:Zhang Meng (2015-06-15).
342:, the widow of President
927:Dooling, Amy D. (2005).
630:"她们的激荡青春，让我们看到生命在历史中的归宿"
555:political rehabilitation
524:People's Liberation Army
478:the Japanese surrendered
421:Second Sino-Japanese War
261:Whampoa Military Academy
127:political rehabilitation
117:, but was persecuted in
107:Second Sino-Japanese War
540:Anti-Rightist Campaign
519:
319:
172:
43:
965:Liu, Lu (June 2010).
517:
311:
166:
41:
1062:Writers from Chengdu
1057:Female army generals
198:In 1921, Hu went to
544:Cultural Revolution
532:Three-anti Campaign
490:Second United Front
349:The Young Companion
315:The Young Companion
291:turned against the
273:Northern Expedition
243:Northern Expedition
123:Cultural Revolution
1087:Chinese communists
520:
417:attack on the city
320:
173:
44:
1014:978-0-7425-5466-5
943:978-0-231-13216-9
494:Chinese Civil War
407:Sino-Japanese War
297:Shanghai massacre
115:Chinese Civil War
111:Republic of China
1099:
1018:
995:
993:
992:
986:
971:
961:
959:
958:
952:
946:. Archived from
935:
915:
912:Stapleton (2008)
909:
900:
897:Stapleton (2008)
894:
885:
882:Stapleton (2008)
879:
873:
870:Stapleton (2008)
867:
850:
847:Stapleton (2008)
844:
838:
835:Stapleton (2008)
832:
821:
815:
809:
803:
786:
783:Stapleton (2008)
780:
763:
760:Stapleton (2008)
757:
746:
740:
729:
726:Stapleton (2008)
723:
717:
716:
709:"胡蘭畦：與陳毅相戀的國軍女將"
705:
692:
689:Stapleton (2008)
686:
677:
674:Stapleton (2008)
671:
665:
662:Stapleton (2008)
659:
653:
650:Stapleton (2008)
647:
638:
637:
634:Changjiang Times
625:
608:
605:Stapleton (2008)
602:
455:Nanjing Massacre
340:Soong Ching-ling
136:wrote the novel
79:
65:
56:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1022:
1021:
1015:
998:
990:
988:
984:
969:
964:
956:
954:
950:
944:
933:
926:
923:
918:
910:
903:
895:
888:
880:
876:
868:
853:
845:
841:
833:
824:
816:
812:
804:
789:
781:
766:
758:
749:
741:
732:
724:
720:
707:
706:
695:
687:
680:
672:
668:
660:
656:
648:
641:
627:
626:
611:
603:
599:
595:
582:
512:
486:
444:New Fourth Army
409:
362:Machtergreifung
306:
304:Exile in Europe
289:Chiang Kai-shek
245:
161:
101:to meet him in
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1105:
1103:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1024:
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1020:
1019:
1013:
996:
962:
942:
922:
919:
917:
916:
914:, p. 173.
901:
899:, p. 172.
886:
884:, p. 171.
874:
872:, p. 170.
851:
849:, p. 167.
839:
837:, p. 166.
822:
810:
806:Dooling (2005)
787:
785:, p. 169.
764:
762:, p. 165.
747:
743:Dooling (2005)
730:
728:, p. 164.
718:
693:
691:, p. 162.
678:
676:, p. 161.
666:
664:, p. 160.
654:
652:, p. 158.
639:
609:
607:, p. 157.
596:
594:
591:
581:
578:
534:in 1952. When
511:
508:
485:
482:
433:Fan Changjiang
408:
405:
305:
302:
244:
241:
160:
157:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1104:
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1090:
1088:
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1083:
1080:
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1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1016:
1010:
1006:
1002:
997:
987:on 2016-01-21
983:
979:
975:
968:
963:
953:on 2016-06-09
949:
945:
939:
932:
931:
925:
924:
920:
913:
908:
906:
902:
898:
893:
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878:
875:
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866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
852:
848:
843:
840:
836:
831:
829:
827:
823:
820:, p. 41.
819:
814:
811:
808:, p. 71.
807:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
788:
784:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
765:
761:
756:
754:
752:
748:
745:, p. 70.
744:
739:
737:
735:
731:
727:
722:
719:
714:
710:
704:
702:
700:
698:
694:
690:
685:
683:
679:
675:
670:
667:
663:
658:
655:
651:
646:
644:
640:
636:(in Chinese).
635:
631:
624:
622:
620:
618:
616:
614:
610:
606:
601:
598:
592:
590:
588:
579:
577:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
551:
549:
545:
541:
538:launched the
537:
533:
528:
525:
516:
507:
505:
504:
503:Guizhou Daily
499:
495:
491:
483:
481:
479:
475:
471:
466:
464:
460:
456:
451:
449:
445:
441:
436:
434:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
406:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
385:
380:
375:
373:
368:
364:
363:
358:
353:
351:
350:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
328:Liao Chengzhi
325:
317:
316:
310:
303:
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266:
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100:
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88:
84:
80:
78:
77:
70:
66:
60:
52:
48:
40:
34:
33:
28:
24:
19:
1004:
989:. Retrieved
982:the original
977:
973:
955:. Retrieved
948:the original
929:
921:Bibliography
877:
842:
813:
721:
712:
669:
657:
633:
600:
583:
575:
552:
529:
521:
501:
487:
467:
461:the city of
452:
437:
429:
427:of the KMT.
410:
382:
378:
376:
367:Adolf Hitler
360:
354:
347:
332:Cheng Fangwu
321:
313:
281:Xie Bingying
275:against the
253:He Xiangning
251:to work for
246:
234:
226:
220:
215:
197:
189:Ming dynasty
185:Qing dynasty
174:
153:Ten Marshals
142:
137:
131:
95:Nazi Germany
82:
75:
74:
72:
62:
46:
45:
30:
23:Chinese name
18:
1037:1994 deaths
1032:1901 births
474:war orphans
459:burned down
389:Maxim Gorky
344:Sun Yat-sen
227:Xin Shu Bao
125:to see her
99:Maxim Gorky
76:Hu Lan-ch'i
27:family name
1026:Categories
991:2016-04-26
957:2016-04-27
818:Liu (2010)
593:References
587:Zhou Enlai
559:Huang Jilu
548:Red Guards
536:Mao Zedong
448:Xiang Ying
401:Kang Sheng
293:Communists
285:Zhao Yiman
257:Kuomintang
236:tongyangxi
159:Early life
119:Mao Zedong
69:Wade–Giles
571:geriatric
569:set up a
484:Civil War
425:18th Army
413:Li Jishen
249:Guangzhou
231:Chongqing
463:Changsha
440:Nanchang
397:Li Lisan
384:Le Monde
318:in 1932.
277:warlords
208:polygamy
204:Yang Sen
193:Hu Dahai
191:general
169:Yang Sen
167:General
145:Yang Sen
83:Hu Lanxi
64:Hú Lánqí
47:Hu Lanqi
21:In this
498:Guizhou
470:Jiangxi
223:Chen Yi
216:Rainbow
212:Mao Dun
181:Sichuan
177:Chengdu
149:Chen Yi
138:Rainbow
134:Mao Dun
51:Chinese
1011:
940:
580:Memoir
393:Moscow
372:Lu Xun
324:Berlin
200:Luzhou
103:Moscow
71::
61::
59:pinyin
53::
25:, the
985:(PDF)
970:(PDF)
951:(PDF)
934:(PDF)
265:Wuhan
1009:ISBN
938:ISBN
713:Sina
399:and
330:and
283:and
563:黃季陸
263:in
55:胡兰畦
29:is
1028::
978:12
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550:.
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239:.
179:,
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1017:.
994:.
960:.
561:(
49:(
35:.
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