758:
57:
676:
785:, was under his control, he merely set up a Southern Administration there and remained with Tongwancheng as his capital out of concern that the Northern Wei would invade the Ordos in his absence. Throughout his reign, Bobo is described in records as an extremely cruel ruler who often killed his subjects on impulse. In 424, a civil war broke out among his sons, which ended in him appointing
663:. Impressed by his appearance and talents, Yao Xing made Bobo a general and assigned him to defend Shuofang, despite warnings from his officials regarding his violent behaviour. In 407, Bobo was angered by peace talks between Qin and Wei, leading him to rebel. After ceasing 8,000 tribute horses from the
698:
after they rejected a marriage alliance, dealing them a heavy defeat. Despite his grudge against
Northern Wei, Bobo mainly concentrated his military efforts on the Later Qin. He refused to establish a capital in his early reign, instead choosing to lead a roving army and attacking Qin’s northern
617:-led Former Qin. In 376, after multiple defeats to Dai, he convinced Qin to launch a campaign against them, with him acting as a guide. Qin conquered Dai that same year, but when dividing up their territory, Weichen was unhappy that Qin deferred more control over to his cousin,
540:, as chieftain and named his tribe “Tiefu”. The word "Tiefu" referred to people with Xiongnu fathers and Xianbei mothers, indicating that the tribe had intermingled with the Xianbei. Due to their mixed ethnicity, the Tiefu were also known as
702:
In 413, Bobo, believing that it was inappropriate to claim lineage of the Han dynasty through his maternal line, changed his family name from Liu to the prestigious-sounding name of Helian. He also built his capital city of
3884:
3852:
820:. In 431, as Wei continued their encroachment, he made a last-ditch effort to expand westwards. He conquered the weakened Western Qin, but on his way to invade Northern Liang, he was ambushed and captured by the
801:, Wei carried out a surprise attack on Xia, capturing many cities in Guanzhong including Chang’an. In 427, as Xia attempted to recapture Chang’an, Wei launched a second attack and captured their capital at the
694:
and founded his state of Great Xia, claiming the titles of
Heavenly King and Grand Chanyu. The same year, he led his forces to subjugate the tribes in Shuofang. He briefly fought with the
840:, who in 272 was killed by the Jin dynasty after he rebelled the previous year. While Hu's father Liu Gaoshengyuan took over their people, Meng's son, Liu Fulun (劉副崙) fled to the
4443:
640:. The Tiefu initially posed a threat to Wei, but in 392, Weichen was killed and the tribe’s power base was destroyed after a Wei counteroffensive. A son of Weichen,
4502:
754:
region. In 418, Bobo invaded the
Guanzhong, and due to violent infighting among the Jin generals, he inflicted them a catastrophic defeat and captured the region.
4497:
4492:
462:" (雜胡). It was not until Helian Bobo came to power that they fully affirm their Xiongnu lineage in a bid for legitimacy by claiming descent from the ancient
824:. Helian Ding’s capture marked the end of the Xia, and in 432, he was turned over to Wei and executed. In 434, Helian Chang tried to escape west from
797:
After Helian Bobo’s death in 425, the
Northern Wei intensified their pressure on the Xia. While Helian Chang was away campaigning against the
3963:
855:
Yao
Weiyuan (姚薇元) suggested in the past that 'Dugu' was an alternate form of 'Tuge' (屠各), the Xiongnu aristocratic clan that had adopted the
430:, they constructed their capital of Tongwan, a heavily fortified and state-of-the-art city that served as a frontier garrison until the
4011:
3812:
582:
The Tiefu resided in
Shuofang for many years. Liu Hu waged war with Dai but was repeatedly defeated and at one point had to flee the
4145:
4006:
3929:
695:
742:
The war with Xia greatly drained the Qin economy and military, with many of their key generals being killed in battle. In 417, the
4191:
4026:
4472:
3986:
310:
296:
282:
257:
243:
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4094:
398:
750:, conquered Qin, but the situation back at the Jin capital forced him to return and leave behind his generals to defend the
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4416:
390:
56:
3901:
3871:
590:
succeeded him in 341 and immediately entered a marriage alliance with Dai. On the other hand, he also submitted to the
4487:
4477:
636:, Weichen re-occupied Shuofang in 386. Around the same time, the Tuoba had also revived their state, now known as the
4001:
4315:
552:
4330:
4160:
3956:
656:
644:, went into exile and found protection under the Xianbei chieftain, Moyigan (沒弈干) at Gaoping (高平; in present-day
863:
state. This writer further suggests that 'Tuge' is an alternate form of 'Tuhe' (徒河), which is the branch of the
802:
4401:
4290:
564:
4396:
659:-led Later Qin under pressure from Wei. During his time in Qin, Bobo caught the attention of its ruler,
30:
This article is about the state during the
Sixteen Kingdoms period. For other dynasties named Xia, see
537:
4340:
4076:
3949:
844:
tribe. In 318, Fulun's son, Liu Lugu (劉路孤) also surrendered to the Tuoba and was given a daughter by
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31:
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4021:
3991:
757:
633:
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and tribal people being drafted to build the city. Remains of the city can still be seen today at
563:-Xianbei tribe allied with Jin and quelled his rebellion, and were rewarded with their fiefdom of
4426:
1358:
983:
949:
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607:
599:
595:
385:
period. Prior to establishing the Xia, the imperial clan existed as a tribal entity known as the
374:
966:
932:
603:
587:
852:
tribe (獨孤), and like the Tiefu, they were known as Wuhuan people due to their mixed ethnicity.
618:
515:, and in 216, Cao Cao appointed him to supervise the Five Divisions of the Southern Xiongnu in
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prince-turned-Xiongnu noble, Liu Jinbo (劉進伯) instead. In 196, he assisted the warlord,
439:
781:
In 419, Helian Bobo elevated himself to
Emperor of Xia. Although the ancient capital,
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845:
499:, although a later and more dubious account alleged that he was the descendant of a
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of the Dugu tribe, prompting him to rebel. He was defeated and forced to cross the
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marriages with Han princesses, Qubei's family adopted the "Liu" (劉) surname.
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4243:
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817:
809:, but after several more defeats, he was finally captured in battle in 428.
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711:. Construction of the city was reportedly brutal, with around 100,000
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The rulers of Xia came from the Tiefu tribe, who descended from the
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667:, he went to Gaoping and killed Moyigan, taking over his forces.
3945:
519:. As the Xiongnu imperial family claimed descent from the
723:. In 414, Helian Bobo entered into an alliance with the
454:
ethnicity, the Tiefu were initially known as a group of
613:
Weichen vacillated his allegiance between Dai and the
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succeeded him in 356, but was ousted by Wuhuan's son,
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surname of Liu (劉), members of which also ruled the
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4444:Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms
686:As the Xiongnu alleged that they descended from
606:in 358. After Xiwuqi died in 359, his brother,
3957:
875:Chieftains of the Tiefu and rulers of the Xia
848:to marry. Fulun's branch became known as the
8:
422:". Both the Tiefu and Xia were based in the
442:. At its peak, the Xia also controlled the
418:All rulers of the Xia declared themselves "
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55:
36:
4032:Northern Wei's unification of North China
655:In 402, Moyigan and Liu Bobo fled to the
1012:
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878:
579:, gave him the title of Duke of Loufan.
27:Chinese Sixteen Kingdoms state (407–431)
3844:
434:. Its ruins were discovered during the
4503:5th-century disestablishments in China
816:, declared himself the new emperor at
632:As Former Qin collapsed following the
3920:. Rutgers University Press. pp.
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93:
7:
4017:Fu Jian's unification of North China
690:, Liu Bobo claimed descent from the
551:In 310, Liu Hu rebelled against the
4498:5th-century establishments in China
4493:Former countries in Chinese history
487:. Qubei was a member of the ruling-
3813:List of past Chinese ethnic groups
25:
610:, killed his son and took power.
3997:Shi Le's conquest of North China
828:but was intercepted and killed.
308:
294:
280:
255:
241:
3987:Upheaval of the Five Barbarians
629:, where he resubmitted to Qin.
450:. Due to their mix Xiongnu and
411:
402:
394:
357:), known in historiography as
353:
1:
699:borders when least expected.
446:region in modern-day central
707:at the southern edge of the
377:ruled by the Helian clan of
491:clan as the brother of the
174:'s claim of imperial title
4519:
532:In 309, Qubei's grandson,
426:, and during the reign of
29:
3917:The Empire of the Steppes
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2748:
2746:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2637:
2635:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2502:
2500:
2492:
2490:
2482:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2412:
2410:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2182:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1489:
1487:
1471:
1469:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1062:
1046:
1030:(same person as Liu Bobo)
996:
979:
962:
945:
928:
911:
789:as his new Crown Prince.
344:
220:
216:
154:
142:
102:
54:
49:
4146:Southern Liang (397–414)
4062:Northern Liang (397–460)
1074:Shengguang (勝光) 428–431
1058:Chengguang (承光) 425–428
812:Helian Chang’s brother,
4192:Western Liang (400–421)
3914:Grousset, Rene (1970).
832:Relations with the Dugu
731:, and in 415, with the
375:dynastic state of China
184:• Fall of Tongwan
4473:Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)
4296:Northern Wei (386–535)
4197:Northern Yan (407–436)
4187:Former Liang (318–376)
4151:Southern Yan (398–410)
4012:Huan Wen's Expeditions
4007:Conquest of Wei by Yan
1042:Zhenxing (眞興) 419–425
1038:Fengxiang (鳳翔) 413–418
1036:Longsheng (龍升) 407–413
803:Battle of Tongwancheng
778:
683:
567:. Liu Hu fled west to
536:succeeded his father,
194:• Disestablished
4483:431 disestablishments
4234:Western Yan (384–394)
4141:Western Qin (385–431)
4095:Later Liang (386–403)
906:Tiefu Tribe (309–407)
871:(慕容) were descended.
805:. Chang relocated to
760:
678:
381:ethnicity during the
4436:Histories of the Era
4131:Former Yan (337–370)
4113:Later Zhao (319–351)
4090:Former Qin (351–394)
4027:Liu Yu's Expeditions
1040:Changwu (昌武) 418–419
671:Reign of Helian Bobo
4169:Later Qin (384–417)
4136:Later Yan (384–409)
4085:Cheng-Han (304–347)
4022:Battle of Fei River
3992:Disaster of Yongjia
1146:d. ?; r. 216–?
836:Liu Hu's uncle was
634:Battle of Fei River
569:Shuofang Commandery
553:Western Jin dynasty
509:Emperor Xian of Han
399:traditional Chinese
160:• Established
4488:Dynasties of China
4478:407 establishments
4249:Qiao Shu (405–413)
4244:Huan Chu (403–404)
4239:Zhai Wei (388–392)
4057:Han-Zhao (304–329)
2936:d. 432; r. 428–431
2913:d. 434; r. 425–428
1081:Rulers family tree
895:Durations of reign
779:
684:
596:Later Zhao dynasty
391:simplified Chinese
75:Shanggui (427–428)
4460:
4459:
4360:Key personalities
4304:
4303:
4286:Chouchi (296–580)
4229:Duan Qi (350–356)
4224:Ran Wei (350–352)
4205:
4204:
3833:Monarchy of China
3791:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3132:
2963:
2954:
2923:
2891:
2351:
2039:
2025:
1811:
1594:
1387:
1365:
1147:
1078:
1077:
761:A stone horse in
334:
333:
320:
319:
316:
315:
268:
267:
61:Helian Xia in 423
16:(Redirected from
4510:
4214:
4045:
3973:Sixteen Kingdoms
3966:
3959:
3952:
3943:
3936:
3935:
3911:
3905:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3881:
3875:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3849:
3130:
2961:
2950:
2921:
2889:
2359:
2344:
2036:
2023:
1809:
1592:
1385:
1363:
1145:
1094:
1093:
1085:
888:Posthumous names
879:
793:Decline and fall
773:) carved during
538:Liu Gaoshengyuan
481:Southern Xiongnu
413:
404:
396:
383:Sixteen Kingdoms
355:
346:
312:
311:
304:Liu Song dynasty
298:
297:
284:
283:
272:
271:
259:
258:
245:
244:
238:
237:
222:
221:
59:
37:
21:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4431:
4355:
4300:
4274:
4253:
4201:
4173:
4155:
4117:
4099:
4071:
4041:The 16 Kingdoms
4036:
3975:
3970:
3940:
3939:
3932:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3896:
3892:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3864:
3860:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3841:
3799:
3793:
3740:
3738:
3541:
3539:
3374:
3178:
3147:
3145:
3138:
3136:
3134:
2969:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2944:
2942:
2935:
2933:
2919:
2912:
2910:
2899:
2897:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2681:
2674:
2672:
2665:
2663:
2656:
2654:
2647:
2645:
2628:
2626:
2619:
2617:
2610:
2608:
2601:
2599:
2592:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2352:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2304:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2022:
2020:
1823:
1821:
1812:
1808:
1806:
1595:
1590:
1571:
1388:
1383:
1380:
1362:
1144:
1142:
1083:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1029:
877:
867:from which the
834:
795:
717:Jingbian County
673:
477:
472:
309:
295:
281:
256:
242:
209:
195:
185:
175:
161:
133:
132:• 428–431
121:
120:• 425–428
109:
108:• 407–425
76:
74:
62:
45:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4516:
4514:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4465:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4447:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4267:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4220:
4218:
4211:
4207:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4183:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4165:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4127:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4109:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4081:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4053:
4051:
4042:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3961:
3954:
3946:
3938:
3937:
3930:
3906:
3898:Zizhi Tongjian
3890:
3876:
3867:Zizhi Tongjian
3858:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3798:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3142:
3140:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2966:
2964:
2951:Empress Helian
2948:
2946:
2939:
2937:
2926:
2924:
2916:
2914:
2903:
2901:
2894:
2892:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2676:
2669:
2667:
2660:
2658:
2651:
2649:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2623:
2621:
2614:
2612:
2605:
2603:
2596:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2385:
2383:
2378:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2350:b. 381– d. 425
2341:
2339:
2334:
2332:
2327:
2325:
2320:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2028:
2026:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
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1911:
1909:
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1199:
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909:
908:
902:
901:
896:
893:
890:
885:
876:
873:
833:
830:
794:
791:
733:Northern Liang
696:Southern Liang
672:
669:
598:. His brother
523:through their
476:
473:
471:
468:
440:Inner Mongolia
332:
331:
326:
322:
321:
318:
317:
314:
313:
306:
300:
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292:
286:
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278:
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92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
68:
64:
63:
60:
52:
51:
47:
46:
43:
40:
26:
24:
18:Hu Xia dynasty
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4515:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
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4453:
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4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4291:Dai (310–376)
4289:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4260:
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4120:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4068:
4067:Xia (407–431)
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3967:
3962:
3960:
3955:
3953:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3933:
3931:0-8135-1304-9
3927:
3923:
3919:
3918:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3894:
3891:
3886:
3880:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3868:
3862:
3859:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3838:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3794:
3784:
3687:
3685:
3587:
3585:
3488:
3486:
3388:
3386:
3294:
3292:
3192:
3190:
3133:
3087:
3085:
2983:
2981:
2958:
2957:Empress Taiwu
2932:
2931:
2909:
2908:
2857:
2854:
2846:
2844:
2836:
2834:
2826:
2824:
2816:
2814:
2806:
2804:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2768:
2752:
2750:
2742:
2740:
2716:
2714:
2687:
2685:
2581:
2578:
2570:
2568:
2560:
2558:
2550:
2548:
2540:
2538:
2530:
2528:
2520:
2518:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2480:
2456:
2454:
2422:
2420:
2399:
2397:
2358:
2356:
2347:
2301:
2298:
2290:
2288:
2280:
2278:
2270:
2268:
2260:
2258:
2250:
2248:
2240:
2238:
2230:
2228:
2220:
2218:
2210:
2208:
2200:
2198:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2180:
2140:
2138:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2032:
2019:
1975:
1972:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1914:
1906:
1904:
1861:
1859:
1820:
1805:
1753:
1750:
1742:
1741:
1702:
1694:
1641:
1639:
1589:
1588:
1536:
1534:
1434:
1432:
1389:r. ?–309
1382:
1360:
1324:
1321:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1255:
1247:
1245:
1237:
1235:
1200:
1198:
1141:
1140:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1080:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1014:Xia (407–431)
1011:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
995:
991:
988:
985:
982:
978:
974:
971:
968:
965:
961:
957:
954:
951:
948:
944:
940:
937:
934:
931:
927:
923:
920:
917:
914:
910:
907:
903:
900:
897:
894:
892:Personal name
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
880:
874:
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
831:
829:
827:
823:
819:
815:
810:
808:
804:
800:
792:
790:
788:
784:
777:reign in 424.
776:
775:Helian Bobo's
772:
768:
764:
759:
755:
753:
749:
745:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
700:
697:
693:
689:
682:
677:
670:
668:
666:
662:
658:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
530:
528:
527:
522:
518:
514:
510:
507:in escorting
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
474:
469:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
416:
414:
408:
400:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
369:(赫連夏) or the
368:
364:
360:
356:
350:
342:
338:
330:
327:
325:Today part of
323:
307:
305:
302:
301:
293:
291:
288:
287:
279:
277:
274:
273:
270:
264:
261:
254:
253:
250:
247:
240:
239:
236:
235:
232:
229:
227:
224:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
197:
187:
177:
173:
163:
149:
145:
141:
138:
135:
126:
123:
114:
111:
97:
90:
87:
83:
79:
72:
69:
65:
58:
53:
48:
38:
33:
19:
4449:
4442:
4210:Other states
4066:
4002:Wei–Zhao War
3916:
3909:
3897:
3893:
3879:
3865:
3861:
3847:
3792:
3129:
2928:
2907:Helian Chang
2905:
2353:
2030:
2017:
1818:
1803:
1585:
1381:Gaoshengyuan
1378:
1137:
1051:Helian Chang
1013:
905:
854:
835:
811:
796:
787:Helian Chang
780:
741:
725:Northern Yan
709:Mu Us Desert
705:Tongwancheng
701:
688:Yu the Great
685:
681:Tongwancheng
654:
638:Northern Wei
631:
625:west of the
623:Yellow River
612:
581:
571:, where the
550:
545:
531:
524:
478:
459:
436:Qing dynasty
432:Song dynasty
424:Ordos Desert
417:
410:
386:
373:(大夏), was a
370:
366:
363:Northern Xia
362:
358:
352:
336:
335:
276:Northern Wei
231:Succeeded by
230:
225:
125:Helian Chang
4451:Book of Jin
4407:Murong Chui
4316:Jin dynasty
4217:Short-lived
3828:Western Xia
3823:Xia dynasty
2930:Helian Ding
2346:Helian Bobo
2031:Liu Weichen
1819:Liu Eloutou
1067:Helian Ding
1027:Helian Bobo
984:Liu Weichen
950:Liu Eloutou
883:Temple name
861:Former Zhao
857:Han Chinese
814:Helian Ding
799:Western Qin
746:commander,
744:Eastern Jin
713:Han Chinese
692:Xia dynasty
679:Remains of
608:Liu Weichen
600:Liu Eloutou
586:. His son,
521:Han dynasty
501:Han dynasty
475:Tiefu tribe
464:Xia dynasty
428:Helian Bobo
263:Western Qin
226:Preceded by
206:Helian Ding
188:11 July 427
172:Helian Bobo
137:Helian Ding
113:Helian Bobo
4467:Categories
3839:References
3739:Zhungzhang
2918:Helian Lun
2373:Chi Yijian
2361:r. 407–425
2322:Ali Luoyin
2040:r. 359–391
2024:r. 358–359
2018:Liu Xiwuqi
1824:r. 356–358
1813:r. 341–356
1804:Liu Wuheng
1596:r. 309–341
967:Liu Xiwuqi
933:Liu Wuheng
846:Tuoba Yulü
604:Liu Xiwuqi
588:Liu Wuhuan
584:Great Wall
367:Helian Xia
212:13 May 432
85:Government
4422:Tuoba Tao
4417:Tuoba Gui
4402:Wang Meng
3885:"中央研究院網站"
3853:"中央研究院網站"
2962:(432–452)
2303:You Dedai
1570:Liu Fulun
899:Era names
826:Pingcheng
818:Pingliang
752:Guanzhong
619:Liu Kuren
575:emperor,
444:Guanzhong
371:Great Xia
249:Later Qin
208:'s death
80:(428–430)
78:Pingliang
73:(418–427)
4412:Yao Xing
4392:Huan Wen
4372:Liu Cong
4367:Liu Yuan
4351:Goguryeo
4346:Dingling
4309:Involved
3902:vol. 122
3872:vol. 120
3797:See also
3135:wife of
3131:daughter
2968:Su Dagan
2680:Yi Sheng
2609:Weiyidai
2387:Wen Chen
2329:Zhi Lidi
1810:d. 356;
1593:d. 341;
1359:Liu Meng
1001:Liu Bobo
838:Liu Meng
807:Shanggui
783:Chang’an
771:Chang'an
769:(modern
729:Liaoning
661:Yao Xing
642:Liu Bobo
577:Liu Cong
573:Han-Zhao
483:leader,
420:emperors
89:Monarchy
4397:Fu Jian
4387:Ran Min
4336:Xianbei
4326:Xiongnu
4123:Xianbei
4049:Xiongnu
3980:History
3818:Tongwan
3803:Xiongnu
3146:Douwuyu
2941:Helian
2653:Helian
2646:Wushiba
2625:Helian
2618:Duluogu
2616:Helian
2600:Zhuxing
2366:Ruo Men
2315:Li Qiti
2037:d. 391;
1386:d. 309;
1071:428–431
1055:425–428
1033:407–425
1005:391–407
989:359–391
972:358–359
955:356–358
938:341–356
921:309–341
865:Xianbei
822:Tuyuhun
767:Shaanxi
721:Shaanxi
650:Ningxia
548:(雜胡).
513:Xuchang
505:Cao Cao
497:Qiangqu
470:History
452:Xianbei
448:Shaanxi
379:Xiongnu
341:Chinese
290:Tuyuhun
204:•
170:•
147:History
95:Emperor
71:Tongwan
67:Capital
50:407–431
4427:Liu Yu
4382:Shi Hu
4377:Shi Le
4279:States
4258:Tribes
3928:
3737:Helian
3538:Helian
3177:Su Shí
3144:Helian
3137:Luo Ti
2953:d. 453
2922:d. 424
2896:Helian
2890:d. 424
2883:Helian
2673:Dougen
2662:Helian
2644:Helian
2627:Shegan
2607:Helian
2598:Helian
2591:Luo Tí
2380:Yi Dou
2336:Wei Fa
1587:Liu Hu
1364:d. 272
916:Liu Hu
869:Murong
748:Liu Yu
665:Rouran
646:Guyuan
559:. The
557:Shanxi
542:Wuhuan
534:Liu Hu
517:Shanxi
493:chanyu
489:Luandi
456:Wuhuan
409::
407:pinyin
401::
393::
365:(北夏),
361:(胡夏),
359:Hu Xia
351::
349:pinyin
343::
150:
98:
4331:Qiang
4265:Yuwen
4161:Qiang
3808:Wu Hu
3540:Ziyue
3373:Su Ni
3148:赫连豆勿于
2960:太武皇后
2671:Suruo
2648:赫連烏視拔
2620:赫連度洛孤
2611:赫連謂以代
2355:Wulie
1384:劉誥升爰
1139:Qubei
1023:Wulie
1020:Shizu
842:Tuoba
763:Xi'an
737:Gansu
657:Qiang
627:Ordos
594:-led
561:Tuoba
546:zahu"
526:heqin
485:Qubei
412:Tiěfú
387:Tiefu
329:China
4270:Duan
3926:ISBN
3741:赫连仲章
3542:赫连子悦
2934:赫連定
2920:赫连伦
2675:宿若豆根
2657:赫連禿骨
2655:Tugu
2629:赫連社干
2602:赫連助興
2348:赫連勃勃
2324:阿利罗引
2021:劉悉勿祈
1822:劉閼陋頭
1807:劉務恒
1591:劉虎
1379:Liu
1088:Xia
969:劉悉勿祈
952:劉閼陋頭
850:Dugu
460:zahu
4321:Jie
4179:Han
4105:Jie
2970:宿沓干
2945:赫連滿
2943:Man
2911:赫連昌
2900:赫連延
2898:Yan
2887:赫連璝
2885:Gui
2666:赫連安
2664:An
2375:叱以鞬
2331:直力鞮
2317:力俟提
2305:右地代
2034:劉衛辰
1572:劉副崙
986:劉衞辰
935:劉務恆
735:in
727:in
652:).
592:Jie
565:Dai
555:in
511:to
415:).
354:Xià
337:Xia
198:431
178:418
164:407
41:Xia
32:Xia
4469::
4341:Di
4077:Di
3924:.
3922:61
3900:,
3870:,
3375:宿倪
3179:宿石
3139:罗提
2682:乙升
2593:罗提
2389:文陈
2382:乙斗
2368:若门
2357:武烈
2338:韦伐
1361:刘猛
1143:去卑
1008:–
992:–
975:–
958:–
941:–
924:–
918:劉虎
765:,
739:.
719:,
648:,
615:Di
495:,
466:.
405:;
403:鐵弗
397:;
395:铁弗
347:;
3965:e
3958:t
3951:v
3934:.
3904:.
3887:.
3874:.
3855:.
3344:□
2394:□
2310:□
1063:–
1047:–
997:–
980:–
963:–
946:–
929:–
912:–
389:(
345:夏
339:(
44:夏
34:.
20:)
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