42:
810:, who he gave military power and assigned to guard the borders while Yao Hong oversaw matters in Chang'an. Yao Bi attempted to take the throne on three occasions, all which ended in failure. He was forgiven after the first two attempts and was finally forced to commit suicide after the third in 416. However, Yao Hong still had other younger brothers and cousins who held military command and ambitions to seize power.
641:
621:
Yao Chang tried to force Fu Jian into formally abdicating the throne to him, but after he refused, had him killed instead. Chang’an eventually fell to
Western Yan forces, who soon left to return to their homeland in the east. In 386, Yao Chang occupied the city, where he elevated himself to Emperor of (Later) Qin.
616:
and tribal gentry clans had lost faith in the Former Qin and saw Yao Chang as a suitable successor. They gathered thousands of Qiang families and led them to join him. After some hesitation, he agreed to lead their coalition, taking the title of
Everlasting King of Qin and proclaiming a new reign era
620:
Initially, Yao Chang avoided going straight for Chang’an, which was hotly contested between Fu Jian and
Western Yan forces. He submitted to the stronger Western Yan, and after several battles with Former Qin forces, he ambushed and captured Fu Jian, who left Chang'an with his army in search of food.
813:
After Yao Xing died in 416, Yao Hong was immediately met with rebellions by his dukes. There were also revolts by the
Xiongnu and Qiang tribes, and the Helian Xia, Chouchi and Western Qin all took the chance to attack Later Qin. To deal with the threats, Yao Hong entrusted military affairs to his
818:
who had much initial success, but the chaos soon caught the attention of Liu Yu. He began an expedition to conquer Later Qin, and by late 417, Yao Shao had died while Jin forces entered the
Guanzhong and reached Chang'an. In the end, Yao Hong surrendered and was sent to the Jin capital,
599:
near Former Qin's capital, Chang'an in 384. Yao Chang initially aided Fu Jian against the
Western Yan, but during the course of the war, he feared punishment following a serious defeat and fled to the horse pastures north of the
1264:
763:
Upon reaching its peak, the Later Qin quickly declined due to pressure from its own vassals and the
Eastern Jin. Yao Xing ceded twelves commaderies around the Han river at the request of Jin's paramount authority,
658:, Later Qin won a decisive victory by crushing the main Former Qin force. No longer posing a threat, Yao Xing soon captured and executed Fu Deng, while the last ruler of Former Qin was killed in battle by
628:, was acclaimed the new Emperor of (Former) Qin and waged war against Yao Chang. Yao Chang lost several battles to Fu Deng early on, but brought the conflict to a stalemate with a crucial victory at the
784:, and for many years, led a war against Later Qin that drained their resources and killed many key generals. In 409, the Western Qin was revived in the Longxi, further reducing Later Qin's territory.
662:
forces in 394. Yao Xing thus unified the
Guanzhong, establishing Later Qin as a regional power. While he initially inherited his father's title of Emperor, he changed it to Heavenly King in 399.
799:, but was defeated. Both Western Shu and Lu Xun were later vanquished by Jin, and Later Qin entered itself into a marriage alliance with the Northern Wei to protect itself.
724:
by inviting famous
Confucian scholars to teach in Chang'an and allowing easy access to the capital for aspiring students. At the same time, he was also an avid believer in
1825:
533:
after his death in 349. As Later Zhao descended into civil war, Yizhong tried to return west to the
Guanzhong with his army, but was defeated by the Di general,
1864:
560:
succeeded him in 352 and fulfilled his promise. He partook in the early Jin northern expeditions as a general, but due to suspicion from his superior,
568:, fighting against Former Qin and Jin forces along the way. However, in 357, he was killed in an ambush by Former Qin forces, prompting his brother,
632:
in 389. From this point on, Fu Deng was unable to launch a major campaign, and Yao Chang soon gained the advantage by subjugating local warlords.
624:
Despite Fu Jian’s death, there were still pockets of Former Qin and semi-independent forces in the Guanzhong region. A distant cousin of Fu Jian,
823:, where he was executed. Members of the Yao clan who surrendered to Jin were exterminated, while the others who fled to Northern Wei survived.
617:
in 384. To distinguish between the two states, historiographers refer to the Fu clan's state as Former Qin and Yao Chang's state as Later Qin.
1345:
1393:
529:
Although Yizhong was one of Shi Hu's most trusted officials, he and many other military generals colluded to overthrow his successor,
1527:
1388:
1311:
694:
418:
1573:
1408:
1224:
702:
426:
1368:
788:
277:
263:
238:
224:
210:
1874:
1476:
686:
414:
319:
243:
358:
period in northern China. As the only Qiang-led state among the Sixteen Kingdoms, it was most known for its propagation of
1803:
1798:
678:
311:
41:
755:
beginning under his reign, and records claim that around nine-tenths of the population in Later Qin practiced Buddhism.
1283:
1869:
1859:
791:
in 409, Yao Xing was powerless to stop him, leading to Southern Yan's demise in 410. He responded with an invasion of
1383:
776:
submissions, but lost Chouchi's allegicance to Jin. Worst of all, however, was the rebellion of the Xiongnu general,
705:, followed suit. Despite success in the west, Yao Xing was dissuaded from expanding east after a heavy defeat to the
1697:
564:, he later rebelled in 354. He led his army through northern China in hopes of returning to his ancestral home in
553:
475:
270:
1712:
1542:
1338:
351:
792:
768:, in exchange for peace, while giving up his holdings in the Hexi to the Southern Liang. In 407, he received
1783:
1672:
1448:
1239:
796:
781:
256:
1778:
576:
655:
710:
1722:
1458:
1331:
629:
503:
467:
1753:
1748:
1403:
1373:
580:
479:
398:
1854:
1808:
765:
752:
644:
347:
751:
to acquire Buddhist texts. Yao Xing built various temples and pagodas, with construction of the
802:
Internally, Yao Xing also laid the seeds for a succession crisis. He appointed his eldest son,
736:
to his court, where he was highly honoured and became one of the most important translators of
1307:
815:
670:
565:
530:
1303:
1297:
673:
regions. Most notably, in 399, they capitalized on Eastern Jin’s internal turmoil to capture
526:), where he supervised the Qiang tribes as the Grand Commander of the Western Qiang (西羌大都督).
1354:
1234:
807:
502:. After Shi Hu seized power in 333, he followed Yizhong's advice of relocating the powerful
382:
355:
733:
371:
1229:
839:
748:
519:
483:
806:
as Crown Prince, but only after much hesitation. He showed more favour to his other son,
1443:
1278:
740:
698:
689:
into submission after besieging their capital. Fearing Later Qin’s presence, the other
422:
654:. Hearing news of Yao Chang's death, Fu Deng led his army to attack Later Qin. At the
1848:
690:
666:
665:
Under Yao Xing, the Later Qin greatly expanded their borders, occupying areas in the
459:
442:
1677:
1578:
1568:
1532:
1413:
769:
721:
706:
430:
389:. Historiographers gave the state the prefix of "Later" to distinguish it with the
640:
552:
After Shi Zhi's death in 351, Yizhong advised his sons to move south to join the
518:). Yizhong and his family were relocated to Shetou (灄頭; southeast of present-day
1832:
1788:
1615:
1560:
1522:
1244:
1007:
834:
777:
773:
659:
613:
596:
471:
406:
394:
229:
162:
55:
1702:
1651:
1512:
1494:
1486:
1471:
1398:
1378:
682:
538:
495:
390:
367:
215:
579:
and participated in various campaigns, but was not present at the disastrous
1630:
1625:
1517:
1466:
1089:
1066:
863:
601:
592:
569:
557:
507:
402:
386:
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89:
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65:
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and heavily promoted the religion in his state. In 401, he welcomed the
713:
in 402. The Later Liang surrendered their territory in 403, and in 405,
685:
rivers. In 400, they conquered Western Qin, and in 401, they forced the
1768:
1717:
1707:
1667:
1605:
1504:
1430:
714:
674:
625:
588:
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542:
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458:
The Yao clan was from Nan’an Commandery (南安郡; southeast of present-day
438:
1763:
1758:
744:
584:
499:
327:
385:, but for a substantial part of Yao Xing's reign, he used the title
1323:
743:
into Chinese. It was also under the Later Qin in 399 when the monk
1646:
729:
639:
523:
515:
490:) and welcomed refugees under his wing. He later submitted to the
463:
410:
295:
1327:
541:
in 351. Thus, Yizhong remained behind to aid the last emperor,
397:
as it was founded during the Former Qin's collapse after the
401:
and went on to conquer the Former Qin's power base in the
650:
In 394, Yao Chang died and was succeeded by his son,
510:
to live around the capital, Xiangguo (襄國, in modern
1817:
1741:
1690:
1660:
1639:
1598:
1591:
1559:
1541:
1503:
1485:
1457:
1429:
1422:
1361:
795:in conjunction with Western Shu and the Jin rebel,
291:
173:
159:
145:
135:
123:
107:
95:
83:
71:
61:
51:
18:
498:, where he associated himself with the commander,
413:and vassalised the Western Qin, the four Liangs (
1826:Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms
717:also submitted, bringing Later Qin to its peak.
381:All rulers of the Later Qin declared themselves
636:Early reign of Yao Xing and zenith of Later Qin
575:Yao Chang became a general during the reign of
583:in 383. After the battle, two branches of the
409:as its capital, the Later Qin also controlled
1339:
940:
914:
906:
880:
872:
482:, he occupied Yumei (榆眉; east of present-day
341:
24:
8:
1595:
1426:
1346:
1332:
1324:
956:
40:
15:
1414:Northern Wei's unification of North China
830:
1256:
677:and several commanderies north of the
1302:. Rutgers University Press. pp.
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1191:
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780:, in the Ordos. Bobo established the
172:
158:
144:
134:
130:
106:
94:
82:
78:
70:
7:
1399:Fu Jian's unification of North China
612:At the same time, many of the local
1865:Former countries in Chinese history
789:expedition to conquer Southern Yan
14:
306:, known in historiography as the
1379:Shi Le's conquest of North China
1225:Ethnic groups in Chinese history
275:
261:
236:
222:
208:
1369:Upheaval of the Five Barbarians
466:) and claimed descent from the
595:in northeastern China and the
572:to surrender with their army.
474:was their chieftain under the
332:
323:
315:
244:Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)
1:
960:Later Qin rulers family tree
378:Buddhist text into Chinese.
747:departed from Chang'an for
537:, whose family founded the
151:'s claim of imperial title
1891:
506:and Qiang families in the
441:and various tribes of the
1299:The Empire of the Steppes
1175:
1173:
1120:
1118:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1028:
1026:
991:
989:
941:
915:
907:
881:
873:
350:ruled by the Yao clan of
342:
187:
183:
131:
119:
79:
39:
34:
25:
1528:Southern Liang (397–414)
1444:Northern Liang (397–460)
362:under its second ruler,
1574:Western Liang (400–421)
1296:Grousset, Rene (1970).
827:Rulers of the Later Qin
348:dynastic state of China
1678:Northern Wei (386–535)
1579:Northern Yan (407–436)
1569:Former Liang (318–376)
1533:Southern Yan (398–410)
1394:Huan Wen's Expeditions
1389:Conquest of Wei by Yan
1240:Emperor Wu of Liu Song
647:
591:rebelled, forming the
257:Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)
175:• Disestablished
1875:417 disestablishments
1616:Western Yan (384–394)
1523:Western Qin (385–431)
1477:Later Liang (386–403)
643:
545:, in his war against
354:ethnicity during the
271:Jin Dynasty (266–420)
1818:Histories of the Era
1513:Former Yan (337–370)
1495:Later Zhao (319–351)
1472:Former Qin (351–394)
1409:Liu Yu's Expeditions
1251:Notes and references
366:, who sponsored the
1551:Later Qin (384–417)
1518:Later Yan (384–409)
1467:Cheng-Han (304–347)
1404:Battle of Fei River
1374:Disaster of Yongjia
1202:388–417; r. 416–417
847:Durations of reign
787:When Liu Yu led an
581:Battle of Fei River
554:Eastern Jin dynasty
480:Disaster of Yongjia
476:Western Jin dynasty
399:Battle of Fei River
320:traditional Chinese
137:• Established
46:Later Qin in 404 AD
1870:384 establishments
1860:Dynasties of China
1631:Qiao Shu (405–413)
1626:Huan Chu (403–404)
1621:Zhai Wei (388–392)
1439:Han-Zhao (304–329)
1096:(r. 384–(386–)394)
953:Rulers family tree
753:Maijishan Grottoes
648:
645:Maijishan Grottoes
608:Reign of Yao Chang
539:Former Qin dynasty
496:Later Zhao dynasty
312:simplified Chinese
1842:
1841:
1742:Key personalities
1686:
1685:
1668:Chouchi (296–580)
1611:Duan Qi (350–356)
1606:Ran Wei (350–352)
1587:
1586:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1153:
1142:
1097:
1086:
1072:
1012:
950:
949:
656:Battle of Feiqiao
478:, and during the
301:
300:
287:
286:
283:
282:
249:
248:
1882:
1596:
1427:
1355:Sixteen Kingdoms
1348:
1341:
1334:
1325:
1318:
1317:
1293:
1287:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1261:
1235:Chinese Buddhism
1201:
1196:Houzhu(Yao Hong)
1150:
1140:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1073:
1070:
1014:
1010:
966:
965:
957:
944:
943:
918:
917:
910:
909:
884:
883:
876:
875:
831:
759:Decline and fall
720:Yao Xing upheld
711:Battle of Chaibi
492:Han-Zhao dynasty
356:Sixteen Kingdoms
345:
344:
334:
325:
317:
279:
278:
265:
264:
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189:
188:
179:20 September 417
44:
29:
28:
27:
16:
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1889:
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1843:
1838:
1813:
1737:
1682:
1656:
1635:
1583:
1555:
1537:
1499:
1481:
1453:
1423:The 16 Kingdoms
1418:
1357:
1352:
1322:
1321:
1314:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1276:
1272:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1230:Five Barbarians
1221:
1215:
1200:
1151:
1143:
1095:
1087:
1082:
1065:
1006:
955:
946:
920:
912:
886:
878:
840:Posthumous name
829:
761:
638:
630:Battle of Dajie
610:
520:Zaoqiang County
494:, and then the
484:Qianyang County
456:
451:
276:
262:
237:
223:
209:
176:
166:
152:
138:
110:
109:• 416–417
98:
97:• 394–416
86:
85:• 384–393
47:
30:
23:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1888:
1886:
1878:
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1381:
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1371:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1328:
1320:
1319:
1312:
1288:
1279:Zizhi Tongjian
1270:
1255:
1254:
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1249:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1237:
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1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
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1016:
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866:
861:
858:
854:
853:
848:
845:
844:Personal name
842:
837:
828:
825:
760:
757:
741:Buddhist texts
699:Northern Liang
695:Southern Liang
637:
634:
609:
606:
468:Shaodang Qiang
455:
452:
450:
447:
336:; 384–417) or
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59:
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37:
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19:
13:
10:
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4:
3:
2:
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1876:
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1823:
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1807:
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1802:
1800:
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1726:
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1721:
1719:
1716:
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1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1673:Dai (310–376)
1671:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1653:
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1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1449:Xia (407–431)
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
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1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
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1377:
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1364:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1315:
1313:0-8135-1304-9
1309:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1216:
1206:
1198:
1197:
1180:
1178:
1158:
1156:
1148:
1147:
1125:
1123:
1103:
1101:
1092:
1091:
1083:Yao Chang 姚苌
1068:
1063:
1060:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1032:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1009:
998:
996:
980:
978:
967:
964:
963:
959:
958:
952:
938:
935:
933:
930:
927:
924:
923:
904:
901:
899:
896:
893:
890:
889:
870:
867:
865:
862:
859:
856:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
832:
826:
824:
822:
817:
814:great-uncle,
811:
809:
805:
800:
798:
794:
793:Jing province
790:
785:
783:
779:
775:
774:Western Shu's
771:
767:
758:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
703:Western Liang
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
669:, Longxi and
668:
663:
661:
657:
653:
646:
642:
635:
633:
631:
627:
622:
618:
615:
607:
605:
603:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
460:Longxi County
453:
448:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
387:Heavenly King
384:
379:
377:
374:to translate
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
339:
335:
329:
321:
313:
309:
305:
297:
294:
292:Today part of
290:
274:
272:
269:
268:
260:
258:
255:
254:
251:
245:
242:
235:
234:
231:
228:
221:
220:
217:
214:
207:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
194:
191:
190:
186:
182:
178:
168:
165:'s rebellion
164:
154:
150:
140:
126:
122:
118:
115:
112:
103:
100:
91:
88:
74:
67:
64:
60:
57:
54:
50:
43:
38:
33:
17:
1831:
1824:
1592:Other states
1550:
1384:Wei–Zhao War
1298:
1291:
1277:
1273:
1259:
1214:
1194:
1152:(r. 394–416)
1144:
1139:Yao Xing 姚兴
1088:
975:Yao Kehui姚柯回
812:
801:
786:
770:Southern Yan
762:
722:Confucianism
719:
707:Northern Wei
664:
649:
623:
619:
611:
574:
551:
528:
457:
431:Southern Yan
380:
337:
331:
307:
303:
302:
198:Succeeded by
197:
192:
1833:Book of Jin
1789:Murong Chui
1698:Jin dynasty
1599:Short-lived
1245:Helian Bobo
1008:Yao Yizhong
835:Temple name
778:Helian Bobo
687:Later Liang
660:Western Qin
614:Han Chinese
597:Western Yan
556:. His son,
472:Yao Yizhong
395:Western Qin
368:Madhyamakin
230:Western Yan
193:Preceded by
1849:Categories
905:Huangchu (
782:Helian Xia
734:Kumarajiva
454:Background
391:Former Qin
372:Kumārajīva
216:Former Qin
62:Government
1855:Later Qin
1804:Tuoba Tao
1799:Tuoba Gui
1784:Wang Meng
1265:"中央研究院網站"
1141:(366–416)
1085:(330–393)
1071:(331–357)
1067:Yao Xiang
945:) 416–417
919:) 399–416
913:Hongshi (
911:) 394–399
885:) 386–393
879:Jianchu (
877:) 384–386
864:Yao Chang
851:Era names
602:Wei River
593:Later Yan
570:Yao Chang
558:Yao Xiang
508:Guanzhong
403:Guanzhong
346:), was a
308:Later Qin
149:Yao Chang
90:Yao Chang
1794:Yao Xing
1774:Huan Wen
1754:Liu Cong
1749:Liu Yuan
1733:Goguryeo
1728:Dingling
1691:Involved
1284:vol. 118
1219:See also
1011:(280–352
939:Yonghe (
936:416–417
932:Yao Hong
902:394–416
898:Yao Xing
894:Wenhuan
871:Baique (
868:384–393
821:Jiankang
816:Yao Shao
804:Yao Hong
738:Sanskrit
726:Buddhism
693:states,
652:Yao Xing
445:region.
435:Qiao Shu
423:Northern
419:Southern
407:Chang'an
383:emperors
376:Sanskrit
364:Yao Xing
360:Buddhism
163:Liu Bobo
114:Yao Hong
102:Yao Xing
66:Monarchy
56:Chang'an
1779:Fu Jian
1769:Ran Min
1718:Xianbei
1708:Xiongnu
1505:Xianbei
1431:Xiongnu
1362:History
1146:Wenhuan
860:Wuzhao
730:Kuchean
715:Chouchi
709:at the
675:Luoyang
626:Fu Deng
589:Xianbei
577:Fu Jian
562:Yin Hao
547:Ran Min
543:Shi Zhi
535:Fu Hong
531:Shi Shi
512:Xingtai
488:Shaanxi
449:History
439:Chouchi
427:Western
405:. With
338:Yao Qin
161:•
147:•
124:History
72:Emperor
52:Capital
35:384–417
1809:Liu Yu
1764:Shi Hu
1759:Shi Le
1661:States
1640:Tribes
1310:
1199:侯主(姚泓)
1090:Wuzhao
891:Gaozu
857:Taizu
808:Yao Bi
797:Lu Xun
766:Liu Yu
745:Faxian
732:monk,
671:Hedong
585:Murong
566:Longxi
500:Shi Hu
370:monk,
333:Hòuqín
330::
328:pinyin
322::
314::
127:
75:
1713:Qiang
1647:Yuwen
1543:Qiang
749:India
667:Ordos
524:Hebei
516:Hebei
464:Gansu
443:Ordos
415:Later
411:Henan
352:Qiang
296:China
1652:Duan
1308:ISBN
772:and
701:and
691:Hexi
683:Huai
681:and
425:and
393:and
1703:Jie
1561:Han
1487:Jie
1093:武昭
1069:姚襄
679:Han
429:),
304:Qin
169:407
155:386
141:384
20:Qin
1851::
1723:Di
1459:Di
1306:.
1304:59
1282:,
1149:文桓
942:永和
928:–
925:–
916:弘始
908:皇初
882:建初
874:白雀
697:,
604:.
549:.
522:,
514:,
504:Di
486:,
470:.
462:,
437:,
433:,
421:,
417:,
343:姚秦
326:;
324:後秦
318:;
316:后秦
1347:e
1340:t
1333:v
1316:.
1286:.
1267:.
1013:)
587:-
340:(
310:(
26:秦
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