661:
692:
91:
41:
758:
The archaeological site includes two sets of terraces, arranged in the slope of a hill. The first set has platforms with slopped walls, stairway, hydraulic system and stands with carved numerals. The second group is integrated by two platforms, formed by rectangular structures with slopped walls and
401:
It is considered a consequence of the development of early Mixtec urban centers – a process observed elsewhere in Oaxaca – the
Central Valleys, the Huamelulpan Valley, and the Eastern Nochixtlán Valley. Two of the Early Ramos sites – Monte Negro and Cerro Jazmin – were already urban centers covering
1416:
Navarrete, Carlos 1978. The
Prehispanic System of Communications Between Chiapas and Tabasco. En Mesoamerican Communication Routes and Cultural Contacts (editado por T. A. Lee, Jr. y C. Navarrete), pp. 75–106. Papers of the New World Archaeological Foundation, No. 40. Brigham Young University,
632:
of the
Otomanguean family. Virtually all of the remainder of this article is about Mixtec proper; for Cuicatec and Trique, see the separate articles. The internal classification of the Mixtecan branch, i.e., the subgrouping between Trique, Cuicatec, and Mixtec proper, is an open question. As to the
798:
The Church Group is the largest; it is a hill terrace east of the center of the municipality, with old constructions in its slopes and on which a modern-day church was built with stones removed from the ancient constructions, these can be seen embedded in its walls with visible carved characters.
767:
The main structures of this group are oriented to the west and include: a large square platform, with a central plaza and knolls in three sides; a large terrace or Plaza 2 with an altar; and a ballgame court I shaped, 70 meters long. The explorations in the residential zones produced findings of
325:
During their early urban stages, Huamelulpan and the main Mixtec centers maintained complex and variable relations with Monte Albán. Towards 200 CE, some Mixtec centers were partially or totally abandoned and between 400 and 800 CE, there was another urban center boom, when
Huamelulpan and other
1385:
Gutiérrez, Gerardo, Viola Köenig, and
Baltazar Brito 2009. Codex Humboldt Fragment 1 (Ms. Amer. 2) and Codex Azoyú 2 Reverse: The Tribute Record of Tlapa to the Aztec Empire/Códice Humboldt Fragmento 1 (Ms.amer.2) y Códice Azoyú 2 Reverso: Nómina de tributos de Tlapa y su provincial al Imperio
405:
There is an apparent absence of settlements dating to the Late Ramos (200 B.C.-200 A.D.) in the major part of the area surveyed (only 15 sites, 170 ha comparing to 62 sites and 700 ha of Early Ramos). It is a striking fact because in
Yucuita and Huamelulpan this period was a time of the major
824:
Scholars have long identified a number of similarities between the ancient
Guatemalan and Mexican art styles and cultures. These similarities start as far north as the Mexico Central Plateau and continue to the Pacific coast and as far as Central America. There are many common elements in
1218:
Stephen A. Kowalewski and Andrew K. Balkansky. The survey area included 31 municipios of three districts of the state of Oaxaca: Tlaxiaco, Teposcolula and
Nochixtlán, which covered a large territory between four previously surveyed regions of the Mixteca Alta (the Nochixtlán Valley, the
1420:
Niederberger, Christine 2002. Nácar, "jade" y cinabrio: Guerrero y las redes de intercambio en la Mesoamérica
Antigua (1000–600 a.C.). En El pasado arqueológico de Guerrero (editado por C. Niederberger y R. Reyna Robles), pp. 175–223. CEMCA, Gobierno de Estado de Guerrero e INAH,
1379:
Gutiérrez, Gerardo 2002. The
Expanding Polity: Patterns of the Territorial Expansion of the Post-Classic Señorío of Tlapa-Tlachinollan in the Mixteca-Nahua-Tlapaneca Region of Guerrero. Tesis de Doctorado, Departamento de Antropología, The Pennsylvania State University, State College.
1324:
Chinchilla Mazariegos, Oswaldo. 2002. Palo Gordo, Guatemala, y el estilo artístico Cotzumalguapa. En Incidents of Archaeology in Central America and Yucatán: Essays in Honor of Edwin M. Shook (editado por M. Love, M. Hatch y H. Escobedo), pp. 147–178. University Press, Lanham,
828:
It is certain this route played a critical role in the political and economic development of southern Mesoamerica, although its importance varied over time. There was material and information trade between the Mexico Central Plateau, the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean.
1397:
Gutiérrez, Gerardo 2003. Territorial Structure and Urbanism in Mesoamerica: The Huaxtec and Mixtec-Tlapanec-Nahua Cases. In Urbanism in Mesoamerica, W. Sanders, G. Mastache and R. Cobean, (eds.), pp. 85–118. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University and INAH.
633:
Mixtec languages proper, identifying how many there are poses challenges at the level of linguistic theory. Depending on the criteria for distinguishing between a difference of dialects and a difference of languages, there may be as many as 50 different Mixtec languages
1393:
703:
They were also known for their exceptional mastery of jewelry, in which gold and turquoise figure prominently. The production of Mixtec goldsmiths formed an important part of the tribute the Mixtecs had to pay to the Aztecs during parts of their history.
406:
centralization and florescence of the regional states and general growth of the population. At the same time only two sites in the surveyed area had continuous occupation from Early Ramos to Early Flores while 20 had a gap between these phases.
386:
According to the Mexico Municipalities Encyclopedia, the name Huamelulpam was developed from two huamil trees that grew together and formed a letter (h), the story goes that these trees lasted for centuries, and the town was called Huamelulpam.
713:
671:
The Mixtec are well known in the anthropological world for their Codices, or phonetic pictures in which they wrote their history and genealogies in deerskin in the "fold-book" form. The best known story of the Mixtec Codices is that of Lord
1331:
Clark, John E. y Mary E. Pye (s.f.) Re-Visiting the Mixe-Zoque, Slighted Neighbors and Predecessors of the Early Lowland Maya. En Southern Maya in the Late Preclassic (editado por M. Love y R. Rosensweig), University of Colorado, Boulder.
1640:
In Archaeology, Art, and Ethnogenesis in Mesoamerican Prehistory: Papers in Honor of Gareth W. Lowe, L. Lowe and M. Pye (eds.), pp. 229–36. Papers of the New World Archaeological Foundation, No.68. Brigham Young University,
1381:
1427:
Parsons, Lee A. 1981. Post-Olmec Stone Sculpture: The Olmec-Izapan Transition on the Southern Pacific Coast and Highlands. En The Olmec and Their Neighbors (editado por E. Benson), pp. 257–288. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington,
1412:
Miles, Susana W. 1965. Summary of Preconquest Ethnology of the Guatemala-Chiapas Highlands and Pacific Slopes. En Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol.2 (editado por G. Willey), pp. 276–287. University of Texas Press,
1403:
Gutiérrez, Gerardo, Alfredo Vera, Mary E. Pye, and Juan Mitzi Serrano 2011. Contlalco y La Coquera: Arqueología de dos sitios tempranos del Municipio de Tlapa, Guerrero. Mexico: Municipio de Tlapa de Comonfort, Letra Antigua.
1262:
were abandoned from the 1960s on, but in the 1980s fresh research by Terrence Kaufman supports placing Cuicatec and Mixtec into their own subdivision. However, this research apparently remains unpublished. See Macaulay
1375:
Grove, David C. 1996. Archaeological Contexts of Olmec Art Outside of the Gulf Coast. En Olmec Art of Ancient Mexico (editado por E. Benson y B. de la Fuente), pp. 105–117. National Gallery of Art, Washington,
1334:
2000 The Pacific Coast and the Olmec Question. En Olmec Art and Archaeology in Mesoamerica (editado por J. Clark y M. Pye), pp. 217–251. Studies in the History of Art 58. National Gallery of Art, Washington,
1387:
1371:
Graham, John A. 1981. Abaj Takalik: The Olmec Style and its Antecedents in Pacific Guatemala. En Ancient Mesoamerica: Selected Readings (editado por J. Graham), pp. 163–176. Peek Publications, Palo Alto,
1237:
2000 census; the numbers are based on the number of total population for each group and the percentages of speakers given on the website of the Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas,
1391:
Gutiérrez, Gerardo, and Constantino Medina 2008. Toponimia nahuatl en los codices Azoyú 1 y 2: Un estudio crítico de los nombres de lugar de los antiguos señoríos del oriente de Guerrero. . Mexico: CIESAS.
1285:
1362:
De la Fuente, Beatriz 1995. Tetitla. En La pintura mural prehispánica en México, Teotihuacan (editado por B. De la Fuente), Vol.1, No.1, pp. 258–311. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México.
1553:
Josserand, J. Kathryn; Maarten Jansen y Ángeles Romero (1984), "Mixtec dialectology: inferences from Linguistics and Ethnohistory", en J. K. Josserand, Marcus C. Winter y Nicholas A. Hopkins (eds.),
645:(in their many variants) were estimated to be spoken by about 300,000 people at the end of the 20th century, although the majority of Mixtec speakers also had at least a working knowledge of the
734:
codices. The arrival of Europeans in 1520 CE caused changes in form, style, and the function of the Mixtec writings. Today these codices and other Mixtec writings are used as a source of
395:
The Alta-Mixteca region development has been segregated into various phases; Cruz, Ramos, Las Flores and Natividad, that covers the region development from about 1500 BCE to 1530 CE.
1399:
588:'inhabitant of place of'. Speakers of Mixtec use an expression (which varies by dialect) to refer to their own language, and generally this expression means "word of the rain":
398:
Cruz-Ramos transition. During the transition from the mid-formative period (Late Cruz) to the late- formative (Early Ramos) the number of sites decreased in the studied area.
1405:
628:, spoken by about 15,000 people; and the large group of Mixtec languages proper, spoken by about 511,000 people. Again, the Mixtec languages proper are a grouping within the
716:
An example of the pictorial representations the Mixtecs used for non-verbal communication through writing. Here, in this picture, which is a reproduction of a work from the
310:
The foundation of this ancient prehispanic city goes back to 400 BCE, it was an important urban center up to 800 CE; it is a good sample of the early Mixtec culture, called
1675:
1368:
Ekholm-Miller, Susana 1973. The Olmec Rock Carving at Xoc, Chiapas, Mexico. Papers of the New World Archaeological Foundation, No.32. Brigham Young University, Provo.
1514:
1446:
Balkansky, Andrew K. 1998. Urbanism and Early State Formation in the Huamelulpan Valley of Southern Mexico. Latin American Antiquity. Vol 9 No. 1, pp. 37–67
1293:
816:
1644:
Rivera Guzmán, Ángel Iván (1998): "La iconografía del poder en los grabados del Cerro de La Caja, Mixteca Baja de Oaxaca", en Barba de Piña Chan, Beatriz (ed.),
1099:
727:
originated as a pictographic system during the Post-Classic period in Mesoamerican history. Records of genealogy, historic events, and myths are found in the
218:
1409:
Jiménez Moreno, Wigberto 1966. Mesoamerica Before the Toltecs. En Ancient Oaxaca (editado por J. Paddock), pp. 1–85. Stanford University Press, Stanford.
1667:
326:
sites lost their close relationships with Monte Albán and established new relations with Lower Mixtec centers linked with groups from Puebla and perhaps the
290:
samples were found in the central valleys. Carved monoliths were found at the site, these are considered to be unique since none have been found at other
356:
The Huamelulpan archaeological site was discovered in 1933 by Alfonso Caso and many of the pieces found are in exhibition at the Town Community Museum.
1605:
821:
Regional communications in ancient Mesoamerica are believed to have been extensive. There were various trade routes attested since prehistoric times.
1431:
Schieber de Lavarreda, Christa (ed) 1999. Taller arqueología de la región de la Costa Sur de Guatemala. Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes, Guatemala.
1424:
Paddock, John 1966. Oaxaca in Ancient Mesoamerica. En Ancient Oaxaca (editado por J. Paddock), pp. 86–242. Stanford University Press, Stanford.
122:
1827:
1458:
Coll Hurtado, Atlántida 1998. Oaxaca: geografía histórica de la grana cochinilla, Boletín de Investigaciones Geográficas. Vol. 38 pp. 71–81
330:. The Lower Mixtec (Ñuiñe) culture developed at this time. The city was abandoned by the Postclassic and it was only used for sumptuary burials.
1798:
1165:
is a náhuatl word; xicalli, drinking vessel made from the guira fruit, a utensil commonly used in Yucatán and other south-east Mexico states.
1318:
Acuña, René. 1984 Relaciones geográficas del siglo XVI: Antequera, Tomos Segundo y Tercero. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México.
1452:
Christensen, Alexander F. 1998. Colonization and Microevolution in Formative Oaxaca, Mexico, World Archaeology, Vol 30, 2 pp. 262–285
260:. The apogee of the settlement is estimated at the Ramos Phase (300 BCE – 200 CE), the period of Mesoamerican urban society's development.
1443:
Urcid, Javier 1993. The Pacific Coast of Oaxaca and Guerrero: The westernmost Extent of Zapotec Script. Ancient Mesoamerica 4 (1):141-166.
383:
Jansen y Pérez Jimenez offer an alternative opinion, that the native name is Yucunundaua, which translates "Hill of the Wooden Columns".
913:
825:
iconography, stone sculptures and artefacts. All this led to the investigation of possible trade patterns and communication networks.
1581:
Justeson, John S. 1986. The Origin of Writing Systems: Preclassic Mesoamerica, World Archaeology. Vol. 17 nos. 3. pp. 437–458
341:
and all of Oaxaca to the Pacific coast; from Tehuacán and Puebla traded fabrics and yarns, from the coast traded chilies, Jamaica,
333:
According to archaeological history, the site was a very important Mixtec center, where tributes were received, to be traded with
1762:(Memorias de la Tercera Semana de la Cultura Mixteca), Ignacio Ortiz Castro (ed.), Universidad Tecnológica de la Mixteca, 2004.
1753:(Memorias de la Segunda Semana de la Cultura Mixteca), Ignacio Ortiz Castro (ed.), Universidad Tecnológica de la Mixteca, 2003.
1744:(Memorias de la Primera Semana de la Cultura Mixteca), Ignacio Ortiz Castro (ed.), Universidad Tecnológica de la Mixteca, 2002.
1771:(Memorias de la Cuarta Semana de la Cultura Mixteca), Ignacio Ortiz Castro (ed.), Universidad Tecnológica de la Mixteca, 2005.
1518:
1321:Álvarez, José J. y Rafael Durán. 1856 Itinerarios y derroteros de la República Mexicana. Biblioteca Nacional de México, México.
1273:
1180:
1029:
743:
1242:
1069:
1024:
246:
779:
This group is formed by two large plazas with a mound in the center; others of smaller size are dispersed in the plazas.
994:
1522:
1817:
795:
The group is made up by two badly damaged platforms, with a housing area located between this group and the Pantheon.
1365:
Díaz del Castillo, Bernal 1976. Historia de la conquista de Nueva España, undécima edición. Editorial Porrúa, México.
1107:
1543:
235:
80:
1459:
660:
1386:
Mexicano. Bilingual (Spanish-English) edition. Mexico: CIESAS and Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz (Berlin).
1700:
1440:
Spores, Ronald 1993. Tutupec: A Postclassic-Period Mixtec Conquest State. Ancient Mesoamerica 4 (1):167-174.
898:
515:
Regional survey in the Central Mixteca Alta, Oaxaca, México. Conducted between January 1 and June 15, 1999.
257:
238:
at an elevation of 2,218 metres (7,277 ft), about 96 kilometres (60 mi) north-west of the city of
1563:
y Marc N. Levine (2007)", Tututepec (Yuca Dzaa). Un imperio del Posclásico en la Mixteca de la Costa", en
677:
673:
1822:
918:
1636:
The Pacific Coast Trade Route of Mesoamerica: Iconographic Connections between Guatemala and Guerrero
1499:
1464:
742:, and historical information for scholars, and help to preserve the identity of the Mixtec people as
717:
685:
287:
280:
1328:
Clark, John E. 1990 Olmecas, olmequismo y olmequización en Mesoamérica. Arqueología 3:49–56. México.
1571:
903:
338:
276:
1560:
787:
The group is located to the foot of the "Cerro Volado" and has four low platforms around a patio.
759:
stucco remains. In addition to these groups, there are several tombs and mounds not yet explored.
943:
853:
642:
559:
264:
172:
923:
848:
1780:(Nuu Savi – Pueblo de Lluvia), Miguel Ángel Chávez Guzman (compilador), Juxtlahuaca.org, 2005.
1794:
1359:
Covarrubias, Miguel 1957. Indian Art of Mexico and Central America. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
933:
893:
650:
625:
342:
372:, a language that was not spoken by the original inhabitants. Its Nahuatl name means "In the
272:
1660:
1531:(1992), "Mixtec Pictography: Contents and Conventions", en Reifler Bricker, Victoria (ed.):
1259:
908:
646:
584:
578:
369:
327:
1246:
1142:
1138:
654:
621:
295:
938:
1718:
The Mixtecs of Colonial Oaxaca: Ñudzahui History, Sixteenth Through Eighteenth Centuries
1697:
The Mixtecs of colonial Oaxaca: Nudzahui history, sixteenth through eighteenth centuries
283:, there is also evidence of clear social stratification within their residential zones.
1613:
1528:
974:
724:
696:
665:
539:
299:
239:
231:
1340:
691:
1811:
1595:
1536:
1485:(2007): "Las sociedades jerárquicas oaxaqueñas y el intercambio con los olmecas", en
1478:
979:
969:
883:
747:
728:
807:
The group west of the Church has several platforms constructed at different levels.
1601:
1482:
958:
878:
735:
681:
1688:------- (2007), "La Mixteca y los mixtecos. 3000 años de adaptación cultural", en
1435:
1188:
1239:
1146:
1061:
1014:
984:
888:
739:
613:
563:
535:
253:
108:
1219:
Tilantongo-Jaltepec sector, the Huamelulpan Valley and the Teposcolula Valley).
1619:
Oudijk, Michel R. (2007), "Mixtecos y zapotecos en la época prehispánica", en
1596:"Metalurgia tarasca del cobre en el sitio de Itziparátzico, Michoacán, México"
1150:
1009:
989:
928:
649:. Some Mixtecan languages are called by names other than Mixtec, particularly
555:
319:
1730:
The Cloud People: Divergent Evolution of the Mixtec and Zapotec Civilizations
1606:"Breaking the glass ceiling: the strategies of royal women in ancient states"
137:
124:
999:
712:
286:
During site investigations many high quality urns were found here, similar
1557:, Vanderbilt University Publications in Anthropology, 119–230, Nashville.
40:
1704:
948:
863:
547:
1574:(1996), "Ideology, Power, and Urban Society in Pre-Hispanic Oaxaca", en
664:
Codex Zouche-Nuttall, a prehispanic piece of Mixtec writing, now in the
1630:, Oaxaca Antiguo A.C. y Casa de la Cultura Oaxaqueña, Oaxaca de Juárez.
873:
843:
570:
268:
256:
cities of its time, and also one with the longest occupation, from the
1598:, en el sitio en internet de FAMSI, consultado el 31 de enero de 2010.
1582:
1453:
1447:
680:, and whose epic history is related in several codices, including the
1736:
Stories in Red and Black: Pictorial Histories of the Aztec and Mixtec
964:
868:
838:
731:
617:
573:
551:
543:
334:
291:
243:
194:
Mesoamerican Preclassical, Classical and Postclassical (Ramos Phase)
159:
96:
84:
1634:
1578:, 37(1, feb. 1996): 33–47, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
771:
There are five main sets at the site, each with several structures.
263:
The site was part of other early settlements in the region, such as
688:. He successfully conquered and united most of the Mixteca region.
676:, named after the day in which he was born, whose personal name is
1791:
Mixtecs, Zapotecs and Chatinos: Ancient peoples of Southern Mexico
858:
711:
690:
659:
345:, dried fish, salt, sea shells used for necklaces, earrings, etc.
1649:
1533:
Epigraphy. Supplement to the Handbook of Middle-American Indians
1472:
210:
1515:"Los orígenes andinos de la metalurgia del occidente de México"
279:. Their apogee is characterized by monumental architecture and
252:
Because of its dimensions it must have been one of the largest
1492:
Gaxiola González, Margarita (2007), "Huamelulpan, Oaxaca", en
1062:"Regional Survey in the Central Mixteca Alta, Oaxaca, México"
1732:, Flannery, K. and Marcus, J. (eds.), Percheron Press, 2003.
1657:
Mujeres y sus diosas en los códices preshispánicos de Oaxaca
348:
Ancient Huamelulpan had important weapon and fur workshops.
1655:
Rossell, Cecilia y María de los Ángeles Ojeda Díaz (2003),
1436:
Estudio Regional en la Mixteca Alta Central, Oaxaca, México
410:
Mixteca Alta Survey (Tlaxiaco, Teposcolula and Nochixtlán)
26:
1626:
Paddock, John (1990): "Concepción de la idea Ñuiñe", en
1185:
Enciclopedia de los municipios y delegaciones de México
1587:
Lind, Michael (2008), "Arqueología de la Mixteca", en
624:(or Triqui) languages, spoken by about 24,500 people;
768:
tombs and burials with ceramics and other offerings.
1726:, Ronald Spores, University of Oklahoma Press, 1967
1720:, Kevin Terraciano, Stanford University Press, 2001
1434:Stephen A. Kowalewski y Andrew K. Balkansky, 1999.
1288:[Oaxaca Archaeological Areas Huamelulpan].
1502:(2003), "El sacrificio humano en Mesoamérica", en
1258:Arguments based on the now discredited method of
1738:, Boone, E. H., University of Texas Press, 2000.
1469:La Mixteca, su cultura e historia prehispánicas
1183:[San Martín Huamelulpam Denomination].
294:urban centers that have such similarity to the
1240:http://www.cdi.gob.mx/index.php?id_seccion=660
817:Regional communications in ancient Mesoamerica
1760:Personajes e Instituciones del Pueblo Mixteco
1676:Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia
1345:Swedish Society of Anthropology and Geography
720:, a village is being sacked by some warriors.
8:
48:
30:
1633:Pye, Mary E., and Gerardo Gutiérrez 2007.
39:
1555:Essays in Otomanguean Culture and History
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1692:, (90): 28–33, Editorial Raíces, México.
1623:, (90): 58–62, Editorial Raíces, México.
1567:, (90): 44–47, Editorial Raíces, México.
1550:, (56): 42–47, Editorial Raíces, México.
1496:, (90): 34–35, Editorial Raíces, México.
1489:, (87): 71–76, Editorial Raíces, México.
1286:"Zonas Arqueologicas Oaxaca Huamelulpan"
695:Snail shell pendant, 900-1520 CE, gold,
408:
1769:Pasado y Presente de la Cultura Mixteca
1685:, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.
1473:Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
1041:
1668:"Los estudios etnológicos en Guerrero"
1175:
1173:
1171:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
583:
577:
18:
1546:(2002), "Amanecer en Ñuu Dzavui", en
1181:"Denominación San Martín Huamelulpam"
258:Preclassic to the Postclassic Periods
22:Mixtec Culture – Archaeological Site
16:Archaeological site in Oaxaca, Mexico
7:
1535:, University of Texas Press, 20–33,
1525:, consultado el 31 de enero de 2010.
1106:(in Spanish). Mexico. Archived from
750:introduce new cultural influences.
620:. The Mixtecan branch includes the
1153:leaves. It is naturalized in India
1072:from the original on June 16, 2011
14:
1724:The Mixtec Kings and Their People
1683:The Mixtec Kings and Their People
1523:Banco de la República de Colombia
1100:"Huamelulpan archaeological site"
596:in one variety, for example, and
380:, and it means "Hill that flew".
230:is an archaeological site of the
1751:La Tierra del Sol y de la Lluvia
1742:Presencias de la Cultura Mixteca
1616:Research Library and Collection.
1517:, en el sitio en internet de la
562:form an important branch of the
89:
1666:Villela Flores, Samuel (2006),
1274:Summer Institute of Linguistics
219:Huamelulpan Archaeological Site
59:Archaeological Site Huamelulpan
1828:Archaeological sites in Oaxaca
1610:Gender in Pre-Hispanic America
637:Language, codices, and artwork
1:
1663:-Miguel Ángel Porrúa, México.
1608:, en Cecelia F. Klein (ed.),
1594:Maldonado, Blanca E. (2005):
1674:, (38, agosto 2006): 29–44,
1519:Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango
1292:(in Spanish). Archived from
1187:(in Spanish). Archived from
1544:Gabina Aurora Pérez Jiménez
1145:and South America. It is a
612:constitute a branch of the
376:mound", the Mixtec name is
1844:
1695:Terraciano, Kevin (2001),
1465:Dalghren de Jordán, Barbro
814:
1789:Joyce, Arthur A. (2010).
1701:Stanford University Press
995:Santa Lucía Cotzumalguapa
514:
497:
494:
477:
474:
457:
454:
437:
434:
417:
234:, located in the town of
70:Mesoamerican archaeology
38:
34:
21:
1513:Hosler, Dorothy (1997),
1341:"Nicaraguan Antiquities"
1339:Bovallius, Carl (1886).
1249:, accessed 28 July 2008.
1133:, commonly known as the
1098:Maldonado A., Benjamín.
1060:Beliaev, Dmitri (1999).
699:Museum, Washington, D.C.
1681:Spores, Ronald (1967),
569:The name "Mixtec" is a
538:peoples inhabiting the
811:Regional communication
721:
700:
668:
236:San Martín Huamelulpan
81:San Martín Huamelulpan
715:
694:
663:
554:in a region known as
314:or "Ancient People" (
138:17.55056°N 97.41611°W
44:Stela at Huamelulpan
1690:Arqueología Mexicana
1646:Iconografía mexicana
1621:Arqueología Mexicana
1576:Current Anthropology
1565:Arqueología Mexicana
1548:Arqueología mexicana
1504:Arqueología Mexicana
1494:Arqueología Mexicana
1487:Arqueología Mexicana
1290:Oaxaca Tourist Guide
718:Codex Zouche-Nuttall
686:Codex Zouche-Nuttall
1793:. Wiley Blackwell.
1628:Oaxaqueños de antes
1570:Joyce, Arthur A. y
1347:. Stockholm, Sweden
1228:Campbell (1997:402)
616:language family of
411:
143:17.55056; -97.41611
134: /
1818:Mesoamerican sites
1542:Jansen, Maarten y
1245:2019-09-15 at the
1141:that is native to
1137:, is a species of
854:Cerro de las Minas
722:
701:
669:
643:Mixtecan languages
610:Mixtecan languages
560:Mixtecan languages
409:
402:more than one km.
265:Cerro de las Minas
184:400 BCE to 800 CE
1800:978-0-631-20977-5
1648:, Plaza y Valdés-
1272:According to the
1130:Crescentia cujete
894:Teopantecuanitlan
653:(Cuicateco), and
566:language family.
534:) are indigenous
519:
518:
458:300 BCE – 200 CE
242:, the capital of
225:
224:
204:300 BCE – 200 CE
1835:
1804:
1783:
1774:
1765:
1756:
1747:
1561:Joyce, Arthur A.
1479:Flannery Kent V.
1356:
1354:
1352:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1260:glottochronology
1256:
1250:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1177:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1095:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1057:
1005:In El Salvador:
904:Mazatán, Chiapas
647:Spanish language
587:
581:
412:
370:Nahuatl language
328:Valley of Mexico
149:
148:
146:
145:
144:
139:
135:
132:
131:
130:
127:
95:
93:
92:
60:
43:
19:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1808:
1807:
1801:
1788:
1781:
1772:
1763:
1754:
1745:
1714:
1712:Further reading
1672:Diario de Campo
1529:Jansen, Maarten
1500:Michel Graulich
1350:
1348:
1338:
1333:
1315:
1310:
1309:
1299:
1297:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1257:
1253:
1247:Wayback Machine
1236:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1194:
1192:
1179:
1178:
1169:
1161:
1157:
1139:flowering plant
1127:
1123:
1113:
1111:
1097:
1096:
1085:
1075:
1073:
1059:
1058:
1043:
1038:
914:Chiapa de Corzo
849:San José Mogote
835:
819:
813:
805:
793:
785:
777:
765:
756:
710:
639:
630:Mixtecan branch
606:
604:Mixtec language
524:
393:
368:comes from the
362:
354:
308:
296:Zapotec writing
142:
140:
136:
133:
128:
125:
123:
121:
120:
90:
88:
87:
58:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1841:
1839:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1799:
1785:
1784:
1775:
1766:
1757:
1748:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1664:
1653:
1642:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1614:Dumbarton Oaks
1599:
1592:
1591:, (27): 13–32.
1585:
1579:
1568:
1558:
1551:
1540:
1526:
1511:
1497:
1490:
1476:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1336:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1277:
1265:
1251:
1230:
1221:
1211:
1209:Gaxiola, 2007.
1202:
1167:
1155:
1147:dicotyledonous
1121:
1083:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1020:In Nicaragua:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1003:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
975:Quetzaltenango
972:
967:
962:
959:Tak´alik Ab´aj
954:In Guatemala:
952:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
839:Mixtec Culture
834:
831:
815:Main article:
812:
809:
804:
801:
792:
789:
784:
783:Pantheon Group
781:
776:
773:
764:
761:
755:
752:
725:Mixtec writing
709:
708:Mixtec writing
706:
697:Dumbarton Oaks
666:British Museum
638:
635:
605:
602:
585:[teka]
540:Mexican states
523:
522:Mixtec culture
520:
517:
516:
512:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
492:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
472:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
452:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
432:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
392:
389:
361:
358:
353:
350:
307:
304:
232:Mixtec culture
223:
222:
215:
206:
205:
202:
196:
195:
192:
186:
185:
182:
176:
175:
170:
164:
163:
157:
151:
150:
118:
112:
111:
106:
100:
99:
78:
72:
71:
68:
62:
61:
56:
50:
49:
46:
45:
36:
35:
32:
31:
28:
27:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1840:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1802:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1786:
1779:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1761:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1637:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1602:Marcus, Joyce
1600:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1572:Marcus Winter
1569:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1296:on 2010-11-29
1295:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1269:
1266:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1234:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1215:
1212:
1206:
1203:
1191:on 2011-05-17
1190:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:Calabash Tree
1132:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1110:on 2010-09-27
1109:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
980:Chimaltenango
978:
976:
973:
971:
970:Huehuetenango
968:
966:
963:
960:
957:
956:
955:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
836:
832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
810:
808:
803:Western Group
802:
800:
796:
790:
788:
782:
780:
774:
772:
769:
762:
760:
753:
751:
749:
748:globalization
745:
741:
737:
733:
730:
729:pre-Columbian
726:
719:
714:
707:
705:
698:
693:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
667:
662:
658:
657:(or Trique).
656:
652:
648:
644:
636:
634:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
603:
601:
599:
595:
593:
586:
580:
579:[miʃ]
575:
572:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
521:
513:
509:
506:
503:
500:
498:1000–1530 CE
493:
489:
486:
483:
480:
473:
469:
466:
463:
460:
453:
449:
446:
443:
440:
438:1500–300 BCE
433:
429:
426:
423:
420:
414:
413:
407:
403:
399:
396:
391:Mixtec phases
390:
388:
384:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
359:
357:
351:
349:
346:
344:
340:
336:
331:
329:
323:
321:
317:
313:
305:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
261:
259:
255:
250:
248:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
221:
220:
216:
214:
212:
208:
207:
203:
201:
198:
197:
193:
191:
188:
187:
183:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
169:
166:
165:
161:
158:
156:
153:
152:
147:
119:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
105:
102:
101:
98:
86:
82:
79:
77:
74:
73:
69:
67:
64:
63:
57:
55:
52:
51:
47:
42:
37:
33:
29:
25:
20:
1823:Mixtec sites
1790:
1782:(in Spanish)
1777:
1773:(in Spanish)
1768:
1764:(in Spanish)
1759:
1755:(in Spanish)
1750:
1746:(in Spanish)
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1671:
1656:
1645:
1635:
1627:
1620:
1609:
1588:
1575:
1564:
1554:
1547:
1532:
1507:
1503:
1493:
1486:
1483:Joyce Marcus
1468:
1351:November 26,
1349:. Retrieved
1344:
1300:November 26,
1298:. Retrieved
1294:the original
1289:
1280:
1268:
1254:
1233:
1224:
1214:
1205:
1195:November 26,
1193:. Retrieved
1189:the original
1184:
1162:
1158:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1114:November 26,
1112:. Retrieved
1108:the original
1103:
1076:November 26,
1074:. Retrieved
1065:
1019:
1004:
953:
939:Huamuxtitlán
879:Chalcatzingo
827:
823:
820:
806:
797:
794:
786:
778:
775:Cerro Volado
770:
766:
757:
736:ethnographic
723:
702:
682:Codex Bodley
670:
640:
629:
609:
607:
600:in another.
597:
591:
589:
568:
536:Mesoamerican
531:
527:
525:
478:200–1000 CE
424:Teposcolula
418:Chronnology
404:
400:
397:
394:
385:
382:
377:
373:
365:
363:
355:
347:
332:
324:
320:Mixteca Baja
315:
311:
309:
285:
262:
254:Mesoamerican
251:
227:
226:
217:
209:
199:
189:
179:
167:
154:
115:
103:
75:
65:
53:
1372:California.
1149:plant with
1015:El Salvador
985:Mixco Viejo
919:Tapanatepec
899:Costa Chica
889:Juxtlahuaca
678:Jaguar Claw
614:Otomanguean
564:Otomanguean
475:Las Flores
427:Nochixtlán
378:Yucunindaba
366:Huamelulpan
300:Monte Albán
277:Monte Negro
228:Huamelulpan
141: /
116:Coordinates
109:Mesoamerica
1812:Categories
1461:March 2007
1313:References
1151:tripinnate
1010:Chalchuapa
990:Retalhuleu
929:Pijijiapan
884:Oxtotitlán
791:Old Church
763:Structures
740:linguistic
674:Eight Deer
598:Dà'àn Dávi
556:La Mixteca
510:466 Sites
504:179 Sites
501:199 Sites
495:Natividad
490:208 Sites
450:116 Sites
312:Ñuu Sa Na'
281:sculptures
180:Chronology
129:97°24′58″W
126:17°33′02″N
1678:, México.
1652:, México.
1589:Desacatos
1584:Dec. 2007
1475:, México.
1325:Maryland.
1263:1996:4–6.
1000:Escuintla
744:migration
507:88 Sites
487:49 Sites
484:67 Sites
481:92 Sites
470:78 Sites
467:10 Sites
464:27 Sites
461:41 Sites
447:29 Sites
444:40 Sites
441:47 Sites
421:Tlaxiaco
364:The name
352:Discovery
1778:Nuu Savi
1705:Stanford
1604:(2001):
1506:, (63):
1467:(1966):
1455:Dec 2007
1449:Dec 2007
1243:Archived
1070:Archived
1030:Zapatera
949:Ometepec
934:Chiautla
864:Guerrero
833:See also
754:The site
651:Cuicatec
626:Cuicatec
582:'cloud'
548:Guerrero
360:Toponymy
339:Tehuacán
316:Ñuu Yata
213:Web Page
168:Language
162:(Lower)
76:Location
1421:México.
1413:Austin.
1143:Central
1025:Ometepe
909:Comitán
874:Chiapas
844:Yucuita
576:, from
571:Nahuatl
558:. The
532:Mixteca
374:huautli
343:jicaras
318:in the
306:History
288:Zapotec
273:Diquiyú
269:Yucuita
155:Culture
1797:
1661:CIESAS
1641:Provo.
1537:Austin
1417:Provo.
1163:Jícara
965:Bilbao
924:Tonalá
869:Oaxaca
732:Mixtec
655:Triqui
622:Trique
618:Mexico
594:n Sávi
574:exonym
552:Puebla
544:Oaxaca
528:Mixtec
455:Ramos
430:Total
415:Phase
335:Puebla
292:Mixtec
244:Oaxaca
240:Oaxaca
200:Apogee
190:Period
173:Mixtec
160:Mixtec
104:Region
97:Mexico
94:
85:Oaxaca
1670:, en
1508:16-21
1376:D.C..
1335:D.C..
1066:FAMSI
1036:Notes
944:Tlapa
859:Izapa
435:Cruz
247:state
54:Name:
1795:ISBN
1650:INAH
1521:del
1428:D.C.
1353:2010
1302:2010
1197:2010
1116:2010
1104:INAH
1078:2010
746:and
684:and
641:The
608:The
550:and
530:(or
526:The
275:and
211:INAH
66:Type
590:Tu'
542:of
322:).
298:of
1814::
1703:,
1699:,
1659:,
1612:,
1481:y
1471:,
1343:.
1170:^
1102:.
1086:^
1068:.
1064:.
1044:^
738:,
546:,
337:,
302:.
271:,
267:,
249:.
83:,
1803:.
1707:.
1638:.
1539:.
1510:.
1355:.
1304:.
1199:.
1118:.
1080:.
961:,
592:u
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
