1069:, the region where Maga received the most votes, on April 3. Outraged, Maga formed the Assembly of the Peoples of the North, which threatened to secede unless he was declared President. He refused to leave his campaign headquarters at Parakou even to attend political meetings. Maga's reaction to the nullification prompted many southern workers to flee the north. Apithy stated that he would convince his region to join Nigeria if Maga took the presidency and took steps to bribe his way into that office. AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin claimed Maga had defrauded the electoral system to his advantage. In contrast with the other three former presidents, Zinsou admitted that he had been defeated and decided participate in bargaining, explaining that he rejected the idea of a coalition "for personal reasons". The other former Presidents, on the other hand, agreed to a hasty compromise on April 13 to prevent a civil war.
729:(Patriotic Action Front, or F.A.P.), and reorganised Dahomey into one electoral constituency. It was proposed that there would be an agreed list of electoral candidates, and that all of the legislative seats would be given to the party with the highest number of elected representatives from that list. This arrangement did not last long; AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin broke from the union and, using the discontent among people over the increasing rarity of jobs in the country, incited demonstrations that lasted from September to October 1960. He nevertheless tried to disassociate himself from the rioting. In September, he claimed that a single party state was the only solution to the stagnation of the economy. Since he had recently renounced one party, he was looking for another party to lead.
1013:. In order to gain power back, Maga formed a new party while in exile, the Union Nationale Dahoméenne (U.N.D.), on December 9, 1965. It was little more than a vehicle to be recognised in the upcoming elections, to be held before January 18, 1966. Maga and Apithy banded together to protest a special session of the National Assembly on December 21, 1965, that would vote on a new constitution for Dahomey, and the session was never held. Academic Dov Ronen speculates that this was because there would be no vice-presidents in the constitution, and the two politicians figured that a coalition would guarantee high offices for both. Neither was to witness a political comeback on January 18, as Soglo seized power on December 22 of the previous year and refused to hold elections.
966:. They remained somewhat orderly before the trade unionists were involved. While still led by Maga, the trade unionists were still upset by the wage cut and used the case to further their interests. In addition, they criticized what they called Maga's "squander-mania", such as the construction of a presidential palace. Most of the demonstrations were peaceful, although several demonstrators destroyed a hospital sign containing Maga's name. Six trade unionists were arrested on the second day of demonstrations, causing the unions to call a general strike. By the end of the second day, protesters forced the National Assembly to put Bokhiri back in jail, and the Assembly simultaneously enforced a curfew.
920:, into the National Union of Dahomeyan Youth. It was to remain a nationally run organization, unaffiliated with any international institution. Nonetheless, he would do nothing more than reprimand students who protested him, not even revoke their scholarships. On December 31, 1961, the Maga administration raised certain taxes, including those on income, transportation, and permits in an attempt to balance his country's budget. He nonetheless ran into trouble in the enforcement of his plan. Throughout his first term as president, Maga toured various parts of Dahomey to bring enthusiasm to his plan, offering undeveloped land to its supporters.
31:
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course of the operation, assailant Major
Moumouni was mortally wounded by de Souza's bullets. The plot was foiled, although Maga canceled a visit to France to attend to the matter at hand. A 12-member military commission would soon discover another plot, that would have been undertaken simultaneous to Kouandété's. According to its findings, Captains Glele and Pierre Boni were going to follow Kouandété until de Souza was assassinated, when they would eradicate their leader and insert Zinsou back into power. The recent events epitomised the council's "fear and contempt" for the military.
1269:
1176:
into a battlefield" using "workers, soldiers, and policemen." This stemmed from UGEED-sponsored demonstrations against the minister of education when he failed to attend an educational meeting. Students whose schools followed the strike were allowed back to school on
November 19, and only if their parents signed documents that said they would not participate in more demonstrations. If they failed to comply, they would be expelled from the educational system of Dahomey. Government-instituted rallies were arranged to support the ban.
1149:
4405:
4199:
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1086:, consisting of Maga, AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin, and Apithy, was set up on May 7 with a presidency that changed every two years. Maga inaugurated this system for the first two years. Each man agreed to not use the military to extend their term or use any other means toward that consequence. If decisions were not unanimous during the first round of voting, a two councilman majority would suffice on the second round. The council served as the executive and legislative branch of Dahomey.
1287:
588:
608:. However, he was not an ardent supporter of this organization; this lack of commitment was typical of Maga in the following years. He was named the secretary of the Finance Committee, a member of the committee on national education, and a member of the committee on parliamentary privileges. During his first term in the Assembly, he accomplished little apart from proposing a bill on May 13, 1954, that concerned the election of counselors of the Republic from its
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first months in office, but at home the desire for an independent
Dahomey was mounting. Apithy announced on September 2, 1959, that he would remove all P.R.D. deputies from the government if Maga did not establish referendums on Dahomey's political status. Maga reacted by dismissing Apithy from his cabinet on September 18, and warning P.R.D. deputies that the same would happen to any of them who opposed him on the matter.
1172:, president of Togo, as Kutuklui had been involved in several plots against Eyadema's military government. The council's decision to extradite him spurred demonstrations in Cotonou. Maga was unable to carry out his decision; Alphonse Alley protected Kutuklui and took him to an unknown place outside of Dahomey. Col. Alley received no punishment whatsoever for his role in the Affair.
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994:(P.D.D.). It announced that a referendum on the status of the constitution was to be held on December 15. At the same time, a committee was established to investigate alleged wrongdoings by the Maga administration. In late November it began prosecuting members of the cabinet, including the Minister of National Economy and the Finance Minister, for misusing public funds.
792:, adopted the constitution on November 25. The new constitution gave the president the right to ask the National Assembly to reconsider a bill if it did not pass with two-thirds of the votes, and submit referendums. Maga assumed the powers of Commander in Chief of the Dahomeyan Army, although he did not wear its uniform until its capture of the Portuguese enclave of
1037:
the authority of any president who is unacceptable by any of the living forces and the people of
Dahomey." The triumvirate attempted another boycott of Zinsou's appointal and the subsequent referendum he chose to hold. However, the plan was not successful, and he was confirmed President of Dahomey on July 28 with 76.4 percent of the electorate voting for him.
1029:. Moumouni won the election with 80 percent of the vote, but the result was declared void because the protest prevented nearly three-quarters of the electorate from voting. This result sparked further demonstrations, and Maga, Soglo, Apithy, and AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin were forbidden to enter the country, in an attempt to crack down on dissent.
647:, Apithy and AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin agreed to divide between them 18 contested seats in a southwest constituency. However, AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin made it clear that he would not agree to let Apithy retain the office of Prime Minister of Dahomey. Maga was chosen as a compromise for the premiership, and was voted into this post on May 22, 1959.
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was injured. KĂ©rĂ©kou called the triumvirate "truly a monster" as it showed "unpardonable incompetence", amongst other charges which were used to justify the coup. KouandĂ©tĂ© was pardoned, although the former council was not. Maga, AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin, and Apithy spent more than nine years in prison before being freed by KĂ©rĂ©kou in 1981.
564:, Maga ran for that office. The fact that two seats were allotted to Dahomey was only known in the last week of April. As per a May 1951 electoral law, each candidate had to give the names of another who would occupy the second seat in the event that the other party's first candidate came in third or below. Maga decided to run with
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Paris. AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin received five years in jail for his role in the conspiracy, and the others received sentences from one to ten years. Maga ultimately released them on
November 3, 1962, saying in a broadcast that it was not only due to their good behavior in jail but also to reconcile with his former enemies.
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1208:. Lesser sentences were handed to five men who were given life imprisonment, two who would serve 20 years in prison, another with 15 years, two with ten, and two with five. An additional four were acquitted. The sentences were never carried out; the jurors believed that Kouandété would seize power in another coup.
813:
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877:, was shut down in February. Maga commissioned a group of people to announce news to the uneducated from the government perspective. AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin's trade unions were superseded by Maga's General Union of Dahomeyan Workers. The General Union was instantly recognized as the only representative of the
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The
Presidential Council was slow in organizing a military trial, and it did not begin until May 12. The court tried 21 men besides Kouandété, mostly military officers but also including several commoners and even Maga bodyguards. The punishments were announced on May 16. Kouandété received the death
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Maga's economic policies during his chairmanship helped quiet union leaders whose protests during his presidency had been intense. He helped create a tax plan that would finance their salaries by cutting expenditures and cracking down on tax evasion. In 1970 Dahomey witnessed a surplus of 429 million
1036:
was appointed civilian
President of Dahomey by the military on June 17, 1968. Maga, Apithy, and AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin unified in Paris in opposing the appointment. They established the National Front for the Struggle of Dahomey, whose members promised "not to participate in any government, not to accept
675:
On
September 28, 1959, we freely chose the route of cooperation with France, within the framework of the Community. We do not contemplate and we will never contemplate leaving the Franco-African ensemble ... The choice in the future presuppose certain conditions. Given our financial and economic
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notified Maga that AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin had plotted to assassinate the president. He and 11 other dissidents were arrested, and a trial date was set for
December. The trial differed from many others held in Africa in that it was conducted in public, and the defendants were represented by a lawyer from
808:
with the same term of office. Of
Dahomey's 971,012 registered voters, 71 percent voted in the election. The P.D.U. received 69 percent of the vote and all 60 seats in the National Assembly. Although the U.D.D. received 31 percent of the popular vote, it did not have a single
663:
In his policy speech upon receiving the premiership, Maga asked his fellow Dahomeyans to end the tribalism that had characterised his country's politics. He appealed for unity among Apithy and AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin supporters and encouraged investments into the economy. Foreign affairs dominated Maga's
359:
Shortly afterwards, Maga was convicted of plotting to assassinate Soglo and of corruption, for which he was incarcerated. Following his release in 1965, he took refuge in Togo before moving to Paris. In 1970, he returned to Dahomey to serve as head of a rotating three-man presidential council, which
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had been established and the opposition press had been restricted. In 1963, convicted murderer Christophe Bokhiri was released from prison, prompting riots around the country, but the focus of the rioting soon shifted toward Maga's problems as president. The riots became so serious that the Chief of
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in 1989 and participated in the National Conference of 1990, which gave amnesty to all Beninese political refugees. He also was a member of the High Council of the Republic before retiring from political life. He did make some public appearances, such as at independence day celebrations in 1998. At
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was installed as president. It occurred during a cabinet meeting between Maga and AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin. KĂ©rĂ©kou had served as Maga's aide-de-camp in 1961. According to reports at the scene, soldiers abruptly arrived in the Cabinet room of the presidential palace and started firing bullets, but no one
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Students were some of those involved in the protests, and they soon had another reason to conflict with their government. On November 5, 1971, Maga and his administration shut down the Union Général des Etudiants et Eleves de Dahomey (UGEED), a radical youth group which sought to "transform Dahomey
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as its chairman. An election was held on March 28, 1970, to determine the true president. On this occasion, the triumvirate was allowed to campaign, and they did not miss the chance. Intimidation and bribery were commonplace, and the electoral campaign saw the comeback of regional loyalties. It was
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and a devoted group of Maga supporters tried to remove him from house arrest and reinstate the overthrown president back into power. Author Elisa Daggs called their campaigns "a rampage of terrorism." They grew so intense that the military was called in to quell the uprisings. At least one of their
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January 1962 saw the poisoning of Dessou, an official of the Sakete sub-prefecture. The deputy from his constituency, named Christophe Bokhiri, was accused of the crime and duly arrested. He was released after his fellow deputies in the National Assembly requested to suspend proceedings against him
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With the threat from his enemies thus removed, Maga could focus on developing the national economy. He designed a four-year growth plan, to begin on January 1, 1962, that contained many ambitious acts, though this was frequently revised to be more realistic. It was designed to increase agricultural
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These charges did not affect Maga's standing in the polls; he received a majority of the vote in the north, and Apithy and AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin received a majority in the southeast and southwest/central, respectively. The election results were as follows: 252,551 citizens voted for Maga; 200,091 for
997:
Despite the friendly relationship between the two men, Soglo held Maga responsible for an assassination plot against him which was discovered in early December. Maga resigned his position in the provisional government on December 4, shortly before being placed under house arrest in an unidentified
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in February 1962. He added the Planning and Development duties to Apithy's office to quench his thirst for power. Nonetheless, Apithy accused Maga of being a dictator, and a series of demonstrations the Vice President coordinated would ultimately force Maga out of office. These were not sparked by
714:
Experience has shown that neither a two party nor a three party system can lead Dahomey out of its present stagnation. Only a majority party that truly represents the nation can, under the circumstances, reach decisions that are acceptable to the bulk of the population. I refer to a truly majority
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received a mere 18,410 ballots. Several smaller parties hosted several other candidates, which received the rest of the votes. Only 0.5 percent of Maga's votes came from the coastal region, while 98 percent came from northern towns and villages. The 1951 election has been cited as when regionalist
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Despite the economic hardship, the president commissioned French architect Chomette to design a presidential palace. At a cost of US$ 3 million, the building dominated Cotonou's promenade on its completion in 1963. The new palace contained a golden and marble porch, mosaic stairwells, pebble dash
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was installed by a coup, overthrowing then-chairman AhomadegbĂ©-TomĂȘtin. Maga and the other members of the council were imprisoned until 1981. Maga retired from public life after his release, only making an appearance at the National Conference of 1990, which gave amnesty to all Beninese political
335:
During Maga's term of office, Dahomey's economy collapsed; there was little foreign investment and unemployment rose. In response, he launched a four-year plan in January 1962, the basis of which was to increase agricultural production by forcing the nation's youths to work on the land. Maga also
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KouandĂ©tĂ© attempted to usurp power again at dawn on February 23. When he first heard of the mutiny, AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin believed that it was an attempt by Maga to remain in power. Leading the Ouidah garrison, KouandĂ©tĂ© also attempted to take over government buildings and murder de Souza. Over the
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took control of the country to prevent a civil war. He dismissed the cabinet, dissolved the Assembly, suspended the constitution, and banned any type of demonstrations. After having Maga sign his resignation the same day he gave Maga, Apithy, and AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin the powers of the Ministry of
969:
In light of these events, Maga canceled his trip to the United States and returned to Dahomey immediately. Appealing for peace, he convened a special National Assembly session. The protesters and trade unionists were indifferent to his efforts toward reconciliation. When Maga agreed with their
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Maga transferred power to AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin on May 7, 1972. This was the first time in 12 years that the head of Dahomey was succeeded in a nonmilitary fashion. The new chairman congratulated Maga and praised the triumvirate as "one of most beneficial institutions." It was believed that the
884:
By April, most U.D.D. members had expressed their interest in joining the P.D.U., which Maga encouraged. AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin did not share his colleagues' keenness; nevertheless, the choice was soon made for himâthe U.D.D. was dissolved by Maga on April 11, and less than a week later, so were
695:
On August 1, 1960, Maga traveled to Paris to discuss Dahomey's political future with Houphouët-Boigny. Following their negotiations, Dahomey was granted its independence. On Maga's return to his home country on June 13, he claimed that he had personally requested autonomy. Maga was chosen as
732:
Dahomey faced a major economic recession. The country had not had a favorable trade balance since 1924, and now that it was independent, France no longer offered subsidies. Maga helped to counter this by investing in the infrastructure and encouraging civil servants to take Dahomey as their
799:
A recently passed electoral law meant that every party that stood in the upcoming official elections had to list candidates for all 60 National Assembly deputies, as well as for president and vice president. Maga's only presidential opponent was AhomadegbĂ©-TomĂȘtin, whose running mate was
1211:
Another delayed function of the council was the formation of the Assemblée Consultative Nationale, an advisory assembly required by the 1970 constitution. As per the constitution, such an assembly would contain 30 members advising councilmen on economic, social, and other issues, with
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The military was also aroused. The formation of a presidential council only further enraged the army. AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin was ambushed while traveling to a rally in Abomey on May 7, 1971. Maga initially denied its existence, and to this day details are unclear. An artillery camp at
655:
Maga's election coincided with a collapse of the colonial economy. There was little foreign investment in the country, and unemployment was rising. He thus felt that a consultation with the trade unions was necessary before selecting a Minister of Labor, and eventually appointed
1224:
being given a monopoly over selling official stationary to the Presidential Council and spread to claims of bribery and embezzlement. AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin tried to fire Chabi Kao, but Maga, who was Chabi Kao's mentor, refused. Maga convinced Apithy to help and the bill was vetoed.
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also marked by a series of violent outbursts; invalidated reports state that six people were killed or wounded at incidents in Parakou on the eve of the elections. Fellow candidate Zinsou asserted that Maga supporters had killed one of his supporters during said incidents.
320:. Born a peasant in 1916, Maga served as a schoolmaster from 1936 to 1945, during which time he gradually gained considerable influence among the uneducated. He was elected to Dahomey's territorial assembly in 1947 and founded the Northern Ethnical Group, later renamed the
643:(U.D.D.) received 11 deputies for its 162,179 votes. What followed was described by Matthews as "an immediate explosion". Supporters of AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin took to the streets in rioting so severe that French soldiers were called in to restore order. Following mediation by
2636:
744:(R.D.A.). AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin had always believed that the U.D.D. was the sole representative of the Rally. This had helped bring a new political philosophy to the R.D.D., which had, up to this point, done little more than express regionalism without much of a platform.
1216:
presiding. It was not established until July 1972, due to, in the words of academic Samuel Decalo, "intensive horse-trading between the partners in the Presidential Council ... and pressures from their political lieutenants for a position in the Assembly."
1184:
was the location of another military uprising on January 28, 1972. The president sent two officers to overpower the rebels although no punishment was undertaken. Both AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin and Maga believed that the latter incident was an attempted coup.
332:, where he served in various positions, including premier from 1959 to 1960. When Dahomey gained its independence from France on August 1, 1960, Maga was appointed to the presidency, and was officially elected to that post on December 11.
671:, join the French community and become a semi-autonomous state, or obtain full independence. The Dahomeyan people chose the second option, semi-autonomy, and full independence was scheduled for 1960. The premier announced on January 1, that:
998:
village. He was accompanied by a butler, a cook, and a driver. Four former cabinet members. were placed in less comfortable prisons. At an official inquiry, the conspiracy charge was dropped, but Maga was found guilty of corruption.
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779:
Following the motion of censure's defeat, U.D.D. deputies began to resign from their jobs, and five were dismissed. They were replaced by deputies from the P.R.D. On November 13 the P.R.D. and R.D.D. officially merged to form the
864:, the new Information Minister. To prevent a backlash from the opposition, Maga and his ministers moved their offices from Porto Novo to Cotonou, where the U.D.D had received 90 percent of the vote in the recent election.
684:, an idea that Maga opposed. In response, the premier added more U.D.D. deputies to his government in a January 1960 cabinet reshuffle. However, they became more vocal in trying to take over Dahomey. Maga began to ally with
612:
and Trust Territories. With the support of his new party, Maga ran for the renewal of his mandate at the legislative elections held on January 2, 1956. Standing for an "active federalism within the French union", Maga chose
872:
In early 1961, the president began applying repressive measures on the opposition press and anyone suspected of trouble-making, thus effectively silencing AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin's voice in the country. The U.D.D.'s newspaper,
1141:, rising to a 570 million CFA franc surplus the following year. With the national economy in a favorable position, Maga and the rest of the council could afford a number of luxuries, including three houses and three
579:. Altogether, however, only 44% of the population voted on election day. Apithy was reelected a deputy with 53,463 votes out of 147,350 cast, while Maga captured the second seat with 49,329 and third candidate
1016:
More coups were to follow, and eventually the military decided to return to civilian rule. All former presidents, vice presidents, government ministers, and National Assembly presidents were disqualified from
548:
I have suggested to Maga that he constitute a separate group with his Northerners. He liked the idea ... Later I repeated the question. It seems again possible that Mr. Maga might constitute the group in
1049:, who had installed him as president in the first place. The military, however, refused to recognize Kouandété, and as the two men could not reach agreement, a Military Directorate was established with
970:
demands and replaced his government with a provisional one in which Apithy and AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin had equal standing, they organized themselves to protest this new order. Armed northerners came down to
454:
Maga was appointed director of the school in 1945. Along with his new wife, he began to increase his influence among uneducated citizens. He worked for trade unions after World War II, and led the
958:
The people of Dahomey were outraged at Bokhiri's release. Racial clashes broke out in the summer of 1963, as the murderer and the victim were of different tribes. Demonstrations were organized in
628:
became Prime Minister of France in November 1957, he appointed Maga to the position of Secretary of State of Labor, a post he served in until the end of the Gaillard ministry on April 15, 1958.
635:(P.R.D.) ran only in the south. The result of the elections was that the P.R.D. received 37 seats with 144,038 votes, the R.D.D. received 22 seats with 62,132 votes, and
660:
to the office. Although Apithy wanted to return to his former position as Prime Minister, he was instead appointed Minister of State without responsibility for any specific department.
4545:
624:. Shortly afterwards, Maga became a member of the committees on national education and on justice and legislation, and was named Secretary of the Assemblée on January 25, 1956. When
571:
The May 1951 law also enlarged the electorate from 61,958 to 333,693. Some dead people were even counted as electors due to the mishandling of election cards. The Cotonou newspaper
667:
Nevertheless, a referendum on independence for Dahomey was held on September 28. It offered Dahomeyans three choices regarding the preferred political status: become a French
4595:
820:
Maga's original cabinet resigned on December 29. He named the new ministers in his government the next day, and chose many leaders from the former R.D.D. and P.N.D. He appointed
680:
Popular opinion was soon behind Maga instead of Apithy. Maga began to form an alliance with AhomadegbĂ©-TomĂȘtin, especially after Apithy voted in favor of joining the short-lived
557:(Northern Ethnic Group). Maga, in an April 1968 interview, denied that Peperty ever played a part in the establishment. He claimed that he and his friends came up with the idea.
568:, a wealthy northern merchant. Capitalising on growing cynicism regarding southern Dahomey dominating the French colony's politics, he allied himself with the northern tribes.
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the time of his death, he sat upon the Constitutional Court of Dahomey. On May 8, 2000, Maga died of a heart attack in Cotonou. A hospital in Cotonou now bears his name.
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AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin's trade unions. Maga declared that the country of Dahomey "ha at last been born." Since AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin was unable and unwilling to pursue a
439:
In his twenties Maga converted to Roman Catholicism which, according to journalist Ronald Matthews, "was not so common for a northerner". He became a teacher at
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767:. It ended when Maga sent down faithful Northerners armed with bows and arrows to patrol the streets at night. On November 2, members of the U.D.D. organized a
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to the Dahomey General Council in 1947, Maga resigned his teaching post. He subsequently became vice president of the assembly until his resignation in 1957.
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of Natitingou and a close acquaintance, encouraged Maga to form an alliance among northerners in early 1949. He wrote in a political report later that year:
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4600:
1062:, obtaining 97.3 percent of the 78 percent turnout. Zinsou, running to counter the constant tribal clashes, received 3 percent, with 17,551 votes.
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goals was accomplished in March 1965 when, following a retrial, Maga was released from house arrest. He went into exile in Togo before moving to Paris.
514:. Regionalistic attitudes would only intensify during the rest of the political careers of the three men, collectively known as Dahomey's triumvirate.
466:
Maga's rise to power occurred during a period of intense regionalism, spurred by the historical resentment shared by members of the former kingdoms of
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yields and was financed by French capital. Part of the plan was to cut wages by ten percent. Young Dahomeyans would contribute "human investment", or
631:
Before the territorial elections of 1959, Maga agreed that the R.D.D. would field candidates only in the north of the country if in return Apithy's
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situation, would it be reasonable for us to assume new responsibilities at a time when we are not capable of confronting the present difficulties?
2363:"Empty Palace Symbolizes the Revolt in Dahomey; New Government Shuns It as a Reminder of Maga Ousted President Is Kept in House Arrest in Village"
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was officially expelled from Dahomey on October 27, 1971, where he had been practicing law since the late 1960s. It was at the request of General
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to support Maga and clashed with dissenters, killing two. The protesters, however, would not return to their jobs until Maga no longer held his.
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that he controlled to begin another strike in protest against Maga's inability to promote national development, and to ensure the welfare of the
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triumvirate would continually undermine each other, and the simple transition of power was viewed as a positive step toward Dahomeyan unity.
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AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin, and 186,332 for Apithy. In the entire south, Maga received 24,000 votes compared to the 180,000 who voted for him in the
917:
553:
He feared that Maga would lean "toward the R.D.A. " and wanted the young politician to form a different group. The party was to become the
3525:
Five African States; Responses to Diversity: the Congo, Dahomey, the Cameroun Federal Republic, the Rhodesias and Nyasaland, South Africa
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1620:
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336:
faced a national crisis of unity, culminating in a failed assassination plot against him in May 1961 led by the main opposition leader,
349:, took control of the country in October to prevent a civil war. After forcing Maga to resign, Soglo gave him, AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin, and
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4179:
4124:
636:
483:
68:
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4294:
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3793:
3758:
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3590:
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1402:
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on the fields. If they failed to do so, Maga would revoke their citizenship and disqualify them from citizenship in nations in the
575:
noted a man who gave an unlimited number of cards as long as they promised to vote for Maga's main opponent, accountant and deputy
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3454:
3393:
2067:"Dahomey Takes Over Enclave And Expels Portuguese Official; Lisbon Aide Burns Residence â African Nation Raises Flag Over Ajuda."
945:
2555:
1164:
The Council lost popularity with the Kutuklui Affair. By decree of Maga and the rest of the council, Togolese opposition leader
804:. On December 11, 1960, Maga was formally elected as president for a five-year term; he received 468,002 votes, and Apithy
337:
93:
878:
912:
To ensure against a student uprising, the president combined the two major youth organizations in Dahomey, chapters of the
4409:
4203:
1018:
491:
292:
267:
1392:
1239:
Another coup was launched by soldiers of the Ouidah garrison on October 26. This one, however, was successful, and Major
1009:
During Maga's exile, a number of coups were attempted against Presidents Soglo, Apithy, and AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin and their
621:
4530:
4169:
4057:
1083:
259:
644:
4084:
3888:
3417:
1625:
632:
609:
420:
to be educated at the Victor Ballot School, where he remained for three years. During his subsequent schooling at the
30:
3812:
955:
clauses of the Dahomey Constitution, specifically Article 37. Maga, meanwhile, was away in Paris during all of this.
771:
in the National Assembly. Maga relied on Apithy's assistance in opposing the motion, and it was ultimately defeated.
443:
in 1935. In 1939, he married a fellow Christian, a nurse by profession, and the daughter of a prominent Brazilian of
2816:
2062:
1145:
automobiles to be shared amongst themselves, and festivals for the anniversary of the founding of the triumvirate.
991:
906:
495:
805:
784:(P.D.U.) and Maga was elected as its leader. He created a constitution for Dahomey, styling it after that of the
498:
in 1957, received little support outside his northern headquarters. Even then, most of his backing came from the
487:
350:
263:
1148:
3532:
2565:
913:
741:
640:
561:
540:
329:
321:
271:
197:
4139:
1153:
1025:. In response, Maga and Apithy staged protests while AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin supported an obscure candidate named
4387:
4159:
4144:
1046:
560:
In the legislative elections of June 17, 1951, when Dahomey was allowed an additional representative in the
3491:
1220:
One of the most notable aspects of AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin's time in power was the Kovacs Affair. It began with
1105:, minister of communication, were all friends of AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin. Maga's colleagues in the cabinet were
1089:
The cabinet was composed of four AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin allies, three Maga allies, and three allies of Apithy.
4555:
4164:
4154:
952:
816:
After the 1960 election, Maga and his ministers moved their offices from Porto Novo to Cotonou (pictured).
317:
80:
2362:
2232:
1098:
4560:
3781:
3298:
3211:
3168:
2911:
2820:
2786:
2139:
2066:
1278:
1228:
1202:
penalty, as did Captains Josué and Glélé, Quartermaster Sergeant Agboton, and a corporal and a sergeant
1094:
1026:
1022:
928:
837:
785:
781:
668:
601:
4248:
4238:
4212:
4186:
1240:
1232:
849:
737:
grew by 1.4 percent annually from 1957 to 1965, making Dahomey's economy one of the weakest in Africa.
361:
3474:
1118:
853:
801:
614:
4525:
4520:
4454:
3671:
3504:
3164:
2907:
2560:
833:
789:
100:
45:
1102:
4358:
4341:
4119:
4100:
3853:
3333:
2631:
2508:
1110:
1050:
1033:
893:
861:
580:
576:
479:
421:
405:
353:
281:
177:
123:
2479:
1165:
1157:
933:
841:
600:
In Paris, Maga affiliated himself with the Overseas Independents, a political organization led by
4080:
4028:
4020:
3991:
3983:
3857:
3813:"November 1963 - Fall of President Maga's Regime. - Formation of Provisional Military Government"
3785:
3654:
3633:
3625:
3422:
3306:
3219:
3176:
2919:
2828:
2794:
2370:
2240:
2147:
2074:
1412:
1126:
1066:
845:
527:
523:
154:
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3923:
3902:
3892:
3871:
3861:
3832:
3824:
3799:
3789:
3764:
3754:
3721:
3713:
3685:
3675:
3596:
3586:
3567:
3557:
3553:
3536:
2650:
2162:
1398:
1204:
1142:
1059:
886:
768:
625:
4253:
4134:
4129:
4114:
4012:
3975:
3940:
3697:
3617:
3528:
2499:
2228:
1221:
1106:
978:
617:
as his running mate. Of the 179,119 votes cast, Maga won 60,601 and Apithy won 64,344.
587:
346:
147:
511:
3919:
3495:
2662:
2470:
2174:
1424:
1291:
1169:
681:
341:
982:
State. Southern Dahomey later created a statue in honor of this day in national history.
3778:
Political Liberalization and Democratization in Africa: Lessons from Country Experiences
3042:
KpatindĂ©, Francis (25 March 2002), "Justin TomĂȘtin AhomadĂ©gbĂ© ĂphĂ©mĂšre chef de l'Ătat",
977:
They were to get their wish. On October 28 Chief of Staff of the 800-man Dahomeyan Army
740:
Meanwhile, Maga made Houphouët-Boigny recognize the R.D.D. as the Dahomeyan wing of his
4464:
4332:
4149:
3744:
3580:
1130:
825:
309:
233:
3444:
4514:
4474:
4258:
4032:
3995:
3637:
3383:
3044:
1090:
752:
503:
499:
390:
340:. AhomadegbĂ©-TomĂȘtin was jailed, and by the time of his release in November 1962, a
3750:
3645:
Decalo, Samuel (April 1973), "Regionalism, Politics, and the Military in Dahomey",
1274:
1213:
857:
829:
748:
657:
565:
429:
394:
1133:, who had served as foreign minister under Zinsou, was allowed to keep his job.
1122:
821:
689:
451:. Marriages between northern and southern Dahomeyans were uncommon at the time.
4003:
Staniland, Martin (1973b), "The Three-Party System in Dahomey: II, 1956-1957",
1160:, and the Presidential Council's agreement, helped to undermine its popularity.
474:, and disorganised tribes from the north. Its result was the creation of three
4016:
3979:
3966:
Staniland, Martin (1973a), "The Three-Party System in Dahomey: I, 1946-1956",
1138:
1114:
1010:
1002:
959:
756:
685:
507:
471:
444:
440:
417:
4049:
3927:
3828:
3768:
3725:
3717:
2912:"Slayings Reported and Regional Tension Rises as Dahomey Votes for President"
3906:
3875:
3846:
3803:
3571:
2475:
526:
region in 1945, and, two years later, was appointed to the Grand Council of
4286:
3958:
3836:
3689:
478:
tribal zones: the north, southeast, and southwest, which were led by Maga,
3540:
1362:
The true number of accused men was not known until the trial was convened.
3600:
3449:
3388:
2140:"New Dahomey Cabinet; Maga Shuffles Government, Retaining Some Ministers"
1350:
764:
584:
parties arose, and it was the first whose pamphlets mentioned ethnicity.
3658:
2622:
2135:
1152:
Togolese president Etienne Eyadema, who would later change his name to
990:
The provisional government dissolved the P.D.U. and replaced it with a
971:
963:
902:
760:
605:
409:
385:, northern Dahomey. Maga claimed he was a descendant of the Kingdom of
382:
245:
229:
4024:
3987:
3629:
1438:
1235:, who overthrew the Presidential Council in 1972, in a 2006 photograph
4327:
3582:
All Africa: All Its Political Entities of Independent or Other Status
1481:
1181:
467:
448:
413:
381:
Maga was born on August 10 or August 19, 1916 to a peasant family in
3885:
Hegemony and Culture: Politics and Religious Change Among the Yoruba
4586:
Deputies of the 3rd National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
4581:
Deputies of the 2nd National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
3621:
373:
4591:
Deputies of the 1st National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
4435:
4229:
1227:
1147:
811:
793:
586:
433:
425:
398:
386:
372:
313:
249:
1460:
3488:
1286:
4290:
4053:
3653:(3), College of Business, Tennessee State University: 449â478,
812:
3916:
African Powder Keg: Revolt and Dissent in Six Emergent Nations
3299:"Eleven-Officer Rule in Dahomey Is Set Up Following Army Coup"
3105:
734:
3668:
Historical Dictionary of Dahomey (People's Republic of Benin)
360:
included AhomadegbĂ©-TomĂȘtin and Apithy. On October 26, 1972,
725:
Shortly after independence, the three parties united as the
1621:"Biographies des députés de la IVe République: Hubert Maga"
1117:, minister of rural development; while Apithy friends were
3743:
Hudgens, Jim; Trillo, Richard; Calonnec, Nathalie (2003),
3608:
Decalo, Samuel (December 1970), "Full Circle in Dahomey",
2787:"Results of Election In Dahomey Voided By Military Regime"
1065:
Nonetheless, de Souza decided to nullify the results from
2704:
2702:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
3776:
Ihonvbere, Julius Omozuanvbo; Mbaku, John Mukum (2003),
3523:
Carter (1963), "Dahomey", in Margaret, Gwendolen (ed.),
1296:
2500th Anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire
747:
At the end of October, AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin convinced the
3550:
The Decline of Military Regimes: The Civilian Influence
2821:"Junta in Dahomey Tightens Control to Quiet Discontent"
316:). He arose on a political scene where one's power was
620:
Later that year, he resigned from his position on the
404:
His education began at Parakou, where his teacher was
308:(August 10, 1916 â May 8, 2000) was a politician from
3169:"Dahomean Sergeant Slain In Attack on Chief of Staff"
2891:
4427:
4401:
4350:
4324:
4221:
4195:
4092:
287:
277:
255:
239:
223:
218:
195:
183:
171:
153:
141:
129:
117:
99:
87:
74:
62:
44:
21:
3845:
2902:
2900:
1349:This would cost roughly US$ 21,449,000 today. See
755:. The strike lasted for two days in the cities of
1129:, minister of justice and guardian of the seals.
3510:2nd page on the French National Assembly website
3505:1st page on the French National Assembly website
1804:
1802:
1391:Limited, Europa Publications (20 January 1974).
889:, he decided to conspire against the president.
3037:
3035:
1755:The Three-Party System in Dahomey: I, 1946-1956
1045:On December 10, 1969, Zinsou was overthrown by
712:
673:
546:
530:, in which he served until 1952. Following his
318:dictated by what region in Dahomey one lived in
4546:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Sunni Islam
3733:Ghana Information Services Department (1961),
3476:Acta Apostolicae Sedis. Commentarium officiale
3418:"Hubert Maga â First President of Dahomey, 84"
3358:
3337:, p. A22, 27 October 1972, archived from
2460:
2458:
2456:
1340:It is unclear what type of broadcast this was.
1156:. His decision to extradite opposition leader
4302:
4065:
2887:
2885:
2447:
763:, and became so serious that the police used
8:
4596:Members of Parliament for French West Africa
2308:
2306:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2016:
2014:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1888:
1886:
1850:
1848:
1716:
1714:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1454:
1452:
1254:National Party for Democracy and Development
3811:Keesing's Worldwide, LLC. (November 1963),
3616:(3), African Studies Association: 445â457,
3412:
3410:
3089:
3087:
3085:
2997:
1666:
1097:, new minister of information and tourism;
522:Maga was elected a general adviser for the
4309:
4295:
4287:
4072:
4058:
4050:
4011:(3), Cambridge University Press: 291â312,
3974:(2), Cambridge University Press: 491â504,
3292:
3290:
3197:
2872:
2870:
2556:"Army Chief Takes Over Control In Dahomey"
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
1750:
1482:Ghana Information Services Department 1961
868:Crackdown on opposition and four year plan
113:August 1, 1960 â October 22, 1963
18:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3135:
3133:
3131:
1746:
1744:
1032:In the wake of further coups, politician
3937:Dahomey: Between Tradition and Modernity
3118:
3116:
3114:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3010:
3008:
3006:
2993:
2991:
2966:
2964:
2951:
2949:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2693:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2609:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2542:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2424:
2422:
2413:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2390:
2297:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2268:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2203:
2199:
2197:
2122:
2118:
2116:
2005:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1951:
1949:
1877:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1735:
1731:
1729:
1681:
1677:
1675:
1662:
1660:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1506:
1371:Apithy was in Paris on a political trip.
1125:, minister of economy and planning; and
715:party, and not an artificial coalition.
502:, while Apithy was mostly backed by the
16:Leader of Dahomey (1960â1963, 1970â1972)
4040:West Africa Publishing Company (1971),
3479:, CittĂ del Vaticano, n.4, 1962, p.750.
1777:
1775:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1383:
1315:Dahomey was renamed Benin in 1975. See
1308:
932:Maga himself, but rather the murder of
879:General Union of Black American Workers
4566:Dahomeyan Democratic Rally politicians
3548:Danopoulos, Constantine Panos (1988),
3370:
3297:Johnson, Thomas A. (28 October 1972),
3281:
3269:
3257:
3139:
3122:
3093:
3076:
3014:
2982:
2970:
2940:
2861:
2849:
2708:
2658:
2648:
2590:
2348:
2336:
2324:
2312:
2280:
2215:
2188:
2170:
2160:
2049:
2020:
1984:
1972:
1940:
1928:
1892:
1854:
1793:
1720:
1705:
1693:
1651:
1565:
1542:
1530:
1518:
1420:
1410:
924:walls, and a two-story flag outdoors.
775:New constitution and official election
596:Deputy to the French National Assembly
167:May 22, 1959 â August 1, 1960
83:(Chairman of the Military Directorate)
3245:
3151:
3059:
3026:
2955:
2876:
2773:
2761:
2749:
2737:
2720:
2681:
2428:
2107:
2095:
2032:
1955:
1916:
1904:
1820:
1808:
1781:
1766:
1592:
1021:, held on May 15, 1968, by incumbent
692:, who became his closest colleagues.
210:June 17, 1951 â May 22, 1959
7:
3706:International Journal on World Peace
3212:"Dahomey Transfers Power Peacefully"
918:World Federation of Democratic Youth
856:as Finance Minister. Newcomers were
456:Syndicat des instituteurs du Dahomey
328:). In 1951, Maga was elected to the
326:Rassemblement Démocratique du Dahomé
46:Chairman of the Presidential Council
3106:West Africa Publishing Company 1971
2892:Hudgens, Trillo & Calonnec 2003
1294: : Commemorative Medal of the
1019:Dahomey's first election since 1964
622:Grand Council of French West Africa
356:, the titles of Minister of State.
3329:"Army Takes Power in Dahomey Coup"
986:Minister of State and house arrest
408:'s father, followed by schools in
365:refugees. He died on May 8, 2000.
58:May 7, 1970 â May 7, 1972
14:
4606:20th-century Beninese politicians
4601:Candidates for President of Benin
3585:, New York City: Hastings House,
3445:"Benin concert stampede kills 15"
3048:(in French), Groupe Jeune Afrique
2478:, 8 November 1963, archived from
1093:, appointed minister of finance;
962:on October 21 and soon spread to
940:Dessou riots and 1963 coup d'Ă©tat
824:as the Minister of the Interior;
720: â Justin AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin
4621:Prisoners and detainees of Benin
4616:Beninese prisoners and detainees
4429:
4403:
4352:
4326:
4223:
4197:
4094:
3455:British Broadcasting Corporation
3394:British Broadcasting Corporation
1285:
1267:
828:to the post of Foreign Affairs;
291:
29:
3817:Keesing's Contemporary Archives
3647:The Journal of Developing Areas
860:, Labor and Civil Service; and
840:to Transport and Public Works;
4495:
4480:office abolished, 2016âpresent
4274:
4005:The Journal of African History
3968:The Journal of African History
3746:The Rough Guide to West Africa
3384:"Benin marks independence day"
2361:Garrison, Lloyd (6 May 1964),
2233:"Ex-Official in Dahomey Freed"
848:to Health and Social Affairs;
458:(Teachers' Union of Dahomey).
1:
3210:Howes, Marvine (8 May 1972),
2512:, p. A17, archived from
1101:, minister of education; and
492:Dahomeyan Democratic Movement
369:Education and teaching career
345:Staff of the Dahomeyan Army,
4536:People of French West Africa
3943:: Cornell University Press,
2635:, p. B2, archived from
2568:, p. 2, 29 October 1963
733:residence. Still, Dahomey's
696:Dahoomey's first president.
506:and AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin, the
377:Location of Parakou in Benin
4460:office abolished, 1998â2011
3889:University of Chicago Press
1626:National Assembly of France
1394:The international who's who
788:. The assembly, now led by
633:Republican Party of Dahomey
555:Groupement Ethnique de Nord
428:, Maga became friends with
35:President Hubert Maga, 1961
4637:
4576:Foreign ministers of Benin
4410:People's Republic of Benin
4204:People's Republic of Benin
3359:Ihonvbere & Mbaku 2003
2817:United Press International
2063:United Press International
1113:, minister of health; and
992:Dahomeyan Democratic Party
946:1963 Dahomeyan coup d'Ă©tat
943:
907:African and Malagasy Union
727:Front d'Action Patriotique
537:Roger Peperty, the French
496:Dahomeyan Democratic Rally
432:, the future president of
4488:
4470:office abolished, 2013â15
4450:office abolished, 1991â96
4393:office abolished, 1968â75
4383:office abolished, 1965â67
4373:office abolished, 1960â64
4267:
4017:10.1017/S0021853700012573
3980:10.1017/S0021853700012846
3914:Matthews, Ronald (1966),
3883:Laitin, David D. (1986),
3852:, Cultures of the World,
3702:"The Experience of Benin"
3426:, p. 15, 11 May 2000
2798:, p. 17, 13 May 1968
2504:"Army Takes Over Dahomey"
1407:– via Google Books.
914:World Federation of Youth
637:Justin AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin
494:), which merged into the
488:Ethnic Group of the North
484:Justin AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin
397:father raised him in the
338:Justin AhomadegbĂ©-TomĂȘtin
299:
214:
203:
160:
106:
94:Justin AhomadegbĂ©-TomĂȘtin
69:Justin AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin
51:
40:
28:
4611:Leaders ousted by a coup
4571:Prime ministers of Benin
4541:Beninese Roman Catholics
4318:Prime ministers of Benin
3533:Cornell University Press
2566:Times Publishing Company
1462:rulers.org: Index Ma-Mam
1193:Under AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin
832:to Trade and Economics;
809:deputy in the assembly.
742:African Democratic Rally
641:Dahomey Democratic Union
562:French National Assembly
330:French National Assembly
322:Dahomey Democratic Rally
198:French National Assembly
4551:Beninese former Muslims
3666:Decalo, Samuel (1976),
1397:. Europa Publications.
1109:, minister of finance;
486:, respectively. Maga's
3844:Kneib, Martha (2007),
3610:African Studies Review
1277: : Collar of the
1236:
1161:
953:parliamentary immunity
817:
717:
678:
645:Félix Houphouët-Boigny
592:
551:
518:Early political career
378:
3782:Westport, Connecticut
3737:, Government of Ghana
3579:Daggs, Elisa (1970),
2466:"Sounds in the Night"
1459:Schemmel, B. (2008),
1279:Order of Pope Pius IX
1252:Maga established the
1231:
1151:
1121:, minister of labor;
1027:Basile Adjou Moumouni
1023:Alphonse Amadou Alley
929:reshuffle the cabinet
815:
786:French Fifth Republic
782:Dahomeyan Unity Party
602:Leopold Sedar Senghor
591:Statue of Hubert Maga
590:
389:'s royal family. His
376:
306:Coutoucou Hubert Maga
243:May 8, 2000 (aged 83)
23:Coutoucou Hubert Maga
4170:Presidential Council
3672:Metuchen, New Jersey
3167:(24 February 1972),
3165:Agence France-Presse
2908:Agence France-Presse
2561:St. Petersburg Times
2482:on December 22, 2008
2138:(31 December 1960),
1351:Inflation Calculator
1331:Her name is unknown.
1248:Later life and death
1084:presidential council
1073:Presidential council
700:President of Dahomey
610:overseas territories
462:Political background
101:President of Dahomey
4531:People from Parakou
4359:Republic of Dahomey
4101:Republic of Dahomey
4081:Presidents of Benin
3935:Ronen, Dov (1975),
3854:Tarrytown, New York
3674:: Scarecrow Press,
3334:The Washington Post
3260:, pp. 473â474.
2864:, pp. 448â449.
2632:The Washington Post
2627:"Maga Resigns Post"
2625:(4 December 1963),
2509:The Washington Post
2502:(29 October 1963),
2339:, pp. 199â200.
2231:(4 November 1962),
2098:, pp. 127â128.
1099:Edmond Doussou-Yovo
1051:Paul Emile de Souza
1034:Emile Derlin Zinsou
796:on August 1, 1961.
581:Emile Derlin Zinsou
577:Sourou-Migan Apithy
573:L'Etoile du Dahomey
480:Sourou Migan Apithy
422:Ponty Normal School
406:Emile Derlin Zinsou
354:Sourou Migan Apithy
178:Sourou-Migan Apithy
124:Sourou-Migan Apithy
81:Paul-Ămile de Souza
4378:AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin
4180:AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin
4125:AhomadĂ©gbĂ©-TomĂȘtin
3858:Marshall Cavendish
3700:(September 1999),
3556:: Westview Press,
3494:2016-03-05 at the
3423:The New York Times
3307:The New York Times
3220:The New York Times
3177:The New York Times
2920:The New York Times
2829:The New York Times
2795:The New York Times
2661:has generic name (
2371:The New York Times
2241:The New York Times
2173:has generic name (
2148:The New York Times
2075:The New York Times
1423:has generic name (
1237:
1162:
1154:Gnassingbé Eyadéma
1095:Theophile Paoletti
939:
852:to Education; and
850:Michel AhouanmĂšnou
838:Victorien Gbaguidi
818:
651:Premier of Dahomey
593:
528:French West Africa
379:
155:Premier of Dahomey
136:Office established
4505:
4504:
4436:Republic of Benin
4284:
4283:
4230:Republic of Benin
3867:978-0-7614-2328-7
3698:Dossou-Yovo, Noel
3554:Boulder, Colorado
3396:, 8 November 1998
2910:(27 March 1970),
2065:(2 August 1961),
1769:, pp. 92â93.
1143:Mercedes-Benz 300
1060:Borgou Department
1047:Maurice Kouandété
769:motion of censure
303:
302:
4628:
4499:
4496:
4492:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4419:office abolished
4408:
4407:
4406:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4331:
4330:
4311:
4304:
4297:
4288:
4278:
4275:
4271:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4074:
4067:
4060:
4051:
4044:
4035:
3998:
3961:
3941:Ithaca, New York
3930:
3909:
3878:
3851:
3839:
3806:
3771:
3738:
3728:
3692:
3661:
3640:
3603:
3574:
3543:
3529:Ithaca, New York
3498:
3486:
3480:
3472:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3441:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3414:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3380:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3325:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3303:
3294:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3216:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3173:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3126:
3120:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3080:
3074:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3049:
3039:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3001:
2998:Dossou-Yovo 1999
2995:
2986:
2980:
2974:
2968:
2959:
2953:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2916:
2904:
2895:
2889:
2880:
2874:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2825:
2813:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2791:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2668:
2666:
2660:
2656:
2654:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2594:
2588:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2500:Associated Press
2496:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2462:
2451:
2450:, p. 19762.
2445:
2432:
2426:
2417:
2411:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2367:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2301:
2295:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2237:
2229:Associated Press
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2178:
2172:
2168:
2166:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2144:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2071:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2009:
2003:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1959:
1953:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1881:
1875:
1858:
1852:
1843:
1837:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1748:
1739:
1733:
1724:
1718:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1670:
1667:Dossou-Yovo 1999
1664:
1655:
1649:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1617:
1596:
1590:
1569:
1563:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1456:
1447:
1446:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1408:
1388:
1372:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1354:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1323:
1313:
1290:
1289:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1222:Pascal Chabi Kao
1119:Ambroise Agboton
1107:Pascal Chabi Kao
979:Christophe Soglo
927:Maga decided to
894:Albert Teveodjré
862:Albert Teveodjré
854:Alexandre Adandé
836:to Agriculture;
802:Sacca Koto Ngobi
721:
615:Gaustin Gbaguidi
416:. Maga moved to
347:Christophe Soglo
295:
219:Personal details
208:
190:Office abolished
186:
174:
165:
148:Christophe Soglo
144:
132:
120:
111:
90:
77:
65:
56:
33:
19:
4636:
4635:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4490:
4484:
4430:
4428:
4423:
4404:
4402:
4397:
4353:
4351:
4346:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4285:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4224:
4222:
4217:
4198:
4196:
4191:
4095:
4093:
4088:
4078:
4048:
4039:
4002:
3965:
3951:
3934:
3920:The Bodley Head
3913:
3899:
3882:
3868:
3843:
3810:
3796:
3775:
3761:
3742:
3732:
3696:
3682:
3665:
3644:
3607:
3593:
3578:
3564:
3547:
3522:
3518:
3501:
3496:Wayback Machine
3487:
3483:
3473:
3469:
3460:
3458:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3429:
3427:
3416:
3415:
3408:
3399:
3397:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3369:
3365:
3357:
3353:
3344:
3342:
3341:on May 25, 2011
3327:
3326:
3322:
3313:
3311:
3301:
3296:
3295:
3288:
3280:
3276:
3268:
3264:
3256:
3252:
3244:
3235:
3226:
3224:
3214:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3198:Danopoulos 1988
3196:
3192:
3183:
3181:
3171:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3150:
3146:
3138:
3129:
3121:
3112:
3108:, p. 1336.
3104:
3100:
3092:
3083:
3075:
3066:
3058:
3054:
3041:
3040:
3033:
3025:
3021:
3013:
3004:
2996:
2989:
2981:
2977:
2969:
2962:
2954:
2947:
2939:
2935:
2926:
2924:
2914:
2906:
2905:
2898:
2890:
2883:
2875:
2868:
2860:
2856:
2848:
2844:
2835:
2833:
2823:
2819:(7 July 1968),
2815:
2814:
2810:
2801:
2799:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2772:
2768:
2760:
2756:
2748:
2744:
2736:
2727:
2719:
2715:
2707:
2700:
2692:
2688:
2680:
2671:
2657:
2647:
2642:
2640:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2608:
2597:
2589:
2580:
2571:
2569:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2541:
2528:
2519:
2517:
2516:on May 25, 2011
2498:
2497:
2493:
2485:
2483:
2464:
2463:
2454:
2446:
2435:
2427:
2420:
2412:
2397:
2389:
2385:
2377:
2375:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2347:
2343:
2335:
2331:
2323:
2319:
2311:
2304:
2296:
2287:
2279:
2275:
2267:
2256:
2247:
2245:
2235:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2202:
2195:
2187:
2183:
2169:
2159:
2154:
2152:
2142:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2121:
2114:
2106:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2081:
2079:
2069:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2048:
2039:
2031:
2027:
2019:
2012:
2004:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1971:
1962:
1954:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1884:
1876:
1861:
1853:
1846:
1838:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1807:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1780:
1773:
1765:
1761:
1751:Staniland 1973a
1749:
1742:
1734:
1727:
1719:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1692:
1688:
1680:
1673:
1665:
1658:
1650:
1641:
1632:
1630:
1619:
1618:
1599:
1591:
1572:
1564:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1467:
1465:
1458:
1457:
1450:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1419:
1409:
1405:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1284:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1250:
1241:Mathieu Kérékou
1233:Mathieu Kérékou
1195:
1170:Etienne Eyadema
1080:
1075:
1043:
988:
948:
942:
870:
834:SĂ©bastien Dassi
790:Djibode Aplogan
777:
723:
719:
710:
702:
682:Mali Federation
653:
598:
520:
464:
371:
362:Mathieu Kérékou
342:one-party state
270:
266:
262:
256:Political party
244:
228:
227:August 10, 1916
209:
204:
184:
172:
166:
161:
142:
130:
118:
112:
107:
88:
75:
63:
57:
52:
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4634:
4632:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4513:
4512:
4503:
4502:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4441:
4439:
4438:(1990âpresent)
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4415:
4413:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4364:
4362:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4338:
4336:
4333:French Dahomey
4322:
4321:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4291:
4282:
4281:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4235:
4233:
4232:(1990âpresent)
4219:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4209:
4207:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4106:
4104:
4090:
4089:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4069:
4062:
4054:
4047:
4046:
4037:
4000:
3963:
3949:
3932:
3911:
3897:
3880:
3866:
3841:
3808:
3794:
3773:
3759:
3740:
3730:
3694:
3680:
3663:
3642:
3622:10.2307/523497
3605:
3591:
3576:
3562:
3545:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3500:
3499:
3481:
3467:
3436:
3406:
3375:
3373:, p. 477.
3363:
3361:, p. 146.
3351:
3320:
3286:
3274:
3262:
3250:
3248:, p. 227.
3233:
3202:
3190:
3156:
3154:, p. 225.
3144:
3142:, p. 473.
3127:
3125:, p. 476.
3110:
3098:
3081:
3079:, p. 475.
3064:
3062:, p. 220.
3052:
3031:
3029:, p. 219.
3019:
3017:, p. 471.
3002:
2987:
2985:, p. 455.
2975:
2973:, p. 470.
2960:
2958:, p. 216.
2945:
2943:, p. 454.
2933:
2896:
2894:, p. 893.
2881:
2866:
2854:
2852:, p. 448.
2842:
2808:
2778:
2776:, p. 205.
2766:
2764:, p. 201.
2754:
2752:, p. 199.
2742:
2740:, p. 200.
2725:
2713:
2698:
2696:, p. 157.
2686:
2684:, p. 248.
2669:
2614:
2612:, p. 153.
2595:
2593:, p. 474.
2578:
2547:
2545:, p. 152.
2526:
2491:
2452:
2448:Keesing's 1963
2433:
2431:, p. 191.
2418:
2416:, p. 151.
2395:
2393:, p. 150.
2383:
2353:
2351:, p. 105.
2341:
2329:
2327:, p. 197.
2317:
2315:, p. 234.
2302:
2300:, p. 148.
2285:
2283:, p. 198.
2273:
2271:, p. 147.
2254:
2220:
2218:, p. 232.
2208:
2206:, p. 146.
2193:
2191:, p. 231.
2181:
2127:
2125:, p. 145.
2112:
2100:
2088:
2054:
2052:, p. 230.
2037:
2035:, p. 127.
2025:
2023:, p. 229.
2010:
2008:, p. 144.
1989:
1987:, p. 457.
1977:
1975:, p. 228.
1960:
1958:, p. 125.
1945:
1943:, p. 227.
1933:
1931:, p. 225.
1921:
1919:, p. 122.
1909:
1907:, p. 242.
1897:
1895:, p. 224.
1882:
1880:, p. 143.
1859:
1857:, p. 223.
1844:
1842:, p. 142.
1825:
1823:, p. 100.
1813:
1798:
1796:, p. 176.
1786:
1771:
1759:
1740:
1738:, p. 140.
1725:
1723:, p. 222.
1710:
1708:, p. 120.
1698:
1696:, p. 452.
1686:
1684:, p. 141.
1671:
1656:
1654:, p. 453.
1639:
1597:
1570:
1547:
1545:, p. 166.
1535:
1523:
1521:, p. 450.
1511:
1509:, p. 139.
1486:
1474:
1448:
1443:www.rulers.org
1439:"Index Ma-Mam"
1430:
1403:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1364:
1355:
1342:
1333:
1324:
1318:New York Times
1307:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1292:Empire of Iran
1282:
1262:
1259:
1249:
1246:
1194:
1191:
1131:Daouda Badarou
1103:Karl Ahouansou
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1042:
1039:
987:
984:
941:
938:
869:
866:
806:vice president
776:
773:
711:
709:
703:
701:
698:
652:
649:
626:FĂ©lix Gaillard
597:
594:
519:
516:
463:
460:
370:
367:
351:vice president
312:(now known as
301:
300:
297:
296:
289:
285:
284:
279:
275:
274:
257:
253:
252:
241:
237:
236:
225:
221:
220:
216:
215:
212:
211:
201:
200:
196:Deputy to the
193:
192:
187:
181:
180:
175:
169:
168:
158:
157:
151:
150:
145:
139:
138:
133:
127:
126:
121:
119:Vice President
115:
114:
104:
103:
97:
96:
91:
85:
84:
78:
72:
71:
66:
64:Vice President
60:
59:
49:
48:
42:
41:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4633:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4556:Bariba people
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4509:
4487:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4426:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4400:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4349:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4329:
4323:
4319:
4312:
4307:
4305:
4300:
4298:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4266:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4220:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4194:
4188:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4091:
4086:
4082:
4075:
4070:
4068:
4063:
4061:
4056:
4055:
4052:
4043:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3950:0-8014-0927-6
3946:
3942:
3938:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3898:0-226-46790-2
3894:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3850:
3849:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3795:0-313-05151-8
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3760:1-84353-118-6
3756:
3752:
3748:
3747:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3681:0-8108-0833-1
3677:
3673:
3669:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3592:0-8038-0336-2
3588:
3584:
3583:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3563:0-8133-7304-2
3559:
3555:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3440:
3437:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3352:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3324:
3321:
3309:
3308:
3300:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3284:, p. 80.
3283:
3278:
3275:
3272:, p. 20.
3271:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3222:
3221:
3213:
3206:
3203:
3200:, p. 29.
3199:
3194:
3191:
3179:
3178:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3099:
3096:, p. 81.
3095:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3045:Jeune Afrique
3038:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3003:
3000:, p. 62.
2999:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2934:
2922:
2921:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2879:, p. 21.
2878:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2843:
2831:
2830:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2797:
2796:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2723:, p. 20.
2722:
2717:
2714:
2711:, p. 85.
2710:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2694:Matthews 1966
2690:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2659:|author=
2652:
2639:on 2011-05-25
2638:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2610:Matthews 1966
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2543:Matthews 1966
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2414:Matthews 1966
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2391:Matthews 1966
2387:
2384:
2373:
2372:
2364:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2298:Matthews 1966
2294:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2269:Matthews 1966
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2243:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2204:Matthews 1966
2200:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2182:
2176:
2171:|author=
2164:
2150:
2149:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2123:Matthews 1966
2119:
2117:
2113:
2110:, p. 128
2109:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2089:
2077:
2076:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2006:Matthews 1966
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1878:Matthews 1966
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1840:Matthews 1966
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1814:
1811:, p. 95.
1810:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1787:
1784:, p. 94.
1783:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1736:Matthews 1966
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1682:Matthews 1966
1678:
1676:
1672:
1669:, p. 60.
1668:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1595:, p. 89.
1594:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1568:, p. 84.
1567:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1536:
1533:, p. 83.
1532:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1507:Matthews 1966
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1464:
1463:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1426:
1414:
1406:
1404:9780900362729
1400:
1396:
1395:
1387:
1384:
1378:
1368:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1319:
1312:
1309:
1302:
1298:(14/10/1971).
1297:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1281:(14/09/1962).
1280:
1276:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1218:
1215:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1111:Albert Ouassa
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1091:Gabriel Lozes
1087:
1085:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1041:1970 election
1040:
1038:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1012:
1007:
1004:
1001:In May 1964,
999:
995:
993:
985:
983:
980:
975:
973:
967:
965:
961:
956:
954:
947:
937:
935:
930:
925:
921:
919:
915:
910:
908:
904:
898:
895:
890:
888:
882:
880:
876:
875:Dahomey-Matin
867:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
814:
810:
807:
803:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
774:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
753:working class
750:
745:
743:
738:
736:
730:
728:
722:
716:
707:
704:
699:
697:
693:
691:
687:
683:
677:
672:
670:
665:
661:
659:
650:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
629:
627:
623:
618:
616:
611:
607:
603:
595:
589:
585:
582:
578:
574:
569:
567:
563:
558:
556:
550:
545:
543:
542:
535:
533:
529:
525:
517:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
461:
459:
457:
452:
450:
447:origins from
446:
442:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
375:
368:
366:
363:
357:
355:
352:
348:
343:
339:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
298:
294:
290:
286:
283:
282:Marie Do RĂ©go
280:
276:
273:
269:
265:
261:
258:
254:
251:
247:
242:
238:
235:
231:
226:
222:
217:
213:
207:
202:
199:
194:
191:
188:
182:
179:
176:
170:
164:
159:
156:
152:
149:
146:
140:
137:
134:
128:
125:
122:
116:
110:
105:
102:
98:
95:
92:
86:
82:
79:
73:
70:
67:
61:
55:
50:
47:
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
4561:Mossi people
4507:
4479:
4469:
4459:
4449:
4418:
4392:
4382:
4372:
4367:
4174:
4109:
4041:
4008:
4004:
3971:
3967:
3936:
3915:
3884:
3847:
3820:
3816:
3777:
3751:Rough Guides
3745:
3734:
3709:
3705:
3667:
3650:
3646:
3613:
3609:
3581:
3549:
3524:
3516:Bibliography
3484:
3475:
3470:
3459:, retrieved
3457:, 4 May 2003
3448:
3439:
3428:, retrieved
3421:
3398:, retrieved
3387:
3378:
3366:
3354:
3343:, retrieved
3339:the original
3332:
3323:
3312:, retrieved
3305:
3277:
3265:
3253:
3225:, retrieved
3218:
3205:
3193:
3182:, retrieved
3175:
3159:
3147:
3101:
3055:
3043:
3022:
2978:
2936:
2925:, retrieved
2918:
2857:
2845:
2834:, retrieved
2827:
2811:
2800:, retrieved
2793:
2781:
2769:
2757:
2745:
2716:
2689:
2641:, retrieved
2637:the original
2630:
2617:
2570:, retrieved
2559:
2550:
2518:, retrieved
2514:the original
2507:
2494:
2484:, retrieved
2480:the original
2469:
2386:
2376:, retrieved
2374:, p. 16
2369:
2356:
2344:
2332:
2320:
2276:
2246:, retrieved
2244:, p. 20
2239:
2223:
2211:
2184:
2153:, retrieved
2146:
2130:
2103:
2091:
2080:, retrieved
2078:, p. 13
2073:
2057:
2028:
1980:
1936:
1924:
1912:
1900:
1816:
1789:
1762:
1754:
1701:
1689:
1631:, retrieved
1624:
1538:
1526:
1514:
1484:, p. 3.
1477:
1466:, retrieved
1461:
1442:
1433:
1393:
1386:
1367:
1358:
1345:
1336:
1327:
1317:
1311:
1275:Vatican City
1251:
1238:
1219:
1214:Paul Darboux
1210:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1187:
1178:
1174:
1166:Noe Kutuklui
1163:
1158:Noe Kutuklui
1135:
1088:
1081:
1064:
1056:
1044:
1031:
1015:
1008:
1000:
996:
989:
976:
968:
957:
949:
934:David Dessou
926:
922:
911:
903:forced labor
899:
891:
883:
881:in Dahomey.
874:
871:
858:Bertin Borna
844:to Justice;
842:Joseph Kekeh
830:Paul Darboux
819:
798:
778:
749:trade unions
746:
739:
731:
726:
724:
718:
713:
705:
694:
679:
674:
666:
662:
658:Paul Darboux
654:
630:
619:
599:
572:
570:
566:Paul Darboux
559:
554:
552:
547:
538:
536:
521:
475:
465:
455:
453:
438:
430:Hamani Diori
403:
380:
358:
334:
325:
305:
304:
205:
189:
185:Succeeded by
162:
143:Succeeded by
135:
108:
89:Succeeded by
53:
4526:2000 deaths
4521:1916 births
4412:(1975â1990)
4361:(1960â1975)
4335:(1894â1960)
4206:(1975â1990)
4103:(1960â1975)
4042:West Africa
3887:, Chicago:
3371:Decalo 1973
3310:, p. 3
3282:Decalo 1976
3270:Decalo 1976
3258:Decalo 1973
3223:, p. 4
3180:, p. 9
3140:Decalo 1973
3123:Decalo 1973
3094:Decalo 1976
3077:Decalo 1973
3015:Decalo 1973
2983:Decalo 1973
2971:Decalo 1973
2941:Decalo 1970
2923:, p. 6
2862:Decalo 1970
2850:Decalo 1970
2832:, p. 2
2709:Decalo 1976
2591:Decalo 1973
2349:Decalo 1976
2337:Carter 1963
2325:Carter 1963
2313:Carter 1963
2281:Carter 1963
2216:Carter 1963
2189:Carter 1963
2151:, p. 3
2050:Carter 1963
2021:Carter 1963
1985:Decalo 1973
1973:Carter 1963
1941:Carter 1963
1929:Carter 1963
1893:Carter 1963
1855:Carter 1963
1794:Carter 1963
1721:Carter 1963
1706:Decalo 1976
1694:Decalo 1973
1652:Decalo 1973
1629:(in French)
1566:Decalo 1976
1543:Laitin 1986
1531:Decalo 1976
1519:Decalo 1973
1421:|last=
1205:in absentia
1127:Michel Toko
1123:Joseph Keke
892:On May 26,
887:coup d'Ă©tat
846:René Deroux
826:Assogba Oké
822:Arouna Mama
690:Arouna Mama
669:département
490:(later the
393:mother and
173:Preceded by
131:Preceded by
76:Preceded by
4515:Categories
4455:Houngbédji
3918:, London:
3823:, London,
3749:, London:
3461:2008-11-15
3430:2008-11-15
3400:2008-11-15
3345:2008-12-24
3314:2008-12-14
3246:Ronen 1975
3227:2008-12-21
3184:2008-12-16
3152:Ronen 1975
3060:Ronen 1975
3027:Ronen 1975
2956:Ronen 1975
2927:2008-12-14
2877:Kneib 2007
2836:2008-12-14
2802:2008-12-13
2774:Ronen 1975
2762:Ronen 1975
2750:Ronen 1975
2738:Ronen 1975
2721:Kneib 2007
2682:Daggs 1970
2643:2008-12-24
2572:2008-11-15
2520:2008-12-23
2486:2008-11-09
2429:Ronen 1975
2378:2008-12-13
2248:2008-12-13
2155:2008-12-13
2108:Ronen 1975
2096:Ronen 1975
2082:2008-12-13
2033:Ronen 1975
1956:Ronen 1975
1917:Ronen 1975
1905:Daggs 1970
1821:Ronen 1975
1809:Ronen 1975
1782:Ronen 1975
1767:Ronen 1975
1633:2008-10-25
1593:Ronen 1975
1468:2008-11-25
1379:References
1139:CFA francs
1115:Chabi Mama
1078:Under Maga
1011:putschists
1003:Chabi Mama
960:Porto Novo
951:under the
944:See also:
757:Porto Novo
686:Chabi Mama
472:Porto Novo
441:Natitingou
418:Porto Novo
4388:Kouandété
4160:Kouandété
4145:Kouandété
4033:162890004
3996:153322300
3928:246401461
3829:0022-9679
3769:176832097
3735:New Ghana
3726:211426384
3718:0742-3640
3638:143176760
2476:Time Inc.
1757:, p. 296.
1413:cite book
708:president
549:question.
288:Signature
206:In office
163:In office
109:In office
54:In office
4493:Military
4445:N. Soglo
4272:Military
4244:N. Soglo
4165:de Souza
4135:C. Soglo
4130:Congacou
4115:C. Soglo
3907:12946946
3876:62109915
3804:60127996
3572:15162972
3492:Archived
3450:BBC News
3389:BBC News
2651:citation
2163:citation
1320:obituary
916:and the
765:tear gas
706:De facto
539:chef de
532:election
476:de facto
4500:Interim
4465:Koupaki
4279:Interim
4249:Kérékou
4239:Kérékou
4213:Kérékou
4187:Kérékou
4140:HachĂšme
3959:1527290
3837:1644683
3786:Praeger
3690:1959674
3659:4190033
3489:Badraie
2623:Reuters
2136:Reuters
1261:Honours
1067:Atakora
972:Cotonou
964:Cotonou
761:Cotonou
606:Senegal
524:Atakora
410:Bohicon
401:faith.
399:Islamic
395:Voltaic
387:Bourgou
383:Parakou
310:Dahomey
246:Cotonou
234:Dahomey
230:Parakou
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3992:S2CID
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3302:(PDF)
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1303:Notes
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512:Gouns
434:Niger
426:Dakar
314:Benin
250:Benin
4368:Maga
4254:Boni
4175:Maga
4110:Maga
4085:list
3955:OCLC
3945:ISBN
3924:OCLC
3903:OCLC
3893:ISBN
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3862:ISBN
3833:OCLC
3825:ISSN
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