788:, a Catholic who was charged with maintaining public security and was commander of the Huế garrison. The application of the law caused indignation among Buddhists on the eve of the most important religious festival of the year, since a week earlier Catholics had been allowed to display Vatican flags to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the appointment of Diệm's brother, Thục, as Archbishop of Huế. The celebrations had been bankrolled by Diệm's regime through a national committee which asked the population to donate money to Thục's jubilee. Buddhists complained that they had been forced to give a month's wages to pay for the celebration. However, Diệm invoked the flag decree because he was annoyed with the commemoration for Thục. In spite of this, the authorities in Hue tore down thousands of Buddhist flags that had already been unfurled on homes and pagodas in preparation for Phật Đản. The origin of the order to enforce the law on the Buddhists of Hue has been attributed to Thục. Despite protestations from the Saigon representative to the central provinces, the order was enacted upon consultation with Saigon. Villages in the central region had converted
860:, attracted almost nobody. Thích Trí Quang, who had traveled throughout the country protesting against religious inequality and the flag ban, began rallying Buddhists in central Vietnam. He called on them to attend a public mass funeral for the Huế victims scheduled for 10 May. Such an emotion-charged spectacle would likely have attracted thousands of spectators and placed pressure on Diệm's regime to grant reforms, so the government announced a curfew and put all armed personnel on duty around the clock to "prevent VC infiltration". A confrontation was averted when Thích Trí Quang persuaded the protesters to lay down their flags and slogans and observe the 9:00 pm curfew. The following day, tensions increased again as a crowd of around 6,000 Buddhists attended Tu Dam Pagoda for the funerals and a series of meetings. Major Sỹ was present with ARVN troops and armed police. Slogans and speeches calling for religious equality and anti-government sentiment were prevalent. Thích Trí Quang called on Buddhists to use unarmed struggle and follow
64:
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percussion grenades had been used, not lethal fragmentation grenades. The force of the explosion cast doubt on whether the Việt Cộng would have had access to sufficiently powerful explosives. Another theory at the time was that a CIA agent had caused the blasts with the aim of fomenting sectarian tension and destabilising the Diệm regime. Eyewitness testimony of government troops firing on the crowd disputed the official version of events. A local doctor concluded that there was no evidence of the fatal injuries being inflicted by plastic explosives; he was subsequently jailed. Diệm refused to be swayed from his account of the incident, and ordered the bodies of the victims to be buried without autopsy. Thích Trí Quang spent the night riding through the streets of Huế with a loudspeaker, accusing the government of firing on the demonstrators. U.S. Ambassador
53:
888:. It was to be the first of many in which they attempted to publicise their cause to the foreign press corps. Diệm agreed to meet with a Buddhist delegation, but increased tension further by demeaning them. Initially, Diệm refused to pay compensation, believing it was a sign of weakness. He claimed there was no discrimination in South Vietnam and that all religions had been treated equally with respect to the flag issue. In regard to the classification of Buddhism as an "association" under Decree 10, Diệm claimed it was an "administrative oversight" that would be fixed (although no action was taken on the matter during his final six months of office); Diệm labeled the Buddhists "damn fools" for demanding something that according to him, they already enjoyed. The government press release detailing the meeting also used the expression "damn fools".
802:
826:
slogans as the crowd grew. They expected to hear another speech from Thích Trí Quang, but the speech was withdrawn from broadcast by the government censor. The armed forces were called in to disperse the discontented crowd. After two explosions shook the ground, the crowd thought that the troops had resorted to using bombs. Major Sỹ reportedly fired into the air, and his men responded by launching grenades into the crowd as firehoses were unleashed on the demonstrators. His troops fired directly into the crowd. Nine were killed and four severely injured. Two of the dead, both children, had been crushed underneath armored personnel carriers. Some of the nine had been mutilated and decapitated.
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912:. Some of the accusations were that Sỹ's men had fired on the crowd and crushed the victims with armored cars, or that the grenades had been launched at his orders and caused the deaths. Sỹ later reportedly revealed that Archbishop Thục had personally given him the order to shoot the Buddhists but refused to testify against Thục, who was by that time living in exile in Rome. Sỹ was sentenced to life imprisonment and ordered to compensate the victims' families. His lawyer contended that the court had been unable to establish the nature and source of the lethal explosions. The defense minister, General
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However, the publicly stated reason for this action was that the officials had failed to maintain order, rather than that they had been responsible for the deaths of the protesters. Despite these concessions, Diệm maintained that his government was not responsible for the deaths, resolutely continuing to blame the Việt Cộng. It was enough to satisfy
Nolting, who immediately departed for his vacation. His absence allowed the remaining American diplomatic staff led by
847:, known for his policy of appeasement of Diệm, attempted to spread the responsibility. He claimed all parties were responsible, the demonstrators for (as he alleged) trying to take over the radio station, the government for deploying the army, which later opened fire, and "agitators" for throwing the explosives. When the government later ignored his version and refused to assign responsibility, Nolting called its actions "objective, accurate and fair".
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in order to receive aid or to avoid forcible resettlement by Diệm's regime. The
Catholic Church was the largest landowner in the country, and the "private" status that was imposed on Buddhism by the French, which required official permission to conduct public Buddhist activities, was not repealed by
744:
guerrillas saw weapons only given to
Catholics, with Buddhists in the army being denied promotion if they refused to convert to Catholicism. Some Catholic priests ran their own private armies, and in some areas forced conversions, looting, shelling and demolition of pagodas occurred. Some Buddhist
855:
At 11:00 am on 9 May, Major Sỹ announced to nearly 800 youthful pro-Buddhist demonstrators that "oppositionist agitators" had forced troops to take the severe measures to maintain order in the face of Việt Cộng agitation. The protesters showed their anger at such an improbable explanation by
842:
Diệm and his government alleged that a Việt Cộng guerrilla had caused the incident by setting off the initial explosion, sparking a stampede. He initially refused to take any disciplinary action against the local authorities, claiming that they had acted properly. The government claimed that only
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addressed the crowd and exhorted them to rise up against
Catholic discrimination against Buddhism. He called the Buddhists to congregate outside the government radio station in the evening for a rally. Tension increased throughout the day with demonstrators chanting and displaying anti-government
883:
On 13 May, a committee of
Buddhist monks formalized their request to Diệm for the five demands. Although the signatories had couched the declaration as "requests", they had expectations that these would be met. On 15 May, a delegation of six monks and two laymen met Diệm to present the document.
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minority, he is widely regarded by historians as having pursued pro-Catholic policies that antagonized many
Buddhists. Specifically, the government was regarded as being biased towards Catholics in public service and military promotions, as well as the allocation of land, business favors and tax
820:
before a 3,000-strong demonstration, calling for religious equality, took place in the city centre as government security officials surrounded the area with armoured personnel carriers and civil guardsmen. The signs were in
English, to convey the message to Western observers, and in Vietnamese.
891:
As the demonstrations continued, Ambassador
Nolting managed to extract theoretical concessions from Diệm on 18 May. Diệm agreed a modest compensation package of US$ 7000 for the families of the victims as a conciliatory gesture. Diệm also agreed to dismiss those responsible for the shootings.
879:
On 10 May, Thích Trí Quang proclaimed a five-point "manifesto of the monks" that demanded freedom to fly the
Buddhist flag, religious equality between Buddhists and Catholics, compensation for the victims' families, an end to arbitrary arrests, and punishment for the officials responsible.
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labor that the government obliged all citizens to perform; U.S. aid was disproportionately distributed to
Catholic majority villages. Under Diệm, the Catholic Church enjoyed special exemptions in property acquisition, and in 1959, he dedicated the country to the
409:
856:
marching around the old citadel quarter of Huế, chanting anti-Catholic and anti-Diệm slogans. A government-organised counter-demonstration to condemn the "Việtcộng terrorist act" under the leadership of Diệm's brother,
864:
principles, saying "Carry no weapons; be prepared to die ... follow Gandhi's policies". After Sỹ echoed Buddhist calls for compensation and expressed sorrow for the victims, the meeting dissolved without violence.
697:, which added to discontent among the Buddhist majority. The incident spurred a protest movement by Buddhists against the religious discrimination perpetrated by the largely Catholic Diệm regime, known as the "
792:
to Catholicism, with priests allowed special access to government facilities and funds. The designation of Buddhism as an "association" prevented it from acquiring land for the construction of pagodas.≤≤
63:
780:
A rarely enforced 1958 law known as "Decree Number 10" was invoked on 7 May 1963 to prohibit the display of religious flags. This disallowed the flying of Buddhist flags on Phật Đản, the birthday of
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South Viet Nam's Buddhists, who comprise 80% of the country's 15 million people, are bitter over alleged favoritism by Diệm and his Catholic ruling family toward the nation's 1,500,000 Catholics
265:
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920:, later claimed Khánh had rigged the trial to gain Quang's support, and released Sỹ from prison; Sỹ later emigrated to the United States. In 1970, the Saigon-based Catholic newspaper
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converted to Catholicism in the belief that their military prospects depended on it. Additionally, the distribution of firearms to village self-defense militias intended to repel
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In a country where surveys of the religious composition estimated the Buddhist majority to be between 70 and 90 percent, the policies of the staunchly Catholic president,
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Diệm once told a high-ranking officer, forgetting the man was a Buddhist, "Put your Catholic officers in sensitive places. They can be trusted." Many officers in the
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ran a story claiming that CIA agents had used a secret new explosive to foment trouble for Diệm's regime, whose relations with the United States were deteriorating.
2006:
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Despite the ban on religious flags, Vatican flags hoisted on the bridge from the Catholic celebration were never taken down. The leading Buddhist activist monk
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President Diệm, his family, and a large proportion of the top leaders of the regime are Roman Catholics, in a population that is 70 to 80 percent Buddhist.
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678:. The army and police fired guns and launched grenades into a crowd of Buddhists who had been protesting against a government ban on flying the
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On Phật Đản, thousands of Buddhists defied the ban on flag-flying. More than 500 people marched across the
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After six months of tension and growing opposition to the regime, leaders of the army, supported by the
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Diệm. Land owned by the Catholic Church was exempt from land reform measures. Catholics were also
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2500:
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1942:
1500:
1479:
Death of a Generation: how the assassinations of Diem and JFK prolonged the Vietnam War
1456:
Cold War Mandarin: Ngo Dinh Diem and the Origins of America's War in Vietnam, 1950–1963
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784:. The invoking official was the deputy province chief in charge of security, Major
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17:
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2208:
1199:
South Vietnam's Buddhist Crisis: Organization for Charity, Dissidence, and Unity
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404:
279:
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1798:
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683:
366:
140:
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Misalliance: Ngo Dinh Diem, the United States, and the Fate of South Vietnam
756:
456:
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2213:
655:
136:
693:
Diệm denied governmental responsibility for the incident and blamed the
659:
107:
78:
1198:
701:", which led to widespread civil disobedience among South Vietnamese.
2273:
861:
2525:
1572:
833:
800:
771:
166:
1423:
Vietnam: History, documents and opinions on a major world crisis
667:
1988:
1576:
896:, Nolting's deputy, to end Nolting's policy of appeasing Diệm.
247:
170:
705:
769:
was regularly flown at major public events in South Vietnam.
884:
After the meeting, the monks held a press conference at the
1564:
The last Confucian: Vietnam, South-East Asia, and the West
728:, generated claims of religious bias. As a member of the
908:, Đặng Sỹ faced a trial held under a government led by
2678:
Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
1231:
1229:
83:
Images of the victims to the shootings on an altar in
2606:
Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia
2459:
Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction
27:
1963 shootings of Buddhist civilians in South Vietnam
2337:
2181:
2026:
1966:
1930:
1837:
1692:
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1610:
816:, carrying signs and placards, congregating at the
154:
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114:
103:
32:
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1420:
1407:
73:A memorial to the victim of the incident near the
1545:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 288–289.
1041:. 10 July 1963. pp. 729–733. Archived from
1035:"The Situation in South Vietnam – SNIE 53-2-63"
158:Army and security forces of the government of
2357:Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent
2351:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire
2538:Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc
2345:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire
2000:
1588:
1437:A Death in November: America in Vietnam, 1963
1039:The Pentagon Papers, Gravel Edition, Volume 2
631:
259:
182:
8:
2660:Violence against Hindus in independent India
2872:Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh
2387:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent
2007:
1993:
1985:
1595:
1581:
1573:
638:
624:
430:
266:
252:
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189:
175:
167:
29:
2507:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars
1653:Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem
1205:, Vol. 4, No. 7 (July 1964), pp. 915–928.
940:The 1966 Buddhist Crisis in South Vietnam
916:, a Catholic who had helped Khánh in his
714:arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm
670:and security forces of the government of
1526:. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press.
2471:French Revolutionary dechristianisation
1279:
1277:
932:
904:After the fall of the Diệm regime in a
658:civilians on 8 May 1963 in the city of
444:
433:
2417:Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain
1088:"South Vietnam: Whose funeral pyre?".
1074:
1072:
2666:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
7:
3014:Vietnam War crimes by South Vietnam
2810:Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War
2760:Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh
2672:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world
2465:Christianization of the Sámi people
1427:. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books.
710:conducted a coup on 1 November 1963
1628:Self-immolation of Thích Quảng Đức
1419:Gettleman, Marvin E., ed. (1966).
808:, the site of initial congregation
686:, which commemorates the birth of
25:
2654:Violence against Muslims in India
2648:Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan
2594:Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses
1643:1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état
233:1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état
2949:
1387:
1373:
1359:
654:were the deaths of nine unarmed
607:
455:
415:Vietnam War Crimes Working Group
62:
51:
3074:Massacres of protesters in Asia
2926:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel
2896:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
1543:Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War
1414:. New York: Praeger Publishers.
738:Army of the Republic of Vietnam
2914:2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings
2884:Genocide of Christians by ISIL
2618:Communist Romanian persecution
1618:Huế Phật Đản (Vesak) shootings
851:Buddhist reaction and protests
508:Treaty of Huế (25 August 1883)
1:
2932:2024 Istanbul church shooting
2908:Christchurch mosque shootings
2696:Religious violence in Nigeria
2690:Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria
1165:. 22 June 1963. pp. 5–6.
869:Buddhist demands for equality
489:Treaty of Huế (14 April 1863)
3039:Deaths by firearm in Vietnam
3009:Massacres in the Vietnam War
2822:War crimes in the Kosovo War
2612:Communist Polish persecution
2483:1860 Mount Lebanon civil war
2411:Crusades against schismatics
958:Gettleman, pp. 275–276, 366.
420:Winter Soldier Investigation
3069:1963 mass shootings in Asia
1541:Tucker, Spencer C. (2000).
1507:. New York: Penguin Books.
1410:Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled
573:(31 January – 2 March 1968)
517:Treaty of Huế (6 June 1884)
3090:
1439:. New York: E. P. Dutton.
1094:. 29 June 1963. p. 9.
872:
3054:Mass shootings in Vietnam
2946:
2854:South Thailand insurgency
2830:Walisongo school massacre
2798:Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus
2447:Expulsion of the Moriscos
2423:European wars of religion
1679:Krulak–Mendenhall mission
1015:Tucker, pp. 49, 291, 293.
410:Viet Cong and PAVN terror
400:
287:
208:
45:
37:
3049:Persecution of Buddhists
3024:1960s murders in Vietnam
2244:Extrajudicial punishment
1974:Persecution of Buddhists
1633:Double Seven Day scuffle
1460:Rowman & Littlefield
1332:Double Seven Day scuffle
1159:"Diệm's other crusade".
1078:Gettleman, pp. 280–2 82.
593:(5 March – 2 April 1975)
347:Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất
223:Double Seven Day scuffle
126:Buddhists and protesters
2937:Crocus City Hall attack
2684:Persecution of Tibetans
2441:French Wars of Religion
2363:Yellow Turban Rebellion
1684:McNamara–Taylor mission
1522:Miller, Edward (2013).
1483:Oxford University Press
906:coup on 1 November 1963
3019:1963 crimes in Vietnam
2983:16.46722°N 107.59028°E
2890:Iraqi Turkmen genocide
2866:Maspero demonstrations
2714:Huế Phật Đản shootings
1560:Warner, Denis (1963).
1477:Jones, Howard (2003).
982:"The Religious Crisis"
839:
809:
777:
666:, at the hands of the
652:Huế Phật Đản shootings
551:Huế Phật Đản shootings
213:Huế Phật Đản shootings
33:Huế Phật Đản shootings
3044:1963 in South Vietnam
2860:Boko Haram insurgency
2519:Pontic Greek genocide
2429:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
2239:Extrajudicial killing
2016:Religious persecution
1754:Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.
1454:Jacobs, Seth (2006).
837:
804:
797:Protest and shootings
775:
765:. The white and gold
526:Abdication of Bảo Đại
2842:September 11 attacks
2778:1984 anti-Sikh riots
2642:Rawalpindi massacres
2588:White Terror (Spain)
2399:Massacre at Ayyadieh
2284:Population cleansing
1623:Hue chemical attacks
1337:Hue chemical attacks
1319:Hammer, pp. 114–116.
1310:Jacobs, pp. 144–145.
1253:Hammer, pp. 134–135.
1235:Jacobs, pp. 142–143.
1214:Hammer, pp. 110–111.
945:4 March 2008 at the
591:Hue–Da Nang Campaign
561:Huế chemical attacks
307:U.S. Embassy bombing
218:Huế chemical attacks
2988:16.46722; 107.59028
2979: /
2754:Bangladesh genocide
2734:Cultural Revolution
2726:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids
2489:Circassian genocide
2375:Rhineland massacres
2289:Population transfer
2254:Forced displacement
2066:Jehovah's Witnesses
1724:W. Averell Harriman
1638:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids
1347:Xa Loi Pagoda raids
1301:Jones, pp. 252–253.
1271:Jones, pp. 251–252.
1262:Jones, pp. 250–251.
1244:Jones, pp. 247–250.
1175:Hammer, pp. 103–05.
967:Moyar, pp. 215–216.
830:Government reaction
745:villages converted
730:Catholic Vietnamese
716:the following day.
228:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids
18:Hue Vesak shootings
3064:Flag controversies
2848:2002 Gujarat riots
2772:Cambodian genocide
2766:Lebanese Civil War
2544:Soviet persecution
2381:Jerusalem massacre
2294:Sectarian violence
2279:Political violence
1953:Marguerite Higgins
1505:Vietnam: A history
1140:Buttinger, p. 933.
1122:Buttinger, p. 993.
1045:on 9 November 2017
994:on 4 December 2012
840:
810:
778:
614:Vietnam portal
583:(28 February 1968)
498:Battle of Thuận An
392:Cai Lậy schoolyard
75:Trường Tiền Bridge
3029:Massacres in 1963
2962:
2961:
2902:Rohingya genocide
2630:Direct Action Day
2582:Šahovići massacre
2532:Armenian genocide
2526:Assyrian genocide
2413:(13th–15th cent.)
2407:(12th–16th cent.)
2405:Northern Crusades
2249:Forced conversion
2199:Cultural genocide
2194:Communal violence
2076:post–Cold War era
2061:Eastern Orthodoxy
1982:
1981:
1824:William Trueheart
1814:Maxwell D. Taylor
1804:Frederick Nolting
1794:Nguyễn Đình Thuận
1764:Joseph Mendenhall
1719:Michael Forrestal
1533:978-0-674-07298-5
1404:Buttinger, Joseph
918:January 1964 coup
894:William Trueheart
845:Frederick Nolting
776:The Buddhist flag
648:
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599:
598:
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16:(Redirected from
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2977:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2954:
2953:
2920:2020 Delhi riots
2836:Kosheh massacres
2816:Bosnian genocide
2636:1946 Bihar riots
2299:Social cleansing
2224:Ethnic cleansing
2009:
2002:
1995:
1986:
1948:David Halberstam
1917:Trần Thiện Khiêm
1897:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu
1892:Nguyễn Văn Nhung
1749:Victor H. Krulak
1744:Thich Tinh Khiet
1669:Joint Communiqué
1597:
1590:
1583:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1556:
1537:
1518:
1496:
1473:
1450:
1433:Hammer, Ellen J.
1428:
1426:
1415:
1413:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1320:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1224:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1206:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1162:The New Republic
1156:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1091:The New Republic
1085:
1079:
1076:
1067:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1001:
999:
990:. Archived from
980:(14 June 1963).
974:
968:
965:
959:
956:
950:
937:
914:Trần Thiện Khiêm
754:exempt from the
712:, including the
640:
633:
626:
612:
611:
610:
547:
546:
528:(25 August 1945)
500:(20 August 1883)
476:
475:
459:
449:
431:
317:Bình An/Tây Vinh
282:
268:
261:
254:
245:
203:
201:
191:
184:
177:
168:
97:
66:
55:
30:
21:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3034:Buddhist crisis
2999:
2998:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2958:
2948:
2942:
2878:Yazidi genocide
2784:Revival Process
2720:Thích Quảng Đức
2708:Buddhist crisis
2702:Istanbul pogrom
2570:1970–1987
2565:1958–1964
2560:1928–1941
2555:1921–1928
2550:1917–1921
2435:Goa Inquisition
2369:Battle of Tours
2359:(c.550–c. 1200)
2353:(c. 324–c. 491)
2333:
2234:Ethnic violence
2229:Ethnic conflict
2177:
2176:
2175:
2022:
2013:
1983:
1978:
1962:
1926:
1839:
1833:
1819:Trần Văn Chương
1809:Thích Trí Quang
1789:Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ
1759:Robert McNamara
1739:John F. Kennedy
1734:Thich Thien Hoa
1714:Thích Quảng Đức
1696:
1694:
1688:
1657:
1606:
1604:Buddhist crisis
1601:
1559:
1553:
1540:
1534:
1521:
1515:
1501:Karnow, Stanley
1499:
1493:
1476:
1470:
1453:
1447:
1431:
1418:
1402:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1381:Religion portal
1379:
1372:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1342:Thich Quang Duc
1328:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1292:Hammer, p. 117.
1291:
1287:
1283:Jacobs, p. 143.
1282:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1227:
1223:Warner, p. 226.
1222:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1197:
1193:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1131:Karnow, p. 294.
1130:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:Warner, p. 210.
1103:
1099:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1070:
1066:Tucker, p. 291.
1065:
1061:
1048:
1046:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1024:Maclear, p. 63.
1023:
1019:
1014:
1010:
997:
995:
976:
975:
971:
966:
962:
957:
953:
947:Wayback Machine
938:
934:
930:
902:
877:
875:Buddhist crisis
871:
853:
832:
823:Thích Trí Quang
799:
722:
699:Buddhist crisis
644:
608:
606:
601:
600:
581:Massacre at Huế
544:
536:
535:
473:
447:
440:
429:
424:
396:
283:
274:
272:
242:
237:
204:
200:Buddhist crisis
199:
197:
195:
150:8 – 9 Buddhists
133:
110:, South Vietnam
99:
87:
82:
71:
70:
69:
68:
67:
58:
57:
56:
40:Buddhist crisis
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3087:
3085:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3059:History of Huế
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3001:
3000:
2960:
2959:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2934:
2929:
2923:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2904:(2016–ongoing)
2899:
2898:(2014–ongoing)
2893:
2887:
2886:(2014–ongoing)
2881:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2862:(2009–ongoing)
2857:
2856:(2004–ongoing)
2851:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2762:(1971–ongoing)
2757:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2743:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2705:
2699:
2698:(1953–ongoing)
2693:
2687:
2686:(1950–ongoing)
2681:
2680:(1949–ongoing)
2675:
2669:
2663:
2662:(1947–ongoing)
2657:
2656:(1947–ongoing)
2651:
2650:(1947–ongoing)
2645:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2624:Noakhali riots
2621:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2513:Greek genocide
2510:
2504:
2501:Adana massacre
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2365:(c.184–c. 205)
2360:
2354:
2348:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2314:State religion
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2219:Discrimination
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2171:Zoroastrianism
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2098:Untouchability
2095:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2020:discrimination
2014:
2012:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1989:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1943:Malcolm Browne
1940:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1912:Trần Kim Tuyến
1909:
1904:
1902:Phạm Ngọc Thảo
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1862:Dương Văn Minh
1859:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1700:
1698:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1557:
1551:
1538:
1532:
1519:
1513:
1497:
1491:
1474:
1468:
1458:. Lanham, MD:
1451:
1445:
1429:
1416:
1399:
1398:
1384:
1370:
1367:Vietnam portal
1354:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1312:
1303:
1294:
1285:
1273:
1264:
1255:
1246:
1237:
1225:
1216:
1207:
1191:
1186:Miller, p. 266
1177:
1168:
1151:
1149:Jacobs, p. 91.
1142:
1133:
1124:
1115:
1106:
1097:
1080:
1068:
1059:
1026:
1017:
1008:
969:
960:
951:
931:
929:
926:
901:
898:
870:
867:
852:
849:
831:
828:
798:
795:
782:Gautama Buddha
721:
718:
688:Gautama Buddha
682:on the day of
676:Roman Catholic
646:
645:
643:
642:
635:
628:
620:
617:
616:
603:
602:
597:
596:
594:
587:
586:
584:
577:
576:
574:
567:
566:
564:
557:
556:
554:
545:
542:
541:
538:
537:
532:
531:
529:
522:
521:
519:
513:
512:
510:
504:
503:
501:
494:
493:
491:
485:
484:
482:
474:
471:Nguyễn dynasty
465:
464:
461:
460:
452:
451:
442:
441:
434:
426:
425:
423:
422:
417:
412:
407:
401:
398:
397:
395:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
312:Saigon bombing
309:
304:
299:
294:
288:
285:
284:
273:
271:
270:
263:
256:
248:
239:
238:
236:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
209:
206:
205:
196:
194:
193:
186:
179:
171:
163:
162:
156:
152:
151:
148:
144:
143:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
120:
119:
116:
112:
111:
105:
101:
100:
98:, Huế (bottom)
85:Từ Hiếu Temple
72:
61:
60:
59:
50:
49:
48:
47:
46:
43:
42:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3086:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2957:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:Yugoslav Wars
2802:
2799:
2796:
2791:
2790:Big Excursion
2788:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2600:The Holocaust
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2495:Dungan Revolt
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2309:State atheism
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2204:Deprogramming
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2156:Protestantism
2154:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2071:LDS or Mormon
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2005:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1907:Tôn Thất Đính
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1882:Nguyễn Hữu Có
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1872:Lê Quang Tung
1870:
1868:
1867:Huỳnh Văn Cao
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1847:Lucien Conein
1845:
1844:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1784:Ngô Đình Thục
1782:
1780:
1779:Ngô Đình Nhu
1777:
1775:
1774:Ngô Đình Diệm
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1729:Roger Hilsman
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1704:Bui Van Luong
1702:
1701:
1699:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1586:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1566:
1565:
1558:
1554:
1552:1-57607-040-9
1548:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1514:0-670-84218-4
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1492:0-19-505286-2
1488:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1469:0-7425-4447-8
1465:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1446:0-525-24210-4
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1424:
1417:
1412:
1411:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1396:
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1113:Fall, p. 199.
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886:Xá Lợi Pagoda
881:
876:
868:
866:
863:
859:
850:
848:
846:
838:Ngô Đình Diệm
836:
829:
827:
824:
819:
818:Từ Đàm Pagoda
815:
814:Perfume River
807:
806:Từ Đàm Pagoda
803:
796:
794:
791:
787:
783:
774:
770:
768:
764:
759:
758:
753:
748:
743:
739:
734:
733:concessions.
731:
727:
726:Ngô Đình Diệm
719:
717:
715:
711:
707:
702:
700:
696:
691:
689:
685:
681:
680:Buddhist flag
677:
673:
672:Ngô Đình Diệm
669:
665:
664:South Vietnam
661:
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641:
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634:
629:
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588:
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579:
578:
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572:
571:Battle of Huế
569:
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563:(3 June 1963)
562:
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308:
305:
303:
302:Xá Lợi Pagoda
300:
298:
295:
293:
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286:
281:
277:
276:Mass killings
269:
264:
262:
257:
255:
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160:Ngô Đình Diệm
157:
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109:
106:
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91:
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76:
65:
54:
44:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2996:
2964:
2806:(1991–2001)
2786:(1984–1989)
2746:Famen Temple
2736:(1966–1976)
2713:
2546:(1922–1991)
2515:(1913–1922)
2051:Christianity
2041:Baháʼí Faith
1958:Neil Sheehan
1938:Peter Arnett
1922:Trần Văn Đôn
1887:Nguyễn Khánh
1769:Ngô Đình Cẩn
1693:Political or
1617:
1568:. Macmillan.
1563:
1542:
1523:
1504:
1481:. New York:
1478:
1455:
1436:
1422:
1409:
1395:1960s portal
1315:
1306:
1297:
1288:
1267:
1258:
1249:
1240:
1219:
1210:
1203:Asian Survey
1202:
1194:
1185:
1180:
1171:
1160:
1154:
1145:
1136:
1127:
1118:
1109:
1100:
1089:
1083:
1062:
1054:
1047:. Retrieved
1043:the original
1038:
1029:
1020:
1011:
1003:
996:. Retrieved
992:the original
985:
972:
963:
954:
935:
921:
910:Nguyễn Khánh
903:
890:
882:
878:
858:Ngô Đình Nhu
854:
841:
811:
789:
779:
767:Vatican flag
755:
751:
746:
735:
723:
703:
692:
651:
649:
553:(8 May 1963)
550:
467:Nguyễn lords
297:Huế Phật Đản
296:
212:
155:Perpetrators
2986: /
2974:107°35′25″E
2892:(2014–2017)
2880:(2014–2017)
2874:(2013–2016)
2812:(1992–1996)
2774:(1975–1979)
2768:(1975–1990)
2674:(1948–1980)
2620:(1945–1989)
2614:(1945–1989)
2608:(1941–1945)
2602:(1939–1945)
2590:(1936–1975)
2575:legislation
2540:(1917–1990)
2534:(1915–1923)
2528:(1914–1924)
2509:(1912–1913)
2497:(1862–1877)
2479:(1857–1858)
2473:(1789–1801)
2461:(1683–1922)
2455:(1673–1829)
2449:(1609–1614)
2443:(1562–1598)
2437:(1561–1812)
2431:(1526–1791)
2425:(1522–1712)
2419:(1500–1526)
2395:(1184–1908)
2393:Inquisition
2304:Segregation
2269:Intolerance
2209:Desecration
2151:Neopaganism
2144:Persecution
2110:Persecution
2093:Persecution
2056:Catholicism
1931:Journalists
763:Virgin Mary
446:History of
405:Tiger Force
367:Thanh Phong
280:Vietnam War
278:during the
132:Attack type
118:May 8, 1963
88: [
3003:Categories
2971:16°28′02″N
2389:(643–1526)
2264:Iconoclasm
2259:Hate crime
2189:Censorship
2083:Falun Gong
1877:Lê Văn Kim
1852:Đỗ Cao Trí
1829:Vũ Văn Mẫu
1799:Madame Nhu
1353:References
949:HistoryNet
873:See also:
543:After 1945
141:war crimes
2740:Four Olds
2453:Test Acts
2319:Terrorism
2161:Rastafari
2115:Ahmadiyya
1695:religious
1674:Cable 243
1049:21 August
998:21 August
742:Việt Cộng
695:Việt Cộng
387:Highway 1
372:Sơn Thắng
2956:Religion
2477:Utah War
2347:(64–313)
2324:Violence
2214:Domicide
2166:Yazidism
2088:Hinduism
2046:Buddhism
2027:By group
1838:Military
1647:reaction
1503:(1997).
1435:(1987).
1406:(1967).
1326:See also
943:Archived
922:Hòa Bình
862:Gandhian
790:en masse
752:de facto
747:en masse
684:Phật Đản
656:Buddhist
480:Phú Xuân
437:a series
435:Part of
377:Thạnh Mỹ
327:Bình Hòa
322:Bình Tai
292:Châu Đốc
137:Massacre
104:Location
38:Part of
2710:(1963)
2467:(1700s)
2182:Methods
2139:Judaism
2130:Sunnism
2120:Shi'ism
2036:Atheism
1967:Related
1840:figures
1709:Bửu Hội
1697:figures
786:Đặng Sỹ
720:Prelude
382:Đức Dục
362:Sơn Trà
337:Đắk Sơn
332:Thủy Bồ
2939:(2024)
2928:(2023)
2922:(2020)
2916:(2019)
2910:(2019)
2868:(2011)
2850:(2002)
2844:(2001)
2838:(2000)
2832:(2000)
2824:(1999)
2818:(1995)
2800:(1990)
2792:(1989)
2780:(1984)
2756:(1971)
2748:(1966)
2742:(1966)
2728:(1963)
2722:(1963)
2716:(1963)
2704:(1955)
2692:(1950)
2668:(1948)
2644:(1947)
2638:(1946)
2632:(1946)
2626:(1946)
2596:(1933)
2584:(1924)
2503:(1909)
2491:(1864)
2485:(1860)
2401:(1191)
2383:(1099)
2377:(1096)
2338:Events
2274:Pogrom
2125:Sufism
1857:Đỗ Mậu
1662:Policy
1611:Events
1549:
1530:
1511:
1489:
1466:
1443:
757:corvée
439:on the
357:Mỹ Lai
147:Deaths
123:Target
2371:(732)
2105:Islam
928:Notes
900:Trial
352:Hà My
96:]
81:(top)
2018:and
1547:ISBN
1528:ISBN
1509:ISBN
1487:ISBN
1464:ISBN
1441:ISBN
1051:2007
1000:2007
987:Time
978:TIME
674:, a
668:army
650:The
469:and
115:Date
2329:War
706:CIA
660:Huế
448:Huế
342:Huế
108:Huế
79:Huế
3005::
1485:.
1462:.
1276:^
1228:^
1201:,
1071:^
1053:.
1037:.
1002:.
984:.
708:,
690:.
662:,
139:,
94:vi
92:;
90:fr
77:,
2008:e
2001:t
1994:v
1649:)
1645:(
1596:e
1589:t
1582:v
1555:.
1536:.
1517:.
1495:.
1472:.
1449:.
1188:.
639:e
632:t
625:v
267:e
260:t
253:v
190:e
183:t
176:v
20:)
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