43:
624:
730:
is often interactional and cognitive. The interactional function is to do with politeness: if someone is invited to a party and responds "no" without a filled pause, they might appear rude, but a reply of "Hmm, sorry, no" might appear much more polite, as it seems the speaker is giving the offer some
270:, but they occur regularly in everyday conversation, sometimes representing upwards of 20% of "words" in conversation. Fillers can also be used as a pause for thought ("I arrived at, um—3 o'clock"), and when used in this function are called hesitation markers or planners.
544:
rather than accidents, indicating a delay of variable time in which the speaker wishes to pause without voluntarily yielding control of the dialogue. There is some debate as to whether to consider them a form of noise or as a meaning-filled part of
278:
Research in computational linguistics has revealed a correlation between native language and patterns of disfluencies in spontaneously uttered speech. Besides that research, there are other subjective accounts reported by individuals.
151:
which occur within the flow of otherwise fluent speech. These include "false starts", i.e. words and sentences that are cut off mid-utterance; phrases that are restarted or repeated, and repeated syllables;
747:
is key for listeners to understand that the speaker is currently engaged in thought; if the speaker thought silently instead, listeners may be unsure if the speaker had finished their utterance.
620:
are used similarly). The pause filler indicates that the person is temporarily speechless, but still engaged in thought. The variety of tones, pitches, and lengths used add nuances in meaning.
1278:
1062:
508:
Despite the differences between languages, pause fillers in different languages often sound similar because they tend to be the easiest and most neutral vowel sounds to make (such as the
743:
is typically used during "thoughtful absorption", which is when one is engrossed in their flow of ideas and associations, that lead to a reality-oriented conclusion. The utterance of
1165:
Arnold, J.E.; Hudson Kam, C.; Tanenhaus, M.K. (2007). "If you say thee uh- you're describing something hard: the on-line attribution of disfluency during reference comprehension".
1592:(Thesis). Linköping Studies in Science and Technology Dissertation No. 882 (Corrected ed.). Department of Computer and Information Science, Linköping University.
726:
is uttered when the person is being especially conscious about whom they are talking with, and as a result are thinking deeply about what to say. Moreover, the use of
196:; and "repaired" utterances, i.e. instances of speakers correcting their own slips of the tongue or mispronunciations (before anyone else gets a chance to).
1267:
1721:
238:
Fillers are parts of speech which are not generally recognized as purposeful or containing formal meaning, usually expressed as pauses such as
1639:
1324:
1038:
1468:
60:
1292:
1597:
126:
1407:"Is "Huh?" a Universal Word? Conversational Infrastructure and the Convergent Evolution of Linguistic Items PLoS ONE 8(11): e78273"
958:
Fox Tree, J. E. (1995). "The effects of false starts and repetitions on the processing of subsequent words in spontaneous speech".
679:
is popular largely since it is such a neutral sound and that "it's easier to say than anything else". The earliest attestations of
540:
is used for the planning of future words; other researchers have suggested that they are actually to be understood as full-fledged
549:, but disfluency can improve language understanding by signalling that the speaker may be about to say something new or complex.
107:
1575:
1378:
1202:
79:
830:
755:
are also used during thoughtful absorption; however, typically the extent of the absorption of thought is more limited since
64:
86:
810:
532:
in
English is often reflective of a speaker's alertness or emotional state. Some have hypothesized that the time of an
1716:
825:
494:
643:
is difficult to find, mainly because "the word is so natural that it may have arisen at any time", as highlighted by
216:(“like” or “uh”), or the repetition of a word or phrase. This needs to be distinguished from a fluency disorder like
93:
1686:
840:
224:
of speech, accompanied by "excessive tension, speaking avoidance, struggle behaviors, and secondary mannerism".
672:
75:
1557:
524:
research has suggested that non-pathological disfluencies may contain a variety of meaning; the frequency of
877:"Is "Huh?" a Universal Word? Conversational Infrastructure and the Convergent Evolution of Linguistic Items"
652:
53:
1011:; Adda-Deckes, M.; Gauvain, J.L.; Adda, G. (1996). "Spoken language processing in a multilingual context".
1483:
1314:
1016:
934:
201:
664:
251:
612:-sound, since the mouth is closed, is representing that the person is not currently sure what to say (
1418:
888:
492:
233:
213:
153:
254:("He was wearing a black—uh, I mean a blue, a blue shirt"), and articulation problems such as
1021:
1584:
1488:
1691:
1670:
1509:
1383:
1112:
1044:
850:
100:
1635:
1611:
1603:
1593:
1562:
1501:
1446:
1320:
1273:
1182:
1147:
1034:
916:
845:
353:
31:
1517:
1340:
1232:
1206:
993:
among the pragmatic markers". In
Kaltenbock, Gunther; Keizer, Evelien; Lohmann, Arne (eds.).
1552:
1544:
1493:
1436:
1426:
1174:
1139:
1104:
1026:
967:
906:
896:
835:
815:
644:
436:
1130:
Arnold, J.; Tanenhaus, M. K; Altmann, R.; Fagnano, M. (2004). "The Old and Thee, uh, New".
1341:"Fill in the Gaps: 15+ Common English Filler Words You Should Know | FluentU English"
1296:
1215:
471:
395:
1529:
1422:
892:
1441:
1406:
911:
876:
767:. For this reason, thoughtful absorption is typically associated with the utterance of
541:
303:
1650:
1497:
1092:
1013:
Proceeding of Fourth
International Conference on Spoken Language Processing. ICSLP '96
1710:
1548:
1143:
1116:
787:
475:
or , (literally 'he means'; there is no grammatical gender-neutral third person) and
283:
212:
A disfluence or nonfluence is a non-pathological hesitance when speaking, the use of
1513:
1237:
1048:
820:
668:
656:
591:
577:
565:
295:
1431:
901:
1310:
696:
688:
684:
569:
521:
343:
42:
17:
1178:
1108:
1293:"Absorption | Definition of absorption in English by Oxford Dictionaries"
1030:
1008:
855:
573:
259:
255:
217:
1615:
1607:
1566:
1586:
Disfluency in
Swedish human-human and human-machine travel booking dialogues
623:
1505:
1450:
1356:
1186:
1151:
971:
920:
639:
The expression is used in many different languages; however, the origin of
1364:
1360:
648:
546:
417:
148:
1576:"Are we witnessing the death of 'uh'? Um, maybe—and not just in English"
1211:
805:
800:
786:
is perhaps the most recognized syllable throughout the world. It is an
692:
512:), i.e the sounds that can be pronounced with a relaxed tongue or jaw.
325:
221:
1252:
459:
are used, meaning 'that' or 'this', respectively. Arabic speakers say
1253:"HMM | Origin and meaning of HMM by Online Etymology Dictionary"
763:
are usually spoken mid-sentence and for shorter periods of time than
476:
385:
315:
156:, i.e. grunts, and non-lexical or semiarticulate utterances such as
27:
Category of speech including interrupted utterances or filler words
1353:
Online
Contrasting Dictionary Definitions of "hmm", "um", and "er"
1167:
Journal of
Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
995:
Outside the Clause: Form and
Function of Extra-Clausal Constituents
1530:"Hesitation Disfluencies in Spontaneous Speech: The Meaning of Um"
628:
622:
509:
375:
717:
711:
576:
absorption, or hesitation. Hmm is technically categorized as an
267:
263:
1632:
Um...: Slips, Stumbles, and Verbal
Blunders, and What They Mean
1078:
Um...: Slips, Stumbles, and Verbal
Blunders, and What They Mean
790:
which crosses geography, language, cultures and nationalities.
1405:
Dingemanse, Mark; Torreira, Francisco; Enfield, N. J. (2013).
875:
Dingemanse, Mark; Torreira, Francisco; Enfield, N. J. (2013).
36:
585:
157:
1091:
Kowal, Sabine; Wiese, Richard; O'Connell, Daniel C. (1983).
687:, "I cried hum ... But markt him not a word" (1598
369:
363:
357:
675:, San Diego, and an expert on filled pauses, attests
608:-sound is a mimic for breathing out, and the second
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1266:
1558:20.500.11820/0e5f2f2f-7383-42c5-a7ba-63f2587ad877
1268:"Why you say 'um' 'like' and 'you know?' so much"
427:
421:
411:
405:
147:, is any of various breaks, irregularities, or
30:"Disfluency" redirects here. For the film, see
1226:
1224:
985:Tottie, Gunnel (2016). "Planning what to say:
782:A 2013 study suggested that the word/syllable
655:and an expert on word origins. It is possible
500:
486:
480:
389:
379:
8:
939:American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
460:
329:
319:
1651:"Just Like, Er, Words, Not, Um, Throwaways"
1528:Corley, Martin; Stewart, Oliver W. (2008).
399:
347:
691:Henry IV, Pt. 1 iii. i. 154). It may be a
1685:Schuessler, Jennifer (November 9, 2013).
1556:
1487:
1469:"Using uh and um in spontaneous speaking"
1440:
1430:
1377:Schuessler, Jennifer (November 9, 2013).
1020:
910:
900:
731:thought, rather than abruptly declining.
465:, the pronunciation of which is close to
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1687:"The Syllable That Everyone Understands"
1379:"The Syllable that Everyone Understands"
1063:"Guide to speaking with an Irish accent"
568:) typically used to express reflection,
1199:Online Dictionary Definitions of "hmm"
867:
1467:Clark, HH.; Fox Tree, JE. (May 2002).
1319:. Belgrade: Naša knjiga. p. 22.
470:
7:
1233:"Why do We Say 'Hmm' when Thinking?"
175:
65:adding citations to reliable sources
1015:. Vol. 4. pp. 2203–2206.
461:
404:(normally meaning 'this'). Besides
258:. Use is normally frowned upon in
1649:Erard, Michael (January 3, 2004).
1231:Wolchover, Natalie (8 June 2012).
1093:"The use of time in story telling"
25:
1669:Ing, John (September 26, 2019).
1549:10.1111/j.1749-818X.2008.00068.x
1537:Language and Linguistics Compass
1281:from the original on 2022-05-24.
1144:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00723.x
41:
564:is an exclamation (an emphatic
394:(normally meaning 'like'), and
52:needs additional citations for
960:Journal of Memory and Language
831:Speech and language impairment
455:
445:
282:According to one commentator,
1:
1722:Speech and language pathology
1498:10.1016/S0010-0277(02)00017-3
1671:"Pause Fillers for Speaking"
1432:10.1371/journal.pone.0078273
902:10.1371/journal.pone.0078273
811:Auditory processing disorder
1080:. New York: Pantheon Books.
826:Natural language processing
370:
364:
358:
1738:
1574:Daniel, Ari (5 Feb 2015).
1179:10.1037/0278-7393.33.5.914
1109:10.1177/002383098302600405
231:
29:
1031:10.1109/ICSLP.1996.607242
841:Speech-language pathology
710:is a "filler" word, like
450:
440:
778:– the universal syllable
673:University of California
398:but not the Spanish use
250:, but also extending to
220:with an interruption of
1630:Erard, Michael (2008).
1583:Eklund, Robert (2004).
653:University of Minnesota
298:commonly use the pause
1299:on September 25, 2016.
972:10.1006/jmla.1995.1032
631:
501:
487:
481:
428:
422:
412:
406:
400:
390:
380:
348:
330:
320:
1316:Klinicka psihijatrija
1132:Psychological Science
735:Thoughtful absorption
665:Nicholas Christenfeld
626:
499:found in Arabic) and
1207:Cambridge Dictionary
703:Use as a filler word
234:Filler (linguistics)
149:non-lexical vocables
61:improve this article
1423:2013PLoSO...878273D
1097:Language and Speech
935:"Fluency Disorders"
893:2013PLoSO...878273D
286:use pauses such as
274:Language-dependence
200:is claimed to be a
180:, and, in English,
76:"Speech disfluency"
1717:Oral communication
1692:The New York Times
1655:The New York Times
1384:The New York Times
1076:Erard, M. (2007).
997:. pp. 97–122.
851:Speech recognition
632:
202:universal syllable
1641:978-1-4000-9543-8
1326:978-86-901559-1-0
1274:Independent.co.uk
1040:978-0-7803-3555-4
846:Speech perception
699:throat-clearing.
695:that grew out of
145:speech dysfluency
141:speech disfluency
137:
136:
129:
111:
32:Disfluency (film)
16:(Redirected from
1729:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1645:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1591:
1579:
1570:
1560:
1534:
1524:
1522:
1516:. Archived from
1491:
1473:
1455:
1454:
1444:
1434:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1374:
1368:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1295:. Archived from
1289:
1283:
1282:
1270:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1228:
1219:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1024:
1005:
999:
998:
982:
976:
975:
955:
949:
948:
946:
945:
931:
925:
924:
914:
904:
872:
836:Speech disorders
816:Discourse marker
659:might have used
645:Anatoly Liberman
504:
498:
490:
484:
474:
464:
463:
457:
452:
447:
442:
431:
425:
415:
409:
403:
393:
383:
373:
367:
361:
351:
333:
323:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
18:Huh (disfluency)
1737:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1707:
1706:
1697:
1695:
1684:
1675:
1673:
1668:
1659:
1657:
1648:
1642:
1629:
1620:
1618:
1600:
1589:
1582:
1573:
1532:
1527:
1520:
1471:
1466:
1463:
1461:Further reading
1458:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1389:
1387:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1352:
1348:
1343:. 19 June 2023.
1339:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1230:
1229:
1222:
1198:
1194:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1065:. 16 June 2020.
1061:
1060:
1056:
1041:
1007:
1006:
1002:
984:
983:
979:
957:
956:
952:
943:
941:
933:
932:
928:
874:
873:
869:
865:
860:
796:
780:
737:
705:
637:
557:
518:
485:in addition to
472:[jæʕni]
396:Latin Americans
276:
236:
230:
210:
143:, also spelled
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1735:
1733:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1682:
1666:
1646:
1640:
1627:
1598:
1580:
1571:
1543:(4): 589–602.
1525:
1523:on 2013-11-10.
1462:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1417:(11): e78273.
1397:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1346:
1332:
1325:
1302:
1284:
1277:. 2017-04-04.
1258:
1244:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1192:
1173:(5): 914–930.
1157:
1138:(9): 578–582.
1122:
1103:(4): 377–392.
1083:
1068:
1054:
1039:
1022:10.1.1.16.6488
1000:
977:
966:(6): 709–738.
950:
926:
887:(11): e78273.
866:
864:
861:
859:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
797:
795:
792:
779:
773:
736:
733:
704:
701:
636:
633:
556:
551:
542:function words
517:
514:
384:(also used in
275:
272:
232:Main article:
229:
226:
209:
206:
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1734:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1672:
1667:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1599:91-7373-966-9
1595:
1588:
1587:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1531:
1526:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1489:10.1.1.5.7958
1485:
1482:(1): 73–111.
1481:
1477:
1470:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1398:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1373:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1328:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1269:
1262:
1259:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1084:
1079:
1072:
1069:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1004:
1001:
996:
992:
988:
981:
978:
973:
969:
965:
961:
954:
951:
940:
936:
930:
927:
922:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
871:
868:
862:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
798:
793:
791:
789:
788:interrogative
785:
777:
774:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
734:
732:
729:
725:
722:. Typically,
721:
720:
715:
714:
709:
702:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
634:
630:
625:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
594:
589:
588:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
562:
555:
552:
550:
548:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
515:
513:
511:
506:
503:
496:
491:(without the
489:
483:
478:
473:
468:
458:
448:
438:
433:
430:
424:
419:
414:
408:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
366:
360:
355:
350:
345:
341:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
280:
273:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
235:
227:
225:
223:
219:
215:
207:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
165:
161:
160:
155:
150:
146:
142:
131:
128:
120:
117:February 2008
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
1696:. Retrieved
1690:
1674:. Retrieved
1660:November 10,
1658:. Retrieved
1654:
1631:
1619:. Retrieved
1585:
1540:
1536:
1518:the original
1479:
1475:
1414:
1410:
1400:
1388:. Retrieved
1382:
1372:
1349:
1335:
1315:
1311:Marić, Jovan
1305:
1297:the original
1287:
1272:
1261:
1247:
1238:Live Science
1236:
1195:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1100:
1096:
1086:
1077:
1071:
1057:
1012:
1003:
994:
990:
986:
980:
963:
959:
953:
942:. Retrieved
938:
929:
884:
880:
870:
821:Epanorthosis
783:
781:
775:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
738:
727:
723:
718:
712:
707:
706:
680:
676:
669:psychologist
660:
657:Neanderthals
640:
638:
617:
613:
609:
605:
604:. The first
601:
597:
592:
586:
581:
578:interjection
566:interjection
560:
559:
558:
553:
537:
533:
529:
525:
519:
507:
466:
454:
444:
434:
339:
335:
334:(pronounced
311:
307:
299:
291:
287:
281:
277:
247:
243:
239:
237:
211:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
176:
171:
167:
163:
158:
144:
140:
138:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
1698:November 9,
1390:November 9,
739:The use of
697:lexicalized
689:Shakespeare
685:Shakespeare
570:uncertainty
266:reports or
1711:Categories
1634:. Anchor.
944:2023-03-11
863:References
856:Stuttering
574:thoughtful
522:linguistic
418:Portuguese
260:mass media
256:stuttering
218:stuttering
208:Definition
87:newspapers
1621:11 August
1616:940753621
1608:0345-7524
1567:1749-818X
1484:CiteSeerX
1476:Cognition
1117:142712380
1017:CiteSeerX
1009:Lamel, L.
683:are from
635:Etymology
284:Americans
154:"fillers"
1514:37642332
1506:12062148
1451:24260108
1411:PLOS ONE
1313:(2005).
1279:Archived
1187:17723069
1152:15327627
921:24260108
881:PLOS ONE
794:See also
649:linguist
627:A "hmm"
547:language
516:Research
437:Mandarin
354:Japanese
262:such as
1442:3832628
1419:Bibcode
1049:8736842
912:3832628
889:Bibcode
806:Aphasia
801:Aizuchi
693:vocable
671:at the
651:at the
580:, like
520:Recent
477:Turkish
376:Spanish
368:or ええと
356:use ああ
342:), the
326:Germans
304:British
252:repairs
228:Fillers
222:fluency
214:fillers
101:scholar
1676:May 3,
1638:
1614:
1606:
1596:
1565:
1512:
1504:
1486:
1449:
1439:
1323:
1185:
1150:
1115:
1047:
1037:
1019:
919:
909:
600:, and
467:yaa'ni
456:zhè ge
416:, the
388:) and
386:Hebrew
374:, the
362:, あのう
324:, the
316:French
314:, the
302:, the
294:, the
192:, and
190:I mean
174:, and
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
1590:(PDF)
1533:(PDF)
1521:(PDF)
1510:S2CID
1472:(PDF)
1113:S2CID
1045:S2CID
629:emoji
510:schwa
497:]
493:[
446:nà gè
344:Dutch
296:Irish
268:films
108:JSTOR
94:books
1700:2013
1678:2020
1662:2013
1636:ISBN
1623:2021
1612:OCLC
1604:ISSN
1594:ISBN
1563:ISSN
1502:PMID
1447:PMID
1392:2013
1321:ISBN
1183:PMID
1148:PMID
1035:ISBN
989:and
917:PMID
759:and
751:and
716:and
667:, a
647:, a
616:and
593:ouch
528:and
488:yani
479:say
462:يعني
449:and
420:use
410:and
401:este
391:como
381:ehhh
378:say
346:use
328:say
318:use
306:say
264:news
246:and
244:like
194:like
182:well
80:news
1553:hdl
1545:doi
1494:doi
1437:PMC
1427:doi
1175:doi
1140:doi
1105:doi
1027:doi
968:doi
907:PMC
897:doi
784:huh
776:Huh
769:hmm
765:hmm
745:hmm
741:hmm
728:hmm
724:hmm
708:Hmm
681:hmm
677:hmm
661:hmm
641:hmm
614:erm
602:wow
598:erm
587:huh
572:,
561:Hmm
554:Hmm
536:or
502:ııı
482:şey
435:In
426:or
371:ēto
365:anō
338:or
321:euh
310:or
290:or
198:Huh
177:hmm
168:erm
159:huh
63:by
1713::
1689:.
1653:.
1610:.
1602:.
1561:.
1551:.
1539:.
1535:.
1508:.
1500:.
1492:.
1480:84
1478:.
1474:.
1445:.
1435:.
1425:.
1413:.
1409:.
1381:.
1271:.
1235:.
1223:^
1181:.
1171:33
1169:.
1146:.
1136:15
1134:.
1111:.
1101:26
1099:.
1095:.
1043:.
1033:.
1025:.
991:um
987:Uh
964:34
962:.
937:.
915:.
905:.
895:.
883:.
879:.
771:.
761:er
757:um
753:er
749:Um
719:er
713:um
663:.
618:um
596:,
590:,
584:,
582:um
538:um
534:uh
530:um
526:uh
505:.
469:,
453:;
451:这个
443:;
441:那个
439:,
432:.
423:hã
413:uh
407:er
352:,
349:eh
340:er
336:eh
331:äh
312:eh
308:uh
300:em
292:em
288:um
248:er
242:,
240:uh
204:.
188:,
186:so
184:,
172:um
170:,
166:,
164:uh
162:,
139:A
1702:.
1680:.
1664:.
1644:.
1625:.
1578:.
1569:.
1555::
1547::
1541:2
1496::
1453:.
1429::
1421::
1415:8
1394:.
1329:.
1255:.
1241:.
1189:.
1177::
1154:.
1142::
1119:.
1107::
1051:.
1029::
974:.
970::
947:.
923:.
899::
891::
885:8
610:m
606:h
495:ʕ
429:é
359:ā
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
